Earth Science 11

Quarter 2

Metamorphism
 This lesson is about the changes in mineral components and texture of rocks
due to changes in pressure and temperature (metamorphism).

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

a. Identify the different changes in mineral and texture of

rocks through metamorphism.
b. Differentiate the types of metamorphism.
c. Classify metamorphic rocks based on their texture and
mineral content.

RECAP
Let’s Review!
How to play scrabble!

Name as many types of volcanic eruption you can with the letters on the tiles. You
can use all the tiles for each word. You are not allowed to use any extra letters. If you
have 2 tiles with the letter 'A', your word can not have more than 2 letter 'A'

Answer:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

LESSON

I. Warm-up: Decode the secret code. The secret message is written in

symbols. In the code key you can find what each symbol means. Write
the letter above the symbol and you can read the secret message.
 II. CONCEPTS:

Metamorphism is the change that takes

place within a body of rock as a result of it
being subjected to conditions that are
different from those in which it formed.
Metamorphic rocks typically have different
mineral assemblages and different textures
from their parent rocks but they may have
the same overall composition.

The process of metamorphism occurs in

rocks due to the effects of high temperature,
pressure and chemically active fluids. These are known as metamorphic agents.
Generally, all these act together and cause metamorphism. But sometimes, any
one or two of them dominate and play an active role.
TEMPERATURE: The source of temperature which is responsible for metamorphism
is either due to depth or due to the contact with magma. The metamorphic changes
mainly take place in the temperature range of 350-850 degree Celsius. The
temperature raises also the chemical activity in rocks and facilitate reaction.
PRESSURE: The pressure which causes metamorphism is of two different kinds
namely, uniform pressure and direct pressure. Uniform pressure increases with
depth. It acts vertically downwards and affects the volume of both liquids and
solids. Naturally, its effect is significant only at great depths. Direct pressure from
tectonic plates also occurs. Stress caused by congressional forces as tectonic plates
push against one another. These forces are directional and causes the rock to be
squeezed which may result in folds and a foliated texture.

CHEMICALLY ACTIVE FLUIDS: This plays a key role in different ways in causing
metamorphism.
 First, since metamorphism of any type cannot take place for the solid
minerals in a perfect dry state, the presence of a liquid medium of some kind is
indispensable. Thus liquids act as a carrier of chemical components that actually
take part in chemical reaction. In other words, liquids provide the necessary
medium and facilitates the reaction to take place. The most common liquid which
plays such role is water.
Second, the huge quantity of volatiles that are associated with magmatic
bodies ultimately permeate through the surrounding rocks by means of diffusion
and cause compositional changes even in rocks.
Third, the magma or the hot juvenile hydrothermal solutions may react
directly with those rocks which they come in contact.
There are main factors that control metamorphic process.

• The mineral composition of the parent rock.

• The temperature at which metamorphism takes place.
• The amount and type of pressure during metamorphism.
• The types of fluids (mostly water) that are present during metamorphism.
• The amount of time available for metamorphism.

There are three ways that metamorphic rocks can form.

Type: Occurrence: Cause: Product:

CONTACT Occurs comes when When this happens non-foliated (rocks
METAMORPHISM magma the existing rocks without any
comes in contact temperature rises cleavage) rocks
with an already and also becomes such as marble,
existing body of infiltrated with fluid quartzite, and
rock. from the magma. The hornfels.
area affected by the
contact of magma is
usually small, from 1
to 10 kilometers
REGIONAL Occurs over a much foliated rocks
This is caused by
METAMORPHISM larger area. such as gneiss
large geologic and schists.
processes such as
mountain-building.
These rocks when
exposed to the
surface show the
unbelievable pressure
that cause the rocks
to be bent and broken
by the mountain
building process
 The following are some of the significant visible change that are produced as a result of
metamorphism.

a. Crystallization of calcareous sedimentary rocks ( i.e. limestone) and re-

crystallizations of some igneous and other sedimentary rocks.
b. Formation of new minerals which are diagnostic of metamorphic rocks.
c. Development of foliation with or without segregation of mineral parent rocks.
d. Formation of drags folds, joints, etc. during the rock failure under pressure.
e. Formation of slaty cleavage in argillaceous rocks.

Metamorphic rocks are divided into two categories- Foliates and Non-foliates
1. Foliates are composed of large amounts of micas and chlorites. These minerals
have very distinct cleavage
Foliated metamorphic rocks will split
along cleavage lines that are parallel to the
minerals that make up the rock. Slate, as
an example, will split into thin sheets.
Foliate comes from the Latin word that
means sheets, as in the sheets of paper in a
book. Some example are:
a. Slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock
with perfect cleavage that allows it to split into thin sheets. Slate usually has a light
to dark brown streak. Slate is produced by low grade metamorphism, which is caused
by relatively low temperatures and pressures.
b.Schist is a medium grade metamorphic rock. This means that it has been subjected
to more heat and pressure than slate, which is a low grade metamorphic rock.
c. Gneiss is a high grade metamorphic rock. This means that gneiss has been
subjected to more heat and pressure than schist. Gneiss is coarser than schist and
has distinct banding. This banding has alternating layers that are composed of
different minerals.
2. Non-Foliates are metamorphic rocks that
have no cleavage at all. Quartzite and
marble are two examples of non-foliates.
b. Quartzite is composed of sandstone that
has been metamorphosed. Quartzite is
much harder than the parent rock
sandstone. It forms from sandstone that
has come into contact with deeply buried
magmas.
b. Marble is metamorphosed limestone or dolomite. Both limestone and dolomite
have a large concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Marble has many different
sizes of crystals. Marble has many color variances due to the impurities present at
formation.
 Degree of Metamorphism

ACTIVITIES
Metamorphism: Compare and Contrast
Activity 1.1

I. Objectives
a. Compare and contrast the different types of metamorphism.
b. Create a map showing their occurrence, causes and products. II.
Materials
Internet Cellphone or laptop
III. Procedure
1. Make a research about the different types of metamorphism.
2. Using what you have research, create a concept map showing
occurrences, causes and products.
3. Answer the succeeding questions and make your conclusion.

A. Compare and Contrast Concept Map.

IV. Conclusion:
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Naming Metamorphic Rocks

Activity 1.2
I. Objectives
 a. Cite some types of metamorphic rocks by naming it.
b. Answer the succeeding questions and make a conclusion.

II. Materials
Internet
Cellphone or laptop
Other available resources e.g. books, magazines, newspapers, etc.

III. Procedure
1. Using internet, books, and other available references make a research
about the different type of metamorphic rocks.
2. Complete the table by naming the following metamorphic rocks.
3. You can use online resources to help with your research (Do not forget to
cite your references/sources.) and then complete the following questions
and make a conclusion.

Rock Description Name

A fine-grained metamorphic rock with perfect cleavage that
allows it to split into thin sheets, and usually has a light to
dark brown streak.
It is metamorphosed limestone or dolomite and has many
different sizes of crystals which has many color variances due
to the impurities present at formation.

It has been subjected to more heat and pressure than slate,

which is a low grade metamorphic rock.

It is metamorphosed sandstone, which dominated by quartz,

and in many cases, the original quartz grains of the
sandstone are welded together with additional silica.
It has visible crystals of minerals like biotite or andalusite. If
it is formed in a situation without directed pressure, then
these minerals would be randomly orientated, not foliated as
they would be if formed with directed pressure.

IV. Guide Questions:

1. What are some of the distinct characteristics of the metamorphic rocks that
made it easy for you to distinguish?
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2. Which of those metamorphic rocks did you find it hard to distinguish? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
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3. Which are easy to distinguish? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

V. Conclusion:
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Classification of Metamorphic Rocks.

Activity 1.3

I. Objectives
a. Make a slide show of about different types of metamorphic rocks. B3.
Share the importance of learning the flowing during the online class
with your teacher.
II. Materials
Internet
Cellphone or laptop
III. Procedure
1. Make a checklist of the different type of metamorphic rocks.
2. Look for a picture, take your own picture that you will use on your
presentation.
4. Put all your data on a power point presentation.
4. Report it online during the class and with the presence of your teacher.
IV. Guide Questions
1. While doing your activity, what do you think is the importance of learning
the different types of metamorphic rocks?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think are some of the challenges that will be encountered
while trying to name the metamorphic rocks?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. In what why do you think your work will become useful for others?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

V. Conclusion
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Let us summarize all, by doing the wrap-up activity below.

WRAP –UP
Answer the following questions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if it is wrong.
____1. Non-Foliates are metamorphic rocks that have no cleavage at all ____2.
Burial metamorphism Occurs comes when magma comes in contact with an
already existing body of rock.
____3. Regional metamorphism produces foliated rocks such as gneiss and
schists.
 ____4. The source of temperature which is responsible for metamorphism is
either due to depth or due to the contact with magma.
____5. The mineral composition of the parent rock is one good example of
metamorphic age.

VALUING
Let me know your thought!
Rocks are unique! Some of them have undergone
tremendous heat and pressure to become structured, just
like us-people who face hardship and great challenges in life
that turns us into our better selves. If you were to connect
the lesson to this quotation what do you think can you learn
from it?

POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which among the following statements describes gneiss?
a. It is a high grade metamorphic rock.
b. It is composed of limestone.
c. It has many crystals.
d. All of the above.
2. What type of metamorphism is caused by large geologic processes such as
mountain-building.?
a. Burial Metamorphism c. Dynamic Metamorphism
b. Contact Metamorphism d. Regional Metamorphism
3. Metamorphic rocks are divided into category, what are they?
a. foliate and gneiss c. foliate and non-foliate
b. non-foliate and slate d. Only a and b are correct.
4. The following rocks belong to the low grade metamorphism, which is an
exemption?
a. gneiss c. slate
a. shale d. phyllite
5. The process of metamorphism occurs in rocks due to the effects of high
temperature, pressure and chemically active fluids. What do you call
them?
a. foliate agent c. metamorphic agent
b. non foliate agent c. metamorphism agent