15th～16th/Nov/2022

AOTS Seminar Egypt

Tightening Technology Seminar

for Bolted Joints

Fatigue Failure
Container Carrier Excavator Wheel Loader

Soichi HAREYAMA
Tokyo Metropolitan
Forklift Truck University Hydrogen Embrittlement
Biography
1946 Born in Tokyo Japan
1969 Graduated from Tokyo Metropolitan University
1969 Joined TCM Corporation, Technical Research Center
1989 Awarded the degree of Doctor in Engineering
from Tokyo Metropolitan University
1990 TCM Technical Research Center, Group leader
1995 TCM Container Handling System Department, sub chief
2000 TCM Information Technology Center, chief
2004 TCM Special Machineries Department, Chief
2006 TCM, Technical Research Center, Chief
2010 Hitachi Construction Machinery Co. Ltd. Adviser
2012 Tokyo Metropolitan University, Visiting Professor
Establish So-technology
2017 Tokyo Metropolitan University, Visiting Researcher,
2021 Participated in the Human Resource Development Committee of
the Japan Research Institute for Screw Threads and Fasteners

Over the past 30 years, I have conducted about 150 seminars

on bolted joints tightening technology.
2
 Latest Bolted Joints Troubles in Japan
Necessity of ensuring the reliability of bolted joints

Bolted joints

Cause was metal fatigue of the

screw thread at the end of the
Shaft.
Roller coaster runs off the rails

Japanese highway tunnel

collapsed, killing nine. Bolts to
hold the roof up were missing
after concrete collapsed
tunnel roof collapse
A small size part slipped through
a bolt hole and hit a fuel tank
Aircraft explosion
Those tragedies occured when just a few
Bolts failure, Our mission is to install
3
bolted joints with high reliability to
prevent those troubles.
 Machine development stages
The first step in both design and testing is to know the loading conditions

1. DESIGN STAGE

Machine (Bolted Joints) 2

Development Stage
1. Design stage
1) Load estimate
2) Working stress estimate
3) Material strength estimate
2. Experimental development stage
1) Working(Service) load analysis
2) Working stress evaluation
3) Lifetime prediction
4) Feedback to design stage
3. Production Stage
4. Market Stage
3. PRODUCTION STAGE

4. MARKET STAGE

SAE FATIGUE DESIGN HANDBOOK, AE-4(1968)

Without such step-by-step development, problems in the marketplace

would cause great inconvenience to customers and cost manufacturers
a great deal of time and money. 4
An example of reliability evaluation test
Durability bench test of engine mount bolts, etc.

5
 Why does bolted joint trouble still occur?
Bolted joint has long history more than 2000 years. Why does screw-thread trouble
still occur? Because bolted joints have the following several underlying problems.
ASME & SAE
Table 1: Basic problem in bolted joints IMECE2013
and IMECE2015
Tightening Reliability
｢How to achieve
high clamping
Force (axial
Tension)
SAE WCX’20

Durability Reliability IMECE2014

Predicting
Residual Lifetime
for fatigue failure
and loosening
failure,.

Prevention of Self loosening SAE WCX’19

IMECE2012
SAE WCX’19

PVP2022
6
 Basics for Bolted Joints

Soichi HAREYAMA
β： Lead Angle
Tokyo Metropolitan
University
A screw thread is a slope wound around a cylindrical shaft.
In other words, screw fastening is a spiral technology. 7
 Archimedes' screw pumpage-designed
⑧ p1
Screw Pumps with helix technology postage stamp

ＰＲＥＳＳ

Screw pump crushing olive nuts Gutenberg's printing press 8

 Relationship between tightening torque and axial tension
Yield point Allowable margin of external force

yield Axial
Margin for fatigue damage
variation

Tension
Maximum variation of axial tension
(Risk of screw breakage)

Variation in axial
tension when Variation of torque coefficient K
tightening multiple (friction coefficient μ)
bolts and nuts
Minimum variation of axial tensio
（(Risk against loosening)
Tension
Axial

Variation in tightening torque

Relationship between tightening torque
and axial tension in tightening one bolt and nut
tightening torque
Calibrated wrench method (Torque method) is still used in many cases 9
Basic issues in bolted joints tightening

10
 Hight of Hight of
Width across Thread runout nut
head
corners Nominal length(l)

Thread
length

Bolt Nut

Width across
flats

Crest Crest Root

truncation Thread truncation
angle
Flank Thread
hight
Root Root
Thread Flank
angle

Crest
Crest
Axis of pitch diameter truncation

External thread, Bolt thread Internal thread, Nut thread 11

 England USA Europe
Inch screw threads Metric screw threads

Whitworth
screw threads

Ser Joseph Whitworth

(1803～1887)

Ｆ：Ｆｉｎｅ ｃｆ．ＵＮＦ
Ｃ：Ｃｏａｒｓｅ ｃｆ．ＵＮＣ
12
 National standards

JSME （Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers）

ANSI （American National Standards Institute）

ASME （American Society of Mechanical Engineers）

JFRI (The Japan Research Institute for Screw Threads and Fasteners) 13
External thread, Bolt thread

Internal thread, Nut thread

14
 AAA
As: stress area A3: cross section of minor diameter (d3), d: nominal diameter, P: Pitch, d2: basic size of pitch diameter,
d3: value obtained by reducing 1/6 of the height of fundamental triangle H from the basic size of minor diameter (d1)
Metric coarse screw thread Metric fine pitch screw thread

Expression
Expression
M8×0.75
M8
M12×1.25
M12
M16×1.5
etc.
etc.

d1: basic size of minor diameter of external thread

H : height of fundamental triangle (H=0.866025P)

or
15
 Proper use of coarse thread and fine thread
Coarse thread Fine pitch thread
1. When aiming for economic efficiency by 1. When priority is given to preventing the
using mass-produced general-purpose risk of loosening after assembly over
screw parts economy
2. When quick tightening work is more 2. When high tightening force and strength
important than loosening after assembly are required for the outer diameter of the
3. When premature deformation of threads male thread
due to wear is expected due to repeated
tightening and unscrewing
4. When using a male screw such as steel
or brass for a male screw such as cast
iron, bakelite, light alloy, plastic, etc.
5. Dirty screws are used during assembly,
or there is a risk of foreign matter such
as sand entering the threads.
6. When exposed to sea breeze or rain, or
when there is a risk of corrosion due to
intrusion of chemicals, etc.

16
 Relation between Nominal size and widths across flats
Equivalent to ISO 272-1982

Large size series

Nomal size series

Small size series

Nominal diameter
Bearing surface area
Stress area
Diameter of clearance holes for bolt
Conical seat diameter
Pitch diameter
Minor diameter
17
Mechanical property,
Surface treatment,
Material,
Heat treatment

Soichi HAREYAMA1)

1) Tokyo Metropolitan
University
18
Unit (SI unit & CGS unit)

or or

19
 Hot formed bolt BOLT Cold formed bolt NUT
material cutting material cutting
head heating Cold (Hot former nut)
Preliminary deferment
Friction header Wire heating
head molding Final heading Machine
press
Normalizing material cutting
Without ｂearing surface
Shot blast Preliminary deferment Hot nut
Low temperature annealing
Thread tip processing Deferment of finishing former
Advance
Bearing surface finishing Punch remover
Thread throttle Threaded throttle

Thread rolling Thread rolling Quenching

Degreasing Tempering
Quenching Tapping
Tempering Plain washer
Washing
Washing Phosphate coating
Assembly
Test Test
Inspection
Shape/dimensions Shape/dimensions
Nut factor test Thread accuracy
Thread accuracy Product tensile
Flaw detection Flaw detection
Packaging test Tensile test
Tensile test
Shipping hardness test
hardness test
20
 Cutting material

Knockout pin Punch pin

Dice Preliminary upsettin

Material insert Cutting knife punch

Preliminary deferment
Finishing punch

Finishing strike

Product protrusion

Wire rod supply

Flat die Round die and round die

fan-shaped die (2 rolls) 21
Fiber flow

22
 medium
BOLT low strength
strength
high strength
23
強度区分の見方
Low strength bolt

Yield

stress
point

Strain
Low strength bolt Range in which Hooke's law holds

５．６
Lower yield strength ３００(MPa)

stress
Tensile strength ５００(MPa)
High strength bolt
Strain
１０．９ high strength bolt
Stress at 0.2% non-proportional elongation ９００(MPa)
Tensile strength １，０００(MPa) 24
Hooke’s law

Elastic deformation

σ=Eε Range in which Hooke's law holds

σ: Stress
ε: Strain
E : Elastic modulus 25
26
04,05: Thin nuts 27
Nut shape and dimensions
)
Style 1 Style 2 Thin nuts

28
 Plain washers Spring lock washers

Unit: (mm) Heavy Duty Unit: (mm)

General Unit: (mm)
d d
Nominal d D b t Nominal dd D b t

d: Nominal diameter

Hardness Hardness Bolt strength

Class Vickers hardness Rockwell hardness class
(min) (min)

Hardness of spring lock washers

HRC 42～50 or HV 412～513 29
 Rusting of steel
This reaction cannot be
established without an anode,
Surface Moisture Rust Impurity on surface a cathode, and an electrolyte.
(electrolyte) Rust The flow of electricity from
the cathode to the anode in
steel
occurs for several reasons.
Electric current Steel plate (Cathode) Rust on carbon steel is
coarse and flaky and easily
Carbon steel bolt
Heavy corrosion cleaned.
Steel plate
Therefore, it must be in
contact with the body, which
requires the presence of
Aluminum plate moisture and oxygen to allow
Heavy corrosion corrosion to proceed.
Light corrosion
30
Features of Various Surface Treatments

31
 Colors due to different surface treatments

Copper Gold

Corrosion resistance
＞ ＞ ＞

④ p126-130 32
Delayed fracture due to hydrogen embrittlement
Hydrogen entry Intrusion of
from the hydrogen from the
manufacturing usage
process environment

Stress Stress
Diffusion of hydrogen to
tensile stress concentration

Delayed fracture cracks generation

Growth of delayed fracture cracks

Unstable destruction

Delayed Fracture Mechanism of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Steel

Hydrogen embrittlement removal treatment after electroplating

33
 Crack initiation point is incomplete thread

Crack
origin
High-strength bolt with delayed fracture
damaged surface

Notch strength
Stress

Upper limit stress

Crack initiation curve
(Incubation time)
Delayed fracture curve
Delayed fracture limit
(lower limit stress)

Time(h)
Delayed fracture diagram 34
・ When a hexagon bolt and
hexagon nut are combined as Strength class and Combination of nuts and bolt
shown in the table, the
maximum tightening force can nuts
Combination of nuts and bolt Style 1 Style 2
be applied to the clamped
member by using the maximum
strength of the bolt without
causing shear failure of the
threads.
・ If the screw may break in
such a combination, it is not
due to shear failure of the
threads, but rather due to
fatigue failure of the bolt.
JIS B 1052-2 (2009)

・ Where did Class 4

go?
・ Class 5 and above
must be made of
carbon steel, which is
problematic because
it increases costs.
35
 Notch position
Stress concentration factor αk
Notch coefficient βk

Large Stress concentration

Notch position of screw

A: Smooth round bar

B: Rolled bolt after heat treatment Incomplete thread
C: Cutting bolt

Notch coefficient βk

Mean stress 36
 通常の使用域
Normal tightening range
Load

Elongation
Plastic zone
Tightening diagram
for bolted joints Deformation behavior of
thread valley bottom
37
Shear Failure of threads

Shear Failure of
threads diagram

Shear Failure of male threads

Shear Failure of female threads

38
 Maximum fitting length for shear failure of male screw threads (σｎ≧σｂ)
Metric coarse thread ④ p150
Safety area
L
Area at risk of breakage

Nominal diameter
Maximum fitting length for shear failure of male screw threads
(σｎ≧σｂ)
Style 1, 2
Unit:(mm)
coarse
pitch
Nominal m2
diameter fine
pitch
thread
Thin nuts
across corner (min)
across flats (max)
bearing face (min)
(max)
hight (max)
(max)
39
Maximum fitting length for shear failure of male screw threads

100% Nut
Style 2

Style 1
Old
Metric coarse thread standard
Metric fine pitch thread nut

Safety area

Area at risk of breakage

Nominal diameter

Maximum fitting length for shear failure of male screw threads

(σｎ≧σｂ)

40
 Maximum fitting length for (σｎ ＜ σｂ)
Metric coarse thread
Metric fine pitch thread
Bolt strength class １０．９

Ｌｍｉｎ
Nominal diameter Female thread
Minimum thread engagement for shear failure of internal thread of steel
Mild steel ＳＳ４００
(σｎ ＜ σｂ)
σb／σn＝２．５
41
Trial calculation for maximum fitting length
Find the minimum thread engagement of the
Bolted joints connection shown
in the right figure.
For safety considerations, one pitch of

30
Thread runout on engaged parts.
1)Bolt: M20, Pitch=2.5(mm)

25
Strength class; 12.9

Lmin
2)Clamping material: SS400(mild steel)
3)Female screw: FCD450 (Ductile cast iron)
Tensile strength: 450(Mpa)

Answer
σb／σn＝1,200／450＝2.67
Lmin/d＝1.5 (Approximately)

Lmin＝1.5ｄ＋1(Pitch)
＝20×1.5＋2.5＝32.5 mm
42
「Relation between External and Internal Forces
Applied to a Bolted Joints」

Soichi HAREYAMA1)
1) Tokyo Metropolitan University
43
How to measure loads affected to bolted joint

44
Load analysis

45
Results of load analysis

46
Durability bench test

47
Feedback of load analysis and measurement
Feedback of load analysis and measurement for design and
experimental development stages

48
Relation between External and Internal Forces

Seated state

Compressive force
λc Tightening state

Axial tension Elongation Shrinkage

λt λc λt λc
49
Tightening diagram (Tightening triangle)

λb Relation between elongation of

bolt and shrinkage of member to
Axial tension be clamped
Kt

Shrinkage Elongation Shrinkage

Clamping force

λt λｃ

λｃ During tightening

Tightening diagram (Tightening triangle) 50

 Deformation and force during tightening
Deformation and force during tightening and when external force is applied

Wa Wa
Ft
Ft
Wa Fc
Ff Ff Ff Ff Ff Ff
Wa=Ft+Fc
Fc

λc λ

Wa Wa

λt
λt：Deformation of bolt in initial
tightened condition
λc：Deformation of the clamped material
in the initial tightening state
λ：Deformation due to external force
External force
Ff：Internal force in initial tightening state
Ft:Variable internal force (axial force) of the bolt
Fc:Variable internal force of the clamped material
Wa：External force
51
 Load factor（Stiffness ratio) Φ
Load factor（Stiffness ratio） The load factor Φ indicates the ratio of the
additional axial tension (internal force) generated
Primary advantage of on the bolt when an external force is applied to
the bolted joint.
bolted joints Ft＝ΦWa
Bolt spring constant
Spring constant of the clamped
Axial force

Bolt material

Ft

Fc

Time
However, Load factor（Stiffness
Clamping ratio）
material Kc
The external force is also subjected to
Elongation Shrinkage the release of the compressive force Fc
λt λc that is generated in the fastened object
Residual compressive force on the fastened object
52
Spring constant of bolt
Spring constant of bolt, the elongation λ of a rod when pulled with a force F
applied to both ends of a rod of cross-sectional area A, length L, and
longitudinal modulus of elasticity E, as shown in the figure, can be expressed
by the following equation based on the stress-strain relationship of material
mechanics.
Hooke's law

σ: stress
ε：strain
cross-sectional area A
longitudinal modulus of elasticity E

The spring constant K is the ratio of the applied force F to

the elongation λ.

Kt Et Et 53
被締結部材の圧縮のばね定数
VDI 2230 (2003)

54
How to measure the Spring constant & load factor Φ

55
Immediate graph for load factor Φ

Four types of load factor Φ

Load factor Φ

56
Fatigue Strength of Bolted Joints

57
 Failure location of screw fastener (Investigation results)
Threads
Engagement Overalls Threads
Threads Side
surface
Bearing
Free surface
Threads
Joining
Incomplete
surface
thread
Overalls

Cylindrical Overalls
part 1%
Under neck
Head Bolt hole
rounding
Bearing
surface
BOLT NUT Clamped Part

58
 Primary advantage of bolted joints tightening
Bolted joint are not subjected to all external forces, but only to loaded internal
vibration tensile force Force
Vibration tensile internal force External vibration force

Kt

Time
D

Time Elongation. Contraction

External force and the resulting vibration tensile internal force on the bolt
Stress

Time
Mean stress σm and stress amplitude σa
59
Stress frequency diagram and S-N diagram of a bolt

σw : Fatigue Limit of a Screw

60
 Fatigue Life Design
Fatigue
How Life Design
to estimate the lifetime of Finite Lifetime Design
bolted joints ?
D1＝Σ(ni／Ni) ･････ (7)
TL=Tt／D1 ･････ (8)

Fatigue limits Design

(stress amplitude)
Finite
Lifetime
Zone

Fig. 2: Miner’s rule

& Cumulative damage model 61
Example of Estimating Fatigue Limit of a Screw

(unit

Pitch Thread
Strength Class Strength Class
series nominal

Metric
coarse
thread

Metric
fine
thread

Stress amplitude A３ ：Thread trough diameter As ： Stress area 62

Fatigue limit (5% damage rate)
Metric coarse thread Metric fine thread
Nominal Strength Class Strength Class
Pitch Nominal
diameter Pitch
diameter

JFRI (The Japan Research Institute for Screw Threads and Fasteners)
63
Example of Fatigue limits Design

64
 Example of improved fatigue limit by post heat treatment rolling

Post-rolling heat treatment and

Form rolling after heat treatment
Stren- Fatigue
Thread gth rolling limit Effect
class
PRH

RAH

PRH
RAH
RAH

PRH PRH

RAH

PRH

RAH

Mean stress: or
PRH: Post-rolling heat treatment, RAH: Form rolling after heat treatment 65
Fatigue crack example

Final fracture Fatigue

亀 裂 起 点
最終破断面 疲労亀裂
surface crack
Crack
origin

Shell mark or Beach mark 66

 How to measure stress
Lead wire

Lead wire
Strain gauge
Strain
gauge

Strain gauge
Bolt gauge

ひずみ値（με）－軸力（ｋN)の比例定数

67
Wheel Loader Operational Tests

68
Exsample of Finite Lifetime Design

This bolt needed to be highly reliable

69
 Result of Finite Lifetime Design
Table 4 Predicted fatigue lifetime

D1＝Σ(ni／Ni) ･････ (7)

TL=Tt／D1 ･････ (8)

Fig. 18: Stress frequency

Diagram and S-N curve

70
Proposal for Fatigue Strength
Improvement
(1）Increase the spring constant of
the clamped material
(2) Provide high initial axial force
(3) Move the position of external
force action closer to the joint
surface. → c.f. Bolted joint design
(4）Avoid eccentric external force
(5) Decrease the spring constant of
the bolt.

71
 How to maintain the tightening relability

「Principle of Proper Tightening of Screws

and Calibrated Wrench Method」

Soichi HAREYAMA1)
1) Tokyo Metropolitan University
72
 Principle of Calibrated Wrench Method

Nut

Tightening
torque

Clamping
material
Bolt
(Torsional torque)

(Axial tension) 73
What is happening at the thread and bearing surface?
Coefficient of
friction Horizontal force

Trestle Weight of parts

F＝μW

β：Lead angle

74
Torque vs. axial force on threaded surface

b) Cross section
perpendicular
to mountain
a) Radial View c) Axial cross section
75
 Basic equation for Calibrated Wrench Method
Horizontal force balance

Vertical Force balance

(3)
Here, if we ignore the denominator tan a,
which is a minute amount compared to 1

Ｔ＝ＫＰｄ
(4) 76/370
77
78
Loosening torque vs. tightening torque

80% 100%

79
 Estimation of tightening torque
１）Inspection of tightening torque using the
loosening torque method

（１００％）
Rough estimation of tightening torque

（８０％）
Loosening torque Ｔ l 、
Tightening torque Ｔ
Ｔ l ＝０．８×Ｔ
Loosening
Ｔ ＝ １．２５×Ｔ l torque
Tightening
torque
２）Inspection of tightening torque by retightening method
Maximum static Dynamic
friction friction
Standard
Tightening torque deviation
Tightening torque

Bias

Tightening Inspection of
Tightening Retightening torque retightening torque

Time 80
 Exercises (Simplified Torque Method T =KPd ）

Estimation of tightening torque

Torque coefficient (Nut Factor) K＝０．２
Axial stress is 70% of the lower yield point (or proof stress)
Calculate the tightening torque
１）M10、Strength Class: ４．８
２）M16、 Strength Class: ６．８
３）M24、 Strength Class: １０．９

81
Exercise Answers (Estimation of tightening
torque)
（Ｔ＝ＫＰｄ）
P=0.7×σymin×A A＝（πd2/4）
１） M10、Strength Class: 4.8 A=78.5(mm2)、σymin=320(MPa)
P=17,584(N)=17.6(kN)、Ｔ＝ＫＰｄ=35.2(N・m)
２） M16、Strength Class: 6.8 A=201(mm2)、σymin=480(MPa)
P=67,536(N)=67.5(kN) 、Ｔ＝ＫＰｄ=216.1(N・m)
３） M24、Strength Class: 10.9 A=452(mm2)、σymin=900(MPa)
P=284,760(N)=284.8(kN) 、Ｔ＝ＫＰｄ=1,366.8(N・m)
cf） MPa＝N/mm2

The tightening torque is generally proportional to the

cube of the unit of length.
If the torque exceeds 1000 N・m, it cannot be tightened
by human power, and some equipment or tools (e.g.,
quadruple force device) are required. 82
Variation of torque coefficient K
Ｔ＝ＫＰｄ
Relative frequency
Ｄｒｙ (210 pieces)
Relative frequency

Wet (56 pieces)

Example of
83
 Coefficient of friction (μs, μw)
a) Coefficient of friction range (μs, μw)
Lubrication condition Oil lubrication MoS2 lubrication No lubrication
μs
μw

b) Coefficient of friction of various lubricants (experimental values) (μs, μw)

No surface treatment Zinc plating chromate treatment

Lubricant BOLT・NUT BOLT・NUT
μs μw μs μw
Spindle oil
Machine oil
Anti-rust oil
Rapeseed oil
Cup grease
MoS2 paste
No lubrication

84
Tightening work coefficient a
Bickford [11] has summarized the grade of variation
for every tightening tool and work method.

a tightening work coefficient 85

Example analysis for tightening work coefficient a

JFRI (The Japan Research Institute for Screw Threads and Fasteners)

a = １０～２０％

86
 Yield force
１００％
Loctite#262
Machine oil
（Ｑ＝２．５）
（Ｑ＝２．
Axial force (Oil)
５）
Axial force

Dry
（Ｑ＝４．６）
Axial force (Dry)
Target torque（Dry）
Target torque（Machine oil）
Tightening torque

87
 ８． Tightening in the plastic range

（Angle of rotation method、

Torque gradient method）

、ｅｔｃ．）
Soichi HAREYAMA1)
1) Tokyo Metropolitan University
88
89
Angle of rotation method

p Kt Kc

Kt + Kc

η
θ Tightening angle
Axil tension(clamping force) η：gradient
Pitch
Spring constant of the bolt
Spring constant of clamped member θ

90
Angle of rotation method

Maximum
Yield
Rupture

Nut rotation angle

Rupture
Yield

Nut rotation angle

Nut rotation
回転角angle Change in bolt axial force and tightening torque
versus nut rotation angle

91
 Torque gradient control method
This method was developed
Curve
in Germany.
A worker told the technician
Tightening Axial Force

"In tightening, there is a

point in the final stage where
Tightening torque

Curve the torque wrench advances

rapidly, and if the tightening
Tightening gradient

is completed there, a good

tightening condition is
Tightening achieved." The engineer
stop heard this and developed a
technique to realize it.
Hearing this, the engineer
developed a technology to
achieve this.

Curve

Tightening rotation angle

Relationship of tightening axial force and tightening torque

to tightening rotation angle (Torque gradient control method ) 92
Torque gradient method wrench (example)

About 40 years ago, a salesman from a German manufacturer came to my place to sell me
a torque gradient method wrench.
At that time, when I asked him how much the wrench cost, he told me 2 million yen.
At that time, an ordinary torque wrench was about 20,000 yen. Unfortunately, we could not
introduce the torque gradient method.
93
 Variation of initial axial force by various tightening methods
(Hexagon socket head cap bolt, strength class 12.9)

Classification
Variation in initial tightening force(%)

Initial axial force(N)

Head seating surface Oil film Small oil film Large oil film
Lubrication

Bolt thread Degreasing Oil film Large oil film

Joining surface None None Phosphate film Phosphate film

Tensile strength
(clamped object)

Symbol Torque control Torque gradient control Rotation angle control 94

95
 Plain washers
Piston Grip nut
Gasket Inner ring
Hydraulic pressure Outer ring
Cylinder Cover
flange
Base unit

Stud bolt Plain washers

Vessel
flange

An example of mechanical tension method tightening

Load Indicator PLI washers

Gauge pin

After tightening
Before tightening
Elongation control bolt
96
Loosening of bolted joints and
its prevention

Soichi HAREYAMA1)
1) Tokyo Metropolitan University
97
 Classification of loosening
(1)Initial loosening
(2) Sinking looseness
(3) Loosening due to minute wear
No return
(4) Loosening due to permanent deformation of
rotation
sealant or damage to coating material
(5) Loosening due to excessive external force
(6) Loosening due to thermal causes
(1) Loosening due to repetitive external force
With return around the shaft
rotation (2) Loosening due to repetitive external force
perpendicular to the axis
(3) Loosening due to repetitive external force
in axial direction
98
 Contact area ①

Contact area ② (Bearing surface)

Contact area ③ (Bearing surface)

Clamping material
Contact area ④ (Bearing surface)

Simplified model of bolted joints

99
Axial force Initial axial force (tension)

Bolt
Clamping
material

Elongation Shrinkage
Axial deformation

Loosening due to dents

100
 Normal bolt –
Flat plate
Normal bolt –
Thin cylinder
Elongation bolt –
Thin cylinder

Dent coefficient of steel bolted joints Dent amount (VDI)

101
 Material Surface pressure
Dial gauge

Amount of sinking progressl

Stamp
Test specimen

Load
Time
Experimental equipment for sinking of
bearing surface (Junker) Experimental results of sink depth
for low carbon steel (Junker)
102
 Critical surface pressure of various materials
Material Mechanical Properties Critical
T. S. P. S. Surface
Classification Name Symbol Hardness Pressure

Rolled steel
Low Carbon
Medium Carbon
Steel Heat-treated １）JFRI
Alloy Steel ２） Junker
３）VDI 2230

Stainless Steel

Cast steel Cast steel

Cast iron Grey cast iron

Ductile cast iron

Pure aluminum
Aluminum Aluminum castings
Aluminum alloys

Magnesium alloys
Magnesium
titanium
Titanium alloys
Unalloyed Titanium
103
 Oscillograph
Amplifier Oscillograph Torsion Rod
Load cell
Test bolt
Disk Load cell
orsion Rod Bush
oad cell Amplifier Test bolt
Oscillograph

Lever
Frame
Weights
Stopper
Load cell
Pulse generator Pulse generator
Load cell output terminal
Test stand
Bolt axis perpendicular direction looseness tester
Rotary vibration tester
(Junker) (Junker)

104
Test bolt, Nut

Long
hole

105
 Example of evaluation of looseness test
Toothed Spring Disc
Hexagon FlangedNuts with Double Anaerobic
Name washer washer spring
washer nut Nuts nylon ring Nuts adhesive

Abbreviation

Limit of
total
amplitude
Tendency Easy to Criteria Hard to
loosen loosen

Spring washers are considered useless

for high-strength bolts and useful for
low-strength bolts.

6Example of Junker type looseness test result 106

How to predict loosening lifetime ?

What is happening in the loosening phenomenon?

IMPACT WAVEFORM
(LINEAR COORDINATES) 107
BASIC CONCEPT OF RESIDUAL LIFETIME ESTIMATION AND RESIDUAL AXIAL TENSION PREDICTION

log R = a + b × log H (1)

RESULTS OF LOOSENING TENDENCY IN LONG-TERM (6 month)

108
Relation between loosening (axial force loss) and
internal force Internal External
force force Internal External
Spring constant
force force
of the clamped
member

Spring constant
of bolt Residual compressive force of the
Fluctuating stress of bolt is less fastened member is lost when an
than fatigue limit external force is applied.
a) Tightening diagram (normal)
b) Loss of axial force
(progressive loosening)

c) Loss of axial force (progressive d) Loss of axial force

loosening) (complete loosening)
Significant loss of axial force (large
loosening occurs)
109
Loosening Prevention Concept

(1) Increased initial axial force: Fastening screws

with high initial axial force is a basic measure
(2) Reduce the action of external force
(3) Increase the elastic deformation capacity of the
bolt (reduce the spring constant)
(4) Ensure that the surface pressure of the seating
surface does not exceed the critical surface
pressure.
(5)Use of appropriate anti-looseness parts
(6) If there is a temperature change, consider its
effect.
(7) Apply mechanical misalignment prevention to
prevent displacement of the fastened object.
110
１０．Bolted joints design and

considerations

Soichi HAREYAMA1)
1) Tokyo Metropolitan University
111
112
113
 Guideline for design of bolted joints (VDI)
Items and Notes Inappropriate Appropriate
High initial axial force
・High strength classification Low initial High initial
・Accurate tightening operation
・Controlled coefficient of friction axial force axial force
Eccentricity of bolt position s: as small
as possible
Effect: Correction of uneven surface
pressure distribution on joint surface,
reduction of initial bending moment of
bolts

Eccentricity α of the external force

acting position: As small as possible
Effect: Reduction of bending moment,
reduction of load factor,
recommendation of additional axial
force of bolts

Distance of the external force acting

position from the joint surface α: As
small as possible
Effect: Reduction of load factor,
reduction of additional axial force of
bolts

Outer diameter or width of the member

to be fastened: Increase
Effect: Ensure adequate surface
pressure distribution over the entire
joint surface, and reduce the load
factor.

Thickness of fastening member:

thicker
Effect: Reduction of load factor.

Width of the support surface: Too

little width reduces the support
rigidity.
Effect: Increased support rigidity
reduces additional bolt axial force.
114
 Tightening form factor n
Second advantage of
bolted joints tightening

Modified value for height at which

external force acts
Tightening form coefficient n for each tightening form and force point
Force point Force point Force point

Force point
Force point Force point

115
 Spring model of bolted joint
Ｗａ
Additional
付加内力 internal force

初期軸力
Initial axial force

Additional
付加締付け力tightening
Clamped
被締結部材 Member
force
Initial Tightening
初期締付け力 Force

Bolt
ボルト

Ｗａ
Ｗａ

Ｗａ
116
 Slip of the clamped member
Conditions for Slip Occurrence
As shown in the figure, consider the case
where an external force W acts on two clamped
members tightened with an axial force F0 in a
direction that causes them to slip.

Coefficient of friction
of joint surface

Slip of the clamped member

Friction joint by bolt and nut
(One-sided joint)
If the bolt is plastically deformed and elongated, and the axial force is zero
and the bolt fails in shear, the common sense F0 should be zero.

117
 Spacers

Reamer bolt Filler insertion

Bolt hole gap reduction

c) Partial removal of
a) Insertion of spacers b) Expansion bolt
female threads
Measures to make bolts thinner and longer
Taper cone Taper seating
washer surface

Oxidized anti-slip strip

Example of a joint surface
Method using knock pins 118
with a bite
 Unsuitable Suitable
Unsuitable Suitable

Bolts easy to loosen

(thick and short) Bolts that are difficult
to loosen (thin and long) Unsuitable Suitable
Thick and short bolt and thin and long bolt

Unsuitable Suitable

Load transfer Arrangement perpen-

Threaded bolts Through bolts direction array dicular to the direction
(loosening） (Loosening advantage） of load transmission

Threaded and through bolts Bolt arrangement and number efficiency 119
 THANK YOU ｆｏr YOUR ATTENTION
Tightening technology seminar for
Bolted Joints (1st & 2nd day)
Please study the way and make a big
success as a professional.
Please humbly listen to customer feedback,
investigate the cause, and solve the problem.
Considering the essential purpose, and
please make friends.

The End
Soichi Hareyama
Tokyo Metropolitan University 120