Menoufia University Final Term Exam

Faculty of Electronic Engineering Date: 8 / 4 / 2021

Industrial Electronics and Control Eng. Exam Type: Written
Course: Power Electronics No. of Exam Pages: 3
Course Field: Specialization Requirements No. of Exam Questions: 6
Academic Level: Second Year, 1st Semester Exam Marks: 70 Marks
Academic Year: 2020 / 2021 Exam Time: 3 Hours
Course Code: ACE 216 From 10:00 AM to 1:00 PM

Answer Model
Part – 1:
Question – 1: For the circuit shown in Figure 1,
a) What the function of the circuit?
b) Determine the peak value of the output voltage.
c) Determine the average and rms current of the diode.
d) If a battery of 10 V is connected in series with the load resistance 𝑅𝐿 , sketch the
circuit current and derive an expression for the average battery current.
e) If the reverse recovery time of the diode is 6 µs, and the rate of fall of the diode
current is 80 A/µs, determine the storage charge Q RR and the peak reverse current IRR
if the softness factor is SF = 1.

Figure 1 [15 Marks]

Solution
a. The circuit is a single-phase half-wave uncontrolled rectifier.
b. The peak value of the output voltage:
𝑉𝑃(𝑃𝑟𝑖) = 𝑉𝑃(𝑖𝑛) = 170 𝑉
The peak secondary voltage is:
𝑉𝑃(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 𝑛 𝑉𝑃(𝑃𝑟𝑖) = 0.5 ∗ 170 = 85 𝑉
The rectified peak value of the output voltage is:

Page 1 of 6
 𝑉𝑃(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑉𝑃(𝑠𝑒𝑐) − 𝑉𝐷 = 85 − 0.7
= 84.3 𝑉

c. The average current of the diode:

1 𝑇
𝐼𝐷(𝐷𝐶) = ∫0 𝑖𝐷 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑇
1 𝜋
∫ 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 0 𝑚
𝐼𝑚
𝐼𝐷(𝐷𝐶) = [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡]𝜋0
2𝜋
𝐼𝑚
= [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0]
2𝜋
𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑃
𝐼𝐷(𝐷𝐶) = [−(−1) + 1] = = =
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋𝑅
84.3
= 26.83 𝑚𝐴
𝜋∗1∗103

The rms current of the diode:

2𝜋 𝜋
1 1
𝐼𝐷(𝑅𝑀𝑆) = √ ∫ 𝑖𝑜2 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = √ ∫ 𝐼𝑚
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 2𝜋
0 0

1
∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃)
2
2
𝐼𝑚 1 𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑃 84.3
∴ 𝐼𝐷(𝑅𝑀𝑆) = √ [(𝜋 − 0) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0)] = = =
4𝜋 2 2 2𝑅 2 ∗ 1 ∗ 103

= 42.15 𝑚𝐴

d. If a battery of 10 volt is connected in series with the load resistance R L,

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The circuit current i(𝜃):

An expression for the average battery current:

-Application of Kirchhoff's voltage law results in
𝑅 𝑖(𝜃) + 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜃)
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑏
∴ 𝑖(𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) −
𝑅 𝑅
-The diode starts conduction when the source voltage exceeds the battery voltage at θ
𝑉
1and stops at θ2. Set i(θ) = 0 , the solution for θ1 is 𝜃1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑏 )
𝑉𝑚

-By symmetry 𝜃2 = π − 𝜃1
The average battery current:
𝜃2 𝜋− 𝜃1
1 1 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑏
𝐼𝑏 = ∫ 𝑖(𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) − ] 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑅 𝑅
𝜃1 𝜃1

1 1 𝜋
∴ 𝐼𝑏 = [ 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) − 𝑉𝑏 𝜃 ]𝜋−
𝜃1
𝜃1
= [𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 ) − 𝑉𝑏 ( − 𝜃1 )]
2𝜋𝑅 𝜋𝑅 2

e. If the reverse recovery time of the diode is 6 µs, and the rate of fall of the diode current
is 80 A/µs, determine the storage charge QRR and the peak reverse current IRR if the
softness factor is SF = 1.

SF = 1 ===> tb = ta = 3 µs
𝑑𝑖 𝐼𝑅𝑅
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑡𝑎
𝑑𝑖
∴ 𝐼𝑅𝑅 = 𝑡𝑎 = 3 ∗ 80 = 240 𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑡𝑟𝑟 𝑑𝑖
𝑄𝑅𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅𝑅 = 𝑡𝑎 𝐼𝑅𝑅 = 𝑡𝑎2
2 𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝑄𝑅𝑅 = (3 ∗ 10−6 )2 ∗ 80 ∗ 106 = 720 𝜇𝐶
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b. For the circuit shown in Figure 2, the supply voltage is 𝑉𝑠 = 220 𝑉, 50 𝐻𝑧, 𝐶 = 0.1 𝜇𝐹
and 𝑅 = 100 Ω to 100 𝑘Ω. Calculate the firing angle α if the break over voltage 𝑉𝐵𝑂 of the
DIAC is 20 V.

Page 3 of 6
 Figure 2 [10 Marks]
Solution
𝑣𝑠 𝑉𝑚
∵ 𝑉𝑐 = ∠−𝜃 = sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃)
√1 + (𝜔𝑅𝐶 )2 √1 + (𝜔𝑅𝐶 )2
𝜃 = tan−1 (𝜔𝑅𝐶 )
At 𝑅 = 100 Ω:
𝜃 = tan−1 (2𝜋 × 50 × 100 × 0.1 × 10−6 ) = 0.179°
220 √2
∴ 𝑉𝑐 = sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.179°) = 311.1 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.179°)
(
√1 + 2𝜋 × 50 × 100 × 0.1 × 10 −6 ) 2

At 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝐵𝑂 ➔ 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼
∴ 20 = 311.1 sin(𝛼 − 0.179°)
∴ 𝛼 = 3.86°
At 𝑅 = 100 kΩ:
𝜃 = tan−1 (2𝜋 × 50 × 100 × 103 × 0.1 × 10−6 ) = 72.34°
220 √2
∴ 𝑉𝑐 = sin(𝜔𝑡 − 72.34°)
√1 + (2𝜋 × 50 × 100 × 103 × 0.1 × 10−6 )2
= 94.37 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 72.34°)
At 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝐵𝑂 ➔ 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼
∴ 20 = 94.37 sin(𝛼 − 72.34°)
∴ 𝛼 = 84.575°
=========================================================
Question – 2:
a. Consider the circuit shown in Figure 3, a 5 KΩ resistive load is supplied from a 100 volt
- 50Hz supply. From the data sheet, the UJT parameters are: Vs = 30 V, η = 0.51, IP = 10
µA, VV = 3.5 V, IV = 10 mA and the width of the pulse trigger = 50 µsec. Assume VD = 0.5
V. If the delay angle of the SCR is to be controlled in the range from 30° to 150°, Find VZ
and all circuit parameters.

Page 4 of 6
 Figure 3 [12 Marks]
Solution
𝑉𝑍 = 𝑉𝑠 = 30 𝑉
∵ 𝑇g = 𝑅3 𝐶1 = 50 𝜇𝑠
Let 𝐶1 = 0.5 𝜇𝐹 ∴ 𝑅3 = 100 Ω
104 104
𝑅2 = = = 653.6 Ω
𝜂 𝑉𝑠 0.51 ∗ 30
∵ 𝑉𝑃 = 𝜂 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝐷 = 0.51 ∗ 30 + 0.5 = 15.8 𝑉
360o − −−→ 20 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝛼 − −−→ 𝑇𝛼
at 𝛼1 = 30°:
𝑉𝑠
∵ 𝑇𝛼1 = 𝑅1 𝐶1 ln ( )
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑃
30
1.67 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝑅1 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 10−6 ∗ ln ( )
30 − 15.8
∴ 𝑅1 = 4.46 𝑘Ω
at 𝛼2 = 150°:
𝑉𝑠
∵ 𝑇𝛼2 = 𝑅1 𝐶1 ln ( )
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑃
30
8.33 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝑅1 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 10−6 ∗ ln ( )
30 − 15.8
∴ 𝑅1 = 22.27 𝑘Ω
For 𝑅1 test:
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑃
< 𝑅1 <
𝐼𝑉 𝐼𝑃
30 − 3.5 30 − 15.8
( ) < 𝑅1 < ( )
10 ∗ 10−3 10 ∗ 10−6
2.65 𝑘Ω < 𝑅1 < 1.42 𝛭Ω
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b. For the circuit shown in Figure 4, a 5 kΩ load resistance is supplied from a 200 V, 50
Hz supply voltage. From the data sheet: the SCR triggering pulse should have amplitude of
15 V and duration 30 µsec. The parameters of PUT are: Vs = 25 V and 𝐼g = 0.5 mA,
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a. What is the advantage of using PUT over UJT for pulse triggering?
b. If the delay angle of the SCR is to be controlled in the range from 25° to 180°, Find Vz
and all circuit parameters.

Figure 4 [13 Marks]

Solution
a. The advantage of using PUT over UJT for pulse triggering is that PUT responds as UJT with
adjustable stand-off ratio 𝜂 that can be adjusted by external voltage divider resistors 𝑅2 and 𝑅3 as:
𝑅3
𝜂=
𝑅2 + 𝑅3
b. The circuit parameters:
𝑉𝑧 = 𝑉𝑠 = 25 𝑉
∵ 𝑇g = 𝑅4 𝐶 = 30 𝜇𝑠
Let 𝐶1 = 0.5 𝜇𝐹 ∴ 𝑅4 = 60 Ω
𝑉𝑠 25
∵ 𝑅2 = = = 50 𝑘Ω
𝐼𝐺 0.5 ∗ 10−3
𝑉𝑃 = 𝜂 𝑉𝑠 = 15 𝑉
15 𝑅3
∴𝜂= = 0.6 =
25 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
∴ 𝑅3 = 75 𝑘Ω
360o − −−→ 20 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝛼 − −−→ 𝑇𝛼
at 𝛼1 = 25°:
𝑅3
∵ 𝑇𝛼1 = 𝑅1 𝐶 ln ( + 1)
𝑅2
−6
75 ∗ 103
1.38 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝑅1 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 10 ∗ ln ( + 1)
50 ∗ 103
∴ 𝑅1 = 3.012 𝑘Ω
at 𝛼2 = 180°:
𝑅3
∵ 𝑇𝛼2 = 𝑅1 𝐶 ln ( + 1)
𝑅2
75 ∗ 103
10 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝑅1 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 10−6 ∗ ln ( + 1)
50 ∗ 103
∴ 𝑅1 = 21.827 𝑘Ω
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