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Performance evaluation of D-STATCOM for mitigation of power quality

problems at different source and load side fault conditions

Conference Paper · November 2016

DOI: 10.1109/POWERI.2016.8077379

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 Performance Evaluation of D-STATCOM for
Mitigation of Power Quality Problems at Different
Source and Load Side Fault Conditions
Meenakshi Rastogi Abdul Hamid Bhat
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Srinagar NIT Srinagar
Srinagar, India Srinagar, India
meenakshirastogi4@gmail.com bhat68@rediffmail.com
Abstract—One of the major issues in the present electrical
power system is power quality. The power quality problems may
be of many types whether at source side or load side. Distributed
Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM) is the most
convenient device among all FACTS devices for all these power
quality problems. This paper deals with performance evaluation
with and without D-STATCOM for voltage swell and sag at
source side in one model and different types of faults conditions
like LG, LLG, LLLG in other model. With the help of
MATLAB/Simulink & SimPowerSystems software, the
performance analysis of D-STATCOM has been done with
conventional PI controller using Hysteresis Current Control
(HCC) for the mitigation of these fault conditions.
Keywords—D-STATCOM; Power Quality; Voltage Swell and
Sags; faults; Hysteresis Current Controller (HCC); PI controller,
Inverse Park’s Transformation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Power quality deals with maintaining a magnitude and
phase of pure sinusoidal waveform of voltage and current.
Voltage quality is concerned with deviation of voltage from
ideal voltage (sinusoidal). It is a single frequency sine wave at
rated magnitude and frequency with no harmonics. Current
quality is a complimentary term of voltage quality which is
concerned with a current deviation from the ideal value [1].
Power quality is the combination of voltage quality and current
quality. From utility point of view, power quality is voltage
quality and at load side, it is current quality.
Poor power quality has many harmful effects on power
system devices and end users. Power quality problem is an
occurrence manifested in non-standard frequency deviation
that results in failure or mal-operation of equipments. Power
quality problem is concerned with deviation in voltage and
current from ideal values. There are so many problems related
with quality of power [2, 3].
II. POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
A. Voltage Swells
Momentary increase of the voltage, at the power
frequency, outside the normal tolerances, with duration of
more than one cycle and typically less than a few seconds is
978-1-4673-8962-4/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
Aijaz Ahmad Zargar
Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Srinagar
Srinagar, India
aijaz54@nitsri.net
called voltage swell. It is due to switching of heavy loads, LLG
fault, badly dimensioned power sources and badly regulated
transformers.
V
t
Fig. 1. Voltage Swell
B. Voltage Sags
A decrease of the normal voltage level between 10 and
90% of the nominal rms voltage at the power frequency, for the
duration of half cycle to 1 minute is called voltage sag. It is due
to connection of heavy loads and start-up of large motors and
faults in consumer’s installation, faults on the transmission
or distribution network. Most of the time faults occur on
parallel feeders [3, 4].
V
t
Fig. 2. Voltage Sag
III. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF D-STATCOM
It is a shunt connected device at the distribution side of
the power systems. A D-STATCOM is a controlled reactive
source, which includes a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and
a DC link capacitor connected in shunt, capable of generating
and/or absorbing reactive power. The operating principles of a
D-STATCOM are based on the exact equivalence of the
conventional rotating synchronous compensator [4].
The basic principle of operation of STATCOM is
explained with the help of Fig. 3. The output voltage of the
IGBT converter (Vout) is controlled, which is in phase with
the system voltage (Vac) and the output current of the
STATCOM ( ) varies depending on inverter output
voltage Vout. If Vout equals Vac, then reactive power is not
delivered by STATCOM to the AC power system. If Vout is
higher than Vac, the phase angle of is leading with
respect to the phase angle of Vac by 90 degrees. As a Where 1 ( ) =Real power drawn by load at fundamental
result, leading reactive power flows from the STATCOM frequency, ℎ ( ) =Real power harmonics drawn by load,
(capacitive mode). If Vout is lower than Vac, the phase angle ( ) =reactive power drawn by load
of is lagging with respect to Vac by 90 degrees. As Real power supplied by source-
a result, lagging reactive power flows into the STATCOM
(inductive mode). The amount of the reactive power is = 1 (2)
proportional to the voltage difference between Vac and Vout.
Reactive power supplied by source-

=0 (3)

Real power drawn by the load-

= 1 + ℎ (4)

Reactive power drawn by the load-

= 1 + ℎ (5)

Fig. 3. Working of STATCOM Real power supplied by the D-STATCOM-

IV. CONFIGURATION AND OPERATION OF D-STATCOM = ℎ − (6)

D-STATCOM has a 3-phase voltage source converter, a
capacitor at the DC side of inverter. It is connected with the Reactive power supplied by D-STATCOM-
electrical system at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The
instantaneous controllable 3-phase output voltage is generated = 1 + ℎ (7)
from DC voltage at fundamental frequency. Fig. 4 is the
schematic diagram of D-STATCOM which shows the 3-phase Where loss component of STATCOM
inverter, a DC capacitor, a controller and a filter as the
components of the D-STATCOM. The pulses are generated by From the single line diagram Fig. 2
the hysteresis current controller (HCC), which takes the
difference of reference current and actual source current and ( )= ( )+ ( ) (8)
minimises the error and controls the current. It generates 3-
phase output voltage and injects capacitive or inductive current When the phase of is in quadrature with
according to the nature of load [5]. without injecting real power, the D-STATCOM can achieve
jXth VPCC IL
the voltage sag mitigation. The shunt injecting current
AC
Is Rth VL and load voltage, in Fig. 4 can be expressed as
fault
equation (9 and 10) [5].
Other ℎ−
Voltage Load
Non-linear
Load
= − = −( ) (9)
storage

ℎ
Energy

Source ISTATCOM
Inverter
(VSC) = ℎ +( − ) ℎ (10)
filter

Controller Where =( ℎ − )/ ℎ
D-STATCOM

=Source current, =Load current, ℎ =Thevenin

Fig. 4. Schematic Diagram of D-STATCOM equivalent voltage, ℎ = Thevenin equivalent impedance
V. MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION
VI. CONTROL STRATEGY BASED ON METHEMATICAL MODELLING
HCC strategy [5, 6] is used here as shown in Fig. 5 to
Total instantaneous power delivery drawn by load-
compensate for reactive power control using STATCOM at
mid-point of transmission line and for the compensation of the
( )= 1( )+ ( )+ ℎ( ) (1) harmonic distortion in current at Point of Common Coupling
(PCC) and source current due to non-linear load using D-
STATCOM.
 Vdc*
C. Hysteresis Current Controller
+ In conventional Hysteresis Band (HB) current control, the
0
-
PI CONTROLLER
switching signal is sent to the IGBT at the same arm (T1 and
-
Vdc T4). The output of the HB current controller is directly
Id
connected to the transistor T1 and reverse is connected to the
T4, therefore the transistor in the same leg is not
Qref simultaneously ON or OFF. IGBTs are self commutated. HCC
+
PI CONTROLLER
Iq
DQ0- ABC compares the actual and reference current and generates pulses
- -
TRANSFORMATION
for the inverter.
Qact
Qact
Iabc* If ≤( ∗− /2), then T1 in ON (14)
∗
HYSTERESIS If ≥( + /2), then T4 is ON (15)
Sin_Cos CURRENT PULSES
CONTROLLER

Iab
Vsbc_s GAIN PLL c

Fig. 5. Control Strategy to generate pulses

A. PI controller
The direct and quadrature axis component of current are:
∗
= + ∗( − ) (11)

∗
= + ∗ − (12) Fig. 6. Actual current follows the reference current path

B. d-q-0 to a-b-c transformation (Inverse Park’s VII. SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Transformation) A. Simulation model for Voltage Swell and Sag at source side
= −1 0
The programmable voltage source as shown in Fig. 8 is
modelled to generate swell and sag for the system so voltage
1
⎡ cos( ) −sin(θ)
√2 ⎤
magnitude is control to analyse the performance of D-
2 ⎢ 2 2 1⎥
d STATCOM. In this model the equivalent Thevenin source and
= ∗ cos − 3 − sin − (13) transmission line impedance has been taken and then stepped
3 ⎢ √2 ⎥
q
3
⎢ 2 2 1⎥ 0 down for distribution load side as shown in Fig. 7. The D-
⎣ cos + 3
− sin +
3 √2 ⎦ STATCOM is connected at primary distribution level at 11 kV.
The large reactive load is connected at PCC.

Fig. 7. Simulation Model of Power system with voltage swell and sag at source side
 Load rms voltage phase A

load rms voltage/ pu

Va

V
La

PU
Load rms voltage phase B
Vb

load rms voltage/ pu

Voltage VLb
frequency
Vc
Load rms voltage phase C

load rms voltage/ pu

Fig. 8. Programmable voltage source VLa

STATCOM connected at 0.4 sec

Time/ sec

TABLE.I SYSTEM PARAMETER (SWELL AND SAG) Fig. 10. rms value of load voltage for Voltage Swell - (1) ( ), (2)
( ) , (3) ( )
S. No. System parameter Values
1 Grid rating 250 MVA 2) For Voltage Sag
2 Source voltage Vs= 230 kV L-L Voltage sag is at the side of grid. This voltage sag is
3 Distribution side voltage Vr= 11 kV L-L transferred to the load side and affects the load connected at
4 System frequency f=50 Hz pcc. Voltage drops from 1.0 p.u to 0.8 p.u. is shown in Fig. 11
5 Line Thevenin equivalent Rth= 21.16 ohm and maintains again at 1.0 with the connection of D-
resistance
6 Line Thevenin equivalent Xth= 0.6735 H
STATCOM. load voltage

reactance V
La
V
Lb VLa

7 Source resistance Rs= 0.01 ohm

8 Source reactance Ls=0
load voltage/ pu
9 Load parameter Load 1 P1=100kW,Q1=10kVARs
10 Load parameter Load 2 P2=100kW,Q2=10kVARs
11 Source reference reactive power Q_ref= zero
12 Transformer rating Rt= 2 mῼ, Xt= 0.08 H
STATCOM connected at 0.4 sec

time/ sec

TABLE.II D-STATCOM PARAMETER (SWELL AND SAG) Fig. 11. Load voltage in per unit for Voltage Sag
S. No. Parameters Value load rms voltage phase A

1 DC link voltage Vdc= 17 kV

Load rms voltage/ pu

2 Capacitance Cdc= 1e-6 F

3 Filter reactance Lf= 1.0 mH V
La
STATCOM connected at 0.4sec
4 PI parameter for DC voltage Kp= 0.05, Ki= 5 load rms voltage phase B

5 PI parameter for reactive power Kp= 0.5, Ki= 1

Load rms voltage/ pu

VLb

1) For Voltage Swell load rms voltage phase C

Due to voltage swell at source side, this effect is transferred

Load rms voltage/ pu

to load side and load voltage is also increased at that time.

Here swell is created from 0.2 second to 0.5 second, so the
VLc

voltage is increased from 1 p.u to 1.2 p.u for this duration at time/ sec

load side and D-STATCOM is connected at 0.4 seconds. So

Fig. 12. rms value of load voltage for Voltage Sag - (1) ( ), (2) ( ),
STATCOM again maintains the voltage at 1.0 p.u as shown in (3) ( )
Fig.9. The rms value of load voltage is shown in Fig. 10 for
The DC link voltage is maintained constant as shown in Fig.
different phases. The increase in magnitude in all the three
phases of voltage maintains at rated value (1 p.u) after 13, so reactive power is injected to the system maintains the
connecting D-STATCOM. voltage at PCC, so all the consumers connected to that point do
not get affected by voltage sag or swell.
VLa VLb VLa
load voltage/ pu

VDC
DC link voltage/ volts

STATCOM connected at 0.4 sec

time/ sec

Fig. 9. Load voltage in per unit for Voltage Swells time/ sec

Fig. 13. DC link voltage

B. Simulation model at Different fault conditions

Fig. 14. Simulation model at fault condition

TABLE.III SYSTEM PARAMETERS (WITH FAULTS) When LLLG fault occurs at load side (at 0.2 to 0.5
S. No. System parameter Values seconds), all the three phases experience voltage drop and is
1 Feeder reactance F1= 1.0 mH reached from 1.0 p.u. to 0.7 p.u. After the connection of D-
2 Load parameter Load 1 P1=100kW,Q1=10kVARs STATCOM at 0.4 seconds the voltage maintains at 1.0 p.u as
3 Load parameter Load 2 P1= 10kW, Q1= 1 kVARs shown in Fig. 15. The fault resistance is 0.66 ohm and ground
4 Fault resistance Rfault= 0.66 ohm
5 Fault ground resistance Rg= 0.66 ohm
resistance is 0.66 ohm. Rms value of different phases of
voltage is shown in Fig. 16. The fault level can be increased to
TABLE.IV D-STATCOM PARAMETER (FOR FAULTS) show the performance of D-STATCOM but in this paper, the
fault resistance has been taken 0.66 ohm.
S. No. Parameters Value
1 DC link voltage Vdc= 18 kV 2) Single line to ground fault
2 Capacitance Cdc= 2200e-6 F
Fault occurs from 0.2 seconds to 0.5 seconds and
3 Filter reactance Lf= 1.0 mH
4 PI parameter for DC voltage Kp= 0.5, Ki= 1 STATCOM is connected at 0.4 seconds. At one phase the
5 PI parameter for reactive power Kp= 2, Ki= 10 voltage is dropped from 1.0 p.u to 0.7 p.u. So sag occurs at one
phase. By connecting D-STATCOM this voltage is maintained
and now all phases are equal and balanced shown in Fig. 17.

1) Three phase to ground fault V

La
V
La V
La

load voltage

V V VLa
La La
Load voltage/ pu
Load voltage/ pu

STATCOM connected at 0.4 sec

STATCOM connected
time/sec

Fig. 17. Load Voltage for Line to Ground fault (LG)

time/ second

Fig. 15. Load Voltage at three-phase to ground fault load rms voltage phase A
load rms voltage/ pu

load rms voltage phase A

VLa
load rms voltage/ pu

VLa
STATCOM connected at 0.4 sec

load rms voltage phase B

load rms voltage/ pu

load rms voltage phase B

load rms voltage/ pu

VLb
V
Lb

load rms voltage phase C

load rms voltage/ pu

load rms voltage phase C

VLc
load rms voltage/ pu

VLc

time/ sec

time/ sec

Fig. 18. rms value of load voltage at single line to ground fault (1) ( ),
Fig. 16. rms value of load voltage at 3-phase to ground fault (1) ( ), (2) (2) ( ) , (3) ( )
( ) , (3) ( )
3) Double line to ground fault The IGBT based voltage source converter (VSC) is used
This fault occurs on the load side and in two phases, which is self commutated so the switching is at proper interval
voltages is dropped and third phase voltage is increased. In of time based on the HCC technique. STATCOM maintains the
phase ‘B’ drop is little bit more than phase ‘A’ and in phase DC link voltage constant and compensates for voltage variation
‘C’ voltage is reached to 1.1 p.u during fault. After the at PCC.
connection of D-STATCOM voltages of all the three phases
maintain at rated value at 1 p.u. It is clearly shown in Fig. 19. REFERENCES
[1] Saurabh S. Kulkarni, and Naveen Kumar Mucha, “A
V
La V
Lb
V
Lc
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source is used to create voltage swell and sag. All the analysis John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publication.
is done at load side and results are presented. D-STATCOM is
connected to load side and it maintains the voltage level at 1.0
p.u. This also improves the power quality of the load side so
customers, which are connected to PCC, do not influenced by
voltage variation.
Another model is presented with different type of faults.
This model is worked on all type of fault LG, LLG and LLLG
and gave the satisfactory results. In the fault conditions, some
phase experiences voltage sags and some voltage swell. So it
compensates at all fault conditions and maintains the PCC
voltage magnitude at rated value. All simulation work has been
done on practical voltage level (Grid voltage 230kV and
primary distribution voltage 11kV).

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