A

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

ON

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY

(WITRICITY)
Submitted for partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY

KARANAM ANIL (19K81A0482)

St. MARTIN'S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UGC Autonomous
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Dhulapally, Secunderabad - 500 100

A.Y.2022-2023
 St. MARTIN'S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
UGC Autonomous
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Dhulapally, Secunderabad - 500
100
www.smec.ac.in

Certificate

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

TECHNOLOGY (WITRICTY)” being submitted by KARANAM ANIL (19K81A0482),

in fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of BACHELOR IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING is recorded of bonafide

work carried out by him. The result embodied in this report have been verified and found

satisfactory.

Faculty Incharge Head Of The Department

Mrs. P. KIRANMAYEE Dr. B. HARI KRISHNA

Place:

Date:
 INDEX
TITLE
CERTIFICAT
E
ABSTRACT i
CHAPTER NO TITLE Pg No.
1 INTRODUCTION 1-3
1.1 Introduction 1
2 HISTORY 4-6
2.1 The history of wireless power transmission 4
2.2 Coupled resonators was fit for the situation 4
2.3 Strong coupling 5
2.4 Wireless transmission technology is born 6
3 WPT:THE BASICS 7-10
3.1 The basics wireless power transmission 7
4 WPT METHODS 11-13
4.1 Transformer coupling or induction 11
4.2 Resonant induction or Evanescent wave 11
coupling
4.3 Radio or Microwave energy transfer 11
4.4 Laser beam transfer 12
4.5 Moderate distance power transmission 12
4.6 Electrostatic or Electrodynamic induction 12
5 ADVANTAGES 14-15
5.1 Advantages 15
6 DISADVANTAGES 16
6.1 Disadvantages 16
7 APPLICATIONS 17-19
7.1 Consumer electronics 18
7.2 Industrial 18
7.3 Transportation 19
7.4 Other 19
8 FUTURE SCOPE 20-23
9 CONCLUSION 24
REFERENCES 25-26
 LIST OF FIGURES

3 The basics of wireless power transmission

3.1 Earths magnetic field 7

3.2 Electric current flow 8

3.3 Magnetic field representation 8

3.4 Electric transformer 9

3.5 Two idealized resonant magnetic coils 10

3.6 Witricity power source 10

4 WPT methods

4.1 Transformer coupling 11

4.2 Microwave energy transfer 12

4.3 Radio energy transfer 12

4.4 Electrostatic induction 13

4.5 Electrodynamic induction 13

7 Applications

7.1 Consumer electronics 18

7.2 Industrial 18

7.3 Transportation 19
8 Future scope

8.1 Solar power 20

8.2 Electric vehicles 21

8.3 Home appliances 21

8.4 Universal power source 22

8.5 Wirelessly power electric train 22

8.6 WPS to house from green and clean powerstation 23

 ABSTRACT

We cannot imagine the world without electric power. Generally the power is transmitted
through wires. It describes an original idea to eradicate the hazardous usage of electrical wires
which involve lot of confusion in particularly organizing them. Imagine a future in which
wireless power transfer is feasible: cell phones, household robots, mp3 players, laptop
computers and other portable electronics capable of charging themselves without ever being
plugged in, freeing us from that final, ubiquitous power wire. Some of these devices might not
even need their bulky batteries to operate. This paper includes the techniques of transmitting
power without using wires with an efficiency of about 95% with non-radioactive methods.
Due to which it does not affect the environment surrounding. These techniques Includes
resonating inductive coupling in sustainable moderate range. The coupling consists of an
inductor along with a capacitor with its own resonating frequency. In any system of coupled
resonators there often exists a so-called “strongly coupled” regime of operation. If one
ensures to operate in that regime in a given system, the energy transfer can be very efficient.
Another technique includes transfer of power through microwaves using retinas. This is
particularly suitable for long range distances ranging kilometres. With this we can avoid the
confusion and danger of having long, hazardous and tangled wiring. This paper as a whole
gives an effective, high performance techniques which can efficiently transmit the power to
the required area varying in distances.

i
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In this era of modernization, electricity has become the c of life. A moment without
electricity makes your thinking go dry. The major source of conventional form of electricity is
through wires. The continuous research and development has brought forward a major
breakthrough, which provides electricity without the medium of wires. This wonder baby is
called Wireless Power Transmission and is also called as WiTricity.

There are certain small but very useful discoveries made in history, which changed
the world forever, Newton’s gravitational law, Watt’s steam engine, Thomson’s bulb and
many more. But a renaissance occurred with the invention of Electromagnetic Waves by
Maxwell. Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose successfully generated electromagnetic waves having
wavelength in the range of 5mm to 25 mm. Thereafter an Italian scientist named Marconi
succeeded in transmitting electromagnetic waves up to a distance of several miles.

And with this there started a new era called WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY. Today, as
we can see the word ‘wireless’ is common in day − to − day life. Wireless communication has
made the world smaller. Almost each and everything is wireless or cordless. Cordless mouse,
cordless keyboard, satellite communication, mobiles, cordless microphones and headphones,
wireless internet service i.e. WIFI, etc. And these have definitely increased the standard of
living.

1
Moreover, we all are aware of the use of electromagnetic radiations (radiowaves) which is quite
well known for wireless transfer of information. In addition, lasers have also been used to
transmit energy without wires. However, radio waves are not feasible for power transmissions
because the nature of the radiation is such that it spreads across the place, resulting into a
large amount of radiations being wasted. And in the case of lasers, apart from requirement of
uninterrupted line of sight (an obstacle hinders the transmission process). It is also very
dangerous WiTricity is nothing but wireless electricity. Transmission of electrical energy
from one object to anotherwithout the use of wires is call ed as WiTricity. WiTricity will
ensure that the cellphones, laptops, iPods and other power hungry devices get charged on their
own, eliminating the need of plugging them in. Even better, because of WiTricity some of the
devices won't require batteries to operate

Wireless power or wireless energy transmission is the transmission of electrical energy from
a power source to an electrical load without man made conductors. This is also called as
Wireless Power Transmission .Wireless transmission is useful in cases where
interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or im possible. The problem of wireless
power transmission differs from that of wireless telecommunications, such as radio. the
latter, the proportion of energy received becomes critical only if it is too low for the signal
to be distinguished from the background noise. With wireless power, efficiency is the
more significant para meter. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant
must arrive at the receiver or receivers to make the system economical.

The most common form of wireless power transmission is carried out using direct
induction followed by resonant magnetic induction. Other methods under con sideration are
electromagnetic radiation in the form of microwaves or lasers and electrical conduction
through natural media.

Wireless communication would be the transmission in the energy spanning a distance

without the usage of wires or cables, where distance can be short or long. Wireless operations
permits services, for example long-range communications, which are merely unfeasible using
wires. Wireless energy transfer or wireless power transmission may be the transmittance of
electric power from your power source for an electrical load without interconnecting wires.
Wireless transmission is advantageous in instances where interconnecting wires are
inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible.

2
 The situation of wireless power transmission is different from that of wireless
telecommunications, like radio. In the latter, the proportion of one’s received becomes critical
on condition that it can be too low for that signal being distinguished on the ground noise.
With wireless power, efficiency is the more significant parameter.

A big perhaps the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver or
receivers for making the system economical. The most common form of wireless power
transmission is completed using direct induction and then resonant magnetic induction. Other
methods under consideration include radio waves such as microwaves or beam of light
technology. Wireless communication is mostly regarded as a branch of telecommunications.
Wireless operations permits services, for example longrange communications, which can be
impossible and impractical in conventional methods.

3
 CHAPTER 2

HISTORY

2.1 The History of Wireless Power Transmission

Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865, mentions electromagnetic

waves moving at the speed of light, and concluded that light itself was just such a wave. In
1886 Hertz performed a successful experiment with pulsed wireless energy transfer. He
produced an apparatus that produced and detected microwaves in the UHF region.

Tesla also performed experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in
1899. His Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in
diameter, could transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires. Tesla supposedly managed
to light 200 lamps, without wires, from 40 kilometers away, although no documentation from
Tesla’s own records were ever published. In 1897 he filed his first patents for the
Wardenclyffe tower, which was meant to be a pilot plant for his “World Wireless System” to
broadcast energy around the globe. The facility was never fully operational and was not
completed due to economic problems.

Initiation: The story started late one night a few years ago, with MIT Professor Marin
Soljačić standing in his pajamas, staring at his cell phone on the kitchen counter. It was
probably the sixth time that month that he was awakened by his mobile phone beeping to
let him know that he had forgotten to charge it. At that moment, it occurred to him: "There is
electricity wired all through this house, all through my office—everywhere. This phone
should take care of its own charging!" But to make this possible, one would have to find a
way to transfer power from the existing wired infrastructure to the cell phone—without
wires. Soljačić started thinking of physical phenomena that could make this dream a
reality.

2.2 Coupled Resonators was fit for the situation

To achieve wireless power transfer in a way that is practical and safe, one
needs to use a physical phenomenon that enables the power source and the device (in this
case, the mobile phone) to exchange energy strongly, while interacting only weakly with
living beings and other environmental objects, like furniture and walls.
4
 The phenomenon of coupled resonators precisely fits this description. Two
resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently,
while interacting weakly with extraneous off−resonant objects.

A child on a swing is a good example of a resonant system. A swing exhibits a

type of mechanical resonance, so only when the child pumps her legs at the natural
frequency of the swing is she able to impart substantial energy into the motion of the
swing. Another example involves acoustic resonances: imagine a room with 100 identical
wine glasses, but each filled with wine up to a different level, so that each resonates at a
different frequency (that is, they each emit a different tone or note when tapped, by a
utensil, for example). If an opera singer enters that room and sings a very loud single
note, the glass having the corresponding resonant frequency can accumulate enough
energy to shatter, while the other glasses are unaffected.

2.3 Strong Coupling

Coupled resonators are said to operate in a strong y coup d regime if their

energy transfer rate is substantially higher than the rate at which they lose energy due to
factors such as material absorption and radiation. In the strongly coupled regime, energy
transf er can be very efficient. These considerations are universal, applying to all kinds of
resonances (e.g., acoustic, mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.). Soljačić and his colleagues at
MIT (Karalis and Joannopoulos) set out to explore and develop the physica l theory of how to
enable strongly coupled magnetic resonators to transfer power over distances that would

enable the kind of wireless device charging that Soljačić first imagined. Their theoretical
results were published first in 2006, and again in 2008 in the Anna s of Physics.

Once the physical theories were developed, Soljačić and his team (Kurs,
Karalis, Moffatt, Joannopoulos, Fisher) set out to validate them experimentally. The theory
was developed to cover a broad range of coupled resonator systems, but the experimental
work focused on proving that magnetically coupled resonators could exchange energy in the
manner predicted by the theory and required for the wireless charging or devices, such as
cell phones. The team explored a system of two electro−magnetic resonators coupled
through their magnetic fields. They were able to identify the strongly coupled regime in
this system, and showed that strong coupling could be achieved over distances that
greatly exceeded the size of the resonant objects themselves. The team had proven that in

5
this strongly coupled regime, efficient wireless power transfer could be enabled. Their
successful experiment was published in the journal,Science in 2007.

2.4 Wireless Power Transmission Technology is Born

The experimental design consisted of two copper coils, each a self −resonant system.
One of the coils, connected to an AC power supply, was the resonant source. The other coil,
the resonant capture device, was connected to a 60 watt light bulb. The power source and
capture device were suspended in mid− air with nylon thread, at distances that ranged from
a few centimetres to over 2.5 meters (8.2 ft). Not only was the light bulb illuminated,
but the theoretical predictions of high efficiency over distance were proven
experimentally. By placing various objects between the source and capture device, the
team demonstrated how the magnetic near field can transfer power through certain materials
and around metallic obstacles. Thus Prof. Soljačić's dream of finding a method to wirelessly
connect mobile electric devices to the existing electric grid was realized. WiTricity Corp.
was soon launched to carry this technology forward from the MIT laboratories to
commercial production.

The inventors of Witricity are the researchers from the team from Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. They are the people who had coined the phrase of Witricity and
this invention can change the way electricity is used today This team from MIT belonged to
the Department of Physics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and
the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies. The members of this team were Andre Kurs,
Aristeidis Karalis, Prof. Peter Fisher, Robert Moffat and Prof. John Joannopoulos. The
leader of this team of researchers was Prof, Marin soljacic.

6
 CHAPTER 3

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION:THE BASICS

3.1 THE BASICS WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Electricity: The flow of electrons (current) through conductor (like a wire), or charges
through the atmosphere (like lightning). A convenient way for energy to get from one
place to another!

Magnetism : A fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to

attract or repel each other. Permanent magnets, like the ones on your refrigerator and the
earth's magnetic field, are examples of objects having constant magnetic fields.

Oscillating magnetic fields vary with time, and can be generated by

alternating current (AC) flowing on a wire. The strength, direction, and extent of magnetic
fields are often represented and visualized by drawings of the magnetic field lines.

FIG 3.1: An illustration representing the earth's magnetic field

Magnetic Induction: A loop or coil of conductive material like copper, carrying an

alternating current (AC), is a very efficient structure for generating or capturing a magnetic
field.

7
 If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it will generate an oscillating
magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop. A second conducting loop, brought close enough
to the first, may “capture" some portion of that oscillating magnetic field, which in turn,
generates or induces an electric current in the second coil. The current generated in in the
second coil may be used to power devices. This type of electrical power transfer from one
loop or coil to another is well known and referred to as magnetic induction. Some common
examples of devices based on magnetic induction are electric transformers and electric
generators.

FIG 3.2:As electric current ,I flow in the circuit it give rise to a magnetic field, which wrap around wire
and when current is reversed magnetic field also get reversed

Fig 3.3: The blue lines represent the magnetic field when current flows through a coil and current is
reversed , magnetic field also get reversed
8
Energy/Power Coupling: Energy coupling occurs when an energy source has a means
of transferring energy to another object. One simple example is a locomotive pulling a train
car— the mechanical coupling between the two enables the locomotive to pull the
train, and overcome the forces of friction and inertia that keep the train still —and, the train
moves. Magnetic coupling occurs when the magnetic field of one object interacts with a
second object and induces an electric current in or on that object. In this way, electric energy
can be transferred from a power source to a powered device. In contrast to the example of
mechanical coupling given for the train, magnetic coupling does not require any physical
contact between the object generating the energy and the object receiving or capturing that
energy.

Fig 3.4: An Electric Transformer

Resonance: Resonance is a property that exists in many different physical systems. It can
be thought of as the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently be added to an
oscillating system. A playground swing is an example of an oscillating system involving
potential energy and kinetic energy. The child swings back and forth at a rate that is
determined by the length of the swing. The child can make the swing go higher if she
properly coordinates her arm and leg action with the motion of the swing. The swing is
oscillating at its resonant frequency and the simple movements of the child efficiently transfer
energy to the system. Another example of resonance is the way in which a singer can shatter a
wine glass by singing a single loud, clear note.

In this example, the wine glass is the resonant oscillating system. Sound waves traveling
through the air are captured by the glass, and the sound energy is converted to mechanical
vibrations of the glass itself.
9
When the singer hits the note that matches the resonant frequency of the glass, the glass
absorbs energy, begins vibrating, and can eventually even shatter. The resonant frequency of
the glass depends on the size, shape, thickness of the glass, and how much wine is in it.

Resonant Magnetic Coupling: Magnetic coupling occurs when two objects exchange
energy through their varying oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when the
natural frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same.

Fig 3.5: Two Idealized Resonant Magnetic Coils

WiTricity Technology: WiTricity power sources and capture devices are specially
designed magnetic resonators that efficiently transfer power over large distances via the
magnetic near−field. These proprietary source and device designs and the electronic systems
that control them support efficient energy transfer over distances that are many times the size
of the sources/devices themselves.

Fig3.6: The WiTricity power source

10
 CHAPTER 4

WPT METHODS

4.1 Transformer Coupling or Induction

Energy transfer between two coils through magnetic fields however in this
technique, distance between two coils really should be too close. The principle of mutual
induction between two coils can be used to the transfer electrical energy without using
wires. The best demonstration of how mutual induction works would be the transformer,
where there isn’t a physical contact between primary plus the secondary coils. The
transfer of energy develops due to electromagnetic coupling relating to the two coils.

Fig 4.1:Transformer Coupling or Induction

4.2 Resonant Induction Coupling / Evanescent Wave Coupling

Researchers at MIT have discovered an alternative way of wirelessly transferring
power using non-radiative electromagnetic energy resonant tunnelling. Since
electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they won’t propagate through the air for being
absorbed or wasted, and wouldn’t normally disrupt electronics or cause injuries like
microwave or radio transmission. Researchers anticipate around 5 meters of range.
According to them, an electro-magnetic wave in a very high angular waveguide is called
as evanescent waves which carry no energy, when if a proper resonant waveguide is
brought at the transmitter then the tunnel is formed towards power drawing waveguide
and this can be converted in DC using rectifier circuits. A prototype model is achieved
with 5 meters of ranges using this method.

4.3 Radio/Microwave Energy Transfer

It is possible to achieve a long range using this method. In this method, microwave
is sent to the long distances which are received through rectenna. Rectenna extracts
microwave energy back to electrical energy. The main problem with this particular
strategy is how the diameter of antenna needs to be order of kilometer.

11
 Power transmission via radio waves can be produced moredirectional, allowing longer
distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically
in the microwave range. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% are actually
realized.

Fig 4 . 2: Radio/Microwave Energy Transfer

4.4 LASER Beam Transfer

In this particular method, laser is beamed for the photovoltaic cells which extract
the electrical energy. This method is quite challenging to implement and manage.

Fig 4.3: Radio/Microwave Energy Transfer

4.5 Moderate Distance Power Transmission

A competent method to transfer power between coils separated by a few meters is
the fact that we’re able to extend the length involving the coils with the help of
resonance on the equation. An alternative way to understand resonance would be to think
it is in terms of sound. An object’s organic structure much like the configuration of a
trumpet determines the frequency from which it naturally vibrates. This really is its
resonant frequency.

4.6 Electrostatic Induction and Electro-dynamic Induction

Generally known as capacitive coupling can be an electric field gradient or

differential capacitance between two elevated electrodes over the conducting ground

12
plane for wireless energy transmission involving high frequency ac po- tential
differences transmitted between two plates or nodes.

Also referred to as resonant inductive coupling resolves the foremost prob- lem in
connection with non-resonant inductive coupling for wireless energy transfer;
specifically, the dependence of efficiency on transmission distance. When resonant
coupling should be applied the transmitter and receiver in- ductors are tuned for your
mutual frequency as well as the drive current is modified from the sinusoidal into a non-
sinusoidal transient waveform. Pulse power transfer occurs over multiple cycles. This
way significant power can be transmitted spanning a distance all the way to a number of
times how big the transmitter.

Fig 4.4: Electrostatic Induction

Fig 4.5: Electro-dynamic Induction

13
 CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES
5.1 ADVANTAGES:

1.Highly Resonant Strong Coupling Pro ides High Efficiency Over Distance
Wireless power transfer is highly efficient over distances ranging from
centimeters to several meters. Efficiency may be defined as the amount of usable
electrical energy that is available to the device being powered, divided by the amount of
energy that is drawn by the WiTricity source. In many applications, efficiency can exceed
90% And Wireless power transfer sources only transfer energy when it is needed. When a
WiTricity powered device no longer needs to capture additional energy, the WiTricity
power source will automatically reduce its power consumption to a power saving "idle"
state.

2.Energy Transfer via Magnetic Near Field Can Penetrate and Wrap
Around Obstacles
The magnetic near field has several properties that make it an excellent means
of transferring energy in a typical consumer, commercial, or industrial environment. Most
common building and furnishing materials, such as wood, gypsum wall board, plastics,
textiles, glass, brick, and concrete are essentially "transparent" to magnetic fields—
enabling WiTricity technology to efficiently transfer power through them. In addition, the
magnetic near field has the ability to "wrap around" many metallic obstacles that might
otherwise block the magnetic fields. WiTricity applications engineering team will work
with you to address the materials and environmental factors that may influence wireless
energy transfer in your application.

3.Non-Radiative Energy Transfer is Safe for People and Animals

Wireless power transfer technology is a non−radioactive mode of energy transfer,
relying instead on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with
biological organisms—people and animals—and are scientifically regarded to be safe.

14
Professor Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London, a world renowned physicist,
explains: "The body really responds strongly to electric fields, which is why you can
cook a chicken in a microwave.But it doesn't respond to magnetic fields. As far as we
know the body has almost zero response to magnetic fields in terms of the amount of
power it absorbs." Evidence of the safety of magnetic fields is illustrated by the
widespread acceptance and safety of household magnetic induction cook tops.

Through proprietary design of the WiTricity source, electric fields are almost
completely contained within the source. This design results in levels of electric and
magnetic fields which fall well within regulatory guidelines. Thus WiTricity technology
doesn't give rise to radio frequency emissions that interfere with other electronic devices,
and is not a source of electric and magnetic field levels that pose a risk to people or
animals.

4.Scalable Design Enables Solutions from mill watts to Kilowatts

Wireless Power transmission systems can be designed to handle a broad range of
power levels. The benefits of highly efficient energy transfer over distance can be achieved
at power levels ranging from mill watts to several kilowatts. This enables Wireless Power
transmission technology to be used in applications as diverse as powering a wireless mouse
or keyboard (mill watts) to recharging an electric passenger vehicle (kilowatts). Wireless
Power transmission technology operates in a "load following" mode, transferring only as
much energy as the powered device requires.

5.Flexible Geometry Allows WiTricity Devices to be Embedded Into OEM

Products
Wireless Power transmission technology is being designed so that it can be easily
embedded into a wide variety of products and systems. The physics of resonant magnetic
coupling enables WiTricity engineers to design power sources and devices of varying
shapes and sizes, to match both the packaging requirements and the power transfer
requirements in a given OEM application. WiTricity has designed power capture devices
compact enough to fit into a cell phone.

15
 CHAPTER 6
DISADVANTAGES
6.1 DISADVANTAGES

1. Wireless chargers are relatively more expensive at the design stage than a conventional
wall socket charger despite their rising popularity.

2. While using a wireless charger might sound very easy, it is not. To charge a device
wirelessly, you have to position the device the right way on the charger. Some chargers
even have marked areas and they also direct you the position of the phone. Though this is
changing with design upgrades, it's still miles away from being seamless .

3. Fog, and rain, also affect the practical application of laser and microwave WPT.

4. With the presence of other communication systems, interference by microwaves occurs,

which becomes a disadvantage

16
 CHAPTER 7

APPLICATIONS
Wireless power transfer technology can be applied in a wide variety of
applications and environments. The ability of our technology to transfer power safely,
efficiently, and over distance can improve products by making them more convenient,
reliable, and environmentally friendly.

Technology can be used to provide:

Direct Wireless Power— when all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly and
no batteries are required. This mode is for a device that is always used within range of its
WiTricity power source.

Automatic Wireless Charging—when a device with rechargeable batteries charges

itself while still in use or at rest, without requiring a power cord or battery replacement. This
mode is for a mobile device that may be used both in and out of range of its WiTricity power
source.

Wireless power transmission technology is designed for Original Equipment Manufacturers

(OEM's) to embed directly in their products and systems.

WiTricity technology will make your products:

More Convenient:

• No manual recharging or changing batteries.

• Eliminate unsightly, unwieldy and costly power cords.

More Reliable:
• Never run out of battery power.

• Reduce product failure rates by fixing the ‘weakest link’: flexing wiring and mechanical

Interconnects.

More Environmentally Friendly:

• Reduce use of disposable batteries.

• Use efficient electric 'grid power' directly instead of inefficient battery charging.

17
 7.1 Consumer Electronics
• Automatic wireless charging of mobile electronics (phones, laptops, game controllers, etc.)

in home, car, office, Wi−Fi hotspots while devices are in use and mobile.
• Direct wireless powering of stationary devices (flat screen TV's, digital picture frames, home

theatre accessories, wireless loud speakers, etc. eliminating expensive custom wiring,
unsightly cables and "wall−wart"power supplies.
• Direct wireless powering of desktop PC peripherals: wireless mouse, keyboard, printer,

speakers, display, etc. eliminating disposable batteries and awkward cabling.

Fig 7.1: Consumer Electronics

7.2 Industrial

• Direct wireless power and communication interconnections across rotating and moving
"joints" (robots, packaging machinery, assembly machinery, machine tools) eliminating
costly and failure−prone wiring.
• Direct wireless power and communication interconnections at points of use in harsh
environments (drilling, mining, underwater, etc.) where it is impractical or impossible to run
wires. Direct wireless power for wireless sensors and actuators, eliminating the need for

18
 expensive power wiring or battery replacement and disposal.

7.3 Transportation

• Automatic wireless charging for existing electric vehicle classes: golfcarts, industrial
vehicles.
• Automatic wireless charging for Figfuture hybrid and all−electric passenger and commercial
7.2: Industrial Equipment
vehicles, at home, in parking garages, at fleet depots, and at remote kiosks.
• Direct wireless power interconnections to replace costly vehicle wiring harnesses and slip
ring

Fig 7.3: Transportation

7.4 Other Applications:

• Direct wireless power interconnections and automatic wireless charging for

implantable medical devices (ventricular assist devices, pacemaker, defibrillator etc.).
• Automatic wireless charging and for high tech military systems (battery powered
mobile devices, covert sensors, unmanned mobile robots and aircraft, etc.).
• Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of smart cards.
19
 • Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of consumer appliances,
mobile robots, etc.

CHAPTER 8

FUTURE SCOPE
In future we can use electric appliances by using electricity without wire. In the below,
discussing some potential scope of using wireless power transfer technology.

Solar Power Satellite

Satellite with solar panel is used to capture maximum amount of solar energy from the sun
in the space. Satellite consists of microwave transmitter which is used to convert power into
microwave for transmission. According to Figure transmitting microwave from the satellite
present in space received by the microwave receiving antenna situated into the earth. This
microwave receives antenna then convert microwave into electricity. Then this electricity can
be used to power home and office etc.

Fig 8.1: Wireless power transmission from space into the earth through solar power satellite

Figure 7: Wireless power transmission from space into the earth through solar power satellite.

Wirelessly powered home appliances

In future there will be a transmitting device inside home that will transmit power to all
the home appliances such as Television, Laptop, Lamp, Iron, Sound Box, Fridge, Mobile etc.
show in Figure 8. Transmitting device transmit power and all the appliances will receive that
power through receiving devices set up inside into all appliances.

20
Wirelessly charging of electric vehicle on way
According to Figure in future there will be no need to stop and charge the electrical
vehicles. On the way charging can be done. In this concept power beam transmitter will be
connected to highways, busy traffic areas with power source. which converts electricity into
power beam and then that beam will transmitted to the electrical vehicle which consist power
beam receiver that convert power beam into electrical power for the charging of battery inside
the vehicle.

Fig 8.2: Wirelessly charging of electrical vehicle on the way.

Fig 8.3: Wireless power transmission from transmitting device

Fig 6.3: Wireless power transmission from transmitting device

Fig 6.3: Wireless power transmission from transmitting device

Figure 9: Wirelessly charging of electrical vehicle on the way.

Universal power source in emergency

In an emergency or disaster situation where all the communication medium and power
system has broken down. Communication immediately after a disaster situation is an
important component of response and recovery; it connects affected people, families and
Figure 8: Wireless power transmission from transmitting device i
communities with support system and other family members. In this situation an emergency
power source may help to provide necessary power source to power their communication
devices so that they can easily connect with their family and rescue services as show in
Figure. An universal power source consists of an airship built in power transmitter which act
as power source and drons; which consists of power receiving and transmitting device which
provide basic communication as well basic wireless power to the affected people.

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 Fig 8.4: Communication through wireless power source in emergency.

Figure 10: Communication through wireless power source in emergency.

Wirelessly powered train

According to Figure in future train may get power wirelessly. There will be no need
to connects the train with wire. In this system a dual mode power receiver and transmitter
will connect to the pole. Each station will have a pole with the dual mode transmitter and
receiver. Power come from the power station that dual mode transmitter captures the power
and transmit the power. By using dual mode transmitter power receive and transmit happen
simultaneously. These powers will be received by the receiver that fixed in the roof of the
train. In this process there is no need to use wire.

Figure 8.5: Future of wirelessly powered electric train.

Wirelessly power supply to house from power station

In future clean and green power generation may be done using the renewable source of
energy. Figure defines power may be supplied to our houses wirelessly. Power transmitting
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antenna connected with the power supply providing station then power transmitting antenna
convert electric power into microwave then transmit it to the nearest dual mode power

receiving and transmitting antenna which transmit this microwave to nearest antenna which is
connected nearest to the house. The house has its power receiving antenna which converts this
microwave into electrical power. This electric power than utilize by the house.

Fig 8.6: Wireless power supply to the house from green and clean power station.

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 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION
The transmission of power without wires is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a
reality. The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any
terrestrial distance. Many researchers have established In numerous observations,
experiments and measurements, qualitative and quantitative. Dr.N.Tesla is the pioneer of
this invention. Wireless transmission of electricity have tremendous merits like high
transmission integrity and Low Loss (90 − 97% efficient) and can be transmitted to
anywhere in the globe and eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital
intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of
electrical energy used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and
transmission towers. It has negligible demerits like reactive power which was found
insignificant and biologically compatible. It has a tremendous economic impact to human
society.

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