Battery Energy Storage Applications in Wind
Integrated Systems – A Review
A. Hina Fathima and K. Palanisamy.
School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India.
ahina.fathima2013@vit.ac.in; kpalanisamy@vit.ac.in
Abstract — With growing penetration of renewable sources in
the power scenario there is also a bilateral increase for the need
of storage systems. Unpredictability and high intermittence in the
power generated from renewable systems like wind have driven
the need for adequate back up energy reserves and power quality
improvement according to grid standards. Battery Energy
Storage Systems (BESS) have been the most popular and mature
technology for grid applications from a long time. Lot of research
is pursued in BESS to develop its volumetric capacity, specific
discharge rates and efficiency by improving the material
properties, integration topologies and control mechanisms. Still
there is huge scope for improving these systems to deliver
maximum penetration results. This paper explores the various
BESS available, their developments, properties as well as the
applications in Wind Power grids. Also, a brief overview of the
future scope of development in BESS is outlined.
Keywords — Energy Storage Systems, Battery Energy Storage
Systems, Wind Energy.
I. INTRODUCTION
Growing conventional resource depletion and
environmental concerns have instigated the growth of
alternative energies. Renewable energy is also called ‘Green
Energy’ because it doesn’t pollute air or water. Of all the
renewable energy generations, the wind energy generation has
seen excellent development in technology. The worldwide
installed capacity has touched 282 GW of which 44 GW were
added in 2012 alone [1]. Wind is by far the most viable source
of renewable energy and is emerging as the largest source in
the renewable energy generation sector. China and USA are
the leaders in installed wind capacity in the world. Wind
energy claimed nearly 70% of India’s renewable energy
generation with an installed capacity of 19.05 GW. The
development of wind power in India began in the 1990s and
has significantly increased in the last few years. Although a
relative newcomer to the wind industry compared
with Denmark or the United States, India has the fifth largest
installed wind power capacity in the world.
Renewable Energy Sources (RES), especially wind,
are highly unpredictable by nature. Hence power generated
from them is intermittent and highly unreliable. Energy
Storage Systems (ESS) are very essential in such scenarios to
balance these uncertainties thus improving the reliability of
the entire system and providing other ancillary services. Many
forms of electrical storage have been developed such as
Physical storages (pumped hydro and compressed air
storages), Electrochemical storages (batteries and fuel cells),
Electromechanical storages (flywheels), Electrostatic storages
(Supercapacitors) and Electromagnetic storages
(Superconducting magnets) etc. Electrochemical ESS are the
oldest category of energy storage for power system
applications. There are three major sectors of electrochemical
978-1-4799-4103-2/14/$31.00©2014 IEEE
storage – primary cells, secondary cells and fuel cells. Primary
and secondary cells are composed of batteries wherein the
energy generating components are embedded inside the
system. Whereas, fuel cells need to be supplied with an
external energy generating substance as hydrogen or methanol
etc. [2]
This paper explores the Battery Energy Storage
Systems (BESS), their evolution, properties and applications
in wind integrated systems. The paper is structured as follows:
Section II gives a brief overview of the various energy storage
applications and the different storage systems available.
Section III explains in detail the characteristic and operating
principles of different battery systems developed so far
including the more recent Flow Battery Energy Storage
Systems (FBESS). Section IV provides an account of
applications of batteries to wind power systems. The paper
concludes with a look into the future prospect for BESS in the
power sector.
II ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
Unlike concentrated sources of energy like fossil
fuels, that can be easily stored and transported, renewable
forms of energy are highly dilute and diffuse. Moreover, their
supply can be extremely intermittent and unreliable. Due to
the highly unpredictable behaviour of the wind, the power
generated by wind turbines is highly erratic. This can lead to
problems related to system operation and the planning of
power systems. ESS are needed in such conditions to even out
the irregularities and improve the power quality. ESS are also
essential for controlling the power outputs and providing
ancillary services as and when required. Thus, they are an
indispensable source of energy to achieve high penetration of
renewable systems.
Need for Storage Systems: Any power imbalance
between the load and the generation units can also be
counterbalanced with ESS acting as buffer or back-up. The
various benefits of ESS in microgrid based applications are
enlisted below [3-4]:
1. Short Term Power Supply, Spinning Reserve: Energy
storages can buffer the renewable power output by storing
surplus energy during high availability and re-dispatching it
while there is a power deficit. This helps to get high
penetration of RES, in exploiting energy arbitrage and
ensuring a spinning reserve. In case of grid connected
microgrids, the instant power shortfalls occurring during mode
shifting can be compensated by the storage systems. In
addition, ESS may acts as emergency power buffer for critical
customers during fault situation.
2. Peak Shaving or Time Shifting refers using ESS to absorb
all the energy from HRES during off-peak demand periods,
supplemented with cheap power bought from the network if
necessary, and selling it during peak power demand periods.
Thus avoiding the startup costs of other conventional power
generation plants to meet peak demand.
3. Power Quality Improvement: Renewable power
generation faces the challenge of meeting the power quality
requirements when it is to be integrated with the grid. As the
RES are very erratic and prone to fast output fluctuations they
cause problems which may affect the quality of the power
delivered. Elimination of harmonics, low-voltage ride through
and transient stability in case of faults and source fluctuations
need to be managed to prevent collapsing of network. ESS
integration definitely improves the quality of power by
eliminating these undesirable effects.
4. Ancillary Services & Seasonal Storage- Longer duration
energy storage is needed to serve other ancillary services like
load following and operational reserves. Large scale power
plants or PHS are well suited for ancillary services.
Abdorreza Rabiee et al. [4], gave a complete review
of the various storage systems and their applications. Some
key energy storage technologies available so far for microgrid
applications are summarized as follows [3,4].
1. Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS): A pumped storage scheme
uses the differential in height between two reservoirs to store
energy. It is a large scale ESS with 99% of the world’s grid
energy storage being pumped storage. During low-demand
periods electricity is purchased from the grid and used to
pump water from the lower reservoir to the higher one. At
high-demand periods this water is then released through the
pumps now acting as turbines in order to generate electricity.
2. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS): is the most
popular of all ESS currently in use. Electrical energy is stored
in the form of charges in electrochemical cells. They are
highly modular in nature as the capacity and voltage can be
modified by connecting them in series or parallel or both. The
four principal types of batteries are Lead–acid battery, Nickel–
cadmium battery (Ni–Cd), Sodium–sulphur battery (NaS) and
Lithium-ion battery (Li-ion). More recent advancements in
BESS are the Flow Battery Energy Storage Systems (FBESS).
They are rechargeable batteries having two liquid electrolytes,
one positive and the other negatively charged, which act as the
energy carriers. The electrolytes are stored in separate tanks
and are pumped into the battery when required. BESS and
their applications in wind systems are discussed in detail
further on in this paper.
3. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES): The energy is
stored in the form of compressed air in an underground
storage cavern. When energy is required to be injected into the
grid, the compressed air is drawn from the storage cavern,
heated via combustion using natural gas and is expanded in
order to drive a gas turbine to generate electricity.
4. Hydrogen-based Energy Storage System (HESS): They
provide a very simple way of storing electric energy by
converting into hydrogen gas through electrolysis. The
hydrogen when again passed through fuel cell yields energy in
the form of electrons. The only by-product being water and
heat. Thus, it is very clean technology with the ease of storing
and transporting hydrogen. When hydrogen is stored, the
system used is known as Regenerative Fuel Cell (RFC).
5. Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS): Flywheel
energy storage makes use of the mechanical inertia contained
within a rotating flywheel in order to store energy. Flywheels
store kinetic energy by using the electrical energy to spin a
flywheel (usually by means of a reversible motor/ generator).
In order to retrieve the stored energy, the process is reversed
with the motor acting as a brake on the accelerated flywheel
thus extracting energy.
6. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) is a
much newer technology emerging in late 60’s. SMES systems
store energy in electromagnetic form by generating strong
magnetic fields within a superconducting coil. The amount of
energy available is independent of the discharge rating and
calculated as the product of the self-inductance of the coil and
the square of the current flowing through it. This is in contrast
to battery technology whereas when a discharg4e occurs, the
amount of energy output reduces.
7. Super Capacitor Energy Storage Systems: Also known as
ultra-capacitors or electric double layer capacitors. They store
energy like a capacitor in form of electric charges. The ability
of capacitors for a rapid charge and discharge cycle makes
capacitors particularity suited for use for network frequency
stabilization.
III. BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
Batteries are the most popular of all the
electrochemical storage technologies available in the market.
Their applications cover a wide area from power applications
to hybrid electric vehicles. They are mostly found in multiple
cells connected in series or stacks to get the desired voltage.
Each cell is composed of an electrolyte together with positive
and negative electrodes. Electrochemical conversions occur at
the electrodes and hence, the chemistry of electrodes
determines the nature of the reaction and thereby the nature of
energy generated. The movement of ions inside the electrolyte
causes electrons to move in the external circuit thus providing
electrical energy. The energy storage capacity depends upon
the mass/ volume of electrodes while the power capacity to be
delivered is determined by contact area of electrodes with the
electrolyte.
The Primary cells are non-rechargeable batteries
which can be discharged only once after which they are
discarded. Reactive metals like Zinc and Lithium are used in
primary cells and they provide high-energy density. But the
non-recyclability makes it useful only for short – medium
duration applications (See Table.1.). Secondary cells are
rechargeable batteries whose charge can be restored by
reversing the chemical reactions at the electrodes and can be
recycled thousands of times. BESS is a matured technology
which has seen extensive development over the years [5].
Starting from Lead-acid batteries which have been for over
140 years to the more recent NaS and LiFePO4 batteries there
are many batteries in the market today. They vary extensively
in characteristics as well as performance and accordingly find
use in a variety of applications. The evolution and properties
of various battery systems are outlined in Table.2. and
Table.3. respectively.
 The electromotive force Eo is the difference between TABLE.1. PRIMARY BATTERY TYPES
electrode potentials for an open external circuit,
Eo = Eep –Een (1) Operating Energy
Cell Type Applications potential in density in
under equilibrium. When current flows in the circuit then the V Wh/kg
cell voltage is given by the expression Camera and other portable
Alkaline 1.5 800-2800
Vc = Eo – ηIR (2) appliances
where η is the “polarization factor”, I is the current and R the Zn-MnO2 Portable electronics 1.5 130-360
Light weight portable
internal resistance of the cell [6]. Some of the battery Zn-Air
applications
1.3-1.4 300
technologies are explained below. Also, the battery electrodes, Li-MnO2 Small low power electronics 3.0 280
electrolyte and chemical reactions for all types of battery are
listed in Table.4. TABLE.2. HISTORY OF MODERN BATTERY DEVELOPMENT
1. Lead-Acid: Lead acid batteries invented in 1859
have been the most mature and commonly used batteries.
Year Inventor Activity
They have a positive electrode made of lead dioxide (PbO2)
and a negative sponge lead (Pb) electrode immersed in an 1800 Alessandro Volta (Italy)
First voltaic cell (zinc, copper disks)
acidic electrolyte mostly diluted sulfuric acid (H2SO4). When was developed
the battery is charging these electrodes are converted to lead First electric battery capable of mass
1802 William Cruickshank (UK)
production
sulphate (PbSO4) and while discharging they are restored back
to their initial state. The above explained battery is an example 1836 John F. Daniell (UK) Invention of the Daniell cell
of a flooded type battery [5]. More recently valve-regulated William Robert Grove
batteries are also being researched on where the electrolyte is 1839 Invention of the fuel cell (H2/O2)
(UK)
immobilized within an absorbent material called separator [2].
The redox reactions deteriorate the battery electrodes and 1859 Gaston Planté (France) Invention of the lead acid battery
reduce the efficiency of the battery. The performance and Waldmar Jungner Invention of the nickel-cadmium
1899
lifetime of a battery depend on its operating temperatures. (Sweden) battery
Also known as the ultra battery, its used in both vehicle and 1970’
Group effort
Development of valve-regulated lead
grid power. Further improvements will need significant s acid battery
development in the materials used within [7]. Commercialization of lithium-ion
1991 Sony (Japan)
battery
Adv: Easy to install, high η, low investment cost. Due
Identification of Li-phosphate
to their low self-discharge they are capable of storing energy 1996 University of Texas (USA)
(LiFePO4)
for longer duration of times [8].
Disadv: poor performance at low and ambient
Good low temperature performance. Available in a wide range
temperatures needing a temperature management system, short
of sizes and performance options, economically priced - the
life time, periodic maintenance, low specific power,
NiCd is the lowest cost battery in terms of cost per cycle [5].
difficulties in frequent power cycling and partial discharging
They also find usage in long term storage integrated with
leads to premature failure. Environmentally unfriendly and
renewable energy sources [8].
transportation hazards exist.
2. Nickel-based Batteries: Ni-Cd batteries invented
Disadv : Costs at more than 10 times of Lead-Acid
in 1860’s have seen rapid development after the 1950’s. The
while the energy η is lower and self-discharge rate much
positive electrodes are made from the nickel species and the
higher than lead-acid batteries [8,5]. Ni–Cd batteries are
negative electrodes from cadmium electrolyte solution. In Ni-
highly toxic and suffer from the memory effect wherein the
Cd cells while discharging Ni(OH)2 is the active material of
battery doesn’t take full charge after series of full discharges
the positive electrode, and Cd(OH)2 is the active material of
[12]. Ni and Cd can cause a health risk in humans. For this
the negative electrode. But during the charge cycle, NiOOH is
reason, in November 2003, the European Commission drew
the active material of the positive electrode, and metallic Cd
up a proposal for new directives including recycling targets of
the active material of the negative electrode [12,4]. Other
75% for this type of battery. With this new legal framework,
nickel-based cells with negative electrodes made of metal
energy storage in Ni–Cd batteries has an uncertain future. Ni-
alloys (as in Ni-MH) and zinc hydroxides (as in Ni-Zn) have
MH has comparatively limited discharge current and life cycle
also been developed [8, 5].
and generates more heat during operations. The high self-
Adv : Low internal resistance with faster discharge
discharge rates need continuous maintenance [9].
cycles (can be completely discharged within 2h). Longer
lifecycle and low maintenance requirements.
 TABLE.3. PROPERTIES OF BATTERIES

Energy rating

capability, @
Technology

Capital cost

Discharge
in $/kWh

(Wh/kg)
Specific

Cycling
(MWh)

energy

% dod
Self–discharge Operating

time
Life (yrs) Energy η(%)
(%) temperature in º C

Pb- 500-2000
50-150 Sec-hrs 0.001-40 35-50 5-15 70-80 <0.2 -5 to 40
Acid @ 70

Na-S 200-600 Sec-hrs 0.4-244.8 100-175 2500 @100 10-20 75-89 No 325

Ni-Cd 400-2400 Sec-hrs 6.75 30-80 3500 @100 10-20 70 0.2-0.3 -40 to50
1500-3500
Li-ion 900-1300 Min-hrs 0.001-50 100-200 14-16 75-95 1-5 -30to 60
@80
100-13000
VRB 600 Sec-10hrs 2-120 30-50 10-20 65-85 Very low 0 to 40
@75

ZBB 500 Sec-10hrs 0.1-4 60-85 2000-2500 8-10 65-85 No 0 to 40

100-13000
PSB 300-1000 Sec-10hrs 0.005-120 >400 15 60-75 No 0 to 40
@75

TABLE.4. BATTERIES STRUCTURAL INFORMATION [2,12,14]

Type

Anode Cathode Electrolyte Anode and Cathode Reactions Comments

Pb + SO42− ↔ PbSO4 + 2e − Frequent maintenance to replace water

Pb-acid

Pb
Sponge lead Sulphuric acid lost in operation, heavy, Chemical
dioxide 2− +
PbO2 + SO + 4 H + 2e ↔ PbSO4 + 2 H 2O −
4 disposal issues

No self-discharge, due to high operating

temperature it has to be heated in stand-
2 NiO(OH ) + Cd + 2 H 2O ↔ 2 Ni (OH ) 2 + Cd (OH )2
Ni-Cd

Cadmium aqueous alkali

Ni species by mode which reduces its overall η,
species solution
have pulse power capability of over 6
times their rating for 30 s.

High discharge rate, negligible

Ceramic Beta- maintenance, NiCd cells are poisonous
2 Na + 4S ↔ Na2 S4
NaS

Sodium Sulphur
Al2O3 and heavy, Chemical disposal issues,
thermal management.

Lithium salt in nLiCoO2 ↔ Li1− nCoO2 + nLi + + ne −

Li-ion

Lithium High cost due to special packaging and

Graphite an organic
metal oxides internal over charge protection
liquid nLi + + ne − + C ↔ LinC

Bromine V4+/V5+ V 4+ ↔ V 5+ + e − Negligible self-discharge, used in several

VRB

electrolyte electrolyte - small-scale applications; 1.5 MW / 12

3+ − 2+
solution solution V +e ↔V MWh system for a wind farm in Ireland

Bromide 2 Br − ↔ Br2 (aq ) + 2e − Negligible self-discharge, low power,

ZBB

Zn solution - bulky, hazardous components, in small

solution
Zn 2+ + 2e− ↔ Zn scale applications (<0.5 MWh).

Sodium Sodium Negligible self-discharge, Under

3NaBr + Na2 S 4 ↔ 2 Na2 S2 + NaBr3
PSB

-
bromide pölysulphide development
 3. Sodium-Sulphur Batteries: These are more recent
compared to lead acid and alkaline batteries but have evolved
as a promising technology for high-power storages due to their
significant characteristics. The anodes are made of sodium
(Na) and cathodes are of Sulphur (S). The Ceramic Beta-
Al2O3 can be used as an electrolyte and also as a separator.
Electrons are liberated during the process at anode which
circulate through the external circuit. During the discharge
process, the opposite reaction occurs as NaSx is decomposed
to form sodium and sulphur. Usually electrolyte is solid but
this causes limitations in mobility of ions which in turn
reduces the battery efficiency. They are packed in a tall
cylindrical structure contained by a fixed metallic cover.
Conventional batteries are operated at 350ºC to maintain
electrodes and electrolytes in molten liquid state for reactions
to occur. As these reactions are again exothermic it reduces
the efficiency further and also aggravates safety concerns. As
they possess excellent high energy density, power density and
energy efficiencies they are able to deliver multiple times their
rated power. [5, 16, 4]
Adv: high life cycle, good power density, high energy
capacity, high energy efficiency, insensitive to ambient
conditions [2].
Disadv: Thermal management; safety; seal and
freeze–thaw durabilities [2].
4. Lithium- based Battery Storage Systems: These
batteries are mostly used in smaller applications like mobiles
and laptops but not used for power supply applications. This
technology is a major contender for battery systems to be
integrated with hybrid vehicles in the near future. Lithium
batteries are developing quickly since their advent in 1960.
Lithium ion and lithium polymer cells are the two types of
lithium-based systems [11]. Recent research has also proved
that magnesium has more structural stability compared to
lithium thereby indicating that in the future a slow shift from
lithium to magnesium may occur [7].
a. Lithium-ion: These batteries have organic
carbonates of lithium as electrolytes. When charging the
lithium atoms in cathode become ions and migrate towards the
anode where they recombine with electrons to form lithium
atoms. Reverse process generates electrons by discharging.
Most recent batteries have almost 100% efficiency and
improved energy densities and life cycle [12]. With a gross
production of more than 2 billion cells, they are the leading
cells used in mobile applications. A lot of research is being
done in the field of material technology involving lithium
cells. [5,4]
b. Lithium-polymer: Compared to lithium-ion
batteries they have lower efficiency and lifetime. Also their
self-discharge limits become more dependent on temperature.
Hence operating range also narrows down excluding the lower
temperatures to improve safety [11].
Adv: high energy density and specific energy, fast
charge and discharge capability, high efficiency, light weight
and decreasing cost [5].
Disadv: The lifetime of battery is dependent on
operating temperature. High self-discharge, highly
inflammable and fragile hence, necessary to maintain a safe
operating voltage and temperature. Limitations on maximum
charge and discharge currents. Use of organic electrolytes
reduces its appeal as green energy source.
5. Flow Battery Energy Storage Systems: Flow
battery systems are more recent technology originating from
late 1980’s, which find increasing applications in large scale
utility systems. Flow batteries have a more flexible structure
where two different electrolyte solutions are stored in separate
electrolytic tanks and are pumped into the battery. Here they
react with each other and liberate electrons which are
conducted to the load through an external electric circuit. The
battery is comprised of a cathode, an anode and a separating
membrane. These membranes are called as ion selective
membranes as they allow selective movement of charges
within the cell thus ensuring an electrical balance. As the
reactions are both oxidizing as well as reducing they are
referred to as redox flow batteries. During the charging
process, oxidation reactions occur at the anode and reduction
at cathode whereas it is reversed during the discharge process.
The power capacity of a system is determined by its size and
since the system is scalable the energy and power capacities
are also variable. The power density of the battery depends on
the rate of flow of the electrolyte fluid through the cell. More
inspection needs to be done to reduce shunt currents running
in the bipolar system. The most commonly used commercial
flow batteries are detailed below: [5,4]
a. Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRB): Here
sulphuric acid solutions of vanadium ions are stored in
reservoirs. Analytic reservoir houses V2+ /V3+ ions whereas the
catalytic reservoir houses V2+ /V3+ ions and carbon electrodes
are provided inside the cell.
b. Zinc–bromine Flow Battery (ZBB): Zinc and
Bromide solutions are the electrolytic solutions used with
carbon-plastic composite electrodes and a micro-porous
polyolefin membrane. The reactions are as shown in Table. 4.
Significant feature of this battery is it has no self-discharge
and high recyclability.
c. Polysulphide–Bromide Flow Battery (PSB):
Sodium bromide (NaBr) and sodium polysulphide (Na2Sx) are
the electrolytes separated by a polymer membrane which only
allows the interchange of positive sodium ions. During
charging, bromide ions (Br−) are transformed into tribromide
ions (Br−3) at anode and sulphide ions are formed at the
cathode. The discharge cycle consists of the reverse process.
Regenesys Technologies built the large battery systems of this
type of rated power and energy capacity of 15 MW and 120
MWh respectively with a duty cycle of 10 h in 2003.
Adv: Scalable, high power, long duration, power
rating and the energy rating are decoupled, electrolytes can be
replaced easily, fast response and can go from charge to
discharge modes in about 1ms (because most redox reactions
reaction time is very short), low efficiencies (due to the energy
needed to circulate the electrolyte and losses due to chemical
reactions). The system does not have any self-discharge, as the
electrolytes cannot react when they are stored separately [13].
 Disadv: High operating costs due to the requirement
of control schemes for reservoirs and pumps. Lower energy
density reduces its usage for portable applications. Thermal
management needed for safety [2]. Mixing of used and fresh
electrolyte in tanks can cause contamination.
Appln: Some of the earliest commercial use of
battery storage device were at Bewag, Germany (17 MW/14
MWh battery for frequency regulation) and at Southern
California Edison Chino substation (10 MW/40 MWh for load
leveling, rapid spinning reserve and instantaneous frequency
control [17, 18]). The earliest transportable battery (lead-acid),
located at the Phoenix distribution system [19] is a multi-mode
battery. The battery switches between power quality (2 MW
up to 15 s) and power management (200 kW for 45 min)
mode.
IV. APPLICATIONS OF BESS IN WIND SYSTEMS
Wei Zhou et al. [20] developed a simple
mathematical model to study the behavior of lead-acid
batteries when integrated with hybrid renewable systems.
Analysis of battery SOC based on annual field data it was
found that SOC was more affected by PV power than wind
power. Also, the SOC remained within the specified ideal
working range of 0.5 to 0.8. Nair and Niraj [22] discussed
various energy storage technologies from a technical and
economic perspective and developed a modeling framework to
access the behavior of different battery types in small-scale
renewable applications. Simulations were carried out using
Simulink and HOMER software. Nickel based batteries
exhibited the best performances, but NiMH excelled over Ni-
Cd due to low initial capital cost. But it was concluded that Li-
ion batteries are more plausible to dominate the renewable
energy market due to their availability and affordability.
Sebastia´n and Alzola in 2009 implemented a 240 V Ni–Cd
battery model in a high-penetration hybrid wind-diesel system
and developed a control algorithm for effective operation of
the Distributed control system (DCS) between various modes
of operation [22, 25]. Further work on the system was
published in 2010 in which system components characteristics
were studied under load and wind speed changes [25]. It was
clearly proved that Ni-Cd battery highly improved the
performance of the system dynamics. R. Sebastián [26] futher
on in the same model analyzed the system performance for
negative load and wind speed steps. At reverse power (i.e
when negatively loaded) the DCS employs the battery to
artificially load the system (i.e to absorb power) until the DG
power falls in positive interval thus providing a smooth power
management.
O. Erdinc et al. [27] developed a dynamic model for
lithium-ion battery to investigate its characteristics under
varying conditions of charging, discharging, temperature and
cyclic changes. Maciej Swierczyński et al. [28] developed a
selection methodology for ESS technology for virtual power
plant with specified requirements. The most critical
requirement stated is minimization of annually accumulated
costs per cycle. Eliminating other energy storages in pre-
selection process only batteries, flywheels and supercapacitors
are compared in terms of life cycle and costs per cycle for a
given Depth of Discharge (DOD). Li-ion batteries were found
to be most suitable. Further comparison of the performance of
the two most promising chemistries of Li-ion viz.
LiMO2/LiTiO12 and LiFePO4/C revealed that though the
former had low costs per cycle the latter showed superior life
time performance. Finally electrical circuit (EEC) models
were built for both batteries with electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) technique to study their performance
degradation. S. Wijewardana [29] described a dynamic
modeling and simulation of a PV-BESS hybrid system which
implemented a Li-ion battery cell with Matlab/Simulink.
Batteries also can be used to improve the smoothing
performance of wind/PV/BESS hybrid power generation [15].
Rodolfo Dufo-Lo´pez et al. [30] conducted studies on
different standalone and grid integrated wind systems. A wind
system was integrated with different BESS technologies and
an economic analysis was conducted based on the lifetimes,
SOC’s and Net Present Value (NPV) of the system. The
various batteries were compared on price of energy generated
and it was found that NaS batteries provided energy at a
minimum cost of 22€/kWh and Ni-Cd were the costliest. The
wind-NaS system compared to wind-hydrogen system showed
a significant reduction in losses and improved efficiency thus
implying the superiority. Saurabh and Ned analyzed a NaS
battery system for shifting power generation from off-peak to
on-peak, ramp rate limiting to smoothen the wind output.
Also, an optimized siting strategy for the NaS batteries is
detailed based on market prices [31]. Arefeh et al. [36]
developed a model for calculating optimal size of NaS battery
system needed to backup a large wind farm. As they possess
excellent high energy density, power density and energy
efficiencies they are able to deliver multiple times their rated
power thereby, fully supporting the system in case of wind
power shutdown.
Lukas Sigrist [32] assessed the economic benefit of
primary frequency regulation reserve and peak-shaving
generation by including a BESS in a standalone application.
They achieved a total cost reduction of 23.2 Mio €/year with
an internal rate of return of 7.25% at Gran Canaria and 8% at
La Gomera. I. Serban [33] designed an original hardware-in-
the loop (HIL) solution for real-time testing and optimization
of the frequency control mechanism in autonomous microgrids
incorporating BESS with RES generators. The integrated
BESS clearly aided in maintaining the microgrid frequency
oscillations within a range of ±0.1Hz thereby reducing steady
state and peak deviations and rate of change of frequency.
Y. Mishra et al. in [34] proposed a BES integrated
with a grid connected Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG) to store/ release excess power from a wind turbine. A
dynamic model of BES was developed and simulated with the
DFIG and controllers and Bacterial Foraging (BF) is applied
to reduce the damping ratios of the system. Xiangjun Li et al.
[15] used a large scale BESS to smooth the power fluctuations
of a hybrid wind/ PV system. They proposed two smoothing
control methods under normal SOC conditions and also
studied energy management of the system under extreme SOC
conditions. Sercan Teleke et al. [35] proposed a revised
control strategy for optimal usage of BESS integrated to a
large wind farm for power smoothing and hourly power
dispatch so that the wind farm can perform like a conventional
generator. Simulated results with actual wind farm were
compared with realistic BESS model to conclude that the
control strategy showed improved performance. However, a
large sized battery of about 20-30% of wind farm capacity is
needed with high charge/discharge frequencies.
Yue Yuana et al. [36] proposed a dual-BESS scheme
to cope with power mismatches in a wind power system, in
which the two BESS are operated in complementary modes
with predefined SOC thresholds. The system is analyzed on
hourly performance indexes like expected wind power
curtailment, expected wind power deficiency and the
probability of wind power deficiency. Also, the effect of
battery sizes is also investigated. Sam Koohi et al. in [2] give a
detailed review on various battery energy storage applications.
S. D. Gamini et al. in [37] proposed a direct
integration of BESS in a Distributed Power Generating
System using grid-side inverters thereby eliminating the
necessity of additional switches and converters. A modified
topology of a dual inverter system is used to connect the BESS
with the dc-link of the auxiliary inverter. Dynamic changes in
dc-link voltages, the resulting space vectors and battery
performances are analyzed. Placement of BESS in the
distribution network especially in the case of Wind-ESS
systems plays an important role in the performance of the
system. In [31] a siting strategy for a NaS batteries integrated
wind system was detailed based on market prices. M. Khalid
and Savkin [38] developed a new semi-distributed scheme
which effectively minimizes the BESS capacity required using
model predictive control theory thereby reducing the overall
cost of the system. The scheme proved successful for similar
and dissimilar wind profiles.
Anthony M. Gee et al. [39] integrates a battery with a
super capacitor (SCES) in a hybrid ESS to improve the
performance of the battery and study the impact of SC’s on the
application. The results proved that diverting short time
charges and discharges to the super capacitor improves the
lifetime of battery and also reduces the maximum circulating
current in the battery. K.W. Wee [40] et al. proposed a
statistical approach to design a low cost battery -
supercapacitor Hybrid ESS by exploiting the alternate
technical merits of both systems. The BESS power ramp-up
and ramp-down rates are constrained in the proposed strategy
to improve the lifetime of battery and power dispatch. Also,
rapid power fluctuations are handled by the SC thereby
minimizing the annual capital and replacement costs of the
system.
Hansang Lee et al. [41] simulated a BESS with an
FESS for efficiently and effectively stabilizing a WECS.
However, the simulations proved that inclusion of FESS above
a certain level of capacity didn’t show further improvement,
thus proving that an optimal combination of two energy
storages can be sought after economically. Dominic et al. [42]
strived to improve the frequency response capability of wind
farms by utilizing the flow battery storage systems
incorporated with reactive power compensation equipments.
They also introduced a novel controller for controlling the
SOC of the VRB battery and to provide low-voltage ride-
through, power smoothing and time shifting of wind power
generated. The results proved the VRB output to be
proportional and inverted to the system frequency thus
adequate to provide fast response times. Victor Yu and
Dongmei Chen [21] of the University of Texas developed a
dynamic model for VRB that can predict its transient
performance at varying temperatures based on electrochemical
kinetics. Brekken et al. [43] used flow batteries to manage the
uncertainties in wind output with an Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) strategy to further lower energy costs. Sizing and
control methodologies for a ZBB based energy storage system
were also presented. Simulated results showed that the
inclusion of ZBB improved the reliability of the system in
tracking the load demand thus resulting in decreased wind
integration costs in terms of reserve equipments. They also
suggested an extended economic analysis comparing the
savings in cost from reduced reserve requirements against the
costs of the energy storage system as a good topic for future
research.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper the development, properties and
applications of the various BESS integrated with Wind
systems were studied. Today we have only less than 20% of
the volumetric capacity from batteries. Hence there is wide
scope for improvement in terms of performance as well as in
topologies and materials. BESS technology is a fast growing
area where there is a vast opportunity to harness the power
extracted from wind turbines. Also, they can be integrated
with other storage systems like capacitors and flywheels as
discussed earlier to provide multifaceted storage benefits.
However, the final decision for the degree of penetration of
energy storage in grid sectors will be political. But energy
storage technology will pave its own path as an environment
friendly and cost-effective power solution in the near future.
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