TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPINES

938 AURORA BOULEVARD CUBAO QUEZON CITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CE 014-CES32S1
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

DESIGN OF 15-METER COVERED SIDEWALK AT KASIGLAHAN VILLAGE ELEMENTARY

SCHOOL, SAN JOSE, MONTALBAN RIZAL

Submitted by:
Baleña, Allan Paul B.
1913153

Submitted to:
Engr. Tadiosa, Jerome

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY PLEDGE

I swear on my honor that I did not use any inappropriate aid, nor give such to others, in accomplishing
this coursework. I understand that cheating and/or plagiarism is a major offense, as stated in TIP
Memorandum No. P-04, s. 2017-2018, and that I will be sanctioned appropriately once I have committed
such acts.

Baleña, Allan Paul B.

1913153
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………… 1
1.1 Background ………………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Project location ……………………………………………………………... 2
1.3 Project Client ………………………………………………………………. 2
1.3.1 Client’s Requirements ………………………………………….. 2
1.4 Project Objectives ………………………………………………………….. 2
1.4.1 General Objective ………………………………………………. 2
1.4.2 Specific Objectives ……………………………………………… 3
1.5 Scope and Limitations ………………………………………………………. 3
1.6 Project Development ………………………………………………………… 3
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……. 6
2.1 Location Data ……………………………………………………………….. 6
2.1.1 Topography ………………………………………………………... 6
2.1.2 Hazards ……………………………………………………………. 7
2.1.2.1 Wind Hazard Map ………………………………………………. 7
2.1.2.2 Earthquake Hazard Map …………………………………………. 8
2.1.3 Geotechnical Report ………………………………………………. 10
2.1.4 Floor Hazard Map …………………………………………………. 12
2.1.5 Landslide Hazard ………………………………………………….. 12
2.2 Description of the Structure …………………………………………………. 12
2.3 Floor Plan and Elevation ……………………………………………………. 16
2.4 Design Criteria ………………………………………………………………. 25
2.4.1 Dead Loads ………………………………………………………… 25
2.4.1 Live Loads …………………………………………………………. 26
2.4.3 Wind Load Parameters …………………………………………….. 26
2.5 Review of Related Literature ………………………………………………… 27
2.5.1 One-Way Slab ………………………………………………..……. 27
2.5.2 Two-Way Slab……………………………………………………… 27
2.5.7 The Effect of Shear Wall Location in Resisting Earthquake……... 30
2.5.8 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Dual Structural System ………. 31
CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS, AND STANDARDS ………………. 32
3.1 Design Constraints …………………………………………………………. 32
3.1.1 Economic Constraint (Cost - Quantitative) ……………………… 32
 3.1.1.2 Constructability Constraint …………………………………….. 32

3.1.1.3 Serviceability ………………………………………………….. 33

3.1.1.4 Sustainability Constraint ………………………………………. 33

3.1.2 Qualitative Constraints …………………………………………... 33

3.1.2 Sustainability (Life Span - Qualitative) …………………………. 33

3.1.2.1 Health and Safety ……………………………………………… 34

3.2 Trade-offs …………………………………………………………………. 34

3.2.1 One Way Slab …………………………………………………… 34

3.2.2 Two Way Slab …………………………………………………... 35

3.2.3 Special Moment-Resisting Frame (SMRF) ……………………... 36

3.2.4 RC Frame with Steel Bracing …………………………………… 37

3.2.5 RC Frame with Shear Walls …………………………………….. 38

3.2. Special Moment Resisting Frame ……………………………...…. 39

3.3 Trade-Off Summary ………………………………………………………. 39

1
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS …… 40

4.1 General Design Process ………………………………………………….... 40

4.1.1 General Design Process …………………………………………. 40
4.1.2 Beam and Slab Design Procedure (USD) ……………………….. 41
4.2 Methodologies for Design Loads …………………………………………. 44
4.2.1 Gravity Loads ………………………………………………….... 44
4.2.2 Seismic Loads …………………………………………………… 45

4.2.3 Trade-off 1 ………………………………………………………. 46

4.3 Analysis of Structure ………………………………………………………. 51

CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN ………………………………………………………... 53

5.1 Designers Ranking and Assessment ………………………………………... 53

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………. 56

2
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The covered sidewalk, which will be 15 meters long and run alongside Kasiglahan
Elementary School in Montalban San Jose Rizal, is the main topic of the proposed project. The
project is made of steel to protect them from cars that may be driving along the road or highway
that is close to the students. It is also planned to provide shelter from the rain and sun to keep
students from becoming ill or dehydrated. To ensure the safety of people in the crowd, it is
made up of a sizable open area covered by a roof and surrounded by strong columns. The
column was designed to create an intervention between the right and left sides in order to create
harmony and lessen bumping that will cause jinx or commotion.

The covered sidewalk is 2 meters wide and 15 meters long, with enough space for four people.
Except for the middle column, which had two metal bars horizontally in between the columns,
one is 0.5 meters above the ground and can be used as a seat for tired passersby, and the second
is 1.5 meters above the ground or 1 meter above the first metal bar, and this one can be lean on
or held by the elderly who accompanying the student who is having difficulty walking.

It is designed to withstand a force in the event of a vehicle impact, and since it is made of steel

that had a sturdy body, it can withstand wind force, earthquake, and rainfall. The project can

also help with the improvement of industry, with the safety, concern for students, and aesthetic

design for school, which increases the likelihood of increasing enrollments. The popularity of

the location will grow as a result of the students' parents.

Figure. 1 Perspective view

3
1.2 Project Location
The location of the project is along Sam’s Store and near Kasiglahan Elementary
School, 14.747677, 121.141389 San Jose, Rodriguez, Rizal base on the google map, The
coordinated by the Google Earth is 14°44’51 North and 121°08’29 East, below is the map
view of the location of the project.

Figure. 2 Project location (Satellite view)

1.3 Project Client

The Client of the project is Mr. Iloco D. Capis, A successful business man of the city with
a idea to create a helpful way for the students and parents due to the increase of the population
and enrollees in the city,

1.3.1 Client’s Requirements

- Should be design to improve the harmony of the students, parents and passerby.
- Can protect the people from the rain and sun ray,
- Can be a good guide or helper to the parents and student to walk in.

4
1.4 Project Objectives
1.4.1 General Objective
• To design a covered sidewalk that bears the client requirement and can withstand the
design loads applied to the structure in accordance with the National Structural Code
of the Philippines (NSCP 2015) and American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
Steel Construction Manual (15th Edition) 2017.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

• To provide the architectural and structural plans of the building, including cost
estimates.
• To assign an accurate load to the structural model in accordance with NSCP 2015.
• To design a safe and economical structural member in accordance with American
Institute of Steel Construction (AISC 15th Edition) or ASEP Steel Handbook 2004.
• To evaluate and compare trade-offs based on chosen constraints and standards.
• To provide the structural plan with structural details of beams, girders, slabs and
columns.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

The following are the scopes of the design project:
• The architectural and structural plans of the project including the structural details.
• The building was designed and conceptualized in accordance with the National
Building Code of the Philippines and National Structural Code of the Philippines
(NSCP 2015) and American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Steel Construction
Manual (15th Edition) 2017.
• The cost estimates of the project including construction equipment, labor, and
materials.
The following are the limitations of the design project:
• Design of footings and foundation were excluded.
• Design of pedestal and base plate were excluded.

5
1.6 Project Development
The design of the structure begins with the conceptualization of the project. The client will give
the requirements to the designer. Next is the planning phase. The data gathered will be used for
the project constraints and standards. The constraints and standard give the designers the
overview about the specific elements that will affect the project, after that the designers will
provide architectural designs for occupancy considerations and aesthetics in accordance with
the national codes.
Next phase is designing the preliminary structural dimensions of the building, assigning loads
to them governed by NSCP 2015. Then structural analysis will be performed using computer
software. Next phase is the design of tradeoffs, in which the designers will design potential
engineering solutions to that matter in accordance AISC 15th Edition in order for the designers
to select the most economical, safest and the most

beneficial for the project. The interpretation of the result would be done in comparison of the
proposed trade-offs through ranking that will be selected by the designers. If the all the safety
and serviceability requirements set by the codes were satisfied, the designers will provide the
final leading design that will be applied for the project and ended by having the complete design
plans for the structure. The following steps will be the systematic approach and these are:

6
 START

CONCEPTUALIZATION

PLANNING PHASE

PROJECT CONSTRAINTS AND STANDARDS

ARCHITECTURAL PLANS

PRELIMINARY STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ESTIMATION OF LOADS

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

EVALUATION OF RESULTS

DESIGN OF TRADE-OFFS

DESIGN 1 DESIGN 2

EVALUATION OF DESIGN

FINAL DESIGN

END

Figure. 3 Project7Development
 CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
2.1 Description of the Structure

2.1 Location Data

2.1.1 Topography.
This figure shows the topography of the site, with contour lines representing different
elevations.

8
2.1.2 Demography

Demographic data is an important consideration when deciding where to build a terminal

because it can affect revenue generation. The population's composition or characteristics, such
as growth, gender, and age groups, are used as indicators of enrollees. The Public school and
barangay community also uses population data, including population growth projections, to
determine the most profitable locations for goods, increase service and people protection.

2.1.2.1 Population Density

San Jose's household population was 124,582 in 2015, divided into 27,826 households, with
an average of 4.48 members per household.

Table 1-1. Households’ population

When all age groups are combined, those aged 14 and under make up 32.70% of the young
dependent population, which includes infants/babies, children, and young
adolescents/teenagers (40,834). Those aged 15 to 64 make up roughly 64.39% of the
economically active population and actual or potential labor force members (80,400). Finally,
the old dependent population, which includes senior citizens aged 65 and up, accounts for
2.91% (3,634) of the total population.

9
 Table 2-2. Population by age group

2.2 Hazard Maps

2.2.1 Wind Hazard Map

This figure shows the location and basic wind speed of the site that will be used for the
design of wind loads.

10
 2.2.2 Earthquake Hazard Map

The figure shows the distance of the project location to the nearest active fault line, the
Valley Fault System.

2.2.3 Flood, Landslides, and Storm Surge Hazards Map

The figure below depicts the project site's vulnerability to flooding, landslides, and storm surge.
It is classified as "High" in terms of flood hazard and "little to none" in terms of storm surge.
Additionally, the landslide hazard level is rated as "little to none"

11
2.3 Geotechnical Report

12
2.4 Description of the Structure

The covered sidewalk is designed as steel structure. There were two series of trade-offs based

on the design constraints, considerations and standards that have been observed before coming

up with the most favorable design. Based on the architectural model presented, it has no trusses

and opposite “V” design as it decks, it had a one column that placed in the middle. The project

total area is 37.5 meter2

2.5 Classification of Structure

According to the National Building Code of the Philippines, the proposed 15 meters long

covered sidewalks fall under Group J: Division J-1 agricultural structures. In terms of

construction, this will be classified as Type II Non-combustible, the structure are all made of

steel, The occupancy category of the structure will also determine the strength and

serviceability requirements.

2.6 Architectural Plans

2.6.1 Site Development Plan

13
14
2.6.2 Project Plan

15
2.6.3 Elevation Plans

16
17
18
19
2.7 Design Criteria

The design loads and parameters provided on the table below are in accordance with National
Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015.

2.8. Loads
2.8.1 Dead Loads
Dead loads are based from the NSCP 2015, Chapter 2, Table 204-1 (Minimum Densities for
Design Loads from Materials, kN/m3) 77

Table 3: Dead load

Material Components Design Load

Steel Suspended Steel channel 77.3; 0.10
system

2.8.2 Live Loads

Live loads are based from the NSCP 2015, Chapter 2, Table 205-2 (Minimum Vertical load
in, kPa)

Category Vertical Load

Stands and seats 1.752

2.8.3 Wind Load Parameters

Table 5. Wind Loads Parameters

270 kph (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section 207A.5-

Basic Wind Speed (V)
1C)
0.85 (MWFRS; NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section
Wind Directionality Factor (Kd)
207A.6)
Exposure C (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section
Exposure Category
207A.7)
1.0 (Flat Terrain; NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section
Topography Factor (Kzt) 207A.8)

20

Gust Effect Factor
Enclosure Classification
Internal Pressure Coefficient (GCpi)
2.8.4 Seismic Load Parameters
Table 6. Seismic Loads Parameters
Occupancy Category
Seismic Importance Factor (I)
Soil Profile Type
Soil Profile Name
Seismic Zone
Seismic Source Type
Nearest Fault Line
Near Source Factor (Na)
Near Source Factor (Nv)
Seismic Coefficient (Ca)
Seismic Coefficient (Cv)
Basic Seismic – Force Resisting System
Numerical Coefficient for Over Strength
and
21
0.85 (NSCP 2015 Vol. 1, Section 207A.2,
Section 207A.9)
Enclosed (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section
207A.10)
± 0.18 (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section 207A-11)
Category IV – Standard Occupancy
Structures (All structures housing
occupancies or having functions not listed in
Category I, II, or III and V
(NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Table 103-1)
1.0; Category III (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Table
208-1)
SD, SPT Ave. Value = 24.4 (NSCP 2015
Vol.1
Table 208-2)
Stiff Soil
Zone 4 (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section
208.4.4.1)
C (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Table 208-4)
West Valley Fault
1.0 (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section 208-5)
1.0 (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section 208-6)
0.44 (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section 208-7)
0.64 (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section 208-8)
Special Moment-Resisting Frame System
8.5
 Global Ductility Capacity or Response
Reduction

Factor (R)
Numerical Coefficient for Period of 0.0731 (NSCP 2015 Vol.1 Section
Vibration (Ct) 208.5.2.2)

2.9 Review of Related Literature

Know the Benefits of Covered Walkways by Henry (August 27, 2017), Covered
walkways are one of those products that serve multiple functions in your home or building.
The covered walkways, as the name implies, are intended to provide protection in the
walkways. These walkways come in a variety of shapes and sizes, allowing you to customize
them to meet your specific requirements.

The first and most obvious advantage of covered walkways is that they provide protection
from the sun and other harsh weather conditions. As we all know, excessive exposure to
inclement weather can lead to a variety of health issues. The covered walkways are an
excellent way to avoid it. In fact, studies have shown that excessive sun exposure can lead to
serious problems such as skin cancer. As a result, the covered walkways will keep you safe.

This is one of the reasons schools are putting in covered walkways. There are now walkways
that provide complete protection against UV rays and other harmful elements of the weather.
As a result, they provide excellent protection for both small children and adults.

However, there are numerous other reasons why schools use these walkways so frequently.
After all, with the increasing population, schools are having difficulty accommodating
students. The covered walkways allow them to expand their school grounds by connecting it
to a remote area. Of course, one major factor influencing their decision is the cost. After all,
covered walkways are significantly less expensive than brick and mortar roads.

Sidewalk Landscape Structure and Thermal Conditions for Child and Adult
Pedestrians Published online 2018 Jan 18 (Int J Environ Res Public Health), Walking is being
promoted for health and transportation in all climatic regions of the United States and
beyond. Despite this, an unpleasant microclimate condition along sidewalks is a major
deterrent to walking, and more empirical research is needed to determine the risks of
22
pedestrian heat exposure while walking. The effect of street trees and grass along sidewalks
on air temperatures was investigated in this study. After controlling for other key physical
environmental conditions, sidewalks with more trees or wider grass buffer areas had lower air
temperatures than those with less vegetation. A series of thermal images were taken at the
average heights of adults and children in the US to objectively measure the air temperatures
of 10 sidewalk segments in College Station, TX, USA. Children were subjected to higher
temperatures as a result of their greater exposure to or proximity to the pavement surface,
which has higher radiant heat.

CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS, AND STANDARDS

3.1 Design Constraints

Constraints are viewed as impediments to the designer's ability to design a particular project.
Economic, constructability, sustainability, and other factors that limit the project's flow are
among them. These constraints consume a greater portion of the design stage. Considering
those constraints provides a realistic and practical way for the designer to deal with situations
that may arise at the start of the design project and as the project progresses until it is completed.
The following are the constraints that are being taken into consideration that may have a
relevant impact on the design of the 15-meter covered sidewalk.

3.1.1 Quantitative Constraints

23
3.1.1.1 Economic.

In terms of economics, the designer considers cost effectiveness while not compromising the
work or project's quality. The economic constraint is critical in designing the best structural
design for this project, such as the structural framework, flooring, and foundations.
Construction cost in this case includes material, labor, and construction costs that the
designer will consider when evaluating. Cost estimates of the determined structural schemes
were performed and compared to assist in selecting the best alternative design to address this
constraint and extend the cost effectiveness of this design project. Trade-offs will aid the
designer in determining how to reduce project costs.

3.1.1.2 Constructability.

The duration of the project's construction is critical, and both the client and the designers and
contractors take this into account. The client's primary concern is the duration of the work,
specifically the shortest possible period of time for construction completion so that she can
immediately begin her residential renting business. It will be investigated in this constraint
which of the trade-offs will be more efficient to apply to the project.

3.1.1.3 Serviceability.

This has a significant impact on the design because the primary goal of this project is to
ensure the safety and quality of the building. The trade-offs will be evaluated based on their
ability to carry loads, which is determined by the member's deflection and stiffness. This
constraint is concerned with the behavior of the structure in performance-based seismic
analysis. The slab system that appears to be stiffer will be thought to be more serviceable.
The designers must ensure that the structure's intended functions function properly.

3.1.1.4 Aesthetic

The aesthetics of the building are one of the issues investigated in structure. Shape, scale,
texture, color, balance, unity, movement, emphasis, contrast, symmetry, proportion, space,
24
alignment, pattern, decoration, culture, and context all contribute to a building's
attractiveness.

3.1.2 Qualitative Constraints

3.1.2.1 Health and Safety.

In any building, particularly a covered sidewalk project, the safety of the occupants is
regarded as extremely important. Because the building's occupants are students, it should be
well-designed. Materials should be chosen not only for their aesthetic value.

3.1.2.2 Sustainability.

The structure should be able to withstand earthquakes and strong winds. It should also make
use of high-quality materials to ensure that no parts fail over time. Materials used should also
be long-lasting and easy to maintain. When the loads are applied, the designer will look at
which trade-offs have the least amount of lateral movement. Which design will provide
greater safety and sustainability while requiring less construction expenditure will be
determined. The structure's less lateral movement when loads are applied contributes to the
building's sustainability.

3.2 Trade-Offs
The designer considered a tradeoff, a trade-off was initially evaluated in light of the
constraints and improve it looks. The trade-off chosen is with the trusses which a knee brace
trusses a bracing system that anchors the diagonal brace to a short member rather than the
beam-column joint. These trade-offs will be used for the initial comparative analysis of
tradeoff and will be presented after the initial data has been normalized.

3.2.1 knee brace truss

25
Top chords of trusses must always be restrained from lateral movement using a bracing
system where the diagonal brace is anchored to a short member rather than the beam-column
joint. The truss designer specifies this kind of bracing to stop the buckling of truss members.

3.3 Normalization of Initial Data

The data is normalized based on an initial estimate of the chosen trade-offs and the three
constraints, namely Economic, Constructability, and Serviceability.

3.3.1 Raw Data

PC3
PC1 (Cost in PC2 (Duration in
Design (Safety/Serviceability in
pesos) days)
Percent)
1. None trusses 500000 575 3.5 %
2. knee brace 850000 525 4.5 %
Table 7. Raw Initial Data

Table 7 shows the data gathered from previous studies, which was used as a basis to
determine which trade-off offers the best in a specific constraint and on a larger scale.

26
3.3.2 Normalized Data

PC3
PC1 (Cost in PC2 (Duration in
Design (Safety/Serviceability in
pesos) days)
Percent
1. None trusses 2.8 4 10 %
2. knee brace 10 10 4%
Table 8. Normalized Initial Data

Table 8 shows the initial raw data that has been normalized. Prior to averaging, ratings are
normalized by adjusting values measured on different scales to a nominally common scale.

3.3.3 Weighted Sum of Various Percentage Weight

PC Weight (%) D1 D2
1 0.3 2.8 10
2 0.5 4 10
3 0.2 10 4
Weighted Sum 4.84 8.8
Table 9. First weighted sum of various percentage for initial data

Table 9 shows the first weighted sum of various percentage where constraints one (1), two
(2), and three (3) have given a percentage of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.2 respectively.

PC Weight (%) D1 D2

1 0.23 2.8 10

2 0.52 4 10

3 0.26 10 4
Weighted Sum 5.124 8.46
27
 Table 10. Second weighted sum of various percentage for initial data

Table 10 shows the second weighted sum of various percentages for constraints one (1), two
(2), and three (3), which resulted in percentages of 0.23, 0.52, and 0.26, respectively.

PC Weight (%) D1 D2

1 0.34 2.8 10

2 0.44 4 10

3 0.26 10 4

Weighted Sum 5.312 8.84

Table 11. Third weighted sum of various percentage for initial data

Table 11 shows the second weighted sum of various percentages for constraints one (1), two
(2), and three (3), which resulted in percentages of 0.34, 0.44, and 0.26, respectively.

3.4 Trade-off Assessment

Since the importance of the criterion is subjective, its value will be determined by the client's
and designer's decision. However, based on the table, the designer may suggest to the client a
design with a higher weighted sum. As a result, it is critical to consider how to make the
expense as low as possible. The importance factors were assigned based on the client's
preference for the completed project. Because the client was more concerned with the shorter
construction period and the ability to afford the cost of construction, the designer assigned a
higher weight percentage to Constructability (PC2).

3.5 Design Standards

The designer created the design of the jeepney terminal in accordance with the following
codes and standards:

28
The Philippine National Building Code (PD 1096).

The National Building Code of the Philippines, also known as Presidential Decree No. 1096,
was developed and implemented as a uniform building code to incorporate current and modern
technical knowledge on building design, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance. The
Code establishes a framework of minimum standards and requirements for all buildings and
structures in order to regulate and control location, site, design, and material quality,
construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance.

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) vol. 1 – 2015

This code establishes minimum standards to protect life or limb, property, and public welfare
by regulating and controlling the design, construction, and material quality of all buildings and
structures under its jurisdiction. The provisions of this code shall apply to the construction,
alteration, moving, demolition, repair, maintenance, and use of any building or structure within
its jurisdiction, except work primarily in a public way, public utility towers and poles, hydraulic
flood control structures, and indigenous family dwellings.

29
 CHAPTER 4: DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

4.1 General Design Process

For the analysis and design of the trade-offs, the designers used STAAD.Pro V8i SS6. The
first step of the design is modelling and assigning preliminary member sizes, then applying
design loads to the model as per code. After assigning loads the structural system will be
analyzed. For the design of members and connections, the designers referred to ACI 318-14
and NSCP 2015. The figure below shows the iterative design process used by the designers.

4.1.1 General Design Process

START

1. Select structural system, define

preliminary member sizes, and
idealize the structure into a
mathematical model. STAAD Pro.v8i For the design loads
Design codes used:
NSCP 2015
2. Determine applied and self-weight
loads. NSCP 2015 Ch.2

3. Assign design loads to the

Structural system

4. Structural Analysis and design

using STAAD Pro.8i

5. Update member sizes

NO

6. prepared detailed drawings and Satisfied Design

specifications criteria?

YES
Detailing and Designers verifications

30
END

Figure.4-1 General Design Process

 DIFFERENT VERIFICATION

FLEXURE

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

31
4.2 Methodologies for Design Loads

4.2.1 Gravity Loads

START

APPLY LOADS ON THE ROOF NAME

DEFINE LOAD COMBINATIONS

RUN ANALYSIS

EXTRACTS SUPPORT AND TRANSFER

REACTIONS TO THE MAIN FRAME AS NODAL
LOAD

END

Figure.4-3 Gravity Load Design Process

32
4.2.2 Seismic Loads

START

APPLY LOADS (DL + SDL) ON THE STRUCTURE

ASSIGN PIN SUPPORTS AT THE JOINTS

RUN ANALYSIS

EXTRACT VERTICAL SUPPORT REACTION OF THE ASSIGNED PIN

SUPPORT, THIS REACTION WILL BE THE JOINT WEIGHT

DEFINE SEISMIC CODE (UBC 1997)

INPUT SEISMIC LOAD PARAMETERS

1. ZONE FACTORS

2. IMPORTANT FACTOR

3. RESPONSE MODIFICATION

4. SOIL PROFILE TYPE

5. NEAR SOURCE FACTOR

6. PERIOD COEFFICIENT

7. PERIOD IN X & Y DIRECTION

END

Figure.4-4 Gravity Load Design Process

33
4.3 Analysis of Structure

The designers analyze the structural systems using STAAD.Pro v8i. The following are the
important information about the structural model:

• Preliminary structural member properties are based from the architectural plans.
• Live loads and dead loads are based from NSCP 2015, Chapter 2: Minimum Design
Loads.
• The seismic load definition used for the load application in software is based from
UBC 1997. The parameters applied are from NSCP 2015. Section 207 “Earthquake
Loads”.
• Load combinations applied are based from NSCP 2015 Table 405.3.1 (USD)

Figure 23. Structural Analysis using STAAD

34
4.3.1 Load Diagrams for none trusses

Figure 24. Structural Analysis of none brace

Figure 24. Structural Analysis of none brace

35
36
Computation for Earthquake Loads: NSCP 2015

37
Figure.13 Earthquake loads

38
 CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN

The main purpose of the project is to design an economical and safe structure that
adequately resist the loads applied as per NSCP 2015 with consideration of the multiple
constraint, trade-offs and standards. The trade-offs are combinations of different types of
structural member. The trade-offs used for designing are evaluated in terms of multiple
constraints which are economic and constructability in accordance to engineering standards.
The winning trade-off based on final ranking was the combination 1 in which all beams and
columns are W-Shape, bracings and trusses are tubular. The structural system is concentrically
braced Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF), the connection used are both bolted. For
simple or shear connection the designer used Bolted Double-Angle Connections (Beams-to-
Girder Web), and for moment resisting connection, the designers used Bolted Flange-Plated
FR Moment Connection.

5.1 Designers Ranking and Assessment

The economics of the design is the most important consideration for the clients, as seen in the
table below. While for the client, constructability is the second most important factor. In
addition to the Client's Importance Scale, the three (3) trade-offs that the architects will most
likely make when designing the Hospital Building Show. The computed values of each
trade-off are summarized here, along with a comparison to their ranking.

5.6 Final Designer’s Ranking

After considering the final design, the designers came up with the final rankings. In which it
discusses on how the designers came up with the final rankings values which are shown and
computed below.

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 APENDIX A. REFERENCES
F3:
https://www.google.com.ph/maps/@14.7475453,121.1414642,109m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en&
authuser=0
F4:
https://contourmapgenerator.com/#18/14.74759/121.14189
Table 1-1 and 1-2: https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r04a/rizal/rodriguez/san-jose.html
F5:
https://www.dlubal.com/en/load-zones-for-snow-wind-earthquake/wind-
nscp.html?&center=14.74748287016927,121.14221582899997&zoom=18&marker=14.7476
592519,121.1414111663#&center=14.74748287016927,121.14221582899997&zoom=18&
marker=14.7476592519,121.1414111663
F6:
http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/
F7:
https://noah.up.edu.ph/know-your-hazards
F8:
https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/1995%20Provincial%20Profile%20-%20Rizal.pdf
RRL:
https://camosse.com/the-benefits-of-covered-walkways/
F9 :
https://www.google.com/search?q=knee+brace+truss&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH923PH923&sxsr
f=ALiCzsYWgd1PfIqcxWP1iKqwvXa2J8eeHA:1671128311973&source=lnms&tbm=isch&
sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVz6KLnvz7AhWuklYBHQ58DH0Q_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=13
60&bih=657&dpr=1#imgrc=Gj0Ra16J836noM

40