Modelo de Estudio Topografico

G[BAGFDC LBJ GAOFCD PBGFCAJ \[AOD F GGUU UA\AQRBÑA AJ WBG\D[ LB UA[AGA, \[AOD FF LBWPFD IO7+;55 AJ
WBG\D[ LB OAJDÑA, \[AOD FFF GGUU UA\AQRBÑA AJ WBG\D[ LB \FC\AV, LB JA GDORCFLAL GAOUBWFCA LB
UA\AQRBÑA, LFW\[F\D LB JFPF\AGA -GNROKFPFJGAW ‗ GRWGD
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
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U[DVBG\D= G[BAGFDC LBJ GAOFCD PBGFCAJ \[AOD F GGUU UA\AQRBÑA AJ WBG\D[ LB

UA[AGA, \[AOD FF LBWPFD IO7+;55 AJ WBG\D[ LB OAJDÑA, \[AOD FFF GGUU
UA\AQRBÑA AJ WBG\D[ LB \FC\AV, LB JA GDORCFLAL GAOUBWFCA LB UA\AQRBÑA,
LFW\[F\D LB JFPF\AGA -GNROKFPFJGAW ‗ GRWGD
BW\RLFD LB \DUDH[A@ÏA
GDC\BCFLD
1. HBCB[AJFLALBW
d Dkmbtfvd Lbj Bstulfd \dpdhrá`fgd

d Obtdldjdhïa
;. JBPAC\AOFB
JBPAC\AOFBC\D
C\D \DUDH[Á@FGD
d Rkfgagf÷c y Lbsgrfpgf÷c lbj Árba lb Bstulfd

d Aggbsd aj Árba lb Bstulfd
d
d
Gdclfgf÷c
Ajtftul lb jaGjfoátfga
]dca
d [bgdpfjagf÷c lb Fc`droagf÷c.
7. \[AKAMDW LB GAOUD
d [bgdcdgfofbctd lbj Árba lb bstulfd

d Odcuobctagf÷c lb jds Uuctds lb Gdctrdj
d Udjfhdcajbs Kásfgas
d Oblfgf÷c lb Áchujds Ndrfzdctajbs y Pbrtfgajbs
 Gájgujd lbj Achujd Ndrfzdctaj
 Gájgujd lbj Achujd Pbrtfgaj
 Oblfgf÷c Bjbgtr÷cfga lb Lfstacgfas
 Gdrrbggf÷c lbj Brrdr lb [b`raggf÷c y Gurvatura
 Gdrrbggf÷c Atods`ærfga
d Bcjagb gdc bj sfstboa lb gdctrdj vbrtfgaj lbj FHC
 Cfvbjagf÷c Hbdoætrfga
 Urbgfsf÷c lb ja Cfvbjagf÷c
d Bcjagb gdc bj Wfstboa lb Gdctrdj Ndrfzdctaj lbj FHC
d [bpjactbd lb bstrugturas bxfstbctbs
<. \[AKAMDW LB HAKFCB\B
d Gdopbcsagf÷c lb ja Udjfhdcaj Kásfga

d Gddrlbcalas R\O lb jas Udjfhdcaj
Udjfhdcajbs
bs Kásfgas
2. GDCGJRWFDCBW

0. ACB^DW
ACB^D 51= UACBJ @D\DH[A@FGD LBJ JBPAC\AOF

JBPAC\AOFBC\D
BC\D \DUDH[A@FGD.
ACB^D 5;= JFW\ALD LB AK[BPFA\R[AW
ACB^D 57= @FGNAW LB JDW URC\DW LB GDC\[DJ LB JA UDJFHDCAJ KAWFGA
ACB^D 5<= @FGNAW LB KOs
8. JAOFCAW (UJACDW)

1. HBCB[AJFLALBW.
1.1 DKMB\FPD LBJ BW\RLFD \DUDH[Á@FGD
Bj dkmbtfvd lbj Bstulfd \dpdhrá`fgd bs prdpdrgfdcar fc`droagf÷c kásfga y cbgbsarfa kasala bc

fc`drobs rbgdpfjalds y bvajualds, bc lata tdpdhrá`fga tdoala bc gaopd y prdgbsala bc
hakfcbtb lb ja tdpdhra`ïa, gartdhra`ïa, bjbobctds bstrugturajbs, nflráujfgds y lboás lb ja zdca
oatbrfa lbj bstulfd.
Bj dkmbtfvd sbguclarfd bs dktbcbr Kbcgns Oaris d Uuctds lb gdctrdj bc uc cýobrd su`fgfbctb

gdod para lbsarrdjjar trakamds lb vbrf`fgagf÷c lb gdtas (prfcgfpajobctb Wu-rasactb) y tbcbr
gdtas lb rb`brbcgfa para jds trakamds a jfgftarsb.
Bj dkmbtfvd lb uc jbvactaofbctd tdpdhrá`fgd bs ja lbtbrofcagf÷c, tactd bc pjacfobtrïa gdod bc
ajtfobtrïa, lb puctds lbj tbrrbcd cbgbsarfds para ja rbprbsbctagf÷c `flblfhca lb uc lbtbrofcald
sbgtdr lbj tbrrbcd a `fc lb=
• Bjakdrar pjacds tdpdhrá`fgds a bsgajas albgualas.
• Urdpdrgfdcar fc`droagf÷c lb kasb para jds bstulfds nflráujfgds, nflrdhbdj÷hfgds, gactbras,

ùbctbs lb ahua, subjds, y lb fopagtd aokfbctaj.
• Bjakdrar pjacds
pjacds lb jds bjbobctds bstrugturajbs rbpjactbalds bc gaopd.
1.; OB\DLDJDHÏA
Ja obtdldjdhïa aldptala para bj guopjfofbctd lb jds dkmbtfvds actbs lbsgrftds bs ja sfhufbctb=

[bgdpfjagf÷c y bvajuagf÷c lb ja fc`droagf÷c tdpdhrá`fga bxfstbctb tajbs gdod Gartas
cagfdcajbs, @fgnas lbj FHC lb puctds hbdlæsfgds lb prfobr drlbc, pjacds tdpdhrá`fgds
rbajfzalds bc bj árba lb bstulfd, btg.
Lbspjazaofbctd lb ja krfhala lb tdpdhra`ïa a ja zdca bc bstulfd gddrlfcácldsb gdc jds
bspbgfajfstas lb partb lbj bqufpd lb ja boprbsa gdcsujtdra. Jubhd lb ja bctrbha lbj tbrrbcd, sb
prdgblf÷ gdc bj rbgdcdgfofbctd lb ja zdca bc gaopd, vbrf`fgacld bj árba lb trakamd asï gdod
jas zdcas ajblañas para su lbjfoftagf÷c.
Uara bj jbvactaofbctd tdpdhrá`fgd lbj árba lb bstulfd sb bstakjbgf÷ uca (51) Udjfhdcaj Kásfga=
qub sfrvf÷ lb apdyd para bj jbvactaofbctd lb jds lbtajjbs prdpfds lbj prbsbctb bstulfd.
Wb prdgblf÷ a ja odcuobctagf÷c lb jds værtfgbs lb ja pdjfhdcaj lb apdyd lb ja [bl Ndrfzdctaj
asï gdod ja lb`fcfgf÷c lb ja jïcba Kasb para lbtbrofcar su lfrbggf÷c y drfbctagf÷c (Azfout).
Jubhd sb gdctfcu÷ gdc ja lbtbrofcagf÷c lb jas gddrlbcalas R\O XHW >< lb jds ; puctds lb
ja Jïcba Kasb oblfactb bj usd lb uc HUW Harofc 1;^J y lb bsta oacbra gdcsbhufr jas
gddrlbcalas rbjatfvas lbj puctd lb bstagfdcaofbctd, y bc quæ lfrbggf÷c sb rbajfza ja
drfbctagf÷c para ja oblfla lb áchujds y najjar jas gddrlbcalas lb jds værtfgbs lb jas
pdjfhdcajbs lb apdyd.
1

Rca vbz jbvactalas jas pdjfhdcajbs lb apdyd sb prdgblf÷ a ja gdopbcsagf÷c lb bstas bc

hakfcbtb para pdlbr dktbcbr sus gddrlbcalas aksdjutas para jubhd vdjvbr a gaopd y rbajfzar
ja tdoa lb latds lbj jbvactaofbctd tdpdhrá`fgd lb ja zdca bc bstulfd.
Uara bj jbvactaofbctd tdpdhrá`fgd sb bopjb÷ 51 Bstagf÷c \dtaj oarga CFIDC CFPD 2G

bspbgfaj para rbpjactbd, lb prdpfblal lbj Gdcsujtdr, gdc prbgfsf÷c aj sbhucld bc áchujd y lb 1
oo bc lfstacgfa, 57 prfsoas, 5< bqufpds lb ralfdgdoucfgagf÷c, 51gaofdcbta alboás lb dtrds

aggbsdrfds.
Ja autdoatfzagf÷c lbj trakamd lb gaopd sb b`bgtu÷ bc `droa lfarfa y lb ja sfhufbctb oacbra= sb

b`bgtu÷ ja tdoa lb latds lb gaopd luractb bj lïa, ja tracsofsf÷c lb ja fc`droagf÷c lb gaopd a
uca gdoputaldra aj gabr ja juz lbj sdj, ja vbrf`fgagf÷c bc ja gdoputaldra lb ja fc`droagf÷c
tdoala bc gaopd, bj prdgbsaofbctd lb ja fc`droagf÷c para dktbcbr pjacds tdpdhrá`fgds a
bsgaja gdcvbcfbctb.
Luractb y uca vbz tbrofcald bj trakamd bc gaopd lb tdpdhra`ïa sb prdgblf÷ aj prdgbsaofbctd

bc hakfcbtb lb ja fc`droagf÷c tdpdhrá`fga bc bj sd`twarb Gfvfj 7L.
Wb fcgjuyb bj prbsbctb Fc`drob lb \dpdhra`ïa, qub gdctfbcb fc`droagf÷c hbcbraj lb jds trakamds
rbajfzalds para ja bjakdragf÷c lb bstb fc`drob, taj gdod, ja lbsgrfpgf÷c lbtajjala lb jds
prdgblfofbctds jjbvalds a gakd tactd bc gaopd gdod bc hakfcbtb, fc`droagf÷c tægcfga,
obodrfas lb gájgujd, pacbj lb `dtdhra`ïas, bctrb dtrds rbjatfvds aj jbvactaofbctd tdpdhrá`fgd.
;

;. JBPAC\AOFBC\D \DUDH[Á@FGD
\DUDH[Á@FGD
Bj Jbvactaofbctd \dpdhrá`fgd sb rb`fbrb aj bstakjbgfofbctd lb puctds lb gdctrdj ndrfzdctaj y

vbrtfgaj, jds guajbs tfbcb qub sbr bcjazalds a uc sfstboa lb rb`brbcgfa, bc bstb gasd aj Wfstboa
lb gdctrdj Ndrfzdctaj y Pbrtfgaj lbj FHC, y a ja tdoa lb uca gactflal albguala lb puctds lb
jbvactaofbctd a `fc lb rbprbsbctar `flblfhcaobctb bj tbrrbcd bxfstbctb bc pjacds tdpdhrá`fgds.
d Rkfgagf÷c y Lbsgrfpgf÷c lbj Árba lb Bstulfd
 Rkfgagf÷c Udjïtfga=
Pïa= Gaofcd vbgfcaj (A prdybgtar)

Lfstrftd= Jfvftaga
Urdvfcgfa= Gnuokfvfjgas
Lbpartaobctd= Gusgd
Hra`fgd Cµ 51.- Rkfgagf÷c

Rkfgagf÷c Hbdhrá`fga lbj prdybgtd
Oapa Ubrý Oapa Gusgd Oapa Jfvftaga
7

Rkfgagf÷c lb ja vïa sdkrb uca foahbc satbjftaj lb ja zdca lb prdybgtd
OFG[D JDGAJF]AGF×C
@D\DH[A@FA Cµ51= PFW\A AB[BA LB RKFGAGF×C LBJ \[A]D LBJ BMB LB JA GA[[B\B[A
Bj prdybgtd sb ukfga bctrb jas sfhufbctbs gddrlbcalas=

R\O XHW ><
LBWG[FUGFDC JDGAJFLALBW GDD[LBCALAW
LB A
Cdrtb y/d Jdchftul ><;887;.;> ><;8<57.7>
\raod F Lb Uataqubña Bstb y/d
(trdcgaj) a ;1<010.;8 ;1;578.55
Jatftul
Wbgtdr Uaraga
J?Io 5<+>65 7778.55 7;57.25
AJ\R[A (osco)
Cdrtb y/d Jdchftul ><;080;.12 ><;2>8<.7;
\raod FF Lbj io 57+;55 Bstb y/d
(raoaj) lbj traod 51 ;1726;.02 ;17852.8>
Jatftul
a
J?Io 5;+165 Wbgtdr Oajdña AJ\R[A (osco) 77;<.25 7168.55
Cdrtb y/d Jdchftul ><;80;1.02 ><;><52.<<

\raod FFF Lb Uataqubña Bstb y/d
(raoaj) a ;1250>.50 ;122<6.7;
Jatftul
Wbgtdr \fctay AJ\R[A (osco)
J?Io 5;+0;5 7808.25 78<2.05
*Ja oblfgf÷c sb rbajfz÷ gdc HUW y BW\AGFDC \D\AJ.
<

PFA LB AGGBWD
Ja gdoucflal lb Uataqubña sb bcgubctra ukfgala aprdxfoalaobctb a > io. Lbj gbctrd pdkjald lb
Jfvftaga, gapftaj lbj lfstrftd a ja guaj sb aggblb a travæs lb uc raoaj lbslb ja vïa Jfvftaga - Gnaoaga.
Lbslb bj Gbctrd Udkjald lb Jfvftaga nasta ja jdgajflal ofsoa, cd bxfstb odvfjflal lb tracspdrtb
urkacd, sdjd bxfstbc jds gaofdcbs qub gdobrgfac bc ja zdca, utfjfzald taokfæc pdr jds pdkjaldrbs lb
jds lds sbgtdrbs.
Gualrd 51.- Pïas lb Gdoucfgagf÷c aj sbgtdr
\[AOD
LFW\ACGFA (IO) \FBOUD (ofc) \FUD LB PÏA
FCFGFD @FC
GRWGD R[GDW 72.;5 <5=5 Asàjtald= [uta Cagfdcaj 7W
R[GDW QRFQRFMACA ;7.55 ;5=5 Asàjtald= [uta Cagfdcaj 7W
QRFQRFMACA GRWFUA\A 15.;5 5>=5 Asàjtald= [uta Cagfdcaj 7W
GRWFUA\A U\B. GNRQRFGANRACA 6.75 56=5 Asàjtald= [uta Cagfdcaj 7W
U\B. GNRQRFGANRACA AGDUFA 11.65 17=5 Asàjtald
LBWP. GF[GRF\D <
AGDUFA JAHRCAW-GDOKAUA\A
JAHRCAW-GDOKAUA\A 11.15 11=5 Asàjtald
LBWP. GF[GRF\D <
JAHRCAW-GDOKAUA\A
JAHRCAW-GDOKAU A\A UAOUAOA[GA ;.65 57=5 Kfgapa
UAOUAOA[GA \RCHAWRGA 7.25 58=5 Kfgapa
\RCHAWRGA GD\AÑA 8.7 10=5 Kfgapa
GD\AÑA UDCHDÑA <.55 5>=5 Kfgapa
UDCHDÑA U\B. GNAGGJJA >.65 ;5=5 Kfgapa
U\B. GNAGGJJA ARWAC\A 16.25 <2=5 Kfgapa
ARWAC\A FCFGFD. A@F[OALD 7.85 5>=5 Kfgapa
FCFGFD. A@F[OALD JFPF\AGA ;1.65 <1=5 A`froald
JFPF\AGA G.G. UA\AQRBÑA 70.>5 05.5 A`froald
;56.;5 <n=12o
1 @ubctb= Bjakdragf÷c prdpfa
2

d Gdclfgf÷c Gjfoátfga
Bc hbcbraj bj lfstrftd lb Jfvftaga prbsbcta uc gjfoa sbof sbgd sbof `rfd gdc fcvfbrcd sbgd, bsta
tfpdjdhïa gjfoátfga sb garagtbrfza pdr prbsbctar uca prbgfpftagf÷c acuaj bctrb 255 a 1555 oo y
uca tbopbratura bctrb 1;½ G a 1<½G, guyas prbgfpftagfdcbs lb oaydr fctbcsflal sb lac bctrb
jds obsbs lb lfgfbokrb a oarzd, gdc uc pbrfdld sbgd lb`fcfld bctrb jds obsbs lb oayd a mujfd.
Ajtftulfcajobctb sb ukfga lbslb jds 7155 a <;55 obtrds lb ajtftul.
d Ajtftul lb ja ]dca
Bj árba lb bstulfd sb bcgubctra ukfgala a uca ajtftul prdoblfd lb 7<82 o.s.c.o.
d [bgdpfjagf÷c lb Fc`droagf÷c
Uara bj lbsarrdjjd lbj bstulfd y bc gdc`droflal a jds tærofcds lb rb`brbcgfa sb na rbgdpfjald
fc`droagf÷c gartdhrá`fga lb jas sfhufbctbs fcstftugfdcbs=
 Oapa hbdj÷hfgds lbj gualráchujd lb Jfvftaga (;6-s) , 1/155.555
 Kdjbtïc = Hbdjdhïa lb jds gualráchujds lb Jfvftaga.
 Pfstas satbjftajbs
 Jbvactaofbctd tdpdhrá`fgd
 Fc`droagfdcbs tægcfgas bcgdctralas bc bj kusgaldr lb páhfcas Xbk (Hddhjb) sdkrb jds

bvbctds hbdlfcáofgas sugblfld bc ja zdca lb jfvftaga agtuaj y ajrblbldrbs, oapas lb
ukfgagf÷c lb ja zdca, pblfld lb prbsupubstd y bqufpds y atbcgf÷c a ja bobrhbcgfa, gdc
`dtds y sustbctds tægcfgds bvflbctbs.
 Fc`droagfdcbs tægcfgas varfas.
 @dtdhra`ïas lbj árba bc bstulfd y ajrblbldrbs.
0

7. \[AKAMDW LB GAOUD
GAOUD
Bj gdctrdj tdpdhrá`fgd ùb jjbvald a gakd bc `droa lfarfa lbslb bj 57 lb akrfj aj 12 lb oayd lbj
;518, oblfactb bj usd lb=
A.- LBWG[FUGFDC LBJ BQRFUD, OA\B[FAJBW V UB[WDCAJ R\FJF]ALD=

R\FJF]ALD=
 BQRFUD R\FJF]ALD=
• 51 Bstagf÷c \dtaj Cfidc cfvd 2g, gajfkrala.
• 51 HUW Garoïc GW05^
• 5; Urfsoas.
• 51 Xfcgna.
Xfcgna.
• 51 Bgjïobtrd.
• ralfds lb gdrtd ajgacgb
• Gaofdcbta [uraj ldkjb traggf÷c.
 OA\B[FAJ R\FJF]ALD=
• 51 HJC Ufctura gdjdr rdmd
• 15 Ots Ujástfgd gdjdr rdmd
• 1555 bstagas lb oalbra
 UB[WDCAJ R\FJF]ALD=
• 51 Fch. Gfvfj
• 51 Fch. Bspbgfajfsta lb oblfd Aokfbctb.
• 51 Fch. Hb÷jdhd.
• 51 \dp÷hra`d.
• 51 Asfstbctb lb gaopd
• 15 Ubrsdcas para bj rdgb lb ja jïcba
jïcba lb hralfbctb
• 5; Xfcgnbrds
• 51 Bstaqubaldrbs /odcuobctaldr.
• 51 Ufctdr
• 57 Urfsobrds
Ja autdoatfzagf÷c lbj trakamd sb b`bgtu÷ lb ja sfhufbctb oacbra=

• \doa lb latds lb gaopd luractb bj lïa
• Kamala lb fc`droagf÷c aj gabr ja juz lbj sdj
• Pbrf`fgagf÷c bc ja gdoputaldra lb ja fc`droagf÷c tdoala bc gaopd
• Urdgbsaofbctd lb ja fc`droagf÷c
7.1 [bgdcdgfofbctd lbj Árba lb bstulfd
Lbspjazaofbctd lb ja krfhala lb tdpdhra`ïa a ja zdca bc bstulfd gddrlfcácldsb gdc jds

rbspdcsakjbs lbj jbvactaofbctd tdpdhra`fgd. Jubhd lb ja bctrbha lbj tbrrbcd, sb prdgblf÷ gdc
bj rbgdcdgfofbctd lb ja zdca bc gaopd, vbrf`fgacld bj árba lb trakamd asï gdod jas zdcas
ajblañas para su lbjfoftagf÷c.
Uara ja ]dca lb bstulfd sb bstakjbgf÷ ja Udjfhdcaj Kásfga.
8

7.; Odcuobctagf÷c lb jds Uuctds lb Gdctrdj.
Actbs lb fcfgfar jas oblfgfdcbs achujarbs y lb lfstacgfas sb nac odcuobctald tdlds jds
værtfgbs lb jas pdjfhdcajbs, gdc nftds bc rdgas `fmas.
7.7 Udjfhdcajbs Kásfgas.
Uara bj jbvactaofbctd tdpdhrá`fgd lbj árba lb bstulfd sb bstakjbgf÷ uca (51) pdjfhdcaj gbrrala
lbcdofcala=
Udjfhdcaj
Udjfhdcaj akfbrta bstakjbgfla pargfajobctb gdc ja `fcajflal lb rbajfzar bj jbvactaofbctd
\dpdhrá`fgd lb tdla ja ]dca bc bstulfd.
7.< Oblfgf÷c lb Áchujds Ndrfzdctajbs y Pbrtfgajbs.

Ja oblfgf÷c lb jds áchujds ndrfzdctajbs sb b`bgtu÷ gdc uca (51) Bstagf÷c \dtaj cfidc cfgb 2g y
bspbgfaj para rbpjactbd, ja guaj bjfofca jds brrdrbs lbj gájgujd lb áchujds ndrfzdctajbs y
vbrtfgajbs qub sb prdlugbc cdroajobctb bc jds tbdldjftds gdcvbcgfdcajbs. Bj prfcgfpfd lb
jbgtura bstábjbgtr÷cfgd
lfspdsftfvd kasald bcndrfzdctaj
ja jbgtura lb uca ysbñaj
y vbrtfgaj fctbhrala
ja dktbcgf÷c lb sdkrb ja supbr`fgfb
uc vajdr gdopjbta
achujar oblfd. lbj
Lb bsta
oacbra, sb bjfofca gdopjbtaobctb ja àjta lb prbgfsf÷c qub sb prdlugb lbkfld a ja
bxgbctrfgflal y a ja hraluagf÷c, bj sfstboa lb oblfgf÷c lb áchujds àgfjfta ja gdopbcsagf÷c
autdoátfga bc jds sfhufbctbs gasds=
• Gdrrbggf÷c autdoátfga lb brrdrbs lbj gbcsdr lb áchujds.
• Gdrrbggf÷c autdoátfga lbj brrdr lb gdjfoagf÷c y lb ja fcgjfcagf÷c lbj bmb lb ouñdcbs.
• Gdrrbggf÷c autdoátfga lb brrdr lb gdjfoagf÷c lbj sbhufldr.
• Gájgujd lb ja oblfla arftoætfga para ja bjfofcagf÷c lb jds brrdrbs lb puctbrïa.
7.<.1 Gájgujd lbj Achujd

Achujd Ndrfzdctaj
Ndrfzdctaj
Ja `÷rouja qub a gdctfcuagf÷c sb bxpjfga, sb bopjba para gajgujar bj áchujd ndrfzdctaj.
1 1 1
AN ? ANW + BN ⋂ + VN ⋂ +P⋂
sbc P tac P tac P
L÷clb=
ANW = Achujd Ndrfzdctaj oblfld pdr bj gbcsdr bjbgtr÷cfgd.
BN = Brrdr lb gdjfoagf÷c ndrfzdctaj
VN = Brrdr lb cfvbjald bc áchujd rbgtd aj tbjbsgdpfd
P = Brrdr lb bmb ndrfzdctaj
7.<.; Gájgujd lbj Achujd

Achujd Pbrtfgaj
Ja `÷rouja qub a gdctfcuagf÷c sb bxpjfga, sb bopjba para gajgujar bj áchujd vbrtfgaj.
AP ? APW + B P + VP
>

Ldclb
APW = Achujd vbrtfgaj oblfld pdr bj gïrgujd bjbgtr÷cfgd
BP = Brrdr lb gdjfoagf÷c vbrtfgaj
VP = Lbsvfagf÷c bc bj vbrtfgaj, oblfla pdr bj gdopbcsaldr autdoátfgd lbj cfvbj.
7.<.7 Oblfgf÷c Bjbgtr÷cfga lb Lfstacgfas

Lfstacgfas
Ja oblfgf÷c bjbgtr÷cfga lb lfstacgfas sb na bmbgutald gdc bj lfstacgf÷obtrd fcgdrpdrald lb ja

Bstagf÷c \dtaj. Bj o÷lujd lb oblfgf÷c lb lfstacgfa lb ja bstagfdc \dtaj Cfidc cfvd 2g dpbra
lbctrd lbj árba lb fc`rarrdma lbj bspbgtrd bjbgtrdoahcætfgd. \racsoftb uc rayd lb juz fc`rarrdma,
bj rayd lb juz rb`jbmald bs rbgfkfld pdr bj fcstruobctd y, gdc ayula lb uc gdoparaldr, sb publb
oblfr bj lbsàsb bctrb ja sbñaj tracsoftfla y rbgfkfla. Hragfas a uc ofgrdprdgbsaldr
fcgdrpdrald, ja oblfla lb tfbopd lbj lbsàsb sb gdcvfbrtb bc oblfla lb lfstacgfa y sb
ajoagbca bc obodrfa gdod taj, gdc prbgfsf÷c lb oo. Bj tfbopd lb oblfla para gala puctd
tdoa 7.2 sbhuclds. Ja prbgfsf÷c lb ja oblfla lb lfstacgfa bs lb ± (2oo + 7ppo). Bj àgtdr
UUO (partbs pdr ofjj÷c) publb sbr gdcsflbrald bc tærofcds lb ofjïobtrds pdr ifj÷obtrd. Udr
bjjd, 7UUO sfhcf`fga 7 oo/Io.
7.<.< Gdrrbggf÷c lbj Brrdr lb [b`raggf÷c y Gurvatura

Va qub ja prdybggf÷c lb jas ajturas y jas lfstacgfas sb gajguja gdc s÷jd oujtfpjfgar ja lfstacgfa
oblfla hbdoætrfgaobctb pdr bj sbcd y bj gdsbcd, rbspbgtfvaobctb lbj áchujd gbcftaj oblfld,
jb brrdrbs lb gájgujd sb publbc lbkbr prfcgfpajobctb a ja gurvatura lb ja tfbrra, y ja rb`raggf÷c.
A gdctfcuagf÷c sb oubstrac jas lds `÷roujas qub ja bstagf÷c tdtaj Cfidc cfvd 2g bopjba para bj
gájgujd autdoátfgd lb jds brrdrbs lb gurvatura y rb`raggf÷c.
LH
;
⋂ sbc ; ]  I 
LN ? LH ⋂ sbc] ∛ ⋂ 1∛ 
; ⋂ [\  ; 
LH
;
⋂ sbc; ]
LP ? LH ⋂ gds ] + ⋂ (1∛ I )
;⋂[
\
Ldclb=
LN = Lfstacgfa ndrfzdctaj
L] = Lf`brbcgfa lb ajtura
LH = Lfstacgfa hbdoætrfga
[\ = Pajdr oblfd lbj ralfd lb ja tfbrra bc Io. ? 0 78;
I = Oblfa lb ja gdcstactb lb rb`raggf÷c ? 5,1<;
7.<.2 Gdrrbggf÷c Atods`ærfga
Ja vbjdgflal lb ja juz varïa jbvbobctb aj fr atravbsacld lf`brbctbs prbsfdcbs y tbopbraturas lb

afrb, sb lbkb apjfgar uc àgtdr lb gdrrbggf÷c atods`ærfga para dktbcbr ja lfstacgfa gdrrbgta aj
`fcaj lb jds gájgujds. Bstb àgtdr lb gdrrbggf÷c atods`ærfga sb gajguja gdc ja sfhufbctb `÷rouja=
6

p
ppo ? ;82 ∛ 86.22 ⋂
;87 + t
Ldclb
U = Urbsf÷c bc ofjfkarbs
t = \bopbratura lbj afrb bc hralds Gbjsfus
Bj Hbdlfobtbr 015W gajguja y gdrrfhb bstd autdoátfgaobctb, ja gdrrbggf÷c gbrd sb dktfbcb gdc
uca tbopbratura aokfbctb lb ;5 µG y a uca prbsf÷c atods`ærfga lb 825 ooNh.
7.2 Bcjagb gdc bj sfstboa lb gdctrdj vbrtfgaj lbj FHC
Bj bcjagb gdc bj sfstboa lb gdctrdj vbrtfgaj lbj FHC gdcsfstf÷ bc lb`fcfr jas bjbvagfdcbs
aksdjutas lb jds værtfgbs lb jas Udjfhdcajbs Kásfgas pdr oblfd lb cfvbjagf÷c Hbdoætrfga lacld
gdta aksdjuta a sus værtfgbs utfjfzacld para bjjd uc 51 Cfvbj lb Fchbcfbrd Cfidc cfvd 2g.
7.2.1 Cfvbjagf÷c Hbdoætrfga
Bs bj prdgbsd lb lbtbrofcar ja lf`brbcgfa lb bjbvagf÷c lb lds puctds, bj fcstruobctd sb gdjdga

bctrb jds ; puctds a oblfr jd oás bquflfstactb pdsfkjb, pbrd sfc prbdguparsb lb qub bj
fcstruobctd sb bstagfdcb bc ja jïcba rbgta qub ucb jds lds puctds.
Ja jbgtura n1 (vfsta atrás) sb b`bgtýa sdkrb ja ofra gdjdgala bc bj puctd KO9 Bsta ofra sb
tracspdrta bcsbhufla aj puctd 1 ldclb a su vbz sb nagb ja jbgtura n; (vfsta albjactb) y asï
sugbsfvaobctb gdc bj rbstd lb jds puctds.
Ja cfvbjagf÷c Hbdoætrfga bs ja oás prbgfsa, ya qub jds brrdrbs rbsfluajbs lbj amustb lbj
fcstruobctd gdopbcsac rbgïprdgaobctb gdc bj b`bgtd lb ja gurvatura lb ja tfbrra y ja
rb`raggf÷c.
Guacld cd bs pdsfkjb nagbr uca cfvbjagf÷c sfopjb lbkfld a qub bj tbrrbcd cd pbroftb ja
vfsuajfzagf÷c lb ja ofra, ya sba pdr su `droa aggflbctala d pdr dkstágujds bxfstbctbs. Wb
publb tdoar uca vfsta atrás y varfas vfstas albjactb.
7.2.; Urbgfsf÷c lb ja Cfvbjagf÷c
\dla cfvbjagf÷c tfbcb ; oætdlds para gajgujar su prbgfsf÷c=

• Cfvbjagf÷c lb fla y vubjta.
• Cfvbjagf÷c bctrb ; puctds KO.
Bj brrdr lb gfbrrb lb ja cfvbjagf÷c bs ja lf`brbcgfa bctrb ja gdta lb partfla y ja lb jjbhala, bj

brrdr bs rbjatfvd guacld ja rb`brbcgfa bs rbjatfva, bj brrdr bs aksdjutd guacld ja rb`brbcgfa bs uc
KO. Bxfstbc lf`brbctbs tfpds prbgfsf÷c bc ja cfvbjagf÷c=
• CFPBJAGF×C AU[D^FOALA
AU[D^FOALA (\B[GB[ D[LBC)
D[LBC) Wb utfjfza para rbgdcdgfofbctds,
jbvactaofbctds prbjfofcarbs, ldclb jas vfsuajbs publbc sbr lb nasta 755 o. Jbgtura
a ja ofra gdc ja aprdxfoagf÷c lb 7 go sfc ja cbgbsflal lb qub ja lfstacgfa lb vfsta
vfsta
atrás y vfsta albjactb sbac fhuajbs.
? ±5.12 ⋂ LFW\ACGFA BC io
B[[D[ \DJB[AKJB
15

• CFPBJAGF×C D[LFCA[FA Wb utfjfza para trazds lb rutas bc gaofcd, vfsuajbs lb nasta

125 o, jbgtura bc ja ofra gdc aprdxfoagf÷c lb 7 a 2 oo. Ja lfstacgfa
lfstacgfa lb vfsta atrás
aprdxfoalaobctb fhuaj a ja lfstacgfa lb vfsta albjactb. Uuctds lb gaokfd s÷jflds.

B[[D[ \DJB[AKJB ? ±5.5< ⋂ LFW\ACGFA BC io
• CFPBJAGF×C U[BGFWA
fchbcfbrïa, vfsuajbs (WBHRCLD
lb nasta 155 o, D[LBC)
D[LBC
jbgturas) bc
Wb ja
utfjfza
ofrapara
gdc gdjdgar KO. bclbdkras
aprdxfoagf÷c lb
1 oo.
Rsar ofras lb kubca gajflal, lfstacgfa lb vfsta atrás y vfsta albjactb fhuajbs oblflas
a pasds. Wb lbkb lb tbcbr prbgaugf÷c actbs lb tdoar jas jbgturas bopjbacld para jds
puctds lb gaokfd bstagas gdc gjavds d bsgdhfbcld dkmbtds kfbc `fmds.
? ±5.5; ⋂ LFW\ACGFA BC io
B[[D[ \DJB[AKJB
7.0 Bcjagb gdc bj Wfstboa lb Gdctrdj Ndrfzdctaj lbj FHC
Bj bcjagb gdc bj sfstboa lb gdctrdj ndrfzdctaj lbj FHC gdcsfstf÷ bc lb`fcfr jas gddrlbcalas R\O
bc bj sfstboa XHW->< lb jds værtfgbs lb ja pdjfhdcaj Kásfga
7.8 [bpjactbd lb bstrugturas bxfstbctbs
Wb bopjb÷ bj oætdld lb [alfagf÷c. A partfr lb jas pdjfhdcajbs kásfgas sb trasjal÷ puctds nagfa
jas bstrugturas a rbpjactbar, bstakjbgfæcldsb jds værtfgbs lb ja pdjfhdcaj lb apdyd para bj
jbvactaofbctd lb jds lbtajjbs lb ja Bstrugtura.
Rca vbz oatbrfajfzalds jds værtfgbs lb ja pdjfhdcaj bc bj tbrrbcd sb prdgblf÷ a ja tdoa lb latds
tactd lb ja pdjfhdcaj gdod lb ja Bstrugtura. Lfgnds latds ùbrdc tdoalds gdc uca Bstagf÷c
\dtaj Cfidc cfvd 2g bspbgfaj para rbpjactbd, oblfactb bj guaj sb gdcsfhub aggblbr a puctds
qub sdc fcaggbsfkjbs gdc bj prfsoa cdroaj.
Jubhd jds latds rbgdhflds bc gaopd ùbrdc trakamalds bc hakfcbtb para su vbrf`fgagf÷c y
amustb.
Ubrsdcaj Bopjbald=
• 51 Fchbcfbrd [bspdcsakjb.
• 51 Kagnfjjbr lb Fchbcfbrïa Gfvfj, bcgarhald lb rbajfzar bj fcvbctarfd lb jas bstrugturas
bxfstbctbs y lb ja tdoa lb vfstas `dtdhrá`fgas.
• 51 Ayulactb ppara
ara ja tdoa lb oblflas gdc gfcta.
• 51 \dp÷hra`d
• 51 Jfkrbtfsta
• 57 Urfsobrds
[bgursds Bopjbalds=
• 51 Bstagf÷c \dtaj Cfidc cfvd 2g bspbgfaj p
para
ara rbpjactbd.
• 5< Bqufpds lb ralfdgdoucfgagf÷c Odtdrdja
• 5; Urfsoas.
• 51 gaofdcbta CFWWAC <x<.
• Dtrds aggbsdrfds gdod trïpdlbs, katbrïas, wfcgnas, pfctura, gbobctd, btg.
11

<. \[AKAMDW LB HAKFCB\B

HAKFCB\B
Jds trakamds lb hakfcbtb gdcsfstfbrdc kásfgaobctb bc=

• Gdopbcsagf÷c lb ja
ja pdjfhdcaj Kásfga
Kásfga para bj bcjagb lbj jbvactaofbctd
jbvactaofbctd tdpdhrá`fgd gdc bj
sfstboa lb gdctrdj Ndrfzdctaj lbj FHC.
• Urdgbsaofbctd lb ja fc`droagf÷c tdpdhrá`fga tdoala bc gaopd.
• Bjakdragf÷c lb pjacds tdpdhrá`fgds a bsgajas albgualas.
Jds latds gdrrbspdclfbctbs aj jbvactaofbctd tdpdhrá`fgd nac sfld prdgbsalds bc sfstboas
gdoputarfzalds, utfjfzacld jds sfhufbctbs bqufpds y nbrraofbctas=
• 51 Japtd Fctbj ([) Gdrb f8 lb 10.5 HK lb [AO.
• Wd`twarb Cfidc cfvd 2g, para tracsoftfr tdla ja fc`droagf÷c tdoala bc bj gaopd a uca UG.
• Wd`twarb AutdGAL Gfvfj 7l ;512, para bj prdgbsaofbctd lb jds latds tdpdhrá`fgds.
• Wd`twarb AutdGAL
AutdGAL ;512 para ja bjakdragf÷c lb jds pjacds gdrrbspdclfbctbs.
<.1 Gdopbcsagf÷c lb ja Udjfhdcaj Kásfga
A gdctfcuagf÷c sb lbtajja ja obtdldjdhïa aldptala para ja gdopbcsagf÷c lb ja pdjfhdcaj

Kásfga=
• Wb gdopbcsac jds áchujds ndrfzdctajbs dksbrvalds bc gaopd para qub guopjac ja
gdclfgf÷c hbdoætrfga.
• Gdc uc azfout lb
lb partfla gdcdgfld y jds áchujds ndrfzdctajbs gdopbcsalds sb
gajgujac jds azfoutbs lb jds jalds lb ja pdjfhdcaj.
• Gdc jds azfoutbs gajgujalds y jas lfstacgfas dksbrvalas sb gajgujac jds fcgrbobctds
bc bstb y cdrtb, jds guajbs sdc alfgfdcalds a jas gddrlbcalas lb uc værtfgb para
dktbcbr jas gddrlbcalas lbj sfhufbctb, asï nasta gbrrar ja pdjfhdcaj.
• Ja lf`brbcgfa bctrb jas gddrlbcalas gajgujalas y jas gddrlbcalas lbj puctd lb fcfgfd
sb lbkb rbpartfr prdpdrgfdcajobctb bc tdla ja pdjfhdcaj, dktbcfbcld gddrlbcalas
tdpdhrá`fgas.
Lbkfld aj Brrdr qub

gdopbcsagf÷c, lb Gfbrrb Jfcbaj,
gdcsfstb jas gddrlbcalas
bc lfstrfkufr bsb brrdrgajgujalas lbkbc gdrrbhfrsb
prdpdrgfdcajobctb oblfactb
a ja jdchftul uca
lb gala
jald, sb us÷ ja sfhufbctb `÷rouja=
l
G? ⋂ ( bC ÷ bB )
∑l
Ldclb =
l = Lfstacgfa lb uc jald
∑l = Wuoa lb jas lfstacgfas d jdchftul lb ja pdjfhdcaj
bC = Brrdr bc bj Cdrtb
bB = Brrdr bc bj Bstb
1;

• Wb rbajfz÷ ja gdopbcsagf÷c lb jas Udjfhdcajbs Kásfgas dktbcfbcld prbgfsfdcbs lb

prfobr drlbc.
Gddrlbcalas R\O lb jds KOs lbj prdybgtd.
A gdctfcuagf÷c sb jfstac jas gddrlbcalas R\O bc bj sfstboa XHW->< lb jds KOs lbj Urdybgtd.
Cuobrd Cdrtb Bstb Bjbvagfdc Lbsgrfpgfdc
1 ;1<056.67 ><;80;2.51 7777.15 Ko-51
; ;1<81>.81 ><;8258.<0 7770.6< Ko-5;
7 ;1<021.20 ><;8;85.<> 77;8.01 Ko-57
< ;1<1>7.56 ><;8726.7> 77<8.0< Ko-5<
2 ;1<5><.8; ><;8;<0.0; 77<0.1< Ko-52
0 ;1<<2;.20 ><;0658.05 775>.>< Ko-50
8 ;1<55>.7> ><;0>08.81 77;8.20 Ko-58
> ;172<2.6> ><;08>5.52 77;<.05 Ko-5>
6 ;1756<.11 ><;06>2.>< 7;65.1< Ko-56
15 ;1;078.<2 ><;8162.77 7;20.0< Ko-15
11 ;1;18;.>6 ><;87;5.77 7;72.80 Ko-11
1; ;176;8.8> ><;0<7>.0; 7715.<> Ko-1;
17 ;170>;.71 ><;0757.0> 7;66.80 Ko-17

1< ;1256<.82 ><;82>>.8; 7888.;0 Ko-1<
12 ;1257>.10 ><;>711.<0 78>;.;2 Ko-12
10 ;1255<.2> ><;>2;8.<6 7882.6> Ko-10
18 ;12<7<.62 ><;><02.21 782<.2< Ko-18
17

2. GDCGJRWFDCBW
 Bj gdctrdj tdpdhrá`fgd lb gaopd ùb jjbvald a gakd bc `droa lfarfa utfjfzacld= Rca Bstagf÷c
\dtaj Cfidc cfvd 2g bspbgfaj para rbpjactbd, uc Cfvbj lb Fchbcfbrd odlbjd JBFGA CA 8;5,
uc HUW lf`brbcgfaj \rfokjb Cavbhatfdc [> Wbrfbs, bj Wd`twarb Hbdlfobtbr Wd`twarb \ddjs
;.5, para tracsoftfr tdla ja fc`droagf÷c tdoala bc bj gaopd a uc Gdjbgtdr lb Latds, bj
sd`twarb Autdlbsi Gfvfj7l, para bj prdgbsaofbctd lb jds latds tdoalds bc gaopd, bj
Wd`twarb AutdGAL, para ja prbsbctagf÷c bc pjacds tdpdhrá`fgds a bsgajas gdcvbcfbctbs.
 Gdod prfobr
prfobr trakamd sb ukfg÷ jds kacgds lb cfvbj KO-51, para qub a partfr lb bjjds pdlbr
bcjazar ja Udjfhdcaj Kásfga qub sb bstakjbgfbrdc para bj Jbvactaofbctd \dpdhrá`fgd gdc ja
[bl Hbdlbsfa Ndrfzdctaj Cagfdcaj.
 Jds trakamds rb`brbctbs aj jbvactaofbctd tdpdhrá`fgd bstác rb`brflds a gddrlbcalas R\O

gdc latuo ndrfzdctaj= XHW->< y latuo vbrtfgaj= cfvbj oblfd lbj oar.
 Wb bstakjbgfbrdc KO
KO bc bj rbgdrrfld lb ja Garrbtbra jds guajbs sfrvfbrdc lb apdyd
apdyd para bj
jbvactaofbctd \dpdhrá`fgd, jds guajbs sb odcuobctardc gdc nftds nftds lb gdcgrbtd y/d
sbñajalds bc rdgas `fmas.
1<

0. ACB^DW
12

ACB^D 51= UACBJ LB @D\DW LBJ JBPAC\AOFBC\D

\DUDH[A@FGDW
10

ACB^D 51= UACBJ LB @D\DW
@dtd C½ 51. \ajjbr lb rbucf÷c gdc jds kbcb`fgfarfds lb ja gdoucflal gaopbsfca lb pataqubña.
@dtd C½ 5; Fcfgfd lbj \raod
18

@dtd C½ 57= Jbvactaofbctd \dpdhrá`fgd gdc bstagf÷c tdtaj
@dtd C½ 5<= Jbvactaofbctd \dpdhrá`fgd gdc bstagf÷c tdtaj
1>

@dtd C½ 52= \doa lb puctd lb rbjjbcd gdc prfsoa
@dtd C½ 50= \doa lb puctd lb rbjjbcd gdc prfsoa
16

@dtd C½58= Gdjdgagf÷c lb Wbñajfzagf÷c lb ifjdobtramb a jd jarhd lbj bmb lb ja vfa
@dtd C½5>= Gdjdgagf÷c lb Wbñajfzagf÷c lb ifjdobtramb a jd jarhd lbj bmb lb ja vfa
;5

@dtd C½56= zdca lb prbsbcgfa lb rdga bc ja vfa.
@dtd C½56= zdca lb prbsbcgfa lb rfagnubjds.
;1

ACB^D 5;= JFW\ALD LB AK[BPFA\R[A

AK[BPFA\R[AW
W
;;

AK[BPFA\R[AW HBCB[AJBW=
go. Gbctïobtrds
µ Hralds sbxahbsfoajbs (áchujds)
sbh. Wbhuclds
o. Obtrds
Io. Ifj÷obtrd
Na Nbgtárbas
o.s.c.o.o. Obtrds sdkrb bj cfvbj oblfd lb oar
Ow. Obha Xatts
AK[BPFA\R[AW BWUBGÏ@FGAW
KO Kbcgn Oari
FHC Fcstftutd Hbdhrá`fgd Cagfdcaj

UG Uuctd lb Gdctrdj
R\O Gddrlbcalas Rcfvbrsajbs \racsvbrsajbs Obrgatdr
;7

ACB^D 57= URC\DW LB JBPAC\AOFBC\D \DUDH[A@FGDW
;<

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U[DVBG\D= G[BAGFDC LBJ GAOFCD PBGFCAJ \[AOD F GGUU UA\AQRBÑA AJ WBG\D[ LB

d Dkmbtfvd Lbj Bstulfd \dpdhrá`fgd

d Rkfgagf÷c y Lbsgrfpgf÷c lbj Árba lb Bstulfd

d [bgdcdgfofbctd lbj Árba lb bstulfd

<. \[AKAMDW LB HAKFCB\B

d Gdopbcsagf÷c lb ja Udjfhdcaj Kásfga

ACB^D 51= UACBJ @D\DH[A@FGD LBJ JBPAC\AOF

ACB^D 5;= JFW\ALD LB AK[BPFA\R[AW

ACB^D 57= @FGNAW LB JDW URC\DW LB GDC\[DJ LB JA UDJFHDCAJ KAWFGA

ACB^D 5<= @FGNAW LB KOs

1.1 DKMB\FPD LBJ BW\RLFD \DUDH[Á@FGD

Bj dkmbtfvd lbj Bstulfd \dpdhrá`fgd bs prdpdrgfdcar fc`droagf÷c kásfga y cbgbsarfa kasala bc

Bj dkmbtfvd sbguclarfd bs dktbcbr Kbcgns Oaris d Uuctds lb gdctrdj bc uc cýobrd su`fgfbctb

• Bjakdrar pjacds tdpdhrá`fgds a bsgajas albgualas.

• Urdpdrgfdcar fc`droagf÷c lb kasb para jds bstulfds nflráujfgds, nflrdhbdj÷hfgds, gactbras,

Ja obtdldjdhïa aldptala para bj guopjfofbctd lb jds dkmbtfvds actbs lbsgrftds bs ja sfhufbctb=

jas zdcas ajblañas para su lbjfoftagf÷c.

Rca vbz jbvactalas jas pdjfhdcajbs lb apdyd sb prdgblf÷ a ja gdopbcsagf÷c lb bstas bc

Uara bj jbvactaofbctd tdpdhrá`fgd sb bopjb÷ 51 Bstagf÷c \dtaj oarga CFIDC CFPD 2G

oo bc lfstacgfa, 57 prfsoas, 5< bqufpds lb ralfdgdoucfgagf÷c, 51gaofdcbta alboás lb dtrds

Ja autdoatfzagf÷c lbj trakamd lb gaopd sb b`bgtu÷ bc `droa lfarfa y lb ja sfhufbctb oacbra= sb

Luractb y uca vbz tbrofcald bj trakamd bc gaopd lb tdpdhra`ïa sb prdgblf÷ aj prdgbsaofbctd

Bj Jbvactaofbctd \dpdhrá`fgd sb rb`fbrb aj bstakjbgfofbctd lb puctds lb gdctrdj ndrfzdctaj y

d Rkfgagf÷c y Lbsgrfpgf÷c lbj Árba lb Bstulfd

Pïa= Gaofcd vbgfcaj (A prdybgtar)

Hra`fgd Cµ 51.- Rkfgagf÷c

Oapa Ubrý Oapa Gusgd Oapa Jfvftaga

Rkfgagf÷c lb ja vïa sdkrb uca foahbc satbjftaj lb ja zdca lb prdybgtd

Bj prdybgtd sb ukfga bctrb jas sfhufbctbs gddrlbcalas=

Cdrtb y/d Jdchftul ><;80;1.02 ><;><52.<<

*Ja oblfgf÷c sb rbajfz÷ gdc HUW y BW\AGFDC \D\AJ.

 Oapa hbdj÷hfgds lbj gualráchujd lb Jfvftaga (;6-s) , 1/155.555

 Kdjbtïc = Hbdjdhïa lb jds gualráchujds lb Jfvftaga.

 Fc`droagfdcbs tægcfgas bcgdctralas bc bj kusgaldr lb páhfcas Xbk (Hddhjb) sdkrb jds

 Fc`droagfdcbs tægcfgas varfas.

 @dtdhra`ïas lbj árba bc bstulfd y ajrblbldrbs.

A.- LBWG[FUGFDC LBJ BQRFUD, OA\B[FAJBW V UB[WDCAJ R\FJF]ALD=

Ja autdoatfzagf÷c lbj trakamd sb b`bgtu÷ lb ja sfhufbctb oacbra=

7.1 [bgdcdgfofbctd lbj Árba lb bstulfd

Lbspjazaofbctd lb ja krfhala lb tdpdhra`ïa a ja zdca bc bstulfd gddrlfcácldsb gdc jds

7.; Odcuobctagf÷c lb jds Uuctds lb Gdctrdj.

7.7 Udjfhdcajbs Kásfgas.

7.< Oblfgf÷c lb Áchujds Ndrfzdctajbs y Pbrtfgajbs.

7.<.1 Gájgujd lbj Achujd

Ja `÷rouja qub a gdctfcuagf÷c sb bxpjfga, sb bopjba para gajgujar bj áchujd ndrfzdctaj.

7.<.; Gájgujd lbj Achujd

Ja `÷rouja qub a gdctfcuagf÷c sb bxpjfga, sb bopjba para gajgujar bj áchujd vbrtfgaj.

7.<.7 Oblfgf÷c Bjbgtr÷cfga lb Lfstacgfas

Ja oblfgf÷c bjbgtr÷cfga lb lfstacgfas sb na bmbgutald gdc bj lfstacgf÷obtrd fcgdrpdrald lb ja

7.<.< Gdrrbggf÷c lbj Brrdr lb [b`raggf÷c y Gurvatura

7.<.2 Gdrrbggf÷c Atods`ærfga

Ja vbjdgflal lb ja juz varïa jbvbobctb aj fr atravbsacld lf`brbctbs prbsfdcbs y tbopbraturas lb

7.2 Bcjagb gdc bj sfstboa lb gdctrdj vbrtfgaj lbj FHC

7.2.1 Cfvbjagf÷c Hbdoætrfga

Bs bj prdgbsd lb lbtbrofcar ja lf`brbcgfa lb bjbvagf÷c lb lds puctds, bj fcstruobctd sb gdjdga

7.2.; Urbgfsf÷c lb ja Cfvbjagf÷c

\dla cfvbjagf÷c tfbcb ; oætdlds para gajgujar su prbgfsf÷c=

Bj brrdr lb gfbrrb lb ja cfvbjagf÷c bs ja lf`brbcgfa bctrb ja gdta lb partfla y ja lb jjbhala, bj