The Impacts of Street Vending on the Pedestrian Walkways In Case

of Sebeta Town.

By: Misganu Sisay.

A research proposal submitted to the Department of Architecture

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Office of Graduate Studies

Adama Science and Technology University

December 2021

Adama, Ethiopia
The Impacts of Street Vending on the Pedestrian Walkways In Case
of Sebeta Town.

By: Misganu Sisay.

Advisor: Professor Samson Kassahun (Ph.D.)

A proposal thesis Submitted to the Department of Architecture

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Office of Graduate Studies

Adama Science and Technology University

December 2021

Adama, Ethiopia
Declaration

I declare that this thesis/dissertation proposal entitled “The Impacts of Street Vending on
the Pedestrians' Walkways Case of Sebeta Town is my work and has not been submitted
to any university for a similar purpose. The references used in this proposal are duly
recognized by proper citations.

_________________________ ______________________ _______________

Name of student Signature Date

i
Recommendation of Advisors/ Supervisors

I, the major advisor/supervisor of this research proposal, hereby certify that I have closely
advised/supervised the student while developing this proposal and read the draft
thesis/dissertation proposal entitled “The Impacts of Street Vending on the Pedestrians'
Walkways Case of Sebeta Town prepared under my guidance by Misganu Sisay,
Therefore, I recommend the submission of the proposal to the department for further review
and evaluation.

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Major Advisor/Supervisor Signature Date

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Co-advisor/Co-supervisor Signature Date

ii
Approval Page Thesis Proposal

I/we hereby certify that the recommendation and suggestion given by the proposal review
the committee are appropriately incorporated into the final thesis/dissertation proposal
entitled “The Impacts of Street Vending on the Pedestrian Walkways Case of Sebeta
Town by Misganu Sisay.

_________________________ ______________________ _______________

Major Advisor/Supervisor Signature Date

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Co-advisor/ Co-supervisor Signature Date

iii
Approval Board of Reviewers

We, the undersigned, members of the Board of Reviewers of the proposal open defense by
Misganu Sisay have read and evaluated the thesis/dissertation proposal entitled “The Impacts
of Street Vending on the Pedestrian Walkways Case of Sebeta Town and assessed the
understanding of the candidate about the proposed research. This is, therefore, to certify that
the thesis/dissertation proposal is accepted and we recommend the implementation of the
proposal.

_____________________________ _____________________ ___________________

Chairperson Signature Date

_____________________________ _____________________ ___________________

Reviewer 1 Signature Date

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Reviewer 2 Signature Date

Finally, approval and acceptance of the thesis/dissertation proposal is contingent upon

submission of its final copy to the Office of Postgraduate Studies (OPGS) through the
Department Graduate Council (DGC) and School Graduate Committee (SGC).
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Office of Postgraduate Studies, Dean Signature Date

iv
Summary

Street vendors use pedestrian walkways to display their products and services. Pedestrians
are forced to take indirect actions by changing the walking speed and direction due to the
reduction of the sidewalk area by the shop. In the downtown of Sebeta, street sellers
dominated pedestrian walkways and later diverted pedestrian functions to places of the
informal economy. Most of the urban population is on foot, but the pedestrian movement is
severely restricted, especially in the city center. The purpose of this study is to evaluate
current pedestrian facilities, investigate the impact of road vendors and inadequate
pedestrian infrastructure on pedestrian bonds, and provide rational solutions to cities.
Pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, poor road management, and street sales are the main
factors that prevent pedestrians from entering the main lane and block normal vehicle flow.
Although other factors affect pedestrian accessibility, this study focuses primarily on street
vendor challenges. In this regard, most urban poor and disabled people have difficulty
walking. This study is carried out both qualitatively and quantitatively (mixed approach)
using a variety of instruments. The importance of this survey is to determine if the pedestrian
bridge along the survey route is safe for pedestrians (children, disabled, elderly) in the city.
Descriptive research methods will be employed in this study. This survey uses stratified
samples to conduct the survey and collect data directly from the 384 selected samples
through surveys, semi-structured interviews, and observations. Secondary data will be
collected from published and unpublished hard and soft copy documents. After collecting
the primary and secondary data, the data will be analyzed using the qualitative and
quantitative data analysis method and displayed in the tabular, graph, and text format

Keywords: Pedestrians, Vendors, Walkways, and Informal Economy

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Table of Contents
Declaration ............................................................................................................................ i

Recommendation of Advisors/ Supervisors ...................................................................... ii

Approval Page Thesis Proposal ......................................................................................... iii

Approval Board of Reviewers .......................................................................................... iv

Summary .............................................................................................................................. v

List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................. 1

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1.Background ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Problem statement .......................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Generally objective ......................................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 Specific objective ...............................................................................................................4
1.4. Research question ........................................................................................................... 4
1.5. Significance of the Study................................................................................................ 4
1.6. Scope of the research ...................................................................................................... 4
1.7. Limitation of the study ................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................. 6

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 6

2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 6

2.2. Definition of Terminologies ........................................................................................... 6
2.2.1. Pedestrian ..........................................................................................................................6
2.2.2.Pedestrian need hierarchy...................................................................................................6
2.2.3.Pedestrian perceptions towards various sidewalk facilities ................................................7
2.2.4.Pedestrian Accommodation in the transportation system ..................................................7
2.2.5.Pedestrian Accessibility Guideline .....................................................................................8
2.2.6.Norm and standards for pedestrians ...................................................................................8
2.2.7.Pedestrian activities ............................................................................................................8
2.2.8.Accessibility of pedestrian facilities...................................................................................9
2.2.9.Pedestrian level of service ..................................................................................................9
2.2.10.Pedestrian level of service for sidewalks..........................................................................9
2.2.11.Inadequate visibility of pedestrians ..................................................................................9

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 2.2.12.Basic pedestrian Walkways Requirements.....................................................................10
2.2.13.The opportunities for a pedestrian walk. ........................................................................10
2.2.14.Walkability .....................................................................................................................11
2.2.15.Walking in developing cities ..........................................................................................11
2.2.16.Importance of walkable environment .............................................................................11
2.2.17.Background of problems faced by pedestrians in Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) town...........12
2.2.19.Socioeconomic characteristic of street vendors .............................................................12
2.2.20.Typology of street vendors .............................................................................................13
2.2.21.Challenges of Street vending ..........................................................................................13
2.2.22.Summary and Gaps of the Literature .............................................................................14
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................... 15

3. Methods and Material ................................................................................................... 15

3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 15

3.2. Research Design ........................................................................................................... 15
3.3. Research Type .............................................................................................................. 15
3.4. Research Approach ....................................................................................................... 15
3.5.Research population ...................................................................................................... 16
3.6.Sampling. ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.7. Source of Data .............................................................................................................. 16
3.8. Data Collection Techniques.......................................................................................... 17
3.8.1. Qualitative data collection techniques .............................................................................17
3.8.2. Quantitative data collection techniques ...........................................................................17
3.9. Data Analysis Techniques ............................................................................................ 18
3.9.1. Qualitative data analysis techniques................................................................................18
3.9.2. Quantitative data analysis techniques..............................................................................18
3.10.Ethical consideration ................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 19

WORK AND BUDGET PLAN ......................................................................................... 19

4.1. Work Plan ..................................................................................................................... 19

4.2. Budget Plan................................................................................................................... 20
References........................................................................................................................... 21

vii
 List of Tables

Table1: work plan ............................................................................................................. 19

Table 2: budget plan ........................................................................................................... 20

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

Walking is the most stable and ancient way and relies heavily on the right places to walk.
Adequate pedestrian facilities, including appropriate roads, intersections, and pedestrian
crossings, encourage people to stop relying on vehicles, encourage them to walk, and
ultimately contribute to the development of a sustainable city. Although travel is one of the
most important modes of travel, urban planners and policymakers (Litman, 2018) often look
for travel destinations.

walking is an important human activity and is often the first and last mode of transportation
that provides the most important link between land use and car travel. It is also healthy,
cheap, and environmentally friendly. (Zegeer, 2004) He explains that when building new
infrastructure or renovating existing ones, it should be considered pedestrian and that
pedestrian and pedestrian settlement arrangements should be made. A large number of
pedestrians are killed on public roads every year, and many leave their homes as they do any
other day to go to school, work, places of worship, or home and never return (Torbic, 2004).
Insufficient pedestrian infrastructure creates additional injuries in road accidents while
traveling, and some of them are permanently disabled. These events are causing great sorrow
and distress, as well as economic hardship to our families and loved ones.

A well-designed pedestrian facility can encourage people to walk and improve pedestrian
safety. According to (Guidebook, 1997), curved ramps, sidewalks with roadside equipment,
sidewalks and hiking trails, traffic calming and control equipment, pedestrian crossings,
underpass and elevated slope separation, street furniture such as benches and landscaping,
Other technologies, design functions, pedestrian crossings, shelters, public arts, lighting and
other strategies for facilitating pedestrian traffic are commonly defined as pedestrian
facilities.

1.1.Background

In the development of the human world, the economic activities of the cities and the
movement of people and goods are measured by its central transport system. An adequate
transport plan [necessary, necessary, important, desirable, important] is needed to facilitate
the further selection of marginalized areas when urban transport is provided by nearby
authorities. The comfortable surroundings make the trek fun and exciting. The level of travel

1
has been an important part, of transport planning and the construction of American cities
(Southworth, 2005).

As a result, many parts of the city face serious mobility problems for pedestrians, including
significant traffic congestion, air pollution, high accident rates, and inadequate access to
transport facilities for poor and vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities. The
quality of life and productivity of many cities are threatened by a deteriorating urban
environment and poor planning of pedestrian traffic (Steg, L. & van Brussel, A, 2009).

in the city of Sebeta, there is a similar case wherein most planning and design projects the
consideration of pedestrian walkways is minimal and not well applied, and insufficient to
please the city dwellers. From our daily experience, due to the lack of a pedestrian walkway,
we chose to take a taxi or bajaj instead of walking. Pedestrian users are increasing day by
day, but the lack of pedestrian walkways and the use of sidewalks for other purposes is the
greatest challenge. In particular, the lack of pedestrian paths makes it difficult for children
to be safe during school hours. Due to inaccessible pedestrian walkways, people are prone
to traffic jams and accidents (HULAGABALI, 2020).

Sebeta is a rapidly developing city for business, industry, tourism, and inhabitants. The city
is a major transport, truck, and commercial center with a developing tourism market in the
country. Although the city is well developed, the streets are pedestrian, environmentally
friendly like the cities of Hawasah and Bahir Dar, and each has its restrictions. To create a
comfortable environment for pedestrians in the big cities of Sebeta by examining the most
important factors related to pedestrian accessibility and the ability to see the surroundings to
convey a comfortable urban environment for Sebeta Commercials. Reasons for
consideration have changed Business Districts (CBDs) occupy public spaces in cities that
are causing pedestrian and vehicle congestion in CBD and need to be managed. Therefore,
the central question in conducting this survey was how street sales could be integrated into
the city center to reduce pedestrian-vehicle collisions at the CBD.

2
1.2. Problem statement

Rapid urbanization has led to increased reliance on cars since the 1940s (Kenworthy and
Hu,2002), and urban societies have moved away from walking habits and invested in
pedestrian walkways. Dependence on cars, CO2 emissions, noise pollution, and traffic
congestion has a significant impact on the building environment. According to (Drummond,
2000), street vendors occupy public spaces (sidewalks) in cities that are not for sale. Street
vendors target busy streets, sidewalks, or urban public spaces that are considered illegal.

Where pedestrians are the main mode of transport, which has the effect of reducing vehicle
kilometers traveled and carbon dioxide emissions and having fewer cardiovascular diseases,
obesity, and other health problems related to a sedentary lifestyle, so is the economic
functioning of the city and town vital country as a whole. Despite these obvious advantages,
pedestrian paths were ignored in the formulation of the infrastructure and advised against as
a service provider. One of the central issues for friendliness and quality of life in our cities
is the lack of consideration for pedestrian paths.

The lack of proper pedestrian facilities and informal business activities on both sidewalks
and driveways has a significant daily impact on pedestrian activity in the region (Rahman,
2009). From the perspective of African countries, pedestrian facilities are not yet frequently
used in politics. In Ethiopia, the lack of dedicated facilities to improve pedestrian areas, and
improper allocation of pedestrian facilities, and the use of resources are significant obstacles
to promoting walking as a sustainable means of transportation. Recognized, but recently,
various government policies have been emphasized. Development of pedestrian facilities for
transport sustainability (Leather et al., 2011).

Street sales are prosperous, growing and suggesting that they will never disappear. This is
putting pressure on city authorities to control street sales. Street sellers sell on sidewalks and
sidewalks, "Pedestrians are pushed out of the sidewalk into the street, endangering life and
limbs, but vehicle movements are crawling" (Blankson, 2006). In the city of Sebeta, street
sellers occupy sidewalks shared by all pedestrians, causing traffic congestion from people
and cars. Pedestrians share space with vehicles. Traffic congestion is not the only
environmental problem vendors encounter in the city. Not following street sales had some
negative effects on Sebeta. For this reason, it is important to find a way to integrate street
sales into city planning, especially travel routes, to avoid conflicts within the study area
based on this scenario.

3
1.3. Generally objective

The general objective of this research is to examine the impacts of street vendors on a
pedestrian walkway in the case of Sebeta town.

1.3.1 Specific objective

1. To assess the existing pedestrian facilities of the study area.

2. To assess the challenges regarding the pedestrian walkway of the study area
3. To propose strategies that enhance pedestrian facilities of the study area.

1.4. Research question

1. What are the existing pedestrian facilities of the study area?

2. How do street vendors affect pedestrian walkways?
3. What are the most appropriate strategies to enhance pedestrian mobility in the study
area?

1.5. Significance of the Study

The outcome of the study will be very important to insight the following main reasons along
the study routes. To determine whether the pedestrian walkways along the study routes are
safe for pedestrians (children, disabilities, elders) to walk on. In addition to advancing
knowledge, the finding could be a significant input for plans in the town regarding the
provision of this kind of walkable urban environment. Assessing the existing walkway
facilities, pedestrian behaviors, and perceptions, and the safety of the walkways would
greatly help for plans in the entire town by revealing the hindering factors related to
pedestrians' experience of walking habits.
1.6. Scope of the research

The study provides information on the current street vendors’ challenges on pedestrian
accessibility, in Oromia special zone in the case of Sebeta city and will be used to develop
and propose pedestrian-focused solutions. The development and use of Pedestrian
assessment methodology can raise awareness, generate interest among policymakers and city
officials and help them to improve pedestrian safety and accessibility in the city. The scope
of this study is to know how street vendors affect pedestrian travel. Such a measure of
walking conditions would be helpful in roadway cross-sectional design, maintenance, and

4
management. It would also help evaluate and prioritize the needs of existing roadways for
sidewalk construction.

1.7. Limitation of the study

The main limitations faced during undertaking the research will be mostly related to the state
of emergency. Specifically, because of an absence of peace and instability, it has limited the
frequent interaction with the informants and surrounding area. In addition to that, frequent
site visits that help to study the town's settlement patterns and its environment has greatly
reduced and forced the researcher to rely on secondary materials as input. The other major
limitation of the study related to the allocation of the budget. Accordingly, it was very
difficult to collect data using the necessary tools. In addition to that, the lack of willingness
of some of the participants also has greatly hindered the research and difficulty of covering
all the areas of study locations.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

This section reviews the literature written by different authors and researches conducted by
different scholars about the impacts of street vending on pedestrian walkways; definitions,
characteristics, and Causes.

2.2. Definition of Terminologies

2.2.1. Pedestrian

According to the Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2006), pedestrians are "people who
walk by car, not by moving."

The Transit Corporative Research Program (2006) has identified two major barriers to
walking. It is the lack of pedestrian facilities and the safety concerns of 4,444 individuals
(Patrick, 2006). The urban environment in the city center needs to provide comfortable and
barrier-free sidewalks to achieve sustainable pedestrian movement. A pedestrian was defined
as a pedestrian (RCP, 1995). Designing sidewalks and intersections based on the perception
of the pedestrian will ensure the development of a comfortable city center (Lee, 2006). The
design elements of the pedestrian system relate to the design of the pedestrians, pedestrians,
and pedestrians used by pedestrians. Pedestrian facilities are often considered separate
pedestrian walkways, but with reduced crossings, sidewalk signs, street lights, reasonable
access, and movement across sideways, street trees, sidewalk parking, and intrusions.
Includes proper maintenance.

2.2.2.Pedestrian need hierarchy

We human being is the first pedestrian. Pedestrian is as old as travel, dating back 5,000 years
(Pealosa, 2004). Hiking culture existed even before the introduction of motorization. This
explains that pedestrians should take precedence over other modes of transportation.
Traditional streets, such as traditional western urban spaces such as the Greek Agora and the
Roman Forum have enabled mobility and acted as a forum for communication. It concerns
Road Analysis as a sales and communications network. The latter refers to activities that are
not done on foot near the road.

6
2.2.3.Pedestrian perceptions towards various sidewalk facilities

Pedestrian facilities are important for facilitating walking to promote a responsive and
sustainable construction environment (Shelton, 2008). It serves important transportation
objectives by promoting walking as an alternative mode of transportation, reducing traffic
congestion and pollution, and ensuring the quality and health of the community's life.
Creating a pedestrian-friendly environment encourages people to use their feet as a normal
means of transportation. Sidewalk effective width, sidewalk condition, and material
composition were important variables in sidewalk accessibility, based on the perceived
importance of wheelchair users (Marshall, 2010).

The Pedestrian Environment is defined by the key attributes of:

Spatial planning features

Walk-ability
Neighborhood liveability
Traffic safety
Pedestrian facilities (hard elements).
Pedestrian facilities (soft elements).
Environmental quality.

2.2.4.Pedestrian Accommodation in the transportation system

Cities in developing countries are rapidly urbanizing spatially, demographically, and

economically, increasing pedestrian flow and providing transportation planners with the
infrastructure to enable this type of movement. (WHO, 2011). According to (WHO, 2011),
walking as one of the means of transportation requires attention to transportation and city
planners, transportation engineers, interested parties, and other means of transportation. The
need to consider pedestrians and care for and pay attention to a variety of users, including
people with disabilities, the elderly, and children, is becoming an increasingly significant
challenge in most cities. Pedestrian needs and characteristics are divided into two categories:
physical needs. It deals with the quantitative aspects of the physical and human and
psychological needs and focuses on the qualitative and conceptual aspects of humans (M,
2015)

7
2.2.5.Pedestrian Accessibility Guideline

According to the U.S. Access Board (2002), the guidelines for designing accessibility and
the technical specifications provide a framework for assessing the conditions of pedestrians.
However, new methods are emerging to streamline the sidewalk assessment process and help
agencies develop their transition plans for the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and
planning for pedestrian facilities. The Georgia Tech system goes beyond simple compliant /
non-compliant determination by collecting detailed inventory data for sidewalks and
performing an automated quality assessment for the monitored segments. Both elements are
required for pedestrian activity and infrastructure planning (Morin, 1990).

Pedestrian walkways should be provided on both sides of the main arterial street. For
Collector Street and local road utilities, the location and size of the pedestrian walkways
should be determined by local development plans, detailed plans, and other studies as
applicable. Pedestrian walkways should be raised 15-20 cm above the carriageway. The
average width of the pedestrian walkways along the sides of arterial Street:

In Industrial areas 1.8m

Shopping frontages 3.7-4.5 m
Shopping frontages 3.7-4.5 m
2.2.6.Norm and standards for pedestrians

No. Street Types Average Width of Pedestrian Ways (M)

1 Urban Motorway No pedestrian ways

2 Sub-Arterials 2.5-4 m.

Should not be less than 3.5 m and maximum

3 Principal Arterial
5.

4 Collector Streets Should not be less than 2 m.

Should be decided based on Local

5 Local Streets
conditions

2.2.7.Pedestrian activities

According to (Muraleetharan and Hagiwara, 2005), it is necessary to quantify how well

roadways accommodate pedestrian travel, and a measure of walking conditions would

8
greatly aid in roadway cross-section design and would help in evaluating and prioritizing the
needs for sidewalk retrofit on the existing roadway.

2.2.8.Accessibility of pedestrian facilities

As stated by (Litman T., 2017) “Accessibility refers to people’s ability to reach goods,
services and activities, which is the ultimate goal of most transportation activities. Many
factors affect accessibility, including physical movement, the quality and affordability of
transportation options, transportation system connectivity, mobility substitutes, and land-use
patterns."

2.2.9.Pedestrian level of service

Level of Service (LOS) in transportation engineering is a term used which describe existing
operating conditions (or suitability) for a mode of travel in a transportation system.
Calculation of PLOS is more complex, which represents the operating condition of the
pedestrian facility and the level of comfort pedestrians experience in using these facilities
(Singh J. P., 2011). PLoS models are used to support the development of pedestrian facility
improvements. Roadway designers can use the PLoS model to test alternative intersection
designs by iteratively changing the independent variables to find the best combination of
factors to achieve the desired PLoS.

2.2.10.Pedestrian level of service for sidewalks

ide sidewalks can accommodate pedestrians of all abilities, while narrow sidewalks are not
enough to accommodate more passing pedestrians, and they tend to step onto the pavement
if they conflict with drivers or cyclists (Lakshmi, 2016). If pedestrians occupy the lane of
motorized vehicles, since no separate inclines are provided, such movement leads to traffic
jams and also endangers the safety factor of the pedestrian. Due to the heterogeneity of
traffic, it is not possible to increase the level of service by upgrading the quality of the roads
for vehicles (Jena, 2014) and the insufficient width of the sidewalks leads to a division of
the limited space on the roads. The studies of (Lakshmi, 2016) on pedestrian safety on
sidewalks show that pedestrians are at great risk when sidewalks are improperly maintained
and endangered by providers who place pedestrians on the pavement with safety issues.

2.2.11.Inadequate visibility of pedestrians

According to Peden et al (2004), inadequate visibility of pedestrians arises from inadequate,

or lack of, roadway lighting, vehicles, and bicycles not equipped with lights, pedestrians not

9
wearing reflective accessories or brightly colored clothes, especially at night and at dawn or
dusk, and pedestrians sharing road space with fast-moving vehicles

2.2.12.Basic pedestrian Walkways Requirements

According to (Handbook, 1997) all urban sidewalks need the following basic elements for
success: sufficient width of the lanes, a buffer from the lane, curb, minimum width, slight
bank slope (2 percent or less), a buffer to private properties, sufficient visibility around
Corners and driveways, shy distances to walls and other structures, free driveway free of
street furniture, continuity, well-kept condition, ramps at corners and flat surfaces over
driveways. Sidewalks also require sufficient storage space at corners so that the predicted
number of pedestrians can get to and leave signaled intersections in an orderly and efficient
manner (Coree, 1990).

2.2.13.The opportunities for a pedestrian walk.

Economic benefits

walking can offer an option for those who want to save money. In Africa, the economic
benefits of pedestrian walkways have been achieved because short distances are free and
people need to be encouraged to walk to work. Many developing countries have large debts,
primarily to continue subsidizing oil used by high-income drivers. Promoting safe walking
improves accessibility for the poor and wealthy in cities, towns, and rural areas (UkDOT,
2008).
Health Benefits

The health benefits of regular physical activity from walking are widespread and reduce the
risk of coronary artery disease, stroke, diabetes, and other chronic illnesses. It also reduces
medical costs and improves the quality of life for people of all ages. Even a slight increase
in mild to moderate activity B. 30 minutes walk daily. It can bring measurable benefits
(Langen, 2001).

Environmental Health

Over the last three decades, the kilometers of vehicles traveling in the United States have
increased three times faster than the population (Stuart, 1997). This increase in automatic
poisoning creates adverse environmental effects such as air and water pollution, which
affects the environment and human health. Land-use practices that increase pedestrian and
transportation opportunities help reduce these adverse effects

10
2.2.14.Walkability

Walking is comfortable, does not require special equipment, is self-adjusting, and of course
safe. Walking is as natural as breathing (Butcher, 1999). Walking is the most sustainable and
primitive mode of transportation that relies heavily on suitable pedestrian facilities.
Appropriate pedestrian facilities with appropriate sidewalks, intersections, and pedestrian
signs overcome dependence on cars, motivate people to walk, and ultimately contribute to
sustainable urban growth. Walking is one of the most dominant modes of transportation, but
city planners often ignore pedestrian facilities and policymakers (Litman, 2018).

There is no better alternative to pedestrian facilities that encourage people to walk to ensure
the sustainable growth of the city or to promote sustainable transportation. To facilitate
walking, pedestrian facilities can be efficiently applied to physical networks such as B.
Mixed land use and accessibility, safety and cityscape, contact, and social encounters (Rooij,
2012). In another study by (Gehl, 2003), pedestrians, with reasonable time and effort with
different goals, communication networks.

2.2.15.Walking in developing cities

The International Road Assessment Program (IRAP) states that 84% of pedestrian zones in
developing countries (DCs) have no sidewalks (WHO WH, 2013a) and pedestrians tend to
walk down the street due to the lack of sidewalks and shoulders. I found. The lack of
separation of traffic by unprotected road users and vehicles also leads to a significant
increase in the number of potential accident risks for pedestrians compared to separate
facilities in developed countries. Pedestrians account for about 4060% of the modal share of
developing countries (leather, 2011).In Addis Ababa, however, pedestrians make up over
70% of the city's modal share (AACTPMO, 2017).

2.2.16.Importance of walkable environment

A special report from the Health Effects Institute (HEI, 2010) summarizes the best evidence
available for assessing exposure to traffic-related air pollution in the United States, with 300
high-exposure zones for traffic emissions. We conclude that it is over 500 meters. road.
According to the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators (CCMTA),
separating pedestrians from the roadway reduces accidents between pedestrians and cars and
reduces pedestrian collisions by 88% in the absence of sidewalks

11
2.2.17.Background of problems faced by pedestrians in Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) town

According to the Traffic Police Commission (Redi, 2015), the number of road fatalities by
road user, gender, and age group in Ethiopia between 2009 and 2013 is most dangerous in
the 18-30 age group. It is exposed to and indicates that other pedestrians are at the greatest
risk. You are in danger. Men are the most endangered of pedestrians. In addition, (Redi,
2015) found that the main cause of pedestrian accidents was the lack of sufficient parking
space, which exacerbated the problem and forced pedestrians into the main lane.

2.2.18.Concept of street vending

Street vending is an ancient practice in cities around the world (Cross., 2000). In developing
countries, there is a trend towards formalizing the urban economy, with the proportion of
income from unregulated employment increasing. (Bromley, 2000) Regards street selling as
a norm that is archaic in practice, but a very dominant and important occupation found in
every country and every major city in the world. As a result, street vendors have become
controversial participants in the informal sector. Finally, street vending is an informal form
of business that offers goods for sale to the public without a permanent structure (Bhowmik,
2005).

Street vending

In the informal economy, activities that generate income for individuals to sell goods and
services to the public along streets and sidewalks to pedestrians passing by without
permanent buildings (Bhowmik, 2005; Kamunyori, 2007)

Street vendors

A person who provides goods or services for sale to the public with a temporary static
structure or mobile stand (or top load) without a permanently built structure. Street vendors
can occupy sidewalks and other public/private areas to stand still, move goods with
wheelbarrows, bicycles, baskets on their heads, move goods on mobile buses, etc. increase.
.. (Bhowmik, 2005)

2.2.19.Socioeconomic characteristic of street vendors

Street selling activities are associated with people who have no professional skills and a low
level of education so that they cannot find work in the formal sector (Kamala, 2007). In 1997,
studies were carried out in Johannesburg CBD and the metropolitan area of Durban which

12
showed street vendors had very low levels of education, with 10-18.3% of vendors in the
two cities having no primary education. Half of the salespeople in the two cities only had
elementary school qualifications. There are also gender-specific differences in the level of
education, with more women than men having no school education (Lund, 1998).

(Brown A.D., 2010) Street vendors claim to be the center of the informal economy.
Therefore, it is important to be able to recognize the characteristics identified in other
informal economic tasks, even in the case of street vendors. The only difference between
street trading and other informal economic activities is that it is unique on every street corner
of the city. Therefore, it is worth studying and defining these unique characteristics of street
selling. (Pillay, 2004) argues that active participation in street sales is a phenomenal feature
of self-employment. However, this is not always the case. In some places, street sellers are
hired by shopkeepers to sell on the street

the notion that street sales attract those with limited opportunities to find formal employment
seems to be fading over time. In addition, because of gender bias in education, women
dominate the informal street selling sector as it gives them the flexibility to combine it with
other household-related activities. Men, on the other hand, have found that they enter the
street trade at a young age and later emigrate for other jobs. In contrast to men, women join
street vending later in life and keep it up into old age (Mitullah., 2003). Despite all modern
developments in retailing, sellers remain the most dominant trade participants (millions) on
the streets selling goods (Skinner, 2008). This observation (Skinner, 2008) further illustrates
that there is a fine line between this informal street vending and poverty.

2.2.20.Typology of street vendors

Street vendors are not a group of the same kind but cover a variety of sectors, including:
(Iyenda, 2005) We have identified two major types of street vendors, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo and Kinshasa. Pedestrians and regular vendors. A continuous vendor
is a street vendor that is always mobile, and a stable vendor is a vendor that spends a certain
amount of time in a particular place.

2.2.21.Challenges of Street vending

barriers and constraints. The main challenges for street vendors are location and trading
space rights, environmental conditions, security, transportation, community services,
municipalities, and financial implications (Sibhat, 2014). Beyond economic performance,

13
street vendors are entrenched in a network of complex livelihood challenges that go beyond
self-development (M.C., 2011). Street sales have been criticized for causing and contributing
to multiple social illnesses that adversely affect the city and are seen by city authorities as a
major crisis and thorn (Palmer, 2007).

(Harvey, 2004) states, "Street vendors are one of the most prominent activities in the
informal sector, but street vendors are almost unregulated transactions that take place in
public urban spaces such as streets, sidewalks, bridges, and sidewalks." It states. "The
physical and social use of African urban public spaces by street vendors has been the subject
of intense debate" (Brown A., 2006). "In many African countries, street sales are perceived
by city officials as a major crisis and thorn and have been criticized for causing and
contributing to multiple social illnesses that adversely affect cities. (Powerman, 2010)

The biggest challenge for street vendors was recognition. The government also had mixed
views on street sales. He had to decide whether to put in place policies to eliminate the
entire sector or policies to aid in its management and control. It has been found that there is
more regulation than protecting this sector (Mitullah, 2006). Therefore, providers face the
challenge that there are no suitable places to provide their services.

2.2.22.Summary and Gaps of the Literature

According to Dannenberg and Wendel (2011), accessibility is becoming an increasingly

important topic in the areas of urban planning, public health, and transportation, and
researchers have developed ways to evaluate prices quantitatively. Currently, there are many
ways to assess pedestrian potential. However, there is no consensus as to which devices are
particularly useful for measuring mobility. The Human Environmental Behavior survey is
essential for assessing mobility as it is useful for interdisciplinary surveys. In addition,
pedestrian roads are on sale. Pedestrian infrastructure Plans and precautions are needed. In
general, the surveyed literature contains perspectives and methods primarily for
investigating pedestrian accessibility in urban environments. The research mainly focuses
on the important issues of gate portability, such as constructed environment and human
behavior (land use, parcel length, size, smoothness, visible complexity, perception,
connectivity, spacing, etc.) (Accessibility, comfort, security) is targeted. But mobility, senior
and child safety, people's comfort, and street seller locations are exploring which areas to
consider to explore the possibilities. Accessibility close to the city.

14
 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODS AND MATERIAL

3.1. Introduction

This chapter focuses primarily on how to conduct a survey using appropriate methods, such
as survey approaches, methodologies, sample designs, data sources, data types, and survey
methods used in the survey. A study design on sampling frames, data analysis and
interpretation techniques, and how to collect, analyze, and present data from the target
population to achieve the site's objectives.

3.2. Research Design

Research design is a framework that guides researchers in how they receive and analyze
information. It is helpful to have the most appropriate and viable way to test your hypothesis
and answer your research questions. It puts researchers in an empirical world. For this study,
the non-experimental design (survey) uses and adopts both quantitative and qualitative
dimensions.

3.3. Research Type

In this study, researchers use descriptive research methods to explain the causes of pedestrian
accessibility challenges posed by street sales. Descriptive studies deal with existing
conditions or relationships, general practices, adopted attitude perspectives, and manipulated
effects (Kothari, 1990). In addition, descriptive study design methods are informative and
many. It is related to the detailed data collected from the respondents. It explains the reality
of what exists in a situation with current practices.
3.4. Research Approach

The study applies a general deductive approach to the study. In this approach, researchers
generate general information on specific information that allows them to collect both
qualitative and quantitative data. A qualitative approach is important for gathering
respondents' attitudes and experiences regarding pedestrian facilities and related issues.
Quantitative approaches, on the other hand, are important for obtaining numerical data
through questionnaires so that researchers can collect statistics in large-scale surveys.

15
3.5.Research population

The target groups of the survey are pedestrians, street vendors, and experts. Populations are
selected by researchers based on their interest in pedestrians, the most affected group in the
area. In addition, government officials and street vendors are interviewed as key informants
by using judgment sampling techniques for the experts and I will be conducted a systematic
sampling method for street vendors.
3.6.Sampling.

The study will be conducting an on-site pedestrian interview survey even though the total
population is infinite. Since different stakeholders participate in the assessment of pedestrian
walkways, a stratified random sampling technique will be used. The stratified random
sampling technique will be conducted by dividing the stakeholders into various classes/strata
based on the purpose of their roles. Then certain elements will be selected from those classes
by a random sampling technique

Where:

No = sample size

Z = confidence level at 95% (standard value is 1.96)

P = the estimated proportion of an attribute that is presented in population with 50%

q = 1-p

e = designed level of precision with + 5%

No = (1.96)2 (0.5) (0.5) = (3.84) (0.25) = 384

(0.05)2 (0.0025)

Thus, the study will conduct 384 Sample population size randomly those who are convenient
and willing for the interview.

3.7. Source of Data

The study will adopt both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data are the existing
reality on the field (observation), from kebele, city administration, and woreda officials and

16
sample-selected members will be collected through structured and semi-structured
questionnaires of open-ended type. The secondary data will be gathered from various policy
documents, urban development plans, strategy documents, official documents, project
documents, books, articles, community, websites, and other important published and
unpublished documents relevant to the issue under study.

The pedestrian walkway conditions and problems faced by street vendors will be observed,
questionnaires will be distributed, collected, and then analyzed and Video observation or
self-report data are obtained through surveys and interviews and focus groups will be used.

3.8. Data Collection Techniques

This study uses both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods.

3.8.1. Qualitative data collection techniques

The data that relate to concepts, opinions, and values, pedestrian behaviors of people, filed
notes from observation of certain activities, and video recordings will be collected
qualitatively.

1. Observation method

Raw data on the availability and quality of pedestrian infrastructure will be collected through
a field walkability survey such as observation of pedestrian action when walking on the
street. A description of the area such as motorized traffic conditions, on-street parking, on-
street vendors, conditions of drainage, and other characteristics, needs attention.

2. In-depth interview

This involves asking, listening to, and recording answers from an individual or category in
a structured, semi-structured, or unstructured format in an in-depth manner. Vendors
interview survey – the vendors and their opinions on the site of vending

3.8.2. Quantitative data collection techniques

1. Field observation method

Direct field observation will implement to understand and describe the character of the study
area, to investigate the major problems and potentials of the study area, to survey the width
of the walkway, street amenities, and street construction materials.

17
2. Questionnaire survey
The questionnaire survey will be intended to collect primary data onto Pedestrians of the
study area. It aims to collect data to assess the current safety problems identify the main
causes of sidewalk problems using a closed-ended questionnaire.

3.9. Data Analysis Techniques

3.9.1. Qualitative data analysis techniques

The qualitative data interviews, notes, video, audio recordings, images, and text documents
will be analyzed using Spss, Excel 2016, and Microsoft word 2016 and describe the data,
maps, diagrams, charts, graphs, text, figures, and tables.

3.9.2. Quantitative data analysis techniques

The data like measurements, statics, and numerical data collected through census,
questionnaires, and surveys are analyzed quantitatively using SPSS, and Excel software to
analyze and describe the data, maps, diagrams, charts, graphs, text, figures, and tables.
Furthermore, the study will use GIS 10.8 and AutoCAD 2018 software’s for working on the
general spatial analysis of the study area. Moreover, Revit 2018 is used for some detailed
3D designs, and others like Microsoft office word 2016, PowerPoint 2016 are adopted for
documentation and presentation.
3.10.Ethical consideration

In this observe confidentiality, privateness, and anonymity may be sustained. “Ethical

conduct is important to exact studies practice. Researchers continually need to recollect the
consequences in their actions; consequently knowledgeable consent is important” (O'Leary,
2010, p. 51). This approach that every one respondent have the proper human dignity.
According to (Ferrante, 2008), it's miles of critical significance to withhold the identity of
respondents. As a number of the road buyers do now no longer have to allow to trade, it
became feasible that they might experience intimidation with the aid of using the researcher.
Ferrante (2008) provides that respondents need to additionally be covered from any form of
bodily harm. The researcher has to make sure that the observation is criminal and moral
responsibilities have been adhered to.

18
 CHAPTER FOUR

WORK AND BUDGET PLAN

4.1. Work Plan

Table1: work plan

Task Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Ma. Jun.

Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week

1,2 3,4 1,2 3,4 1,2 3,4 1,2 3,4 1,2 3,4 1,2 3,4 1,2 3,4 1,2 3,4 1,2 3,4

Title
Formulation

Proposal
Writing
Proposal

Defense

Literature

Review

Data

Collection

Measurement and

implication

Verification and

Validation

Result and

Discussion

Thesis writing

Thesis
submission and
The final defense

19
4.2. Budget Plan

Table 2: budget plan

No. Activity Quantity Cost per Total cost

in
Unit (Birr)
(Birr)

1 Transportation (Adama to Addis 20 120 2400

Ababa)

Pen 6 15 90

Subtotal 2490.00
-1

Payment for data collector 5 days 468 2340.00

Per diem for researcher 20 days 724 14480.00

Subtotal-2 16820.00

2 Secretarial services/ stationary

Binding-ring 1 30 30

Binding-hard 4 250 1000

Photocopy 300 1.5 450

Printing(non-color) 1005 2 2010

Print (color) 220 10 2200

Subtotal-3 5690.00

Total cost Subtotal-1+ Subtotal-2+ Subtotal-3 25,000.00

20
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