Chapter 2 continue

One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction

without Thermal Energy Generation

Prepared by

Dr. Eng. ELSaeed Saad ELSihy

Assistant Professor at Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Helwan
University, Egypt

Email : saeedsaad@m-eng.helwan.edu.eg

1
 Chapter 2 continue

One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction without Thermal

Energy Generation

Methodology of a Conduction Analysis

➢ Specify appropriate form of the heat equation.
➢ Solve for the temperature distribution.
➢ Apply Fourier’s Law to determine the heat flux qor
rate of heat transfer q.
Simplest Case: One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction with No
Thermal Energy Generation.

Common Geometries:

➢ The Plane Wall: Described in rectangular (x) coordinate. Area

perpendicular to direction of heat transfer is constant (independent of
x).

➢ The Tube Wall: Radial conduction through tube wall (cylindrical).

➢ The Spherical Shell: Radial conduction through shell wall.

2-2 Heat Conduction through a Plane Wall:

T
➢ Steady state  =0

➢ No heat generation q = 0

➢ Thermal conductivity k and area A are constant

4
 d 2T
➢ General equation =0
dx 2
dT
➢ Integrating twice = C1
dx
T(x) = C1 x + C2 ----------(1)

➢ Boundary conditions B.C

at x = 0  T = T1  C 2 = T1
(T2 − T1 )
at x = L  T = T2  C1 =
L
➢ Sub: the values of C1 and C2 in Eqn. 1
➢ The temperature distribution
x
Tx = ( T2 − T1 ) + T1
L
➢ Heat Flux q and Heat Rate q:

dT
q = - k = -k C1 (W/m 2 )
dx
dT
q =-k A = -k A C1 (W)
dx

kA (T1 − T2 ) T
q= (T1 − T2 ) = =
L L Rth
kA
L
➢ Where Rth =  Thermal Resistances (K/W) in
a plane wall kA
➢ Thermal circuit for plane wall with adjoining fluids:
 Rtotal =
1
+
L
+
1 (T ,1 −T ,2 )
h1 A kA h2 A q=
Rtotal
➢ Thermal Resistance for Unit Surface Area:

L 1
,  ,cond =
Rth  ,conv =
Rth
k h
Units: Rth  ( K / W )   m 2 K / W
Rth

➢ Radiation Resistance:
1 1
Rth, rad =  , rad =
Rth
hr A hr

hr =   (TS + T Sur ) (TS2 + T Sur

2
) (W/m 2 K)
➢ Contact Resistanc

LA LB
 Rth = K A + Rth,c + K A
A B
Where
Rth,c  thermal contact resistance (K/W)
TA − TB m2 K
 ,c =
Rth 
qx W
 ,c
Rth K
Rth,c = 
A W
Rth,c  depend on :
➢ Materials A and B,
➢ surface finishes (rough or smooth),
➢ and contact pressure
Table 2.4 Thermal contact resistance for (a) metallic interfaces under vacuum
conditions and (b) aluminum - aluminum interface (10  m surface roughness,
105 ,N/m2) with different interfacial fluids.

Rt,h (m2.K/W)

(a) Vacuum interface (b) interfacial fluid

Contact pressure 100 kN/m2 10,000 kN/m2 Air 2.75

Stainless steel 6-25 0.7-4.0 Helium 1.05
Copper 1-10 0.1-0.5 Hydrogen 0.720
Magnesium 1.5-3.5 0.2-0.4 Silicone oil 0.525
Aluminum 1.5-5.0 0.2-0.4 Glycerin 0.265
➢ Composite Wall with Negligible Contact Resistance:
• For series
 Toverall (T ,1 − T , 4 )
q= =
 Rth  Rth
T ,1 − T ,4
qx =
(1 / h1 A) + ( L A / k A A) + ( LB / k B A) + ( LC / k C A) + (1 / h4 A)
T ,1 − Ts ,1 Ts ,1 − T2
T2 − T3
qx = = = = ....
(1 / h1 A) ( LA / k A A) ( LB / k B A)
➢ Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) :

q = UA Toverall = UA(T ,1 − T ,2 )
1
Rtotal = =  Rth
UA
1 1
U= =
Rtot A (1 / h1 ) + ( LA / k A ) + ( LB / k B ) + ( LC / kC ) + ((1 / h4 ))
➢ Series – Parallel Composite Wall:
 T T1 − T4
q total = = = q1 + q 2
 Rth R E + Requv + R H
T1 − T2 T2 − T3 T3 − T4
q total = = =
RE Requv RH
1 RF .RG
where
Requv = =
1 1 RF + RG
+
RF RG
RG T1 − T4
q1 = q total =
RF + RG R E + RF + R H

RF T1 − T4
q 2 = q total =
RF + RG R E + RG + R H
Example 1:
Solution:
(a) The heat loss may be obtained by dividing the overall temperature difference by
the total thermal resistance. For the composite wall of unit surface area, A = 1m .
T ,1 − T ,o
q =
(1 / h1 ) + (L p / k p ) + (L f )
/ k f + (Lw / k w ) + (1 / h2 ) 
20 − (−15) 35
qx = = = 15W
0.2 + 0.059 + 1.92 + 0.083 + 0.067 2.33
b) For the single pane of glass,
T ,1 − T ,o
q =
(1 / hi ) + (Lg / k g ) + (1 / ho )
20 − ( −15 ) 35
q = = = 130.3W
0.2 + 0.002 + 0.067 0.269
c) For the double pane window,
T ,1 − T ,o
q =
(1 / hi ) + 2(Lg / k g ) + (Lair / k air ) + (1 / ho )
20 − ( −15 ) 35
q = = = 75.9W
0.2 + 0.004 + 0.190 + 0.067 0.461
Example 2:
Consider a 5-m-high, 8-m-long, and 0.22-m-thick wall whose representative cross
section is as given in the figure. The thermal conductivities of various materials used,
in W/m .K, are k A = k F =2, k B =8, k C = 20, k D = 15, and k E = 35. The left and
right surfaces of the wall are maintained at uniform temperatures of 300°C and
100°C, respectively. Assuming heat transfer through the wall to be one-
dimensional, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer through the wall; (b) the
temperature at the point where the sections B, D, and E meet; and (c) the temperature
drop across the section F. Disregard any contact resistances at the interfaces.
Solution:
Solution Cont.:
2.3 Steady-state Radial Conduction in a Long Hollow Cylinder

Ai = 2 ri L
Ao = 2 ro L
dr
 d  dT 
➢ Heat Equation: r =0
dr  dr 
➢ Integrated twice

r
dT
dr
= C1  dT = C1
dr
r
 T = C1 ln r + C 2 − − − −(1)
Boundary Conditions:
at r = ri  T = Ti
at r = ro  T = To
Ti = C1 ln ri + C 2 .................. ( 2)
To = C1 ln ro + C 2 .................. (3)
ri
Ti − To = C1 ln
ro
 Ti − To Ti − To
C1 = =−
ri ro
ln ln
ro ri
 C2 =T +
( Ti − To )
 ln(r )
Sub: in Eqn. (2) i
 ro 
i

ln  
➢ The temperature distribution  ri 
ln( r / ri )
Tr = Ti − (Ti − To )
ln( ro / ri )
dT dT
q = − kAr = − k 2L r = − k 2L C1
dr dr
2L k (Ti − To ) (Ti − To ) T
q= = =
ln( ro / ri ) ln( ro / ri ) Rth
2LK
ln( ro / ri )
Rth,cy =  Thermal resistance (K/W)
2Lk
ln( ro / ri )

Rth,cy =  Thermal resistance (mK/W)
2k
➢ Composite Cylinder Wall;
 T ,1 − T ,4
qr =
1 ln (r2 / r1 ) ln (r3 / r2 ) ln (r4 / r3 ) 1
+ + + +
2 r1 L h1 2 k A L 2 k B L 2 kC L 2 r4 L h4
T ,1 − T , 4
qr = = U i A i (T ,1 − T , 4 ) = U o A o(T ,1 − T ,4 )
Rtot

1
U1 =
1 r1 r r r r r r 1
+ ln 2 + 1 ln 3 + 1 ln 4 + 1
h1 k A r1 k B r2 kC r3 r4 h4

U1 A1 = U 2 A2 = U 3 A3 = U 4 A4 = (  Rth ) −1

To determine the temperature at any radius , q = constant

T ,1 − T1 T1 − T2 T2 − T3 T3 − T4 T4 − T ,2
qr = = = = =
1 ln( r2 / r1 ) ln( r3 / r2 ) ln( r3 / r4 ) 1
2r1 L h1 2Lk A 2Lk B 2Lk c 2r4 L h2
➢ Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui and Uo
 T ,1 − T , 2
qr = = U i Ai ( T ) overall
1 ln( ro / ri ) 1
+ +
2ri L hi 2Lk 2ro L ho
= U o Ao ( T ) overall
1
U A = U o Ao = U i Ai =
Rth , total

➢ Based on outside area; Ao =A1= 2Л ro L

1  1 ln( ro / ri ) 1 
= Ao  Rth, total = Ao  + + 
Uo  i i
A h 2  LK Ao o
h

1 ro ro ro 1
= + ln +
U o ri hi k ri ho
➢ Based on inside area; Ai =A1= 2 Лri L

1 1 ri ro ri
= + ln +
U i hi k ri ro ho
Example 3:
Solution:

q/L
➢ Radial Heat Conduction Through a Hollow Sphere
➢ Heat Equation
1 d  2 dT 
r =0
r 2 dr  dr 

➢ Integrating once gives

2 dT dr
r = C1  dT = C1 2
dr r
➢ Integrating a second time leads to
C1
T = − + C2
r
➢ B.C: at r = ri  T = Ti
at r = ro  T = To
➢ The temperature distribution
r r − ri
Tr = Ti − ( Ti − To )
ro ro − ri
dT
➢ The rate of heat transfer q = − k ( 4r )
2

q
ro
dr
To dr

4 r r 2
= − k  dT
i Ti
r
q  1 o
4  − r  = k (Ti − To )
ri

q 1 1 
4  r − r  = k (Ti − To )
 i o

q  ro − ri 
  = k (Ti − To )
4  ri ro 
 4 ro ri k (Ti − To ) (Ti − To ) T
q= = =
ro − ri ro − ri Rth
4ri ro k
➢ Thermal Resistance

ro − ri 1 1 1
Rth, sphere = = ( − )
4 ro ri k 4k ri ro
➢ Composed Sphere Wall

Ai = 4 r12
Ao = 4 r42
T
q=
 Rth
1 1
Rconv ,1 = Rconv ,2 =
hi ( 4 r12 ) ho ( 4 r42 )
r2 − r1 r3 − r2 r4 − r3
Rsph ,1 = , Rsph , 2 = , Rsph ,3 =
4r1r2 k1 4r2 r3 k 2 4r3 r4 k3
1 r −r r −r r −r 1
R total = + 2 1 + 3 2 + 4 3 +
h1 Ai 4r1 r2 k 1 4r2 r3 k 2 4r3 r4 k 3 h2 Ao
 2.9 Summary of Thermal Resistances
Geometry Equation for Heat Flow Thermal Resistance

Plane Wall L
kA( T1 − T2 )
q=
L KA
Long Hollow cylinder
2 k L( Ti − To )
q= ln( ro / ri )
ln( ro / ri )
2kL
Hollow sphere 4 ro ri k ( Ti − To ) ro − ri
q=
ro − ri 4 ro ri k

1
Convection surface q = hA( Ts − T )
hA
Example
1 ro − ri
Ri = , R1 =
hi Ai 4ri ro k
1 1
Ro = , Rrad =
ho Ao hr Ao

hr =   (Ts + Tsur ) (Ts2 + Tsur

2
)

(T,i − T,o ) 1 1 1
q= , = +
Ri + R1 + Rrquiv Requiv Ro Rrad
Example 4:
A company used a storage tank consists of a cylindrical section
that has length and inner diameter of L=1.8 m and Di = 1000
mm, respectively, and two hemispherical end sections. The tank
is constructed from 20 mm-thick glass (Pyrex, k = 1.4 W/ m K)
and is exposed to ambient air for which the temperature is 27
C and the convection coefficient is 10 W/ m 2.K. The tank is
used to store heated oil, which maintains at a temperature of
150 C and heat transfer coefficient is 120 W/m2.K. Radiation
effects may be neglected. Sketch the thermal circuit and
Determine:
a)The electrical power that must be supplied to a heater
submerged in the oil.
b) The temperatures of outer surface of cylinder side only (TS,o).
If the price of electricity is $0.08/kWh, Determine the annual cost
of heat loss per year.
KNOWN: Geometry of an oil storage tank. Temperatures of stored
oil and environmental conditions.
FIND: a) Heater power required , b) (TS,o) for cylinder side only
c) the annual cost of heat loss per year and the fraction of the
hot oil energy cost of this company that is due to the heat loss
from the tank. qcyl

SCHEMATIC:

½ qspher
R4

R4 R5 R6

qsphe
T∞,i
T∞,o
qcyl

39 R1 R2 R3 29/03/1444
 q = q cyl + 2q hemi = q cyl + q sphere

T,i − T,o T,i − T,o

q cyl = =
 R th ,cyl R1 + R 2 + R 3
T,i − T ,o
q cyl =
1 1 1
+ ln ro / ri +
2 ri L h i 2 kL 2 ro L h o
150 − 27
q cyl =
1 1 1
+ ln 0.52 / 0.5 +
2x 0.5x 2 x120 2 x 1.4x 2 2x 0.52 x 2x 10

150 − 27 123
q cyl = = = 6522.1 Watt
1.326x10 −3 + 2.229x10 −3 + 0.0153 0.01886

T,i − T,o T,i − T,o

q sphere = =
 R th ,sphere R4 + R5 + R6
 T,i − T ,o
q sphere =
1 ro − ri 1
+ +
4 ri h i 4 kri ro 4 ro2 h o
2

150 − 27
q sphere =
1 0.52 − 0.5 1
+ +
4 (0.5) 2 120 4 x 1.4x 0.5 x 0.52 4 (0.52) 2 10

150 − 27 123
qsphere = = = 3483.8Watt
2..652 x10−3 + 4.372 x10−3 + 0.0294 0.03645

The electrical power

q total = 6522.1 + 3483.8 = 10005.9 Watt = 10.0059 kW

The amount and cost of heat loss per year are

Q = q x time = 10.0059 kWx 24 h / yr x 365 = 87651.68 kWh / yr
Cost of energy = (Amount of energy) (Unit cost)=
= (87651.68kWh) ($0.08/kWh) = $7012.13
 2.10 Critical Radius of Insulation

Negligible steam Convection

resistance

Tp ,i  Tsat

Tsat − T
q loss =
R pipe + Rins + Rconv
Where Due to smaller thickness of pipe (i.e, ) and k pipe is large

ln ro / ri
R pipe = 0
2 k p L
 Tsat − T Tsat − T
q= =
Rins + Rconv 1 1
ln ( r2 / ro ) +
2kL 2 r2 hL
Where
r2 = ro + xins
For

r2  increase  Rins  increase and Rconv decrease

T
r2 dq/dr2=0
q

43 29/03/1444
 To determine the value of r2 for which q is a maximum,
we find the value of r2=rcrit for which
kins
(dq/dr2) =0  r2 = rcrit =
hair
For small pipes or wires
If r2 = (ro+ x ins)  r crit the heat loss will increase
For large pipes
if r2 = ro+ x ins > r crit , q  decrease).

Tsat − T
q =
1 1
ln ( r2 / ro ) +
2kL 2 r2 hL
44 29/03/1444
 Tsat − T T
q = =
Rins + Rconv Rtotal

Figure 2-11 Qualitative relationship between r2 and q and Rth and xins

2k ins
 r2 = rcrit =
For sphere →
45 h 29/03/1444
 Optimum Thickness of
Insulation

46 29/03/1444
47 29/03/1444
Effect of variable conductivity, k = f (T) :

T2
dT A
q plane wall = − k A = −  k (T ) dT
dx LT
1
T
dT 2L o
qcylinder = − k ( 2 rL) =−  k (T )dT
dr ln( ro / ri ) T
i

To
dT 4ri ro
q sphere = − k ( 4 r ) 2
=−  k (T )dT
dr ro − ri T
i

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Variable Cross-Sectional Area with x:

Since A(x) increases with increasing x, it follows that

q  = q / A( x ) decreases with increasing x, Since T
decreases with increasing x

x T
dx
qx =  = −  k (T ) dT Ax = r 2
A
x0 x To
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