UNIT 3

A. READING
WHAT IS BUSINESS?
The word “business” is very common in our daily lives. ut what does it mean exactly?
Traditionally, it simply means exchange or trade for things. This happened thousands of years
ago when people always felt the need to trade what they had in excess of something they did not
have. They did barter trade to satisfy their need. As trading developed, precious metals such as
gold and silver became a medium of exchange to facilitate trading. Archeological excavation and
cave drawings showed that in the ancient cities of Carthage, Babylon, Egypt, and China, traders
sold wool, spices, hides, grains, and primitive products.
In modern time, the concept and the activities of business change. The scope is wider. It
comprises production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. Production is the
creation of service or the process of making something more valuable. It also means bringing
together materials, machinery and workers to make goods. Production changes the value of
materials by changing their forms. The example of goods production is the conversion of iron ore
into metal car parts, while shipping, air freighting, postal, telecommunication, utilities, real estate,
banking, finance, insurance, hotels, and restaurants are all the examples of service production.
Distribution refers to the movement of goods and services from the producer to the
consumer. It includes the movement of materials from the suppliers to the beginning of the
production line. It involves the storage and handling of these materials and the finished goods,
packaging, inventory control and transportation to the end users. An effective distribution
system will minimize the capital tied up in raw materials or unsold finished goods.
When the producer, finished the two activities of business production and distribution, the
ultimate test of his success is the volume of sale the product or service. This sale means the
exchange of the product or service for money. If the sale is weak, the producer is unable to make
profit and his business will not survive long. Consequently, his business activity does not
contribute to the nation’s economic growth.

READING TASK
TASK 1
Answer the following questions based on the text
1. What is the traditional meaning of business?
2. How did people thousands years ago do a business?
3. What was the function of gold or silver thousands of years ago?
4. How did Babylon people do a business?
5. What is the modern meaning of business?
6. What is the most important characteristics of business that did not exist thousands of years
ago?
7. If someone does a business in banking, what does he produce?
8. What kind of distribution is for a producer who cannot minimize the capital tied up in raw
materials?
9. What will happen if a producer can sell his service or goods well?
10. What is the standard of a businessman’s success?
B. SPEAKING
Pair up and practice
Use words from the box to fill in the blanks and practice theconversation below with your
partner.
kindergarten expensive university
campus teachers minutes
part time Early childhood
A : Do you go to University? B : Yes, I do.
A : What (1) do you go to?
B : I go to State University of Gorontalo
A : Do you like it?
B : Oh, yes, I really like it.
A : Why do you like it?
B : Because it has great (2) …….......……., and I find (3)
…….......……Education major in this university.
A : What are you going to do with the major?
B : I am going to be a pre-school or (4) teacher. I
also want to have (5)…………. Job on (6)……………………...
A : Sounds interesting. Anything else?
B : Yes, it is not (7) and it is close to my house.
It only takes ten (8) to get to the main campus
by Bentor.
B : hmmm…pretty good. Well, good luck for your study
then.
A : thanks.

C. WRITING
Look at the pictures and write a short paragraph based on thepicture
A

C
VERBS
While not essential, knowing how these verb types differ from one another can help you avoid
errors in your writing. In the rest of this post, then, we’ll look more closely at how to use all the
verb types listed above.
1. Main Verbs
Typically, a main verb (also known as a lexical or principal verb) in a sentence tells us what the
subject is doing or their state of being:
He kicked the ball.
She is a scientist.

In addition, action verbs will always be transitive or intransitive:

• Transitive verbs need an object (i.e. the thing the verb affects).
• Intransitive verbs can be used without an object.
Some verbs, though, can be either transitive or intransitive depending on how we use them. Take
the verb ‘walk’, for example:

Transitive: She walked the dog.

Intransitive: We walked to the party.

In the first sentence, we’re using ‘walk’ to mean ‘take something for a walk’, so we need an object
(i.e. ‘dog’). But in the second, ‘walked’ does not need an object for us to know what it means (i.e.
the speakers arrived on foot).
In all cases, though, the main verb is the most important verb in a sentence.

2. Linking Verbs
Linking verbs, also known as ‘copular verbs’, are a type of main verb that connects the subject to
further information about it. For example:
Thomas seems happy.

Here, we use the linking verb ‘seems’ to connect the subject (i.e. ‘Thomas’) with a description of
their apparent state of being (i.e. ‘happy’). This extra information after the verb is known as a
subject complement.
As well as ‘seem’, common linking verbs include ‘be’, ‘become’, and ‘appear’. Others are related to
the senses, such as ‘taste’, ‘look’, and ‘smell’:
That cake smells delicious.

3. Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs help us to express a verb tense or grammatical mood. This is why they’re also
sometimes known as ‘helper verbs’.
A helper verb will always come before the main verb in a sentence. The three main examples in
English are ‘be’, ‘do’, and ‘have’. For example:
I am taking a break.

Here, by using the auxiliary verb ‘am’ (a form of ‘be’) with the present participle ‘taking’, we form
the present continuous tense.

4. Modal Verbs
Modal verbs include ‘can’, ‘may’, ‘must’, ‘should’, ‘would’, ‘might’, and ‘will’. We can use them
alongside another verb to express several things:
• How likely something is (e.g. We might go out for dinner tonight)
• Obligation (e.g. Rita should visit her grandparents)
• Capability (e.g. He can run very fast)
• Permission (e.g. You may leave early today)

In addition, we can use modal verbs to offer something:

Would you like a mint?
EXERCISE
TASK 1
Write a sentence for each Auxiliary verb
1. Be (is, am, are, was, were)
_____________________________________________
2. Do, does, did
_____________________________________________
3. Have, has, had
_____________________________________________
4. Should
_____________________________________________
5. Must
_____________________________________________
6. Can
_____________________________________________
7. Could
_____________________________________________
8. May and might
_____________________________________________
9. Shall
_____________________________________________
10. Will
_____________________________________________

TASK 2
Write 2 sentences that contain Linking verb
1. _____________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________