 Security, Defense and Conflict

resolution
 Lesson 4: ICM. Conflict prevention,
peace keeping, peace enforcement
and peace building: concept of conflict
prevention…
Prof. Adrián A. Fernández Sabido
2
 U.S. and Soviet
Union had diff.
goals and ideologies
(ways of thinking
about things), this
causes a Cold War
 U.S. is Democratic
and Capitalist.
 Soviet Union was a
Dictatorship and
Communist.
• Capitalism –  Communism –
Economic system Economic idea
based on private that the
ownership of the community as a
means of whole should own
production and all property and
distribution, and
run all business
characterized by
profit, a free and industry
market, and open
competition.
 1939: Stalin (USSR) makes a deal with Hitler
(Germany).
 1941: Hitler breaks deal and attacks USSR.
 Stalin changes sides and fights with US and
other allies.

5
 Before the end of the World War II,
Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt
met at Yalta to plan what should
happen when the war ended. They
agreed on many points:
1. The establishment of the United
Nations
2. Division of Germany into four
zones Winston Churchill (England), Franklin
3. Free elections allowed in the Roosevelt (US) and Joseph Stalin (USSR) meet
in Yalta in 1945 to decide the fate of post-
states of Eastern Europe war Europe.

4. Russia’s promise to join the war

against Japan

No agreement was reached on

Poland.
6
• Political, strategic and ideological struggle
between the US and the USSR that spread
throughout the world
• Struggle that contained everything short of war
• Competing social and economic ideologies

7
Domestic Policies: Foreign Policies:
•1. McCarthyism •1. Korean War
•2. HUAC •2. Arms Race
–House Un-American Activities
Committee •3. Truman Doctrine
•3. Loyalty oaths •4. Eisenhower
Doctrine
•4. Blacklists
•5. Bomb shelters

8
Actors and writers protest the Hollywood A 1950s era bomb shelter
 1st - Containment(1947) – stop the spread of
communism, or contain it.
 1.

The six major strategies were:

1. Brinkmanship,
2. Espionage, 3.

3. Foreign aid,

4. Alliances,
5. Propaganda,
6. Surrogate wars.
2.

4.

6.
10
5.
 Promote open markets for US
goods to prevent another
depression
 Promote democracy
throughout
the world, especially in Asia
and Africa
 Stop the spread of
communism
◦“Domino Effect”

11
Create greater security for itself
◦ lost tens of millions of people in WWII
and
Stalin’s purges
◦ feared a strong Germany
Establish defensible borders
Encourage friendly governments on its
borders
Spread communism around the world
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in
the Adriatic an iron curtain has
descended across the Continent. Behind
that line lie all the capitals of the
ancient states of Central and Eastern
Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna,
Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and
Sofia, all these famous cities and the
populations around them lie in what I
must call the Soviet sphere, and all are
subject in one form or another, not only
Excerpt from Winston to Soviet influence but to a very high
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain
and, in some cases, increasing measure
Speech.”
of control from Moscow.” 12
1947: British help Greek government
fight communist guerrillas.
◦They appealed to America for aid,
and the response was the Truman
Doctrine.
◦ America promised it would
support free countries to help fight
communism.
◦ Greece received large amounts of
arms and supplies and by 1949 had
defeated the communists.
The Truman Doctrine was significant
because it showed that America, the
most powerful democratic country, was
prepared to resist the spread of
communism throughout the world.

13
  In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall
announced the Marshall Plan.
◦This was a massive economic aid plan for
Europe to help it recover from the
damage caused by the war.
There were two motives for this:
◦ Helping Europe to recover economically
would provide markets for American
goods, so benefiting American
industry.
◦ A prosperous Europe would be better able
to resist the spread of communism. This
was probably the main motive.

Secretary of State George

Marshall.

14
A poster promoting the Marshall

President Eisenhower with his
Secretary of State John Dulles
 The Eisenhower Doctrine was announced
in a speech to Congress on January 5,
1957.
It required Congress to yield its war-
making power to the president so
that the president could take
immediate military action.
It created a US commitment to defend the
Middle East against attack by any
communist country.
 The doctrine was made in response to the
possibility of war, threatened as a result
of the USSR’s attempt to use the Suez
War as a pretext to enter Egypt.
◦ The British and French withdrawals from
their former colonies created a power
vacuum that communists were trying to fill.
15
  In 1949 the western nations formed the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization to co-
ordinate their defense against USSR.
It originally consisted of:
◦America
◦Belgium
◦Britain
◦Canada
◦Denmark
◦France
◦Holland
◦Italy
◦Luxembourg
◦Norway
◦Portugal
 Since the fall of the Soviet Union in
1991,some former Soviet republics have
NATO flag
applied for membership to NATO.

16
Warsaw Pact: organization of communist states in Central and
Eastern Europe.
Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland

USSR established in in response to NATO treaty

Founding members:
◦Albania (left in 1961 as a result of the Sino-Soviet split)
◦Bulgaria
◦Czechoslovakia
◦Hungary
◦Poland
◦Romania
◦ USSR
◦East Germany (1956)

Greatest extent of Warsaw Pact

17
 The Soviets were dominating Eastern Europe
with communism, and the U.S. wanted to stop
them.
 Red Scare – Americans were fearful of
Communists living in U.S.
 McCarthy’s Campaign
◦ Senator Joseph McCarthy blamed the spread of
communism on the presence of traitors within the
U.S. government
◦ McCarthy made serious accusations without proof
and destroyed many lives.
◦ In 1953 he declared that there were communists in
the military and he was removed
 The U.S. gains
possession of Korea
after WWII from
Japan.
 The U.S. and Russia
partition Korea
(38th parallel) like
they did with
Germany and Berlin
◦ Russia controls North
Korea
◦ The U.S. controls
South Korea
 War in Korea
◦ North Korea invades
South Korea
◦ The U.S. did not want
another country to be
communist.
◦ June 27, 1950 – U.N.
members met to
support South Korea
◦ General Douglas
MacArthur led U.N.
forces into South
Korea
 North
Koreans
driven out of
South Korea
at one point,
and North
Korean
Capitol
captured
 Chinese came
in from the
North and
drove the
U.N. forces
out.
 July 27, 1953, 2
sides signed cease
fire agreement,
war ended in
stalemate
 MacArthur wanted
ground and air
attacks on China,
Truman refused,
MacArthur lost his
position after
speaking out
against Truman
 After three years of
fighting 2 countries
remained divided
by 38th parallel
 Today
◦ North Korea is a
Communist
Dictatorship
◦ South Korea is a
Capitalist Democracy
RED KHMER POL POT REGIME COMBODIA 1975
  McCarthy, a Republican senator from
Wisconsin, did the most to whip up anti-
communism during the ‘50s.
 On February 9, 1950, he gave a speech
claiming to have a list of 205
Communists in the State Department.
 No one in the press actually saw the names
on the list.
 McCarthy continued to repeat his
groundless charges, changing the number
from speech to speech.
 During this time, one state required pro
wrestlers to take a loyalty oath before
stepping into the ring.
 In Indiana, a group of anti-communists
indicted Robin Hood (and its vaguely
socialistic message that the book's
hero had a right to rob from the rich and
give to the poor) and forced librarians
to pull the book from the shelves.
 Baseball's Cincinnati Reds renamed
themselves the "Redlegs."

Cincinnati Redlegs primary

logo in use from 1954-1959
28
  In the spring of 1954, the
tables turned on McCarthy
when he charged that the
Army had promoted a dentist
accused of being a Communist.
 For the first time, a television
broadcast allowed the public
to see the Senator as a
blustering bully and his
investigations as little more
than a witch hunt.
 In December 1954, the Senate
voted to censure him for his
conduct and to strip him of his
privileges.
 McCarthy died three years
later from alcoholism.
 The term "McCarthyism" lives
on to describe anti-
Communist fervor, reckless
accusations, and guilt by
association.

Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible

Movie poster for the 2005 film
Good Night and Good Luck about
the fall of Joseph McCarthy
was on the surface about the Salem
Witch Trials. It’s real target,
though, was the hysterical
persecution of innocent people
during McCarthyism. (poster for
1996 film version)

29
 Arms Race
• Cold War tensions increased in
the US when the USSR
exploded its first atomic bomb
in 1949.

• Cold War tensions increased

in the USSR when the US
exploded its first hydrogen
bomb in 1952. It was 1000
times more powerful than
the Hiroshima atomic bomb.
30
 Soviets exploded their  Nagasaki
own atomic bomb ◦ In a split second,
 Truman developed Nagasaki's population
dropped from 422,000 to
even more powerful 383,000. Over 25,000
nuclear weapons for people were injured.
national defense
 Hiroshima
◦ At 0816 hours, in an
instant, 66,000 people
were killed and 69,000
injured by a 10-kiloton
atomic explosion.
 1948: three western controlled zones of Germany united; grew in prosperity due
to the Marshall Plan
 West wanted East to rejoin; Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.
 June 1948: Stalin decided to gain control of West Berlin, which was deep inside
the Eastern Sector
◦ Cuts road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into
submission
 West responded by airlifting supplies to allow West Berlin to survive
 May 1949: USSR admitted defeat, lifted blockade

Map of Berlin divided

into zones after WWII

Map of Germany divided A plane flies in supplies during the Berlin

into zones after WWII Airlift. 32
 Germany was
divided into 4
sectors, and 2
countries.
 Soviet Union
controlled East
Germany
 The U.S, France,
and Great Britain
controlled West
Germany.
 The Soviets made no determined effort to
disrupt the airlift. There are 2 likely reasons
for this.
◦ 1st - The Soviets saw no need to interfere with the
airlift at first, because they believed it would fail.
◦ 2nd - Disruption ran serious risks of triggering a
war.
 Space Race
• Cold War tensions increased in the US
when the USSR launched Sputnik I, the
first artificial satellite into geocentric
orbit on October 4, 1957.
– The race to control space was on.

• April 12, 1961: Yuri Gagarin became

first human in space and first to
orbit Earth.
• US felt a loss of prestige and
increased funding for space
programs and science education.
• On May 25,1961, Kennedy gave a
speech challenging America to
land a man on the moon and
return him safely by the end of
the decade.
• Apollo 11 landed on the moon on
July 16, 1969.
37
The U-2 Incident  USSR was aware of American U-2 spy
missions but lacked technology to
launch countermeasures until 1960.
◦May 1, 1960: CIA agent Francis Gary Powers’
U-2, was shot down by Soviet missile.
 Powers was unable to activate plane's self-
destruct mechanism before he parachuted
to the ground, right into the hands of
the KGB.
 When US learned of Powers' disappearance
over USSR, it issued a cover
statement claiming that a
"weather plane" crashed after its pilot
had "difficulties with his oxygen
equipment." US officials did not realize:
◦ Plane crashed intact,
◦ Soviets recovered its photography
equipment
◦ Captured Powers, whom they interrogated
extensively for months before he made a
"voluntary confession" and public apology
for
his part in US espionage 38
 The Bay of Pigs Invasion
The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by US-backed Cuban
exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
 Increasing friction between the US and Castro's communist regime led
President Eisenhower to break off diplomatic relations with Cuba in
January 1961.
 Even before that, however, the CIA had been training anti-revolutionary Cuban
exiles for a possible invasion of the island.
The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy.

39
 January 20, 1961 –
John F. Kennedy
became president
 He wanted to help
Latin America
become
Democratic,
especially Cuba.
 Cuba is 90 miles
from Florida
 April 1961 – Fidel Castro
Kennedy sent some
1500 Cuban exiles
into the Bay of Pigs
(Southwest coast of
Cuba)
 Castro’s forces
attacked them =
disaster
 1200 invading
exiles captured, the
rest killed
The Bay of Pigs Invasion…
 On April 17, 1961 about 1300 exiles, armed with US weapons, landed at the
Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on the southern coast of Cuba hoping for
support from locals.
 From the start, the exiles were likely to lose. Kennedy had the option of
using the Air Force against the Cubans but decided against it.
 Consequently, the invasion was stopped by Castro's army. The failure of the
invasion seriously embarrassed the Kennedy administration.
◦Some critics blamed Kennedy for not giving it adequate support
◦Others blamed Kennedy for allowing it to take place at all.
 Additionally, the invasion made Castro wary of the US He was convinced
that the Americans would try to take over the Cuba again.

Cuban leader Fidel Castro watches events

during the Bay of Pigs Invasion. 42
 1961 – Soviet Union
sending increased
numbers of military
personnel to Cuba
 Summer 1962 –
Soviets started
arming Cuba with
missiles , Soviets
said missiles were
to protect country
from future
invasions
Cuban Missile Crisis This was the closest the world ever came to
nuclear war. The US armed forces were at
their highest state of readiness ever, and
Soviets in Cuba were prepared to launch
nuclear weapons to defend the island if it
were invaded.
 In 1962, the USSR lagged far behind the US in
the arms race. Soviet missiles were only
powerful enough to be launched against
Europe but US missiles were capable of
striking the entire Soviet Union.
 In April 1962, Soviet Premier Khrushchev
deployed missiles in Cuba to provide a
deterrent to a potential US attack against the
USSR.
 Meanwhile, Fidel Castro was looking for a way
to defend his island nation from an attack by
the US. Ever since the failed Bay of Pigs
invasion in 1961, Castro felt a second attack
was inevitable. Consequently, he approved of
Khrushchev's plan to place missiles on the
CIA map showing range of Soviet supplied island. In the summer of 1962 the USSR
intermediate and medium range missiles if secretly installed the missiles.
launched from Cuba

44
 The crisis began on October 15, 1962 when
Cuban Missile Crisis… 
reconnaissance revealed Soviet missiles
under construction in Cuba.
 After seven days of intense debate within
the White House, Kennedy imposed a
blockade around Cuba to stop the
arrival of more Soviet missiles.
 On October 22, Kennedy announced the
discovery of the missiles and his decision to
blockade Cuba and that any attack launched
from Cuba would be regarded as an attack
on the US by the USSR and demanded
that the Soviets remove all of their
offensive weapons from Cuba.
 October 27 was the worst day of the crisis. A
U-2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba.
 Tensions finally began to ease on October
28 when Khrushchev announced that he
would dismantle the installations and
remove the missiles, expressing his trust
From top: Castro, Kennedy,
that the US would not invade Cuba.
Khrushchev, and poster for  Further negotiations were held to implement
a movie about the crisis the October 28 agreement, including a US
called Thirteen Days demand that Soviet bombers be removed
from Cuba, and specifying the exact form
and conditions of US assurances not to
invade Cuba. 45
 September 1962 –  Pictures showed
Kennedy warned installation of
Soviet Leader nuclear missile
Khrushchev not to launching pads with
place missiles in enough range to hit
Cuba that could major Southeastern
attack U.S. targets cities.
◦ Khrushchev denied
anything being there
◦ U.S. spy planes took
photos proving
otherwise
 October 22, 1962
 Kennedy demanded
Khrushchev remove
missiles.
◦ U.S. would attack the
Soviet Union if they
fired missiles
anywhere in Western
Hemisphere
◦ Kennedy ordered the
U.S. navy to surround
Cuba and stop Soviet
ships. (U.S.
Blockade)
 U.S. was afraid the
Soviet Union might
use Cuba as a base
to attack the U.S.
and spread
Communism into
Latin America.
(U.S. policy of
containment)
 The Soviets
removed missiles,
and the U.S.
promised not to
invade the island.
 November 22, 1963
– Kennedy
assassinated by Lee
Harvey Oswald –
Lyndon Johnson
takes office.
 Soviets and Cubans
worried they’re
suspects.
Berlin Wall
 In the dark on August 13, 1961, a low, barbed-wire barrier rose between East and
West Berlin. Within days, workers cemented concrete blocks into a low wall, dividing
neighborhoods and families, workers and employers, the free from the repressed.
 The USSR called the wall a barrier to Western imperialism, but it also was meant to
keep its people going to the West where the standard of living was much higher and
freedoms greater.
 The West Germans called it Schandmaur, the "Wall of Shame." Over the years, it was
rebuilt three times. Each version of the wall was more higher, stronger, repressive,
and impregnable. Towers and guards with machine guns and dogs stood watch
over a barren no man's land. Forbidden zones, miles wide, were created behind the
wall. No one was allowed to enter the zones. Anyone trying to escape was shot on
sight.

Early 1960s view of east side of Berlin Wall A view from the French sector looking over
with barbed wire at top. the wall. 50
 The U.S. intervened
to stop the spread
of communism into
South Vietnam
(Domino Theory)
 President Eisenhower
developed the
“Domino Theory” – if
Vietnam fell to
Communism, the U.S.
believed all of
Southeast Asia would
fall like dominoes
(China and North
Korea already did)
 Communists within  South Vietnam was
South Vietnam – a Democracy led by
Vietcong – tried to Ngo Dinh Diem,
take over the who ended up
country with help being killed and
from the North South Vietnamese
Vietnamese government
◦ North and South officials took over
Vietnam divided by
ideologies
 U.S. had been sending supplies to South
Vietnamese
 August 2, 1964 – U.S. destroyer attacked in
Gulf of Tonkin (off Vietnamese coast)
 August 7, 1964 – U.S. government passed
Tonkin Gulf Resolution – President Johnson
given power to take action
 March 1965 – 1st U.S. combat troops arrived
in South Vietnam (Operation Rolling Thunder
– series of air attacks meant to destroy war
industries in North Vietnam – it didn’t work)
 Americans were
divided over
whether the U.S.
should be involved
militarily in
Vietnam.
 1973 – the U.S. pulled
out of Vietnam
 Vietnamization – U.S.
trained South
Vietnamese to carry on
fight without them
 1975 – City of Saigon
fell to North Vietnam
 South Vietnam
surrendered
 Vietnam became a
unified COMMUNIST
COUNTRY
 The conflict ended in a ceasefire agreement…
 Over 58,000
Americans died
 303,000 wounded
 Veterans who came
home were spit
upon and called
baby killers
 Veterans suffered
post-traumatic
stress syndrome,
they saw things in
war that
emotionally
damaged them
 The Slow Thaw
 End of WWII through Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy,
Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, and Bush, Cold
War = central foreign policy concern
 Most film/TV villains were Soviets or communists; Indiana
Jones and the Temple of the Crystal Skull, which is set in
the 1950s, pays homage to the use of Soviets as
villains.
Better relations between communists countries and the US
began with one of the most hard-lined anti-communist
presidents, Richard Nixon. In his “only Nixon could go to
China” trip, Nixon was the first US president to visit that
communist country.
Cate Blanchette as
Col. Dr. Irina Spalko
in Indiana Jones and
the Temple of the
Crystal Skull

A magazine cover
about ping pong
diplomacy, so called
because better
relations between
Richard and Pat the US and China
Nixon (in an came after the two
appropriately red countries’ ping pong
coat) at the Great teams played each
Wall of China other. 59
 The Slow Thaw…
In 1969 Nixon began negotiations with USSR on SALT I, common name for
the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement.
 SALT I froze the number of ballistic missile launchers at existing levels,
and provided for the addition of submarine-launched ballistic missile
(SLBM) launchers only after the same number of intercontinental
ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled.
 It was the first effort between US/USSR to stop increase nuclear weapons.
 SALT II was a second round of US/USSR talks (1972-1979), which sought
to reduce manufacture of nuclear weapons. SALT II was the first
nuclear treaty seeking real reductions in strategic forces to 2,250
of all categories on both sides.

Nixon and Brezhnev toast the SALT I treaty. Carter and Brezhnev sign the SALT II treaty. 60
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Interrupts Thaw
 In 1978, the USSR invaded Afghanistan and tried to set
up a friendly government.
 It became the USSR’s Vietnam, a long war with no clear
victory possible and many casualties and high costs.
The US supported the Afghani rebels known as the
mujahideen.
 In 1989 the Soviets finally withdrew. Islamic
extremists used the opportunity to take over the
country.
 The defeat weakened the Soviet’s economy and
morale.

Movie poster for Charlie Wilson’s War about US

efforts to support the mujahideen

Muhahideen celebrate the downing of a Soviet

helicopter
61
 Reagan’s Star Wars Interrupts Thaw
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposal by President
Reagan on in 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to
protect the US from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles. It focused on
strategic defense rather than doctrine of mutual assured
destruction (MAD).
 It was quickly nicknamed “Star Wars.”
Criticism of SDI:
◦ It would require the US to change, withdraw from, or break earlier
treaties.
◦ The Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which requires "States Parties to
the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any
objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons
of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or
station such weapons in outer space in any other manner" and
would forbid the US from pre-positioning in Earth orbit any
devices powered by nuclear weapons and any devices capable of
"mass destruction.“
◦The program proposed to use unproven technology.
◦The program would cost many billions of dollars.
◦ It would start a new arms race with the Soviets.

Artist rendering of
satellites and lasers to be
used in SDI

62
 13
MAY 1981
MURDER
ATTEMPT
AGAINST
JOHN PAUL II
 Cold War Thaw Continues
Gorbachev becomes Soviet premier and
understands that the Soviet economy
cannot compete with the West, partly
because of Afghanistan and partly because
of the costs of keeping up militarily.
 Gorbachev recognizes there is increasing
unrest in the country.
 He tries to reform the USSR with glasnost (=
openness: think “glass” because you can see
through it) and perestroika (=restructuring:
think “structure/stroika”).
Gorbachev is further pressured to reform the
USSR when Reagan gives his speech in
Germany challenging Gorbachev to “tear
Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev
down this wall.”

President Reagan delivers his speech

in Berlin.

64
 The
workers
rebel
aginst
comunism
in Poland

Lech Walesa, leader of the

labor union became
President of the Goverment
The Wall Falls, 1989
 A wave of rebellion against Soviet influence
occurs throughout its European allies.
 Poland’s Solidarity movement breaks the
Soviet hold on that country
 Hungary removed its border restrictions with
Austria.
Riots and protests break out in East Germany.
 East Germans storm the wall. Confused and
outnumbered, border guards do not fight
back.
 The wall is breached.
 Eventually East and West Germany are
reunited in 1990.

66
 The USSR Dissolves
 On December 21, 1991, the presidents
of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed
the Belavezha Accords declaring the
USSR dissolved and established the
Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS) in its place.
 On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev
yielded as the president of the
USSR, declaring the office extinct. He
turned the powers that until then were
Boris Yeltsin (far left) stands on a
tank to defy the 1991 coup
vested in him over to Boris Yeltsin,
president of Russia.
The following day, the Supreme Soviet,
the highest governmental body of the
Soviet Union, recognized the collapse
of the Soviet Union and dissolved
itself.
◦ This is generally recognized as the
official, final dissolution of the Soviet
Union as a functioning state.

Rocky beats Ivan Drago.

67
 1985 Mikhail  November 1989 –
Gorbachev came to large group of pro-
power in the Soviet democratic activists
Union and pushed began tearing down
for reforms to move the Berlin Wall
them closer to  October 1990 – West
democracy. and East Germany
 One by one Soviet were reunited
Republics declared
independence  1991 – Breakup of
the Soviet Union into
 East Germans were independent
able to leave their
country countries
 Conflict prevention: application of measures to keep
intra-state or inter-state tensions and disputes from
escalating into violent conflict.

 Peacekeeping: technique to preserve peace where

fighting has been halted, and to assist in implementing
agreements achieved by the peacemakers.

 Peace enforcement: application, with the authorization of

the Security Council, of a range of coercive measures,
including the use of military force to restore international
peace and security.

 Peacebuilding: complex, long-term process of creating

the necessary conditions for sustainable peace.
Boundaries between conflict prevention, peacekeeping,
peacebuilding and peace enforcement have become
blurred.
 Before the United Nations:

◦ Covenant of the League of Nations: “not to resort to war“;

◦ Kellog Briand Pact: condemned “recourse to war for the

solution of international controversies, and renounce it as
an instrument of national policy in their relations with one
another”.

◦ Precedent: monitoring the plebiscite that returned the

Saar to Germany in 1935 by the League of Nations.
 No definition in the UN Charter.

◦ UN member states shall settle disputes peacefully and refrain from

using force against the territorial integrity or political independence
of any state (Article 2).

◦ Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes

◦ Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches

of the Peace and Acts of Aggression.

◦ Chapter VI ½. The term 'peacekeeping' is not found in the United

Nations Charter and defies simple definition. Dag Hammarskjöld,
the second UN Secretary-General, referred to it as belonging to
"Chapter Six and a Half" of the Charter, placing it between
traditional methods of resolving disputes peacefully, such as
negotiation and mediation under Chapter VI, and more forceful
action as authorized under Chapter VII.
 First peacekeeping operation (1948): UN Truce
Supervision Organization (UNTSO).

 Agenda for Peace (1992): an action to bring hostile

parties to agreement, essentially through such
peaceful means as those foreseen in Chapter VI of the
Charter of the United Nations.

 The UN established the Department of Peacekeeping

Operations (1992).

 Brahimi Report (2000): improving UN peacekeeping.

 Capstone Doctrine (2008): codification of

peacekeeping principles.
Traditional peacekeeping Expanded/multidimensional
Limited to maintaining cease-fires To help countries emerging from
and stabilizing situations. conflict make the transition to a
sustainable peace.

Are essentially military. A range of components including

military, civilian police, political,
civil affairs, rule of law, human
rights, humanitarian,
reconstruction, public information
and gender.

Do not normally play a direct role in Play a critical role in securing the
political efforts to resolve the peace process.
conflict.
 There are three basic principles that continue
to set UN peacekeeping operations apart as a
tool for maintaining international peace and
security.
◦ These three principles are inter-related and
mutually reinforcing:
 Consent of the parties
 Impartiality
 Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence
of the mandate
 General Principles:

◦ Consent of the parties: UN PKO are deployed with the consent of

the main parties to the conflict.

◦ Impartiality: UN PKO must implement their mandate without favour

or prejudice to any party.

◦ Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the

mandate: “robust peacekeeping”.

 Other factors:

◦ Legitimacy;

◦ Credibility;

◦ Promotion of national and local ownership.

 UN peacekeeping operations are not an enforcement tool.
However, they may use force at the tactical level, with the
authorization of the Security Council, if acting in self-
defence and defence of the mandate.
 In certain volatile situations, the Security Council has given
UN peacekeeping operations “robust” mandates
authorizing them to “use all necessary means” to deter
forceful attempts to disrupt the political process, protect
civilians under imminent threat of physical attack, and/or
assist the national authorities in maintaining law and
order.
 Although on the ground they may sometimes appear
similar, robust peacekeeping should not be confused with
peace enforcement, as envisaged under Chapter VII of the
United Nations Charter.
 Robust peacekeeping involves the use of force at the
tactical level with the authorization of the Security Council
and consent of the host nation and/or the main parties to
the conflict.
 By contrast, peace enforcement does not require the consent
of the main parties and may involve the use of military force
at the strategic or international level, which is normally
prohibited for Member States under Article 2(4) of the
Charter, unless authorized by the Security Council.
 A UN peacekeeping operation should only use force as a
measure of last resort. It should always be calibrated in a
precise, proportional and appropriate manner, within the
principle of the minimum force necessary to achieve the
desired effect, while sustaining consent for the mission and
its mandate. The use of force by a UN peacekeeping
operation always has political implications and can often give
rise to unforeseen circumstances.
 Judgments concerning its use need to be made at the
appropriate level within a mission, based on a combination of
factors including mission capability; public perceptions;
humanitarian impact; force protection; safety and security of
personnel; and, most importantly, the effect that such action
will have on national and local consent for the mission.
 The first UN peacekeeping mission was
established in May 1948, when the Security
Council authorized the deployment of UN
military observers to the Middle East to
monitor the Armistice Agreement between
Israel and its Arab neighbours. Since then,
there have been a total of 63 UN
peacekeeping operations around the world.
 Current operations
◦ MINUJUSTH, Haiti
◦ MINURSO, Western Sahara
◦ MINUSCA, Central African Republic
◦ MINUSMA, Mali
◦ MONUSCO, D.R. of the Congo
◦ UNAMID, Darfur
◦ UNDOF, Golan
◦ UNFICYP, Cyprus
◦ UNIFIL, Lebanon
◦ UNISFA, Abyei
◦ UNMIK, Kosovo
◦ UNMISS, South Sudan
◦ UNMOGIP, India and Pakistan
◦ UNTSO, Middle East
 https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/where-we-operate
 How does it work?

◦ The Secretariat deploys a mission to the country.

◦ The mission analyzes and assesses the situation.

◦ The UN Secretary-General issues a report to the Security

Council.

◦ If the Security Council determines that it is necessary, it

will adopt a resolution.

◦ The Security Council can vote to extend, amend or end

mission mandates.
 Responsibility to Protect (R2P):

◦ 2001 report of the International Commission on

Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS).

◦ 2005 report “In larger freedom: towards development,

security and human rights for all”:

 1. The violence in question must include large-scale actual or

threatened loss of life or ethnic cleansing;
 2. The purpose of the intervention must be to prevent or halt
suffering;
 3. Military force must be the last resort;
 4. The means must be commensurate with the ends sought;
 5. And the intervention must have a reasonable prospect of
success.
 Responsibility to Protect (R2P):

◦ 2005 UN World Summit: "responsibility to protect

populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and
crimes against humanity."

◦ 2009 report “Implementing the Responsibility to Protect”:

 Pillar One: Every state has the responsibility to protect its

populations from mass atrocity crimes.

 Pillar Two: The international community has the responsibility to

encourage and assist states in meeting that responsibility.

 Pillar Three: If a state is manifestly failing to protect its

population, the international community must be prepared to
take appropriate collective action in accordance with the UN
Charter.
 Operations may therefore be authorized to use force
beyond self-defence for enforcement purposes.

 Chapter VII.

 Legally binding decisions.

 Operations do not necessarily require consent from the

host-nation or other parties to the conflict.

 Peace enforcement provides for offensive action.

 If the SC considers that there exists a threat to the
peace, breach of peace or act of aggression, there
are two possibilities:

◦ Article 41, the Council may:

 “decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are
to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call
upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such
measures.”

◦ And article 42 provides:

 “should the Security Council consider that measures provided

for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be
inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as
may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and
security.”
 Resolution 661 (1990): all states shall prevent

◦ (a) the import of all products and commodities originating

in Iraq or Kuwait;

◦ (b) any activities by their nationals or in their territories that

would promote the export of products originating in Iraq or
Kuwait, as well as the transfer of funds to either country for
the purposes of such activities;

◦ (c) the sale of weapons or other military equipment to Iraq

and Kuwait, excluding humanitarian aid;

◦ (d) the availability of funds or other financial or economic

resources to either country, or to any commercial, industrial
or public utility operating within them, except for medical
or humanitarian purposes.
 Resolution 757 (1992):

◦ Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,

◦ Decides that all States shall prevent:

 The import into their territories of all commodities and products originating in
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)…;

 Any activities by their nationals or in their territories which would promote or

are calculated to promote the export or trans-shipment of any commodities or
products originating in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro);

◦ Decides that all States shall not make available to the authorities in the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia or to any commercial, industrial or public utility
undertaking in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, any funds or any other financial
or economic resources and shall prevent their nationals and any persons within
their territories from removing from their territories or otherwise making available
to those authorities or to any such undertaking any such funds or resources and
from remitting any other funds to persons or bodies within the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), except payments exclusively for strictly
medical or humanitarian purposes and foodstuffs…;
 Resolution 1718 (2006) in the case of North
Korea:

◦ Decides that:

 (a) All Member States shall prevent the direct or indirect supply,
sale or transfer to the DPRK, through their territories or by their
nationals, or using their flag vessels or aircraft, and whether or
not originating in their territories, of:

 (i) Any battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, large calibre artillery
systems, combat aircraft, attack helicopters, warships, missiles or
missile systems as defined for the purpose of the United Nations
Register on Conventional Arms, or related materiel including spare
parts, or items as determined by the Security Council or the
Committee established by paragraph 12 below (the Committee);
 Resolution 748 (1992)

◦ Decides also that all States shall:

 (a) Significantly reduce the number and the level of the staff at
Libyan diplomatic missions and consular posts and restrict or
control the movement within their territory of all such staff who
remain; in the case of Libyan missions to international
organizations, the host State may, as it deems necessary,
consult the organization concerned on the measures required to
implement this subparagraph;

 (b) Prevent the operation of all Libyan Arab Airlines offices;

 (c) Take all appropriate steps to deny entry to or expel Libyan

nationals who have been denied entry to or expelled from other
States because of their involvement in terrorist activities;
 Res. 995 (1994) :

◦ Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United

Nations

◦ 1. Decides hereby, having received the request of the

Government of Rwanda (S/1994/1115), to establish an
international tribunal for the sole purpose of prosecuting
persons responsible for genocide and other serious
violations of international humanitarian law committed in
the territory of Rwanda and Rwandan citizens
responsible for genocide and other such violations
committed in the territory of neighbouring States,
between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994 and to
this end to adopt the Statute of the International
Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda annexed hereto
 Article 42
◦ Should the Security Council consider that
measures provided for in Article 41 would be
inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it
may take such action by air, sea, or land forces
as may be necessary to maintain or restore
international peace and security. Such action
may include demonstrations, blockade, and
other operations by air, sea, or land forces of
Members of the United Nations.
 Resolution 1973/2011

 Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,

◦ 1. Demands the immediate establishment of a cease-fire and a complete end to violence

and all attacks against, and abuses of, civilians;

◦ 2. Stresses the need to intensify efforts to find a solution to the crisis which responds to
the legitimate demands of the Libyan people and notes the decisions of the Secretary-
General to send his Special Envoy to Libya and of the Peace and Security Council of the
African Union to send its ad hoc High Level Committee to Libya with the aim of facilitating
dialogue to lead to the political reforms necessary to find a peaceful and sustainable
solution;

◦ 3. Demands that the Libyan authorities comply with their obligations under international
law, including international humanitarian law, human rights and refugee law and take all
measures to protect civilians and meet their basic needs, and to ensure the rapid and
unimpeded passage of humanitarian assistance;

◦ 4. Authorizes Member States that have notified the Secretary-General, acting nationally
or through regional organizations or arrangements, and acting in cooperation with the
Secretary-General, to take all necessary measures, notwithstanding paragraph 9 of
resolution 1970 (2011), to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of
attack…
 The role of the General assembly. Resolution 377(V) “the Uniting
for peace resolution”:
◦ Proposal of the USA to elude the Russian vetoes concerning Korean war

◦ If the Security Council, because of lack of unanimity of the permanent

members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for the
maintenance of international peace and security in any case where
there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act
of aggression, the General Assembly shall consider the matter
immediately with a view to making appropriate recommendations to
Members for collective measures, including in the case of a breach of
the peace or act of aggression the use of armed force when
necessary, to maintain or restore international peace and security. If
not in session at the time, the General Assembly may meet in
emergency special session within twenty-four hours of the request
therefor. Such emergency special session shall be called if requested
by the Security Council on the vote of any seven [now nine] members,
or by a majority of the Members of the United Nations.
 An Agenda for Peace (1992):

◦ post-conflict peace building missions aim to “strengthen and solidify peace

in order to avoid a relapse into conflict”.

 Brahimi Report (2000):

◦ … activities undertaken on the far side of conflict to reassemble the
foundations of peace and provide the tools for building on those
foundations something that is more than just the absence of war. Thus,
peace-building includes but is not limited to reintegrating former
combatants into civilian society, strengthening the rule of law (for example,
through training and restructuring of local police, and judicial and penal
reform); improving respect for human rights through the monitoring,
education and investigation of past and existing abuses; providing technical
assistance for democratic development (including electoral assistance and
support for free media); and promoting conflict resolution and reconciliation
techniques.

◦ Essential complements to effective peacebuilding include support for the

fight against corruption, the implementation of humanitarian demining
programmes, education and control, and action against other infectious
diseases.
 Statement by the President of the Security Council
(2001):

◦ The Security Council recognized that “peacebuilding is

aimed at preventing the outbreak, the recurrence or the
continuation of armed conflict and therefore encompasses
a wide range of political, development, humanitarian and
human rights programmes and mechanisms. This requires
short and long-term actions tailored to address the
particular needs of societies sliding into conflict or
emerging from it. These actions should focus on fostering
sustainable institutions and processes in areas such as
sustainable development, the eradication of poverty and
inequalities, transparent and accountable governance, the
promotion of democracy, respect for human rights and
the rule of law and the promotion of a culture of peace
and non-violence”.
 UN Peacebuilding Architecture

◦ United Nations Peacebuilding Commission: intergovernmental

advisory body that supports peace efforts in conflict affected
countries and is a key addition to the capacity of the International
Community in the broad peace agenda.

 to bring together all relevant actors to marshal resources and to advise on

and propose integrated strategies for post-conflict peacebuilding and
recovery;

 to focus attention on the reconstruction and institution-building efforts

necessary for recovery from conflict and to support the development of
integrated strategies to lay the foundation for sustainable development;

 to provide recommendations and information to improve the coordination

of all relevant actors within and outside the UN, to develop best practices,
to help to ensure predictable financing for early recovery activities and to
extend the period of attention given by the international community to
postconflict.
 UN Peacebuilding Architecture

◦ Peacebuilding Fund. Is the organization’s financial instrument of

first resort to sustain peace in countries or situations at risk or
affected by violent conflict.

 Activities to respond to imminent threats to the peace process, support

for the implementation of peace agreements and political dialogue;

 Activities to build and/or strengthen national capacities to promote

coexistence and peaceful resolution of conflict and to carry out
peacebuilding activities;

 Activities undertaken in support of efforts to revitalize the economy and

generate immediate peace dividends for the population at large;

 Establishment or re-establishment of essential administrative services and

related human and technical capacities.
 UN Peacebuilding Architecture

◦ Peacebuilding Support Office. It supports the work of

the Commission. Helps to sustain peace by fostering
international support for nationally owned and led
peacebuilding efforts.
 Decision of the Secretary-General, May 2007.
Peacebuilding as:

◦ “A range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of

lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening
national capacities at all levels for conflict
management, and to lay the foundation for
sustainable peace and development. Peacebuilding
strategies must be coherent and tailored to the
specific needs of the country concerned, based on
national ownership, and should comprise a carefully
prioritized, sequenced, and relatively narrow set of
activities aimed at achieving the above objectives.”
 2009 report of the Secretary-General. Priority
areas :

◦ 1.Support to basic safety and security.

◦ 2.Political processes.

◦ 3.Provision of basic services.

◦ 4.Restoration of core government functions.

◦ 5.Economic revitalization.
 2012 and 2018 report of the Secretary-
General. Link to millennium/sustainable
development goals:

◦ The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

contains the blueprint of the common vision of
society towards which the world is trying to move.
Inclusive and sustainable development not only is an
end in itself but also happens to be the best defense
against the risks of violent conflict.
 Resolution 2282 (2016) by the Security Council:

◦ Emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive approach to

sustaining peace, particularly through:

 prevention of conflict and addressing its root causes

 strengthening the rule of law at the international and national levels
 promoting sustained and sustainable economic growth
 poverty eradication
 social development
 sustainable development
 national reconciliation and unity including through inclusive dialogue and
mediation
 good governance, democracy, accountable institutions
 gender equality
 and respect for, and protection of, human rights and fundamental
freedoms…
 Sustainable peace requires four critical areas:

◦ a) Restoring the State’s ability to provide security and

maintain public order;

◦ b) Strengthening the rule of law and respect for human

rights;

◦ c) Supporting the emergence of legitimate political

institutions and participatory processes;

◦ d) Promoting social and economic recovery and

development, including the safe return or resettlement of
internally displaced persons and refugees uprooted by
conflict.
 PKO are part of some peacebuilding activities:

◦ DDR: Disarmament, Demobilization, Reinsertion, &

Reintegration;

◦ Mine action;

◦ Security sector reforms and other rule of law-related

activities;

◦ Protection and promotion human rights;

◦ Restoration and extension of State authority;

◦ Electoral assistance.
◦ http://www.peacebuildinginitiative.org/index-2.html
 Beijing Conference on Women. 1995
 The International Conference on Population
and Development. 1994
 The World Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD). Johannesburg 2002
TheEarth Charter
UNDP
UNCHR
UNESCO
OHCHR
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
 The OSCE traces its origins to the détente phase of
the early 1970s, when the Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) was created to serve
as a multilateral forum for dialogue and negotiation
between East and West. Meeting over two years in
Helsinki and Geneva, the CSCE reached agreement on
the Helsinki Final Act, which was signed on 1 August
1975. This document contained a number of key
commitments on polito-military, economic and
environmental and human rights issues that became
central to the so-called 'Helsinki process'. It also
established ten fundamental principles (the
'Decalogue') governing the behaviour of States
towards their citizens, as well as towards each other.
 Until 1990, the CSCE functioned mainly as a series of
meetings and conferences that built on and extended the
participating States' commitments, while periodically
reviewing their implementation. However, with the end of
the Cold War, the Paris Summit of November 1990 set the
CSCE on a new course. In the Charter of Paris for a New
Europe, the CSCE was called upon to play its part in
managing the historic change taking place in Europe and
responding to the new challenges of the post-Cold War
period, which led to its acquiring permanent institutions
and operational capabilities. As part of this
institutionalization process, the name was changed from
the CSCE to the OSCE by a decision of the Budapest
Summit of Heads of State or Government in December
1994.
 The OSCE traces its origins to the Cold War
détente of the early 1970s, when the
Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe (CSCE) was created to serve as a
multilateral forum for dialogue and
negotiation between East and West.
 What is OSCE?
 The OSCE works to prevent conflicts from arising
and to facilitate lasting comprehensive political
settlements of existing conflicts. It also promotes
peacebuilding and post-conflict rehabilitation. To
that end, it works with all relevant actors,
including partnering international and regional
organizations, such as the United Nations. The
OSCE is a key instrument for early warning,
conflict prevention and resolution, crisis
management and post-conflict rehabilitation,
also called the “conflict cycle”.
 The Organization’s main tools to address this
cycle include its network of field
operations and the Conflict Prevention
Centre (CPC). The CPC acts, for example, as
an OSCE-wide early warning focal point,
facilitates dialogue, supports mediation and
other conflict prevention and resolution
efforts.
*The activities of OSCE field operations in the area of
conflict prevention and resolution include:
 Capacity building for local actors aimed at reducing
potential drivers and sources of conflict;
 Facilitating exchanges between political and civic actors to
address conflict risks at the earliest possible stage;
 Assisting with dialogue facilitation, mediation and
confidence building activities between conflict-affected
societies and communities;
 Monitoring the security situation in OSCE participating
States;
 Assisting with confidence building;
 Supporting national crisis response plans.
 PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY
 HIGH COMMISSIONER ON NATIONAL
MINORITIES
 OFFICE FOR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND
HUMAN RIGHTS
 REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA
 COURT OF CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION
 MINSK GROUP
 SECRETARIAT
 The Court of Conciliation and Arbitration is
mandated to settle, by means of conciliation or
arbitration, disputes between States that are
submitted to it. The OSCE High Commissioner on
National Minorities strengthens the
Organization’s early warning and conflict
prevention capabilities by getting involved, at the
earliest possible stage, in participating States
where inter-ethnic tensions could lead to
conflict. The High Commissioner also works on
long-term conflict prevention activities, including
through the protection and promotion of the
rights of persons belonging to national
minorities.
 Security, Defense and Conflict
resolution

 Lesson 4: ICM. Conflict prevention (EU)

Prof. Adrián Fernández Sabido

1. EU Foreign & Security Policy
2. Creation of the EEAS
3. The EU's international roles
4. EU’s relations with Asia. Introduction
5. EU involvement in ASEM
6. ASEAN Regional Forum
7. EU Relations with South Asian Association for
Regional Co-operation (SAARC)
8. Other initiatives
 EUROPEAN COMMON FOREIGN & SECURITY POLICY (CFSP)

EU foreign and security policy, which has developed gradually over

many years, enables the EU to speak and act as one in world affairs.
Acting together gives the EU's 28 members far greater clout than
they would have if each pursued its own policies.
The 2009 Lisbon Treaty strengthened this policy area by creating
• the post of EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs & Security
• Policy the European External Action Service (EEAS) – the EU's
diplomatic corps.
 EUROPEAN COMMON FOREIGN & SECURITY POLICY (CFSP)

TITLE V (TEU) Arts. 21-41

GENERAL PROVISIONS ON THE UNION'S EXTERNAL ACTION AND SPECIFIC
PROVISIONS ON THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY

Article 21
1. The Union's action on the international scene shall be guided by the
principles which have inspired its own creation, development and
enlargement, and which it seeks to advance in the wider world: democracy,
the rule of law, the universality and indivisibility of human rights and
fundamental freedoms, respect for human dignity, the principles of equality
and solidarity, and respect for the principles of the United Nations Charter
and international law.
 EUROPEAN COMMON FOREIGN & SECURITY POLICY (CFSP)

Art. 25 TFEU
The Union shall conduct the common foreign and security policy by:
(a) defining the general guidelines;
(b) adopting decisions, defining:
(i) actions to be undertaken by the Union;
(ii) positions to be taken by the Union;
(iii) arrangements for the implementation of the decisions
referred to in points (i) and (ii);
and by
(c) strengthening systematic cooperation between Member States in
the conduct of policy.
 EUROPEAN COMMON FOREIGN & SECURITY POLICY (CFSP)

Peace & security

EU foreign and security policy seeks to
preserve peace & strengthen international security
promote international cooperation
develop & consolidate
• democracy
• the rule of law
• respect for human rights & fundamental freedoms.
 Diplomacy & partnership
 The EU is a key player on issues ranging from Iran's nuclear programme
and stabilising Somalia and the wider Horn of Africa to fighting global
warming. Its joint foreign and security policy, designed to resolve conflicts
and foster international understanding, is based on diplomacy; trade,
humanitarian aid, security and defence often play a complementary role.
 As the world's largest donor of development finance, the EU is uniquely
placed for cooperation with developing countries.
 The sheer demographic and economic weight of the 28-nation bloc makes
it a major power. It is the world’s biggest trader, with the world’s second
currency, the euro. The trend towards joint foreign policy decisions
strengthens its arm.
 The EU maintains partnerships with the world's key players, including
emerging powers. It seeks to ensure that these relationships are based on
mutual interests and benefits. The EU holds regular summits with Canada,
China, India, Japan, Russia and the United States. Its international relations
encompass:
 Education the environment, security & defence, crime, human rights.
EUROPEAN FOREIGN & SECURITY POLICY. Decision-making

The EU's ultimate decision-making body is the

European Council, which comprises heads of state
and government from the bloc's 28 countries. It
meets 4 times a year to define policy principles and
general guidelines.

Most foreign and security policy decisions require

the agreement of all EU countries.
The role of the External Action Service (EEAS) is to
support the High Representative. It acts as the EU's
diplomatic service. A network of over 139
Delegations and Offices around the world promotes
and protects Europe's values and interests.
EUROPEAN FOREIGN & SECURITY POLICY. Decision-making

High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and

Security Policy / Vice-President of the Commission

The High Representative's role is to

make EU foreign and security policy
more consistent. She chairs the
monthly meeting of the Foreign
Affairs Council (comprising the EU's
28 Foreign Ministers). She also
attends the European Council and
reports on foreign affairs issues.
Federica Mogherini
EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ACTION

https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/
headquarters-homepage_en
 EU foreign and security policy, which has
developed gradually over many years, enables the
EU to speak and act as one in world affairs. Acting
together gives the EU's 28 members far greater
clout than they would have if each pursued its own
policies.
 The 2009 Lisbon Treaty strengthened this policy
area by creating
◦ the post of EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs &
Security Policy
◦ the European External Action Service (EEAS) – the EU's
diplomatic corps.
➢ Peace & security
 EU foreign and security policy seeks to
◦ preserve peace & strengthen international
security
◦ promote international cooperation
◦ develop & consolidate
 democracy
 the rule of law
 respect for human rights & fundamental freedoms.
➢ Diplomacy & partnership
 The EU is a key player on issues ranging from Iran's nuclear
programme and stabilising Somalia and the wider Horn of
Africa to fighting global warming. Its joint foreign and
security policy, designed to resolve conflicts and foster
international understanding, is based on diplomacy; trade,
humanitarian aid, security and defense often play a
complementary role.
 As the world's largest donor of development finance, the EU
is uniquely placed for cooperation with developing countries.
 The sheer demographic and economic weight of the 28-
nation bloc makes it a major power. It is the world’s biggest
trader, with the world’s second currency, the euro. The trend
towards joint foreign policy decisions strengthens its arm.
 The EU maintains partnerships with the world's key
players, including emerging powers. It seeks to
ensure that these relationships are based on
mutual interests and benefits. The EU holds regular
summits with Canada, China, India, Japan, Russia
and the United States. Its international relations
encompass:
◦ education
◦ the environment
◦ security & defense
◦ crime
◦ human rights.
➢ Peacekeeping missions
 The EU has sent peacekeeping missions to
several of the world’s trouble spots. In August
2008, it helped broker a ceasefire between
Georgia and Russia, deployed EU observers to
monitor the situation (EU monitoring mission in
Georgia) and provided humanitarian aid to
people displaced by the fighting.
 In Kosovo, a strong police and justice force
(EULEX Kosovo) is in place to help ensure law
and order.
 The means to intervene
 The EU has no standing army. Instead, under its
common security and defense policy (CSDP), it
relies on ad hoc forces contributed by EU countries
for:
◦ joint disarmament operations
◦ humanitarian & rescue tasks
◦ military advice & assistance
◦ conflict prevention & peacekeeping
◦ crisis management, e.g. peacemaking & post-conflict
stabilisation.
Since 2003 the EU has carried out some 30 civilian missions and
military operations on 3 continents. They have all been
responses to crises:
 post-tsunami peace-building in Indonesia

 protecting refugees in Mali & the Central African Republic

 fighting piracy off Somalia and the Horn of Africa.

The EU now plays an important role as a security provider.

Since January 2007, the EU has been able to carry out rapid-
response operations with 2 concurrent single-battle groups,
each comprising 1500 soldiers. If necessary, 2 operations can be
launched almost simultaneously. Deployment decisions are
taken by national ministers from EU countries meeting in the
Council of the EU.
1. EU Foreign & Security Policy
2. Creation of the EEAS
3. The EU's international roles
4. EU’s relations with Asia. Introduction
5. EU involvement in ASEM
6. ASEAN Regional Forum
7. EU Relations with South Asian Association for
Regional Co-operation (SAARC)
8. Other initiatives
The Lisbon Treaty also laid out the way the Service
would be created:
"The organization and functioning of the European External
Action Service shall be established by a decision of the Council.
The Council shall act on a proposal from the High
Representative after consulting the European Parliament and
after obtaining the consent of the Commission.“
In 2010 some important steps were taken. On 25 March
the High Representative sent the Council a proposal on the
establishment of the EEAS.
The importance of the EEAS was also clear:
"It will help strengthen the European Union on the global
stage, give it more profile, and enable it to project its
interests and values more efficiently.“
On 26 July 2010 the Council of the European Union
adopted a decision that confirmed the proposal of the
High Representative, with the European Parliament's
amendments. The decision was effective immediately.
The EEAS was officially launched on 1 January 2011.
1. EU Foreign & Security Policy
2. Creation of the EEAS
3. The EU's international roles
4. EU’s relations with Asia. Introduction
5. EU involvement in ASEM
6. ASEAN Regional Forum
7. EU Relations with South Asian Association for
Regional Co-operation (SAARC)
8. Other initiatives
 Contributor to peace
 A responsible neighbour
 Development partner
 Human rights policy
◦ The EU's Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR)
• Partner to the United Nations
• Contributing to global security
• Crisis Response & Humanitarian Aid
• Advocate of action on climate change
• Trading bloc
• An expanding union:The EU now counts 28 Members. Since 1957, when the EU's forerunner formed
with six countries, the EU has expanded significantly, with the largest increases occurring after the fall of communism in
Central and Eastern Europe
1. EU Foreign & Security Policy
2. Creation of the EEAS
3. The EU's international roles
4. EU’s relations with Asia. Introduction
5. EU involvement in ASEM
6. ASEAN Regional Forum
7. EU Relations with South Asian Association for
Regional Co-operation (SAARC)
8. Other initiatives
 The emergence of Asia is of global
significance. Getting EU relations right with
this diverse and dynamic region is one of the
major challenges facing Europe.
 The EU are deepening its strategic partnerships with China, India,
and Japan and negotiations are well underway on new partnership
and free trade agreements with South Korea and with south-east
Asian countries. Regular and wide-ranging dialogue takes place,
leading to cooperation and convergence on global issues, regional
security questions as well as regulatory policy and other economic
issues. Many agreements in fields ranging from tourism to nuclear
research are either in place or under discussion.
➢ Asia comprises high-income industrialized
partners and dynamic emerging economies but is
also home to two thirds of the world's
poor. Development cooperation therefore remains
high on the EU's agenda with Asia, and more than
five billion euros have been allocated to Asia by the
Regional Asia MIP* 2014-2020. Policies are being
put in place jointly to address common challenges,
such as climate change, sustainable development,
security and stability, governance and human
rights, as well as the prevention of, and response
to natural and human disasters.
*Multiannual indicative programme
 The EU is stepping up its support to regional
integration through the Asia-Europe Meeting
(ASEM), and intensifying cooperation with the
Association of South-East Asia Nations
(ASEAN), the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
and the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC).
 Mogherini attends the 13th ASEM in Myanmar
1. EU Foreign & Security Policy
2. Creation of the EEAS
3. The EU's international roles
4. EU’s relations with Asia. Introduction
5. EU involvement in ASEM
6. ASEAN Regional Forum
7. EU Relations with South Asian Association for
Regional Co-operation (SAARC)
8. Other initiatives
 Asia matters – for Europe. And Europe
matters – for Asia.
 It is with this simple premise in mind that the Asia-
Europe Meeting (ASEM) was created in 1996 and
why it has since become a key forum for dialogue
and cooperation between Europe and Asia, with an
ever-growing number of partners involved. ASEM
currently has 53 partners (more than double the
original 26 in 1996) and represents nearly 60% of
the world’s GDP and more than 60% of the world’s
population.
 http://www.aseminfoboard.org/about
 The origins of ASEM lie in the recognition, in both Asia and
Europe, that the relationship between the two regions needs
to be strengthened.
 In July 1994, the European Commission published a
Communication entitled «Towards a New Strategy for Asia»,
stressing the importance of modernizing the EU’s relationship
with Asia and of reflecting properly its political, economic and
cultural significance. The Commission Communication of
September 2001 («Europe and Asia: A Strategic Framework
for Enhanced Partnerships») reaffirmed this objective.
 ASEM is an open and evolutionary process; its enlargement is
conducted on the basis of consensus by leaders. The ASEM
family has grown consistently since its creation.
➢ ASEM at work:
 Every two years, ASEM Heads of State and
Government meet to set ASEM's priorities. They are
also attended by the Presidents of the European
Council and of the European Commission, and the
ASEAN Secretary General. These Summits are held
alternatively in Asia and Europe and serve as the
highest level of decision-making in the ASEM
process.
 In the years between the summits, a meeting of the
ASEM Ministers of Foreign Affairs (ASEM FMM)
traditionally takes place to provide further
momentum to ASEM cooperation and dialogue.
➢ ASEM is based on three pillars:
 The Political Pillar which addresses issues including the fight
against terrorism, a common response to international
security threats, global environmental issues, management of
migratory flows, human rights, welfare of women and
children, etc.
 The Economic and Financial Pillar to promote growth and
employment, enhancing cooperation on global financial
issues, dialogue in priority industrial sectors, fostering
connectivity between the two regions, etc.
 The Social, Cultural, Intellectual Pillar which ensures a wide
range of enhanced contacts and dialogue between the two
regions on topics such as education, social protection and
employment, and co-operation on the protection of cultural
heritage.
 The Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF) was
established within ASEM in order to promote
greater mutual understanding between Asia and
Europe through intellectual, cultural and people-
to-people exchanges.
 The EU makes a substantial financial contribution
to the Trans-Eurasia Information Network (TEIN)
which was launched at the 2rd ASEM Summit in
2000 and provides a large-scale research and
education data-communications network for the
Asia-Pacific region.
1. EU Foreign & Security Policy
2. Creation of the EEAS
3. The EU's international roles
4. EU’s relations with Asia. Introduction
5. EU involvement in ASEM
6. ASEAN Regional Forum
7. EU Relations with South Asian Association for
Regional Co-operation (SAARC)
8. Other initiatives
➢ The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was established
by the Foreign Ministers of the Association of South
East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1993 and held its
first meeting in 1994. The ARF objective is to foster
constructive dialogue and consultation on political
and security issues of common interest and
concern; and to make significant contributions to
efforts towards confidence-building and preventive
diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific region. It is the only
political and security dialogue forum in the Asia-
Pacific in which the EU participates.
 The ARF has 27 participants: the ten ASEAN
countries (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam),
plus seventeen dialogue partners (Australia,
Bangladesh, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan,
DPRK, Republic of Korea, Mongolia, New
Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russian
Federation, Sri Lanka, Timor Leste, USA).
➢ In 2009, the ARF Ministers adopted the ARF
Vision Statement (and in 2010 a Hanoi Plan of
Action to implement this Vision) which foresees
the ARF as a central pillar in the evolving
regional-security architecture by 2020 with
ASEAN as a primary driving force. The ARF
should move from confidence-building
measures via the development of preventive
diplomacy towards the ultimate goal of
conflict-resolution and on the way develop
cooperation on non-traditional security
challenges.
 The ARF conducts four Inter-Sessional
Meetings (ISM) annually that represent focus
areas of the forum: ISMs on Counter-
Terrorism and Transnational Crime, on
Disaster Relief, on Maritime Security, and on
Non-Proliferation and Disarmament. Other
ad-hoc expert meetings (seminars,
workshops, training) deal with various
"non-traditional security issues". There are
also meetings of heads of defence colleges
and a yearly Security Policy Conference
➢ The EU for the inter-sessional year 2015-16 offers the
following initiatives in the ARF framework:
 workshop on CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear
defense) risk mitigation (EU together with the Philippines,
Sep 2015);
 training on Preventive Diplomacy (EU and Indonesia,
November 2015);
 workshop on cyber CBMs (Confidende Building Mesures) and
incident management (NL on behalf of EU and Malaysia);
 and – for the first time ever - co-chairmanship –
together with Cambodia - of the ISM oncounter-
terrorism and transnational crime issues.
 On 22 June 2015, the Council welcomed the
Joint HR/VP-Commission Communication:
'The EU and ASEAN: a partnership with a
strategic purpose' that follows the guidance
and decisions of the 20th ASEAN-EU
Ministerial Meeting held in Brussels in July
2014 and sets out priority areas for the EU's
engagement, including with the ARF and
security and defence related fora by ASEAN.
1. EU Foreign & Security Policy
2. Creation of the EEAS
3. The EU's international roles
4. EU’s relations with Asia. Introduction
5. EU involvement in ASEM
6. ASEAN Regional Forum
7. EU Relations with South Asian Association for
Regional Co-operation (SAARC)
8. Other initiatives
 SAARC is an economic and political regional
organization of countries in South Asia set up in 1985.
It aims to accelerate the process of economic and social
development in its member countries through increased
intra-regional cooperation. It has eight member
countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri-Lanka) and eight
observer status countries (China, the EU, Iran, Japan,
South Korea, Mauritius, Burma/Myanmar and the
US). The last SAARC Summit was held in 2010 in
Thimphu (Bhutan), with Bhutan becoming the SAARC
Chair. The Maldives will be chairing SAARC from 10-11
November, when the 17th Summit will take place in the
capital Male.
 The EU has observer status since 2006, and greatly
values co-operation and regional integration in South
Asia. The EU believes that it can help consolidate the
integration process through its economic influence in
the region, its own historical experience of economic
and trade integration and of dealing with diversity, and
its interest in crisis prevention. It is convinced that
SAARC could play a useful role in regional co-operation
and dialogue.
 Cooperation between the EU and SAARC seeks to
promote the harmonization of standards; facilitate
trade; raise awareness about the benefits of regional
cooperation; and promote business networking in the
SAARC area.
 Key Milestones:
 1996: European Commission and SAARC Secretariat
sign Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation
which has provided the background for technical
assistance on trade matters.
 1999: EU and SAARC agree to cooperate on improving
market access for SAARC products into EU, working
towards a cumulation of rules of origin for SAARC
products for exports to the EU, giving technical support
for the establishment of the South Asian Free Trade
Agreement and supporting the harmonization of SAARC
standards.
 2006: EU obtains SAARC Observer Status.
1. EU Foreign & Security Policy
2. Creation of the EEAS
3. The EU's international roles
4. EU’s relations with Asia. Introduction
5. EU involvement in ASEM
6. ASEAN Regional Forum
7. EU Relations with South Asian Association for
Regional Co-operation (SAARC)
8. Other initiatives
 The Eastern Partnership (EaP) is a joint
initiative involving the EU, its Member States
and six Eastern European Partners: Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, the Republic of
Moldova and Ukraine. It is a specific
dimension of the European Neighborhood
Policy.
➢ EU policymaking from the "Venice Declaration"
 The EU has set out its policy on the Middle East in a series of
high level public statements. The Venice Declaration of 1980
recognized the right to security and existence for all states in the
region including Israel, and the need to fulfil the legitimate
rights of the Palestinian people. The Berlin Declaration of 1999
included an explicit commitment to the creation of a Palestinian
state and to the recognition of a Palestinian state, when
appropriate. The Seville Declaration of June 2002 introduced
specific details of the final status solution, as set out above.
 The EU – with the UN, the US and the Russian Federation – is a
member of the 'Quartet' which in 2002 launched a ‘road map for
peace’ aimed at resolving the conflict. The EU has welcomed the
Arab Peace Initiative as a significant contribution from the Arab
countries.
 Negotiations of a comprehensive EU-China investment
agreement were formally launched at the EU-China Summit of
21 November 2013 in Beijing. The aim of this agreement is to
remove market access barriers to investment and provide a
high level of protection to investors and investments in EU and
China markets. It will replace the 26 existing Bilateral
Investment Treaties between 27 individual EU Member States
and China by one single comprehensive investment Agreement.
 In 2016 the EU and China negotiators reached clear
conclusions on an ambitious and comprehensive scope for the
EU-China investment agreement and established a joint
negotiating text.
 The 14th round of negotiations took place in Brussels the week
of 11 July 2017
 EU PREVENTIVE POLICY TOWARDS
AFRICA
Rethinking the EU’s approach towards North Africa and the Middle East
(MENA)

The positive human energy unleashed by the 2011

Arab uprisings has given way to a wave of upheavals
in the region, featuring collapsing states, thriving
terrorist networks, burgeoning transnational crime,
millions of refugees, and intolerable violence. All
this, too, is
happening at our doorstep, just a few kilometres
from our shores.
Rethinking the EU’s approach towards North Africa and the Middle East (MENA)

The most immediate task is that of stemming the tide of

terrorists
and criminal networks by enhancing the coherence between
internal and external security policies. We also have to address
the humanitarian crises in war-torn and refugee-hosting
countries through humanitarian assistance, asylum policies
and development cooperation. In doing so, we must insist on
the full application of international humanitarian law, the
protection of civilians and the respect of human rights in
conflict situations.
Our diplomatic, economic, migration, asylum and security
policies need to account for the deep connections between
Europe’s southern neighbors and their neighbors in the Gulf
and sub-Saharan Africa in order to help put out the fires
ravaging the region, from Libya to Syria, and Iraq to Yemen.
Rethinking the EU’s approach towards North Africa and the Middle East (MENA)

But the biggest challenge is reminding ourselves that stability

is no substitute for sustainability and that the root causes
of resentment – from repression and deprivation to the ‘old’
Israeli-Palestinian conflict – have deepened across the region.
We need to devise policies that, without preaching, support
human dignity, social inclusiveness, political responsiveness,
educational modernization and the rule of law across the
region. In this respect, devising tailor-made policies in the
fields of economic development, social protection and youth
inclusion, as well as political accountability, justice and security
is key. Equally important is to encourage inclusive and rules-
bound reconciliation in old and new conflicts embedded within
a new regional security architecture in the wider Middle Eastern
space.
Redefining our relationship with Africa

As in large parts of the MENA region, poverty, food insecurity,

ill-governance and conflict continue to plague parts of Africa
today. But Africa is also a continent of opportunity and
growth, rich in natural resources and agricultural potential.
Representative and accountable government is becoming
more the norm, and the call for strong institutions, not strong
men, is reflected in increasingly credible, albeit in some cases
contested, elections.
In a world in which key universal values are being questioned,
Africa’s potential is significant. The secret of success in Africa
lies in triggering a virtuous circle in the development-security
migration nexus, bearing in mind the tight interconnections
between North and sub-Saharan Africa, as well as between the
Horn and the Persian Gulf.
Redefining our relationship with Africa

For the EU, Africa has a huge potential for trade, energy and
investment,
which at the same time is what the continent needs. Likewise,
while Europe is facing a daunting demographic predicament, Africa
is living through a youth bulge which is expected to persist for most
of this century. The resulting equilibrium between demand and
supply of migratory forces could either benefit both continents or
generate economic strain and political unrest. The EU can help
unlock Africa’s potential by developing the right mix of migration,
mobility and integration policies; by bolstering security cooperation
with the UN, the African Union and other African partners; by
supporting education and sustainable development; by bridging fair
trade and economic integration objectives; and by favoring
sustainable agriculture and green growth
Redefining our relationship with Africa

This can drive Africa’s entrepreneurial

spirit, and unleash faster, more balanced and
sustainable growth while offering more attractive
prospects than those provided by other external
players. The post-2015 agenda and the 2015
global climate deal could help the EU establish a
fairer partnership with Africa, together with a
revised post-2020 EU-ACP Partnership.
JOINT AFRICA-EU STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

The joint Africa-EU strategy was adopted in 2007

as the formal channel for EU relations with African
countries. This strategy was agreed by the African
Union and EU institutions, as well as by African and
EU countries.
It is implemented through periodical action plans.
In 2014, EU and African countries agreed on the
roadmap for 2014-2017. This roadmap sets out
five key priorities and areas for joint action.
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-
africa/
THREE REGIONAL STRATEGIES

The Council has adopted three

regional strategies for the:
Horn of Africa
Gulf of Guinea
Sahel
HORN OF AFRICA

The Horn of Africa, a region in East Africa , has faced repetitive

droughts over the past years, causing a severe humanitarian crisis.
In 2011, the EU adopted a strategic framework for the Horn of Africa.
It outlines the action to be taken by the EU to help the people of the
region achieve peace, stability, security, prosperity and accountable
government.
Strategic framework for the Horn of Africa, November 2011
The strategic framework has led among other things to:
the supporting Horn of Africa resilience initiative (SHARE) (2012)
the action plan on counter-terrorism for the Horn of Africa and
Yemen (2013)
SHARE - Horn of Africa (European Commission)
EU counter-terrorism action plan for the Horn of Africa and Yemen
In 2015, the Council adopted the Horn of Africa regional action plan
2015-2020. This defines the EU's approach for addressing key issues
throughout the region.
Countries in the region of the Gulf of Guinea are facing growing
instability due to a lack of control over coastal waters and the coast
itself.
As a result of this, criminal activity is on the rise, such as:
trafficking of drugs, human beings, arms, diamonds, counterfeit
medicines, illegal waste, etc.
piracy and armed robbery at sea, oil theft, illegal fishing
In March 2014, the Council adopted a strategy on the Gulf of
Guinea. This describes how the EU can help countries in the region
tackle these challenges and strengthen their maritime capabilities,
the rule of law and effective governance.
EU strategy on the Gulf of Guinea
A year later, in March 2015, the Council adopted the Gulf of Guinea
action plan 2015-2020. This outlines the EU's support to address
the challenges of maritime security and organised crime in the
region.
Sahel Region

➢ The EU supports the Sahel countries – Burkina

Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger in areas
issues of shared interest such as security,
migration, terrorism, the humanitarian situation
and long term development.
➢ The Sahel region faces a number of pressing
challenges such as extreme poverty, frequent
food crises, high population growth rates,
institutional weaknesses, irregular migration and
related crimes such as trafficking in human
beings and migrant smuggling. Violent
extremism also poses serious security challenges
to the region and have potential spill-over effects
outside the region, including Europe.
Sahel Region

 The key points of EEAS Sahel are:

• Sahel Strategy
• Sahel Regional Action Plan (RAP)
• EU Special Representative for the Sahel
• Missions under the Common Security and Defence
Policy (CSDP)
• EU-G5 Sahel – a strengthened partnership
• EU development cooperation
• Humanitarian assistance
 https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-
homepage/4094/sahel-region_en
  The EU-Africa partnership is developed through formal dialogues
at various levels:
• EU-Africa summits, at the level of heads of state or government,
are held in principle every three years
• ministerial-level (or 'troika') meetings, held regularly, gather
representatives from African and EU countries, the African Union
Commission, and EU institutions, including the Council of the EU
• commission-to-commission meetings
 The fifth African Union - EU summit will take place on 29-30
November 2017 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Investing in youth will
be the theme of the summit, as this has become a key priority
for Europe as well as for Africa.
 5th African Union - EU Summit, 29-30/11/2017
 In 2014, the fourth African Union - EU summit brought together
more than 60 EU and African leaders to discuss the future of EU-
Africa relations and reinforce links between the two continents.
 AU-EU summit in Brussels - 2-3 April 2014
 EASO FRONTEX

EUROPEAN ASYLUM SUPPORT OFFICE

http://frontex.europa.eu/

https://www.easo.europa.eu/
 EASO FRONTEX

Towards Frontex
Since 1999 the European Council on Justice and Home Affairs has taken
several steps towards strengthen cooperation in the area of migration,
asylum and security.
In the border management field this led to the creation of the External
Border Practitioners Common Unit - a group composed of members of the
Strategic Committee on Immigration, Frontiers and Asylum (SCIFA) and heads
of national border control services.
The Common Unit coordinated national projects of Ad-Hoc Centres on
Border Control. Their task was to oversee EU-wide pilot projects and
common operations related to border management.
 EASO FRONTEX

There were seven ad-hoc centres:

1. Risk Analysis Centre (Helsinki, Finland)
2. Centre for Land Borders (Berlin, Germany)
3. Air Borders Centre (Rome, Italy)
4. Western Sea Borders Centre (Madrid, Spain)
5. Ad-hoc Training Centre for Training (Traiskirchen,
Austria)
6. Centre of Excellence (Dover, United Kingdom)
7. Eastern Sea Borders Centre (Piraeus, Greece)
 EASO FRONTEX

There were seven ad-hoc centres:

1. Risk Analysis Centre (Helsinki, Finland)
2. Centre for Land Borders (Berlin, Germany)
3. Air Borders Centre (Rome, Italy)
4. Western Sea Borders Centre (Madrid, Spain)
5. Ad-hoc Training Centre for Training (Traiskirchen,
Austria)
6. Centre of Excellence (Dover, United Kingdom)
7. Eastern Sea Borders Centre (Piraeus, Greece)
 EASO FRONTEX

Promoting the participation

of Jordan in the work of EASO
as well as the participation
of Tunisia and Morocco in the
work of EASO and Frontex
 EASO FRONTEX

EU EMERGENCY TRUST FUND

FOR AFRICA
TRUST FUND FOR STABILITY AND ADDRESSING ROOT CAUSES
OF IRREGULAR MIGRATION AND DISPLACED PERSONS IN AFRICA

The Emergency Trust Fund for Africa complements the long-

standing and comprehensive partnership that European Union
and Africa enjoy together. Established at the Valletta Summit on
Migration in November
2015, the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa was created to
address the root causes of instability, forced displacement and
irregular migration and to contribute to better migration
management. The Valletta Summit brought together European
and African Heads of State and Government in an effort to
strengthen cooperation and
address the current challenges but also the opportunities of
migration.
 EASO FRONTEX

The EU Trust Fund for Africa benefits a wide range of African

countries that encompas the major migration routes
to Europe. These countries are among the most fragile and effected
by the migration crisis and will draw the gratest
benefit from EU assistance. Eligible countries are:

• Sahel region and Lake Chad: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Ivory
Coast, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,
Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal.
• Horn of Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South
Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.
• North of Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt.
Military and civilian missions and operations
THE EXTERNAL ACTION OF THE EESC:THE AFRICAN, CARIBBEAN AND
PACIFIC COUNTRIES (ACP) AND THE EU-AFRICA STRATEGY

The European Union is concerned with the effect of Somali-

based piracy and armed robbery at sea off the Horn of Africa
and in the Western Indian Ocean. Somali-based piracy
As a result, and as part of its Comprehensive Approach to
Somalia, the EU launched the European Union Naval Force
Somalia - Operation Atalanta in December 2008 within the
framework of the European Common Security and Defence
Policy (CSDP) and in accordance with relevant UN Security
Council Resolutions (UNSCR) and International Law.
THE EXTERNAL ACTION OF THE EESC:THE AFRICAN, CARIBBEAN AND
PACIFIC COUNTRIES (ACP) AND THE EU-AFRICA STRATEGY

Mandate
Under EU Council Joint Action 851, which is based on various
UN resolutions, Operation Atalanta:
Protects vessels of the World Food Programme (WFP)
Deters and disrupts piracy and armed robbery at sea
Monitors fishing activities off the coast of Somalia
Supports other EU missions and international
organisations working to strengthen maritime security
and capacity in the region
On 28 November 2016 the Council of the EU extended the
Mandate of Operation Atalanta until December 2018.
 Africa needs the same as everyone:
minimum levels of security; respect of
human rights and democratic rules; and
poverty eradication. And on that to build
institutionality
 Security: there is the growing role of our Armed
Forces and Security missions in Africa. A recent
example is GAR SI Sahel (Groupes d’Action Rapides –
Surveillance et Intervention), an European project led by
our Civil Guard. We will deploy more than 500 civil
guards to train their counterparts in those five
countries.
Conclusion: it depends on us. We rarely have the
opportunity to recognize the crossroads of
History. Habitually many years pass until
historians manage to point out the precise
moment in which the things could have been
otherwise. Today we know
the historical challenge that Africa pose in the
coming years. It is up to us to collaborate
decisively so that Africa will persevere in its
efforts and will become a continent of
opportunities, dynamism, growth, stability,
democracy and prosperity.
OPERATION SOPHIA

https://www.operationsophia.eu/
 Shared Awareness and De-confliction in the
Mediterranean (SHADE MED) is a forum where
representatives from nations and
organizations interested in or impacted by
the migratory phenomenon in the
Mediterranean basin can meet to deconflict
and coordinate their Maritime Security
Operations (MSO) by sharing situational
awareness, assessment of the evolution of
trends and best practices.
 The European Defence Agency
(EDA) supports its 27 Member
States in improving their
defence capabilities through
European cooperation. Acting
as an enabler and facilitator
https://www.eda.e for Ministries of Defence
uropa.eu/home
willing to engage in
collaborative capability
projects, the Agency has
become the ‘hub’ for
European defence cooperation
with expertise and networks
allowing it to cover the whole
spectrum.
 Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO)
 Coordinated Annual Review on Defence
(CARD)
 Capability Development Plan (CDP)
 Preparatory Action on Defence Research
(PADR)
OTHER MEANS OF WORKING FOR PEACE
San Francisco Javier
Far Eastern lands knew the figure of Christ
and thousands of his people followed Him
thanks to the superhuman apostolic effort of
Javier, supported by the Portuguese crown
and animated by the breath of the papacy.
The difficulties of the communications were
the cause of which the news of its death
arrived at Rome with three years of delay.
When he caressed the dream of entering
China, on the island of Sancian, inside a hut
of branches and clay, sick with pneumonia,
Javier died when he was only forty-six years
old.
He was canonized on March 12, 1622
together with Ignacio de Loyola, Felipe Neri,
Teresa de Jesus and the saint of Madrid,
(1506-1552) Isidro.
Pope Francis cries in
meeting with
Rohingyas in
Bangladesh
With the
Missionaries of
Charity
of Saint Teresa
of Calcuta
 “Dear brothers and sisters, all of us are close to
you. There is little that we can do because your tragedy
is so great. But let us make room in our heart. In the
name of everyone, of those who persecute you, of those
who have wronged you, above all for the indifference of
the world, I ask your forgiveness. Forgiveness. So many
of you have told me about the Bangladesh’s big heart
that has welcomed you. Now I appeal to your big heart,
that it can grant us the forgiveness we seek…”
 http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2017/dece
mber/documents/papa-francesco_20171201_viaggioapostolico-
bangladesh-
pace.html#Remarks_of_the_Holy_Father_to_the_Group_of_Rohingy
a_Refugees_
Salva Kiir and Riek Machar: Riek Machar, from
ranks partner of Salva Kiir to his biggest
opponent https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jc
R6mXfXqME
 In the heart of Africa - with Africa in the
heart
Son of poor peasants, he became the first
Bishop of Central Africa and one of the
greatest missionaries in the history of the
Church.
After a journey of four months the
missionary expedition that includes Comboni
reaches Khartoum, capital of the Sudan. The
impact of this first face-to-face encounter
with Africa is tremendous, Daniel is
immediately made aware of the multiple
difficulties that are part of his new mission.
But labours, unbearable climate, sickness,
the deaths of several of his young fellow-
missionaries, the poverty and dereliction of
Biography the population, only serve to drive him
forward, never dreaming of giving up what
he has taken on with such great enthusiasm.