UNIT 3

1. VOCABULARY
1.1 PUBLIC TRANSPORT
1.2 KEYS
2. PRONUNCIATION
2.1 /ʃ/ /dʒ/ /tʃ/

3.PHRASAL VERBS

4.USEFUL GRAMMAR

4.1COMPARATIVES
4.2 SUPERLATIVES
4.3 DEFINITE ARTICLES
4.4 INDEFINITE ARTICLES
4.5 NO ARTICLES

5. USE OF ENGLISH

5.1 TRANSLATION EXERCISES

5.2 CORRECT THE MISTAKES

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1. VOCABULARY
1.1 PUBLIC TRANSPORT

1. /’kærɪdȝ/ ______________________________
2. /kәʊtʃ/ ________________________________
3. /’lɒri/ ________________________________
4. /’mәʊtәweɪ /____________________________
5. /’plætfͻ:m/_____________________________
6. /’sku:tә/ ______________________________
7. /’ᴧndәgraʊnd/ __________________________
8. /træm/ _____________________________
9. /væn/ ______________________________
10. /si:t / ´seifti belt/_________________________
11. /spi:d ’kæmәrә/ _________________________
12. / ka: kræʃ/ _____________________________
13. /´zebrə ’krɒsɪŋ/_________________________
14. /´pa:kiŋ faɪn/ __________________________
15. /rʌʃ ’aʊә/ ______________________________
16. / ´træfik dȝæm/__________________________
17. / ´saikl leɪn/ _____________________________
18. / ´træfik laɪt/____________________________
19. / spi:d ’lɪmɪt /___________________________
20. / ´tæksi ræŋk/ ___________________________
21. / ´petrəl ’steɪʃn/ __________________________
22. / rəud wɜ:ks/ ____________________________
23. / pə´destriən zәʊn/ _______________________
24./´feri/ ______________________________

1.2 Keys
1. carriage (vagón)

2. coach (autobús para largas distancias)

3. lorry (“camión” en inglés británico y “truck”/ trʌk/ en

americano)

4. motorway (autopista)

5. platform (andén)

6. scooter (vespino)

7. underground (“ metro” en inglés británico) y

subway/´sʌbwei/ en inglés americano)

8. tram (tranvía )

9. van (furgoneta)
 10. seat/safety belt (cinturón de seguridad)

11. speed camera (cámara de control de velocidad)

12. car crash (accidente de coche)

13. zebra crossing (paso de peatones)

14. parking fine (multa por aparcamiento indebido)

15. rush hour (hora punta)

16. traffic jam (embotellamiento, atasco)

17. cycle lane (carril bici)

18. traffic light (semáforo)

19. speed limit (límite de velocidad)

20. taxi rank (parada de taxis)

21. petrol station ((gasolinera)

22. road works (obras en la carretera)

23.pedestrian zone (zona peatonal)

24. ferry (ferry,balsa, transportar)

2. PRONUNCIATION
2.1 /ʃ/ /dʒ/ /tʃ/

/ʃ/ chef /ʃef/ sheet /ʃi:t/

cash machine /kæʃ mə´ʃ i:n/

/dʒ/ job /dʒɒb/ page /peidʒ/

jam /dȝæm/

/tʃ/ chair /tʃeә/ peach /pi:tʃ/ coach /kәʊtʃ/

3. PHRASAL VERBS
These phrasal verbs are connected with “transport”.
Set off/out= to start a journey (comenzar un viaje)
For example: they´ve just set off on a round- the -
world cruise.

Pick sb/sth up= to collect sb from a place or to go and

get sth or sb (ir a recoger a alguien o algo)
For example: Jenny´s going to pick me up outside the
cinema.
They picked up the children after school.

Drop sb off= to take someone/something to a

particular place, usually by car (llevar a alguien o algo,
generalmente en coche a algún lugar).
For example: could you drop me (off) near the post
office?
End up (in…)= reach or come to a certain place, state or
situation (ir a parar a …)
For example: after much discussion about holidays
abroad we ended up in Oxford.

Run out of sth= to finish, to be used completely

(quedarse sin algo).
For example: we´re going to run out of petrol soon.

Look (or watch) out= to watch what is happening and

be careful (ser cuidadoso, tener cuidado).
For example: look out, a car´s coming.
 4. USEFUL GRAMMAR

4.1 COMPARATIVES
 We use comparative adjectives to compare two people,
places, things, etc.
Cheap/cheaper (barato/ más barato)
Expensive/more expensive (caro/ más caro)
Large/larger (grande/más grande)
Emma needs a bigger computer.
The film was more exciting than the book.
This jacket is too small. I need a larger size.
 We also use comparative adverbs to compare two actions:
Fast – faster (rápido/más rápido)
Slowly – more slowly (lentamente/más lentamente
Carefully – more carefully (cuidadosamente/más
cuidadosamente)
We do this more easily with a computer.
Can´t you run faster than that?
Could you speak more slowly, please?
 We use – er for the comparative of short adjectives and
adverbs (one syllable):

Cheap/cheaper (barato/más barato)

Nice/nicer (simpático/más simpático)

Fat/fatter (gordo/más gordo)

Hot/hotter (caliente/más caliente)

My sister is a bit taller than me.

Ann works harder than most of her friends.

  We prefer – er with some two-syllable adjectives, especially
adjectives ending in – y:
Lucky/luckier (afortunado/más afortunado)
Funny/funnier (divertido/más divertido)
Easy/easier (fácil/más fácil)
Pretty/prettier (guapa/más guapa)
 And also:
Clever/cleverer (inteligente/más inteligente)

 We use more (not “-er”) for other two-syllable adjectives

and longer adjectives:
More modern (más moderno)
More serious (más serio, grave)
More expensive (más caro)
More comfortable (más cómodo)
 We also use more…for adverbs which end in –ly:
More slowly (más lentamente)
More seriously (más en serio/gravemente)
More quietly (más tranquilamente)
More carefully (más cuidadosamente)
 We also say more often (más a menudo):
I don´t play tennis much now. I used to play more often.
 But we say earlier (más temprano) (not “more early”)

You are always tired in the mornings. You should go to bed

earlier.

` Words ending in - ful or – less have more: useful, hopeless

` Words ending in - ing or ed: boring, stressed.

- Many others, eg. afraid, certain, correct, eager (ansioso,
ávido) exact, famous, foolish, frequent, nervous. normal,
recent.

 Some words have – er or more:

Narrow - narrower/more narrow

Examples are: narrow, quiet, simple, clever

 We often use a phrase with than after a comparative:

I had a bigger meal than you.

 After than it is more usual to say me/him/her/them/us

when there is no verb. Compare these sentences:

You are taller than I am but: you are taller than me.

They have more money than we have but: they have more
money than us.

 Some adjectives and adverbs have Irregular comparative

forms:
Adjectives/adverbs
Good/well – better
Bad/badly – worse
Far (lejos)– farther/or further
I´m very tired. I can´t walk much further/farther
Much/many – more
Little – less (with uncountable nouns)
Few – fewer (with countable nouns)
“I´ve got very little money”. I have even less money than
you.
 Men tend to talk about fewer subjects, the most popular
being work, sport, jokes, cars, and women.
 Less and least (superlative) are the opposites of more and
most (superlative). We use less and least with both long
and short words.

A bus is less expensive than a taxi.

I feel better today, less tired.

You should do less work. You do too much.

 We also use more and its opposite less to compare

quantities.

I haven´t got many books. You´ve got more than I have.

Tom spends less on clothes than me

 Before the comparative of adjectives and adverbs you can

use: a bit (un poco), a little (un poco), much, a lot
(bastante), far (bastante)(=a lot)

Her illness was far more serious than we at first thought.

 Sometimes you can use two comparatives together. For

example: harder and harder (cada vez más difícil), more
and more (cada vez más), more and more difficult (cada
vez más difícil). We use this structure to say that
something is changing continuously:

It´s becoming harder and harder to find a job.

These days more and more people are learning English.

It´s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.

  We use the…….the…….. (with two comparatives) to say
that one thing depends on another thing:

The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive.

The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.

The more you have, the more you want.

 You can use as…..as in positive sentences and in questions:

I´m sorry I´m late. I got here as fast as (tan rápido como) I could.

There´s plenty of food, so eat as much as (tanto como) you like.

 You can also say “not as….as” or “not so…..as”:

The weather´s better today, isn´t it? “Yes, it´s not as cold.”

Jack isn´t as old as he looks.

 After as it is more usual to say me/him/her/them/us when

there is no verb. Compare these sentences:
You are as tall as I am but: you are as tall as me.
They have as much money as we have but: they have as
much money as us.
 We use the same as (not “the same like” to say that two
people, places, things, etc. are identical.
Her dress is the same as mine.

4.2 SUPERLATIVES

 We use superlative adjectives and adverbs to compare

people, things, or actions with all of their group.

Kevin is the tallest player in the team.

Helen is the best student in the class.

That´s the worst we´ve ever played.

 Form superlatives like comparatives, but use – est instead

of – er and most/least instead of more/less.
 We normally use the before superlatives, but you can also
use possessive adjectives, e.g. my best friend, their most
famous song.
 We often use a superlative with present perfect + ever,
e.g. It´s the best book I´ve ever read.
 After a superlative we can use in or of. We use in with
places and with groups of people, eg. team.
It´s the longest bridge in the world. (NOT OF THE WORLD)
It´s the best beach in England (NOT OF ENGLAND)
It´s the most expensive hotel in Oxford.
Who is the best player in the team?
This exam is the most difficult of all.
August is the hottest month of the year.
 Some adjectives and adverbs have Irregular superlatives:
Good/well – better- the best
Bad/badly – worse – the worst
Far – farther/or further – the farthest/furthest
Much/many – more – the most
Little – less – the least (with uncountable nouns)
Few – fewer – the fewest (with countable nouns)
Peter made the most mistakes of all the class.
Rachel made the fewest mistakes of all the class.
He´s the best teacher even though he has the least
experience.
I´m the least musical person in the world, I´m afraid.
The small bag is the least expensive.
 4.3 DEFINITE ARTICLE

We use “the”:

- When we talk about something we´ve already mentioned.

I saw an old man with a dog. The dog was barking.

- When it´s clear what we´re referring to.

The bell rang and my father opened the door.

The children are at school.

- When there´s only one of something.

The moon goes round the Earth.

- With places in a town, e. g. cinema, theatre.

I´m going to the cinema tonight.

- With superlatives

It´s the best restaurant in town.

4.4. INDEFINITE ARTICLES

We use a/an with singular countable nouns:

- The first time you mention a thing/person.

I saw an old man with a dog

-When you say what something is or what somebody does.

It´s a nice house.

She´s a lawyer.

- In exclamations with What….!

What an awful day!

- In expressions of frequency.

I have classes three times a week.

4.5 NO ARTICLE
We don´t use an article:

- When we are speaking in general (with plural and uncountable

nouns).

For example: I love flowers. Compare: I love the flowers in my

garden. (= the specific flowers in that place).

Girls often learn to read earlier than boys.

Love is more important than money.

- With some nouns, eg. home, work, school, church, after
at/to/from.

She´s not at home today.

I get back from work at 5.30.

- Before meals, days, and months.

I never have breakfast.

I´m going to the theatre on Tuesday.

- Before next/last + day, week, etc.

See you next week.

I got to school late every day last month.

5. USE OF ENGLISH
 5.1 TRANSLATION EXERCISES
1. Volar es bastante más caro que ir en autobús.

2. Me encantan los perros, pero a mi novio no le gustan.

3. ¿Crees que las mujeres son más sensibles que los hombres?

4. Hoy es el día más frio del año.

5. A veces vamos al teatro por la tarde.

6. Acabo de poner las flores encima de la mesa.

7. La casa de mis abuelos es mucho más grande que la nuestra.

8. Llegaron a Portsmouth hace tres días.

9. Creo que las mujeres están menos interesadas en el deporte que los
hombres.

10. Nunca tomo café después de la cena.

11. Andas más lentamente que yo.

12. El aceite de oliva es mejor para ti que la mantequilla.

13. No tomo tanto café como mi compañera de clase.

14. Mi padre no gana tanto como mi tío.

15. María es la mejor estudiante de la clase.

16. Un autobús no es tan cómodo como un tren.

17. Es el libro más caro que he comprado.

18. Siempre salgo de mi casa al mismo tiempo que mis padres.

19. No vamos al extranjero tan a menudo como ellos.

20. Es el portátil más barato que hemos tenido.

21. ¿Con qué frecuencia vas al gimnasio? Aproximadamente tres veces a

la semana.

22. ¿Cuál es el lugar más interesante para visitar de tu pueblo?

23. ¿Tu madre es ama de casa? No, ella es profesora de educación
infantil.

24. ¿Quién telefoneó ayer por la tarde?

25. ¿A quién viste hace tres semanas?

5.2 IN THIS EXERCISE YOU HAVE TO DECIDE WHETHER THESE

SENTENCES ARE RIGHT OR WRONG. CORRECT THOSE WHICH ARE WRONG

1.What awful day!

2.What shall we do the next weekend?

3.Let´s invite some friends for the lunch. We could eat out in the garden.

4.Is your dad chef?

5.They are not as busy as we.

6.Her motorbike is the same than mine.

7. They are the best beaches of Spain.

8. Who does this laptop belong to?

9. This exercise isn´t very different to the last one.

10. I´ve never been good for sport.

11.I´m tired of walk. Let´s stop and have a rest.

12.The seven hours in the airport was the less enjoyable part of the
holiday.

13.How noisy child! Where are his parents?

14.Are you frightened of the heights?

15.Who are you laughing of?