STEADY NON-UNIFORM FLOW- HYDRAULIC JUMP

HYDRAULIC JUMP

A hydraulic jump is defined as the sudden rise or heaping or surging up of water level, which takes place
due to transformation of the unstable shooting flow (supercritical) to the stable streaming flow (sub-
critical).

The following diagrams illustrate the formation of a hydraulic jump. For example, flow under a sluice
gate/over dam structure, accelerates from sub-critical to critical to super critical and then jumps back
to subcritical.

Figure 1 Sluice gate Figure 2 Dam Structure

When a hydraulic jump occurs, it is accompanied by a loss of energy due to eddy formation and turbulent
flow occurs. The following may be noted:

1) As seen previously, for a given value of ‘E’ other than critical depth, there are two possible depths
of flow d1 and d2. For example, when E = OF, the depths are d1 = FG or d2 = FD. The depth d1 < dc
and d2 > dc. When d1 < dc the flow is shooting flow and when d2 > dc the flow is streaming.

A
Depth d

d2

dc G
d1
c
0
45 F

Figure 3

2) Shooting flow is unstable and will therefore ultimately convert itself to the stable streaming flow in
the downstream side of the jump.

3) In the process of transposing from shooting to streaming flow, there will be a sudden rise in water
surface, such a sudden rise in water surface is called a standing wave or a hydraulic jump [the sudden
heaping up of water during the transition from supercritical flow to sub-critical flow].

KEPHA O M 1
4) A hydraulic jump may be defined as a stationary surge that occurs in the transition of flow from a
supercritical to a sub-critical flow through the hydraulic jump.

5) A smooth transition is not possible; if it were to occur the energy would vary according to the route
GBD on the E curve. At B the energy would be less than at D, corresponding with the downstream
depth d2. Therefore instead, a rapid depth change occurs corresponding with the route GD on the E
curve.

6) The depth at which the jump starts is called ‘initial depth’, d1 and the d/s depth, ‘the sequent depth’,
d2.

7) When a hydraulic jump occurs, a lot of energy of liquid gets destroyed or dissipated. A hydraulic
jump is said to the best dissipator of surplus energy of the liquid.

Figure 4

Assumptions in the derivation

1. The channel is horizontal or has small mild slope, so that the component of weight of the fluid in the
direction of flow is negligibly small.
2. The flow of water before and after the jump is uniform and one dimensional.
3. The pressure distribution follows law of hydrostatic before and after the hydraulic jump.
4. Formation of the hydraulic jump takes place at very short length of the channel section and therefore,
losses due to friction on the surface of the bed of the channel are small and hence neglected.

Figure 5

KEPHA O M 2
Analytical Derivation Procedure

1. For a given channel and discharge there is a unique relationship between d1 and d2 which requires
the application of the momentum equation in its derivation.

2. From the momentum principle; Force = Mass x Acceleration [F = a. m]. For a fluid particle in
motion, force and impulse are given respectively:
𝑑 𝛿𝑉
• Force F = 𝜕𝑡 (M. 𝑣) = 𝑀 𝛿𝑡

• Impulse 𝐹 𝛿𝑡 = 𝑀. 𝛿𝑉.
𝑡 𝑉
• Integrating above equationw.r.t time and velocity∫𝑡 2 F ∂𝑡 = 𝑀 ∫𝑉 2 𝜕𝑉, where impulse is given
1 1

as ∫ 𝐹 𝛿𝑡.
• Hence 𝐹(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) = 𝑀(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
𝑀
• ∴𝐹=𝑡 . (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )…………(1)
2 −𝑡1

3. Considering the equilibrium of the mass of water between 1-1 and 2-2 and applying the momentum
equation 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 − 𝑉2 ) … … … … … … … … … … . . (2).

Figure 6

𝑄 𝑄
4. Assuming a rectangular channel section and substituting (𝑉1 = b y ) and (𝑉2 = 𝑏 𝑦 ) in the
1 2
𝑄 𝑄
momentum equation ∴ F = 𝜌𝑄 ( b y − ) …………..[3]
2 b y1

5. Assuming hydrostatic pressure distribution at 1-1 and 2-2, the depth of water in the channel after the
hydraulic jump has occurred can be calculated by equating the net hydrostatic force on the control
volume to the rate of change of momentum.
𝑄 𝑄 𝜌𝑄 2 1 1
𝑃1 -P2 = 𝜌𝑄 (by − by ) = (𝑦 − 𝑦 ) -----[4]
2 1 𝑏 2 1

KEPHA O M 3
6. The pressure thrust can be calculated from the hydrostatic distribution as shown in equation [5].

• 𝑃1 = 1⁄2 𝜌 g y12 b and P2 = 1⁄2 𝜌 g y22 b ----------[5].

𝜌gb 𝜌 Q2 1 1
• Substituting the value of P1 and P2 in equation [3], (𝑦12 − 𝑦22 ) = (𝑦 − 𝑦 ).
2 𝑏 2 1

𝑄
• Substituting (𝑞 = ⁄𝑏) the equation when solved further becomes

𝜌gb 𝑄 2 1 1
( y12 − 𝑦22 ) = 𝜌 ( 𝑏 ) (𝑦 − 𝑦 )
2b 2 1

𝑞2 1 1
• Therefore 1⁄2 ( y12 − 𝑦22 ) = ( 𝑔 ) (𝑦 − 𝑦 ).
2 1

6. Applying difference of squares from algebra and manipulating the last equation above we get the
equation,
𝑞 2 𝑦 −𝑦
• 1⁄2 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) = 𝑔 ( 𝑦1 𝑦 2) which simplifies to;
1 2
2
• 1⁄ 𝑦 𝑦 (𝑦 + 𝑦 ) = 𝑞
2 1 2 1 2 𝑔

2𝑞 2
• ∴ (𝑦12 𝑦2 + 𝑦1 𝑦22 ) = … … … … … … … … . (6)
𝑔

2𝑞 2
• ∴ (𝑦12 𝑦2 + 𝑦1 𝑦22 ) − =0………………….[7]
𝑔

CONJUGATE DEPTHS IN TERMS OF

(i) Discharge Per Unit Width

• It can be noted that equation [5] is quadratic in either y1 or y2. Equation [5] can be presented in
−𝑏±√(𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐)
the form of quadratic formula, [𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ]
2𝑎
2q2
• Where 𝑥 2 = 𝑦12 , a = 𝑦2 , b = 𝑦22 , c = − .
𝑔
8𝑦2 𝑞2
−𝑦22 +√(𝑦24 + )
𝑔
By substitution 𝑦1 = .
2𝑦2
• By manipulating the equation, we get:
𝑦 8𝑦 𝑞2
𝑦1 = − 2⁄2 + 1⁄𝑦2 √[(1⁄4 [𝑦24 + 𝑔2 ])] Which simplifies to

𝑦2 𝑦4 8𝑦 .𝑞2
𝑦1 = − ⁄2 + √[(1⁄4 [𝑦 22 + 𝑦 22 𝑔 ])].
2 2

• By factoring the terms under the square root and solving:

𝑦2 𝑦2 2𝑞 2
𝑦1 = − + √( 42 + 𝑦 𝑔) --------[8],
2 2

KEPHA O M 4
(ii) Conjugate depth in terms of velocity
𝑞
• By definition 𝑉 = 𝑦 ∴ 𝑞 = 𝑉2 y2 . Therefore, from equation [6]
𝑦2 𝑦2 2(𝑉2 𝑦2 )2 𝑦2 𝑦2 8(𝑉22 𝑦22 )
• 𝑦1 = − + √( 42 + ) = − + √( 42 + )
2 𝑦2 𝑔 2 4𝑦2 𝑔
𝑦2 𝑦2 8(𝑉22 )
• ∴ 𝑦1 = - + √(1 + )
2 2 𝑦2 𝑔
𝑦2 8𝑉22
• ∴ 𝑦1 = (√(1 + 𝑦 ) -1 ) ----------------[9]
2 2𝑔

(iii)Conjugate depth in terms of Froude number

It can be noted that equation [7] is quadratic in either y1 or y2. Further; with some manipulation and
rewriting equation [5] can be presented as:
2 2 2 2 2 2
• 1⁄ (𝑦 + 𝑦 ) = 1⁄ ( 𝑞 ) = 1⁄ (𝑞 ) ( 𝑦1 ) = ( 𝑉1 ) (𝑦1 ) = Fr2 (𝑦1 ).
2 1 2 𝑔 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑔 𝑦12 𝑦1 𝑦2 gy1 𝑦2 1 𝑦2

• Therefore, the given equation can be written as:

𝑦2 𝑦2
2
(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) = 2𝐹𝑟12 ⇒ 2 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) − 2𝐹𝑟12 = 0
𝑦1 𝑦1
𝑦2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦 2 𝑦
+ 𝑦22 − 2𝐹𝑟12 = 0 ⇒ (𝑦2 ) + 𝑦2 − 2𝐹𝑟12 = 0 --------[10]
𝑦12 1 1 1

𝑦
• Equation [9] is quadratic in[𝑦2 ]whose solution is determined from the quadratic formula in the
1

−𝑏±√(𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐)
form; 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = .
2𝑎

• In equation [8] let 𝑥 2 = 𝑦22 Say, a = 1⁄ 2 , b = 1⁄𝑦1 , C = -2Fr12 .

𝑦1
• By substitution in the quadratic formula and considering positive value of water depth y2 the
following equation is solved for y2:

1 8𝐹𝑟12
2 −𝑦1 + 𝑦12 √ + 2
− 1⁄𝑦1 + √(1⁄𝑦1 ) + 4(2𝐹𝑟12 ) (1⁄ 2 ) 𝑦12 𝑦1
𝑦 1
𝑦2 = =
2 (1⁄ 2 ) 2
𝑦1

−𝑦1 +𝑦1 √1+ 8𝐹𝑟12

∴ 𝑦2 = .
2

• Rearranging the equation can be written as:

𝑦2 −1 + √(1 + 8𝐹𝑟12 ) 1
= = ⁄2 [√(1 + 8𝐹𝑟12 ) − 1] ……………………(11)
𝑦1 2

KEPHA O M 5
LOSS OF ENERGY DUE TO HYDRAULIC JUMP

Figure 7 Total and Specific Energy Figure 8 Hydraulic Jump

1. The loss of head due to hydraulic jump,

𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑞2 𝑞2
• ℎ𝑓1−2 = (𝑦1 + 1⁄2𝑔) − (𝑦1 + 2⁄2𝑔) = (𝑦1 + 1⁄2𝑔) − (𝑦1 + 2⁄2𝑔). Therefore
𝑞2 𝑞2 𝑞2
• ℎ𝑓1−2 = (𝑦1 + 2𝑔𝑦 2 ) − (𝑦2 + 2𝑔𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑔 (1⁄ 2 − 1⁄ 2 ) − (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
1 2 𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑞2 𝑦 2 −𝑦 2
= 2𝑔 ( 𝑦22 𝑦 21 ) − (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ).
1 2
𝑞2 𝑦2 +𝑦1
2. But from equation [6], = .
𝑔𝑦1 𝑦2 2

• Therefore, by substitution the head loss equation becomes:

𝑞2 𝑦 2 −𝑦12 𝑦2 +𝑦1 𝑦 2 −𝑦12
• ℎ𝑓1−2 = 𝑔𝑦 2
( 2𝑦 ) − (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) = ( 2
) ( 2𝑦 ) − (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ).
1 𝑦2 1 𝑦2 2 1 𝑦2

• By factorizing the equation

𝑦2 +𝑦1 𝑦 −𝑦1 𝑦2 +𝑦1 𝑦 −𝑦1

• ℎ𝑓1−2 = ( ) ( 2𝑦2 )( ) − (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) = (𝑦2 + 𝑦1 ) ( 4𝑦2 ) (𝑦2 + 𝑑1 ) − (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
2 1 𝑦2 2 1 𝑦2

𝑦 −𝑦1
• ℎ𝑓1−2 = ( 4𝑦2 ) ([𝑦2 + 𝑦1 ][𝑦2 + 𝑦1 ] − 4𝑦1 𝑦2 )
1 𝑦2

1
= (4𝑦 ) (𝑦23 − 𝑦13 + 4𝑦12 𝑦2 − 4𝑦22 + 2𝑦1 𝑦22 − 2𝑦12 𝑦2 ).
1 𝑦2

3. From the knowledge of algebraic identities, the quantity

• (𝑦23 − 𝑦13 + 4𝑦12 𝑦2 − 4𝑦1 𝑦22 + 2𝑦1 𝑦22 − 2𝑦12 𝑦2 ) = (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )3.

• Therefore, by substitution, the head loss equation is expressed as

(𝑦2 −𝑦1 )3
ℎ𝑓1−2 = 4𝑦1 𝑦2
---------------[12].

KEPHA O M 6
HYDRAULIC JUMP CLASSIFICATIONS

The classification of hydraulic jumps is based on Froude number given for supercritical flow
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝑎𝑠 ( > 1), subcritical flow: ( < 1) and critical Flow ( = 1). Common types of
√(𝑔𝑦) √(𝑔𝑦) √(𝑔𝑦)
hydraulic jumps are:

a) Undular Hydraulic Jump

b) Weak Hydraulic Jump
c) Oscillating Hydraulic Jump
d) Steady Hydraulic Jump

Figure 9

UNDULAR HYDRAULIC JUMP- (𝟏 ≤ 𝑭𝑹 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟕)

This is type of hydraulic jump is irregular and not properly formed and there are certain
turbulences in water particles. Occurs with Froude number (𝟏 ≤ 𝑭𝑹 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟕) and is capable of
low energy dissipation about 5%.

Figure 10 Undular Hydraulic jump

KEPHA O M 7
WEAK HYDRAULIC JUMP (𝟏. 𝟕 ≤ 𝑭𝑹 ≤ 𝟑. 𝟎)

Takes place when the velocity in water is very less and the water particles cannot be stable
and flows in various ways. Occurs with Froude number (𝟏. 𝟕 ≤ 𝑭𝑹 ≤ 𝟑. 𝟎) and is capable of
low energy dissipation about 5-15 %.

Figure 11 Weak Hydraulic jump

OSCILLATING HYDRAULIC JUMP (𝟐. 𝟓 ≤ 𝑭𝑹 ≤ 𝟒. 𝟓)

Oscillating jump occurs when a jet of water enters into super critical state and there are a
number of particles start oscillating in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction, forming
slight tides and waves on the water surface. Occurs with Froude number (𝟐. 𝟓 ≤ 𝑭𝑹 ≤ 𝟒. 𝟓)
and is capable of low energy dissipation about 15-45%.

Figure 12 Oscillating Jump

STEADY HYDRAULIC JUMP (𝟒. 𝟓 ≤ 𝑭𝑹 ≤ 𝟗)

In steady jump, the bed surface is quite rough so the particles tend to move in one direction
with heavy velocity and turbulence, frictional losses are more in this type of jump. Occurs
with Froude number (𝟒. 𝟓 ≤ 𝑭𝑹 ≤ 𝟗) and is capable of low energy dissipation about 45-70 %.

Figure 13 Steady Hydraulic Jump

KEPHA O M 8
LENGTH OF HYDRAULIC JUMP

Unlike its height, the length of the hydraulic jump cannot be determined analytically and reliance must
be placed upon experimental values. In a horizonal rectangular channel the length of an ordinary jump
is often assumed to be varying from 5 t0 7 times its height. The length of a jump is usually expressed in
terms of sequent depth and the Froude number as recommended by the US Bureau of Reclamation
(USBR 1955) herein reproduced in the given Figure.

Figure 14

ASSIFNMENT/TUTORIAL

A concrete lined trapezoidal channel of Manning’s Coefficient is 0.015 is to have a side slope of 1
horizontal to 1 vertical. The bottom slope is 0.0004. determine the bottom width of the channel to
carry 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝟑 𝑺−𝟏 at a normal depth of 2.5m.
Water surface
B

1
n
d L
L

TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL
Figure 15

KEPHA O M 9