Science technology and Society

(BSN 1 - A - 21) BATCH 2021 COLLEGE OF NURSING - OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
NAME: B.C. SANTOS REFERENCE: PPT / VIDEO RECORDED LECTURE
LECTURER: MARK LESTHER REYES FINALS LECTURE / WEEK 13 – 17 / VIDEO RECORDED

THE INFORMATION AGE 1455 Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing

press using movable metal type
⟶ Life is accompanied by endless transmission of
1755 Samuel Johnson’s dictionary standardizes
information that takes place within and outside the
English spelling
human body. According to Webster’s Encyclopedic
1802 The library was established invention of
Unabridged Dictionary, information is “knowledge
carbon arc lamp
communicated or obtained concerning a specific fact or
1824 Research on persistence of vision published
circumstance”. Hence, information is a very important
1830’s First viable design for a digital computer;
tool for survival.
Augusta Lady Byron writes the world’s first
o The information age is defined as a “period starting
computer program
in the last quarte of the 20th century” when
1837 Invention of the telegraph in Great Britain
information became effortlessly accessible through
and United States
publications and through the management of
information by computers. The Information Age is 1861 Motion pictures were projected onto a
also called the Digital Age and the New Media Age screen
it was associated with the development of 1876 Dewey decimal system was introduced
computers. 1877 Eadweard Muybridge demonstrate high-
o According to James R. Messenger who proposed speed photography
the Theory of Information Age in 1982, “the 1899 First magnetic recording was released
Information Age is a true new age bases upon the 1902 Motion picture special effects were used
interconnections, with the information system 1906 Lee DeForest inveted the electronic
operating both a real-time and as-needed basis. amplifying tube (triode)
Furthermore, the primary factors driving this new 1923 Television camera tube was invented
age forward are convenience and user friendliness Zvorkyn
which, in turn, will create user dependence. 1926 First practical movie
o Before the printed word, the written word was 1939 Regularly scheduled television broadcasting
prevalent. Yet, the intent to carry information has began in the US
always been present. 1940’s Beginning of the information science as a
o A word is a combination of sound that represents discipline
something. It is significance which make words 1945 Vannevar Bush foresaw the invention of
distinct from just any kind of vocal utterance. hypertext
Words are made up of sounds yet they transmit 1946 ENIAC computer was developed
something more significant-information. 1948 Birth of field-information theory proposed by
Claude E. Shannon
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE
1957 Planar transistor was developed by Jean
o In the human quest for understanding the natural
Hoerni
world, the ability to name and classify objects found
in nature was seen as a first step in knowing. Thus, 1958 First integrated circuit
the scientific search for truth early on recognized 1960’s Library of congress developed the LC MARC
the usefulness of language and the ability it gave to (machine-readable code)
make sense of nature. 1969 UNIX operating system was developed’
which could handle multitasking
TIMELINE OF THE INFORMATION AGE 1971 Intel introduced the first microprocessor
YEAR EVENT chip
3000 BC Sumerian writing system used pictographs 1972 Optical laserdisc was developed by Philip an
to represents word MCA
2900 BC Beginnings of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing 1974 MCA and Philips agreed on a standard
1300 BC Tortoise shell and oracle bone writing were videodisc encoding format
used 1975 Altair Microcomputer kit was release: first
500 BC Papyrus roll was used personal computer for the public
220 BC Chinese small seal writing was developed 1977 RadioShack introduced the first complete
100 BC Book (parchment codex) personal computer
105 AD Woodblock printing and pare was invented 1984 Apple Macintosh computer was first
by the Chinese introduced
Mid 1980’s Artificial intelligence was separated from
information science
1987 Hypercard was developed by Bill Atkinson
recipe box metaphor
1991 450 complete works of literature on one
CD-ROOM
Jan. 1997 RSA (encryption and network security
software) internet security code cracked
for a 48- bit number
o In his article “Truths of the Information Age”, Robert
Harris detailed some facts on the Information Age.
1. Information must compete
2. Newer is equated with truer.
3. Selection is a viewpoint.
4. The media sells what the culture buys.
5. The early word gets the perm.
6. You are what you eat and so is your brain.
7. Anything in great demand will be
counterfeited.
8. Ideas are seen as controversial.
9. Undead information walks ever on.
10. Media presence created the story.
11. The medium selects the message.
12. The whole truth is a pursuit
COMPUTER
A computer is an electronic device that stores and
process data
⟶ Types of Computer
1. Personal Computer (PC)
2. Desktop Computer
3. Laptops
4. Personal digital assistants (PDAs)
5. Server
6. Mainframe
7. Wearable computers
The WORLD WIBE WEB (INTERNET)
o Several historians trace the origin of the internet to
Clause E. Shannon, an American Mathematician
who was considered as the “Father of the
Information Theory”. He worked at Bell Laboratories
and at age 32, he published a paper proposing that
information can be quantitively encoded as a
sequence of ones and zeroes.
o The internet is a worldwide system of
interconnected networks that facilitates data
transmission among innumerable computers. In
early days, the internet was used mainly by
scientist to communicate with another scientist. The
internet remained under government control until
1984. (Rouse, 2014)
o One early problem faced by the internet users was
speed. Phone lines could only transmit information
at a limited rate. The development of fiber-optics
cables allowed for billions of bits of information to
receive every minute. Companies like intel
developed faster microprocessors so personal
computers could process the incoming signal at a
more rapid rate (Uschistory, 2017)
o Consequently, companies whose business are built
on digitized information have become valuable and
powerful in a relatively shot period od time; the
current Information Ages has spawned its own
breed of wealthy influential brokers, form
Microsoft’s bill Gates to apple Steve Jobs to
Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg
o Critics changed that the internet created a
technological divide that increased the gap
between the members of the higher class and
lower class of the society. Those who could not
afford a computer or a monthly access fee were
denied these possibilities. Many decried the
impersonal nature of electronic communication
compared to telephone call or handwritten letter.
o On one hand, the unregulated and loose nature
of the internet allowed pornography to be
broadcast to millions of homes. Protecting
children from these influences or even from
meeting violent predators would prove to be
difficult. Nowadays, crimes in various forms are
rampant because of the use of social media.
Cyberbullying is an issue that poses alarm
worldwide.
APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN SCIENCE AND
RESEARCH
o One of the significant applications of computers
for science and research is evident in the field of
bioinformatics is the application of information
technology to store, organize, and analyze vast
amount of biological data which is available in
the form of sequences and structures of proteins.
(Madan, n.d.)
HOW TO CHECK RELIABILITY OF WEB SOURCES
o The internet contains a vast collection of highly
valuable information but it may also contain
unreliable, biased information that mis lead
people. The following can help us check the
reliability of web sources that we gather. It is
noteworthy to consider and apple the following
guidelines to avoid misinformation. (Lee College
Library, n.d.)
⟶ Who is the author of the articles/site?
⟶ Who published the site?
.edu = educational
.com = commercial
.mil = military
.gov = government
.org = nonprofit
⟶ What is the main purpose of the site?
⟶ Who is the intended audience
⟶ What is the quality of information provided on the
website?
Examples of Useful and Reliable Web sources
• AFA e- Newsletter
• American Memory
• Bartlebt.com Great books online
• Chronicling America
 • Cyber Bullying forms in the cleared area would be either be
• National Library of Medicine’s Medline Plus displaced or most likely be killed. The food chain
• Drugs.com might be damaged.
• PDRhealth
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
• Global Gateway: World Culture and Resources
• Habitat loss and destruction
• Google Books
• Alterations in ecosystem composition
• Googlescholars.com
• Over-exploitation
• See p 117 – 119
• Pollution and contamination
BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTH SOCIETY • Global climate change
o Decrease in biodiversity is eminent worldwide.
CONSEQUENCES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS
Vertebrates fell to 60% from the 1970s due to
o Intact ecosystem function best since the
human causes. It is projected that by 2020, wild life
organisms composing then are specialized to
decline will be 67% of the present number. The
function in ecosystem to capture, transfer, utilize
Word Wild Fund for nature and Zoological Society
and ultimately, lose both energy and nutrients.
of London reported an annual decrease in wildlife
The particular species making up ecosystem
by 2%. A major cause is human population which is
determine its productivity, affect nutrients cycle
doubled in number since 1960 to 7.4 billion.
and coil contents and influence environmental
o Humans have industrialized the natural habitat of
conditions such as water cycles, weather
wildlife as well as marine life. Leaving these
patterns, climate, and other nonbiotic aspects.
creatures with no place to live would eventually
o As stated by Tilman “the earth will retain its most
cause their deaths. Marco Lambertini, the General
striking feature, its biodiversity, only if humans
Director of WWF International, described that the
have the prescience to do so. This will occur, it
disappearance of wildlife is at an unprecedented
seems, only if we realize the extent to which we
rate.
use biodiversity.”
Earth might enter the sixth mass extinction event
according to experts. Mass extinction is described NUTRITIONAL IMPACT OF BIODIVERSITY
as the disappearance of species at a rate of 1,000 o According to World Health Organization,
faster than usual. Moreover, the disappearance of biodiversity is a vital element of human being’s
species in a certain environment causes an nutrition because of its influence to food
imbalance in the ecosystem. production. Biodiversity is a major factor that
contributes to sustainable food production for
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM
human beings.
o Biodiversity is “the variability among living
o Nutrition and biodiversity are linked at many
organisms from all sources, including terrestrial,
levels; the ecosystem, with food production as an
marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the
ecosystem services; the species in the
ecological complexes of which they are part; this
ecosystem; and the genetic diversity within
includes diversity within species, between species
species. Nutritional composition between foods
and ecological services that constitute the source of
among varieties of the same food can differ
life for all and it has direct consumptive value in
dramatically, affecting micronutrient availability
food, agriculture, medicine and industry.
in the diet.
o Understanding biodiversity within the concept of
ecosystem needs a thorough study on the HEALTH, BIOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY
relationship of the biotic, the living organisms and o Almost all living organisms are dependent to their
the abiotic, nonliving organisms. Sustainability of environment to live and reproduce. Basic need of
the ecosystem ensures a better survival rate living organisms such as air, water, food and
against any natural disaster. Therefore, we, as habitat are provided by its environment the
human inhabitants of the ecosystem, must evolution of human beings was due to the
preserve and conserve the biodiversity of all improved access to these basic needs.
creatures. o Environmental hazards increase the risk of
cancer, heart disease, asthma, and many other
CHANGES IN BIODIVERSITY
illnesses. These hazards can be physical, such as
o Alteration in any system could bring varied effects.
pollution, toxic chemicals, and food contaminants,
A change in biodiversity could have erratic effects
or they can be social, such as dangerous work,
not only in wildlife or marine life but also in human
poor housing conditions, urban sprawl and
being. For example, humans inhabiting the forest
poverty.
would disturb the natural order of life.
o Unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation and
o Trees and plants would be affected in the land –
hygiene are responsible for a variety of infectious
clearing operations where the houses would be
diseases, such as schistosomiasis, diarrhea,
built. The animals, insects, and all types of life
choler, meningitis and gastritis. In 2015,
 approximately 350,000 children under the age of
five died from diarrheal diseases related to unsafe
drinking water, and approximately 1.8 million
people used drinking water contaminated with
feces.
Environmental-Related Illnesses
o Some human illnesses that are found to be
related with its environment include Parkinson's
disease, heart disease, cancer, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma,
diabetes, obesity, occupational injuries,
dysentery, arthritis, malaria and depression.
GMO: SCIENCE, HEALTH AND POLITICS
o In 2001, Rosalie Ellasus, a former overseas
Filipino worker in Singapore turned farmer,
attended the Integrated Pest Management –
Farmers Field School and was introduced to Bt
Corn, a genetically modified corn that is resistant
to the destructive Asian corn borer. Ms. Ellasus
volunteered for the demo-testing in her field. Bt
Corn yielded per acre as compared to a regular
yield of 4.2 tons per hectare. No insecticide
spraying was needed.
o Genetic engineering has been with the human
society since selective breeding was introduced
to humankind and when animals were
domesticated. Yet, the process of genetic
alterations is all but natural.
o It was in 1951 that term genetic engineering was
coined by Jack Williamson, author of the science
fiction novel Dragon’s Island. This was years
before actual research findings on the DNA’s role
in heredity and its structure, the double-helix of
Watson and Crick, were published. It became
reality in science laboratories.
o An antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacterium was
created in 1973. To date, there are ongoing
research on GMOs such as using genetically
modified male mosquitoes as pest control over
female mosquito carriers of Zika virus.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM
o Genetically modified organism (GMO) is the
term used for an organism created through
genetic engineering. The World Health
Organization (WHO) defines GMO as an
“organism, either plant, animal, or
microorganism, in which the genetic material
(DNA) has been altered in a way that does not
occur naturally by mating or natural
recombination”
GMOs IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES
The Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health (CEEH) identified
the following roles of GMOs in the food and agricultural industries:
o Pest resistance – genetically modified plants to
resist certain pests.
• An example is Bt Corn. The DNA (genome) of
the Bt Corn has been modified with the gene of
Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium that
produces proteins which is toxic to corn borers
(worms)
o Virus resistance –genetically modified plants to
resist certain viruses.
• An example is GM papaya or rainbow
papaya. The papaya ringspot virus
(PRSV) is known to be detrimental to
papaya plants. The protein of PRSV was
introduced to the papaya plant through
plant tissues which turned out to be
resistant to the virus itself.
o Herbicide tolerance –generally modified plants to
tolerate herbicide.
• An example Roundup Ready soybean.
Glyphosate an herbicide for weeds, was
introduced to soybeans making it tolerant to
the herbicide itself. Farmers then can spray
the herbicide killing the weed but not the
soybeans.
o Fortification - generally modified plants fortified
with certain minerals.
• An example is Golden Rice. Beta-carotene, a
precursor of vitamin A, was introduced
through biosynthesis genes to the rice, making
the rice grains fortified with vitamin A.
o Cosmetic preservation - genetically modified plants
resist natural discoloration.
• An example is Arctic Apple. The apple variety
was genetically modified to suppress the
browning of apple due to superficial damage.
o Increase growth rate –a genetically modified
organism that has higher yield in growth than
normal species.
• An example is AquAdvantage salmon. A gene
from an ocean pout, an eel-like fish was
introduced to Pacific Chinook salmon, making
the salmon grow faster than its normal rate.
GMOs IN NON-FOOD CROPS AND MICROORGANISMS
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in non-food crops and
some microorganisms involve the following:
o Flower production –GMOs in flower production are
seen on modified color and extended vase life of
flowers.
• Examples are Blue Roses. The so-called “blue”
roses, which are, in reality, lilac or purple,
contained cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, together
with large amounts of flavonols.
o Paper production –modified characteristics of trees
for higher yield of paper production.
• Examples are poplar trees. Lignin is a complex
polymer in trees that us remover from wood to
make paper
 through kraft process, through inserting
genes that code for ferulic acid in young
poplar trees.
o Pharmaceutical productions - modified plants to
produce pharmaceutical products.
• Examples are periwinkle plants.
Bacterial genes were added to the
periwinkle plant to enhance the
production of vinblastine, an alkaloid
usually added to drugs for cancer
treatments like Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
o Bioremediation –use of modified plants that can
assist in the bioremediation of polluted sites.
• An example is shrub tobacco. Nicotiana
glauca, or shrub tobacco genetically
modified with phytochelatin TaPCSII, is
used for bioremediation. It shows high
level accumulation of zinc, lead,
cadmium, nickel and boron and
produces high biomass.
o Enzyme and drug production - use modified
microorganisms that can produce enzymes for
food processing and medicines.
• Cyclomaltodextrin glycosyltransferase
(CGTase), and enzyme used for food
flavor enhancer, is produced in higher
POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH RISKS CAUSED BY GMOs
quantity by bacterium Bacillus
o GMOs in the medical field –genetic engineering
is playing a significant role from diagnosis to
treatment of human-dreaded diseases.
One classic example is Humulin, the genetically
engineered insulin used by Type 1 diabetes patients who
are insulin-dependent.
BENEFITS OF GMOs
o Higher efficiency in farming
o Increase in harvest
o Control in fertility
o Increase in food processing
o Improvement of desirable characteristics
o Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
Reduce the use of fertilizer and
pesticides
POTENTIAL RISKS OF GMOs
1. Since genetic engineering is still a young branch of
science, there are inadequate studies on the effects
of GMOs to humans and the environment.
2. Genetic engineering promotes mutation in
organisms which the long-term effect is still
unknown
3. Human consumption of GMOs might have the
following effects:
• More allergic reaction
• Gene mutation
• Antibiotic resistance
1. Nutritional value.
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISK CAUSED BY GMOs
1. Risk in gene flow
2. Emergence of new forms of resistance and
secondary pests and weed problems
3. Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to produce
new pathogens
DIRECT ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS ARE:
o Introduction of the GMOs in the natural
environment may cause disruption of the natural
communities
o The possibility of unexpected behavior of the
GMOs in the environment
o May cause harmful effects to biochemical cycles
o Negative impacts to the consumer of GMO
products
INDIRECT ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS ARE:
o Alteration of agricultural practices like managing
negative impacts of GMOs to the environment
such as evolution of insects, pests and weeds.
o May have impacts to biodiversity caused by the
alteration in agricultural practices.
o May have varied environmental impacts due to
GMOs interaction and release in the natural
environment
o Consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects
since it is not organically produced.
o Consumption of GMOs may alter the balance of
existing microorganisms in the human digestive
system
o Production of toxins may be detrimental to
human health
o Production of allergens may have adverse effect
on human
o Human Genome Project (HGP)
o Mutation
o Cloning
THE NANO WORLD
o Scientific researchers have developed new
technological tools that greatly improve different
aspects of our lives. The use of nanoscale is our
important interdisciplinary area generate by
advancement in science and technology.
Scientist and engineers were able to build
materials with innovative properties as they
manipulate nanomaterials. Indeed, research
and application of knowledge on nanomaterials
will continue to bring widespread implications in
various areas of society, especially health care,
environment, energy, food, water and
agriculture.
o Nanotechnology refers to the science,
engineering, and technology conducted at the
nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology employ the
study and application of exceptionally small
things in other areas of science including
materials science, engineering, physics, biology,
and chemistry
 o The concepts of nanotechnology and
nanoscience started in December 29, 1959 when
Physicist Richard Feynman discussed a method
in which scientists can direct and control
individual atoms and molecules in his talk
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” during
the American Physical Society meeting at
California Institute of Technology. The term
“nanotechnology” was coined by Professor Norio
Taniguchi a decade after the dawn of the use of
ultraprecision machining
HOW SMALL IS AN NANOSCALE
A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter.
o Manipulation of nanomaterials needs an adept
understanding of their types and dimensions. The
various type of nanomaterials is classified
according to their individual shapes and sizes.
They may be particles, tube, wire, films, flakes, or
shells that have one or more nanometer-sized
dimensions. One should be able to view and
manipulate them so that we can take advantage
of their exceptional characteristics.
HOW TO VIEW NANOMATERIALS
o Scientists use special types of microscopes to
view minute nanomaterial. During the early
1930s, scientists used electron microscopes and
field microscope to look at the nanoscale. The
scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force
microscope are just among the modern and
remarkable advancements in microscopy.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
o German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
built the first electron microscope during the
1930s. This type of microscope utilizes a particle
beam of electrons to light up a specimen and
develop a well magnified image Electron
microscope produce higher and better resolution
than older light microscopes because they can
magnify objects up to a million times while
conventional light microscopes can magnify
objects up to 1,500 times only
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (AFM)
o It was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin
Quate, and Christoph Gerber in 1986. It makes
use of a mechanical probe that gathers
information from the surface of material.
SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE
o This special type of microscope enables scientists
to view and manipulate nanoscale particles,
atoms, and small molecules. In 1986, Gerd Binig
and Heinrich Rohrer won the Noble Prize in
Physics because of this invention.
NANOTECHNOLOGIES
⟶ Carbon Nanotube
• Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon
• with a cylindrical nanostructure.
• They have length-to-diameter ratio of up to
• 132,000,000:1.
Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural
family. Their name is derived from their long, hollow
structure with the walls formed by one-atom- thick
sheets of carbon, called graphene.
Properties
• Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in creating
fight weight spacecrafts,
• Easily penetrate membranes such as cell walls.
Helps in cancer treatment.
• Electrical resistance changes significantly when
other molecules attach themselves to the carbon
atoms. Helps in developing sensors that can
detect chemical vapors,
Application
• Easton-Bell Sports, Inc. using CNT in making
bicycle component.
• Zyvex Technologies using CNT for manufacturing
of light weight boats.
• Replacing transistors from the silicon chips as
they are small and emits less heat.
• In electric cables and wires
• In solar cells
• In fabrics
⟶Nanorods (quantum dots)
• Nanorods are morphology of nanoscale objects.
• Dimensions range from 1-100 nm.
• They may be synthesized from metals or
semiconducting materials.
• A combination of ligands act as shape control
agents and bond to different facets of the
nanorod with different strengths. This allows
different faces of the nanorod to grow at different
rates, producing an elongated object.
USES:
• In display technologies, because the reflectivity of
the rods can be changed by changing their
orientation with an applied electric field,
• In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
• In cancer therapeutics.
⟶ Nanobots
• Close to the scale of 10-9
• Largely in R&d phase.
Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across, capable of
counting specific molecules in a chemical
sample.
 • Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it
would probably be necessary for very large
numbers of them to work together to perform
microscopic and macroscopic tasks.
• Capable of replication using environmental
resources.
Application:
• Detection of toxic components in environment.
• In drug delivery.
• Biomedical instrumentation.
⟶Nanotechnology in Drugs (Cancer)
• Provide new options for drug delivery and drug
therapies.
• Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right
location in the body and release drug doses on a
predetermined schedule for optimal treatment
• Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
• They become localized at the disease site, i.e.
cancer
tumor
• . Then they release medicine that kills the tumor.
• Current treatment is through radiotherapy or
chemotherapy.
• Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.
⟶ Nanotechnology in Fabrics
• The properties of familiar materials are being
changed by manufacturers who are adding
nano-sized components to conventional
materials to improve performance.
• For example, some clothing manufacturers are
making water and stain repellent clothing using
nano-sized whiskers in the fabric that cause
water to beat up on the surface.
• In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
• Making spill & dirt resistant, antimicrobial,
antibacterial fabrics.
⟶ Nanotechnology in Mobile
• Morph, a nanotechnology concept device
developed by Nokia Research Center (NRC) and
the University of Cambridge (UK).
• The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it
extremely dirt repellent.
• It will be able to charge itself from available light
sources using photovoltaic nanowire grass
covering its surface.
• Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching.
Nokia envisage that a nanoscale mesh of fibers
will allow our mobile devices to be bent,
stretched and folded into any number of
conceivable shapes.
⟶ Nanotechnology in Electronics
• Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat
panel displays to be flexible as well as thinner
than current flat panel displays.
• Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips.
• The transistors are made of nanowires, that are
assembled on glass or thin films of flexible
plastic.
• E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on car
windshields.
⟶ Nanotechnology in computers
• The silicon transistors in your computer may be
replaced by transistors based on carbon
nanotubes.
• A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of a
hollow cylinder with a diameter of around a
nanometer which consists of pure carbon.
• Nanorods is an upcoming technology in the
displays techniques due to less consumption of
electricity and less heat emission.
• Size of the microprocessors are reduced to
greater extend.
• Researchers at North Carolina State University
says that growing arrays of magnetic
nanoparticles, called nanodots.
NANOMANUFACTURING
o It refers to scaled up, reliable, and cost-effective
manufacturing of nanoscale materials,
structures, devices, and systems. It also involves
research, improvement, and incorporation of
processes for the construction of materials.
Therefore, nanomanufacturing leads to the
development of new products and improved
materials. There are two fundamentals
approaches to nanomanufacturing, either
bottom-up or top-down
⟶ Bottom-up fabrication
It manufactures products by building them up from
atomic- and molecular- scale components. However, this
method can be time-consuming. Scientist and engineers
are still in search for effective ways of putting up together
molecular components that self-assemble and from the
bottom-up to organized structures.
⟶ Top-down fabrication
It trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale.
This process needs larger amounts of material and
discards excess raw mater
There are new approaches to the assembly of
nanomaterials-based form the application of principles in
top-down and bottom-up fabrication.
⟶ Dip pen lithography
It is a method in which the tip of an atomic force
microscope is dipped into a chemical fluid and then
utilized to “write” on a surface.
3. Nanoscale materials have far larger surface
areas than similar masses of larger-scale
materials
A we increase the surface area per
mass of a particular material, a
greater amount of the materials comes in
contact with another material and can affect its
reactivity.

⟶ Self-Assembly
It depicts an approach wherein a set component joins GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
together to mold an organized structure in the absence of DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
an outside direction. o U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative ($1.4-1.5
billion)
⟶ Chemical vapor deposition o European Commission
It is procedure wherein chemicals act in response to form o Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute
very pure, high- performance films. o Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology
Program)
⟶ Nanoimprint lithography o India (Nanotechnology Research and Education
It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by Foundation
“stamping or printing” them onto a surface. o China (National Center for Nanoscience and
Technology
⟶ Molecular beam epitaxy o Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology Initiative)
It is one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin o Australia (Australian Office of Nanotechnology)
films o Canada (National Institute for Nanotechnology
or NINT)
⟶ Roll – to – roll processing o South Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology
it is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale Initiative)
devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal o Thailand (National Nanotechnology Center or
NANOTEC)
⟶ Atomic layer epitaxy Malaysia (National Nanotechnology Initiatives or
it is a means for laying down one atom-thick layer on a NNI
surface POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE
DISTINCT FEATURES OF NANOSCALE PHILIPPINES
o Nanotechnology involves operating at a very 1. ICT and semiconductors
small dimension and it allows scientists to make 2. Health and Medicine
use of the exceptional optical, chemical, physical, 3. Energy
mechanical, and biological qualities of materials 4. Food and Agriculture
of that small scale. 5. Environment
NANOTECH ROADMAP FOR THE PHILIPPINES
1. Scale at which much biology occurs (PCAS-TRD-DOST)
Various activities of the cells take place at the 1. ICT and semiconductors
nanoscale. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2. Health and biomedical
serves as the genetic material of the cell and is 3. Energy
only about 2 nanometers in diameter. 4. Environment
Furthermore, the hemoglobin that transports 5. Agriculture and food
oxygen to the tissues throughout the body is 5.5. 6. Health and environment risk
nanometers in diameter. 7. Nano-metrology
2. Scale at which quantum effects dominate 8. Education and public awareness
properties of materials
Particles with dimensions of 1-100 nanometers BENEFITS AND CONCERNS OF USING
have properties that are significant discrete from NANOTECHNOLOGY
particles of bigger dimensions. Quantum effects 1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it may
direct the behavior and properties of become pervasive
particles in this size scale. Among the essential 2. Nanotechnology seeks to develop new materials
properties of nanoscale that change as a with specific properties
function of size include 3. Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies
chemical reactivity, fluorescence, and paradigm which may make some natural
magnetic permeability, melting point, resources and current practices uncompetitive
and electrical conductivity. or obsolete
4. It may be complicated to detect its presence unless
one has the specialist tools of nanotechnology
EXAMPLE OF AREAS POSSIBLE CONCERNS
AFFECTED BY BENEFITS
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Environment Improved High reactivity
detection and and toxicity
removal of Pervasive
contaminants distribution in the
Development of environment
benign industrial No nano-specific
processes and EPA regulation
materials
Health Improved Ability to cross
medicine cell membranes
and translocate
in the body
No FDA approval
needed for
cosmetics or
supplements
Economy Better products Redistribution of
New jobs wealth Potential
cost of cleanups
Accessibility to
all income levels
SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN
CONDUCTING RESEARCH ON NANOTECHNOLOGY
1. Who will benefit from it?
2. For whom and what are objectives for developing
your product?
3. How will it affect social, economic, and political
relationships?
4. What problems is your “product” trying to solve?
5. Who will have access to it?
6. Are there dangers involved with its development?
7. Who will own it?