See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/334599654

Requirements for charging stations for electric vehicles

Article · March 2019

CITATIONS READS

0 2,882

2 authors:

Marta Zurek-Mortka Grzegorz Parzonko

Instytut Technologii Eksploatacji Radom, Poland Technical and Humanistic university in radom
43 PUBLICATIONS   48 CITATIONS    2 PUBLICATIONS   1 CITATION   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Integration of fast charging station of electric vehicles with the power supply system View project

The series of thermoelectric generators for the recovery of low-temperature waste heat from industrial-technological installations View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Marta Zurek-Mortka on 31 July 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Elektro.info, vol.3/2019, ISSN 1642-8722
http://www.elektro.info.pl

Requirements for charging stations for electric vehicles

Marta Żurek-Mortka, Grzegorz Parzonko
Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom
Malczewski Street 29, 26-600 Radom, Poland
m.zurek-mortka@uthrad.pl, g.parzonko@uthrad.pl

Abstract
The first electric car was constructed in the 19th century. One of the most notable events of those times
was the crossing of the speed barrier of 100 km/h by an electric car that took place at the end of the
19th century. However, work on electric cars has been abandoned due to the lack of efficient energy
storage for the development of vehicles with internal combustion engines. Electromobility solutions
returned at the end of the 20th century. At that time, the necessity to limit the emission of exhaust and
CO2 to the atmosphere forced the search for ecological solutions, which caused a rapid development of
electromobility.
Keywords:
acts of electromobility, electromobility, electric vehicles charging station, types of charging stations

Barriers to development
Available solutions
Currently, in mass production we have hybrid
cars and PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) There are several charging stations available
and EV (Electric Vehicle). Most large automotive on the market with different parameters and
manufacturers build new factories or modernize purpose. Charging stations can be divided
existing production lines by switching production depending on the type of charging current
for electric cars. (Figure 1): alternating current (AC) and direct
According to the IEA (International Energy current (DC).
Agency) report [2], the number of electric
vehicles in the world is constantly growing. The
largest recipients of electric cars are China, USA
and Europe. The main barriers that affect the
development of the EV segment include:
1. infrastructure (too few EV charging stations),
2. battery charging time,
3. battery capacity (limited range),
4. costs (acquisition costs of vehicles that are
currently very high).
The data of the Motor Transport Institute
shows that the average car in Poland is traveling
8,500 km a year, which gives 23 km per day [1].
Taking this data for analysis in the operation of
an electric car, it is possible to charge the car at
home once every few days. However, a problem Fig. 1. Description of socket sets - information
arises because most of the "active" vehicles are material from Phoenix Contact [8]
company cars: courier, transport, delivery, urban
The following types of AC charging station are
transport (buses, taxis), used in companies to
distinguished [5]:
move employees whose mileage reaches a
- private B2C charging stations - ie slow-
multiple of the average daily. This means to need
charging stations with low power powered by
to frequently recharge the batteries. This results
one phase and three phase to 1 or 2 type
in the construction of public charging station
sockets without a meter or tariff, placed on
infrastructure, and thus increasing the demand
private premises or in residential and office
for electricity. This is also related to the payment
complexes, above-ground car parks or
of contractual fees to the distribution company,
garages with built-in meters,
adaptation of the electrical system for charging
the vehicle and assembly of the charging station - stations for B2B business 22-44 kW powered
mainly three phase for type 2 sockets - these
itself.
are fast charging stations for companies, for

example courier companies, whose daily
runs exceed significantly the limits of one
charge,
- B2P public charging stations of 22-50 kW,
mainly powered by three phase for type 2
sockets - currently in Poland there are
approximately 330 publicly available
charging points (one station may have
several positions). The majority of public
charging points are free and generally
available.
For DC charging stations, fast charging
stations operating in the standard socket are
included: CHAdeMO (Japan, Korea), European
CSS (Type-2) and GB / T (China) (Figure 1).
Devices of this type supplied with 400 V DC
allow the charging of electric vehicles with power
up to 200 kW at a current of up to 400 A.
Manufacturers assume increasing their power to
600 kW. The purpose and construction of this
type of EV station is mainly applied on the
service areas for travelers at motorways and
expressways as well as at petrol stations.
The construction of a high-power charging
station in many cases solves the needs of users
- shortens the charging time and guarantees
easy access. Despite these advantages, there
are difficulties with energy infrastructure.
Stations of this type require the construction of
special power grids that guarantee energy
supplies with the required quality parameters. An
additional problem generated by these stations
is the temporary high load on the power system,
which requires reconstruction and adaptation to
the needs of the growing demand for electricity.
The confirmation of the need to rebuild the power
system is the increase in the number of electric
vehicles announced by the Polish government,
estimated in the perspective of 2025 per 1
million.
Fig. 2. An example diagram of the daily power
consumption in the power grid [7]
An alternative might be energy storage
loaded outside the energy peak (Fig. 2) and the
development of the network with renewable
Elektro.info, vol.3/2019, ISSN 1642-8722
http://www.elektro.info.pl
energy sources (wind farms, photovoltaic
panels).
The data included in the report of the National
Power System show that the annual increase in
the demand for electricity is 2-5% [6]. This is a
significant increase in demand, which growth
has so far been driven by economic
development, and not motorization. Figure 3
shows the demand for electricity in Poland,
which in recent years has increased and
outstrips production. Currently, the power grid
infrastructure does not fully provide the
possibility to build any number of electric vehicle
charging stations. The progressive development
of electromobility will force the development of
the power grid, and thus, the search for
alternative solutions related to the supply of EV
charging stations.
Fig. 3. Domestic production and consumption of
electricity in Poland in 1990-2017 (source www.pse.pl
[6])
For some public stations, you must register
before charging, which means that you will not
be able to charge the car battery without pre-
planning and completing certain formalities.
Currently, when the number of electric cars is
relatively small, infrastructure development
should be supported by a system of appropriate
incentives, so that it does not constitute a barrier
to the dissemination of electric vehicles. In
addition, users of electric cars reckon with the
introduction of a certain form of payment for
charging vehicles.
Act on electromobility in Poland
Because by 2025, 1 million electric vehicles
are to travel on Polish roads, attention should be
drawn to the legal requirements for the
development of the infrastructure of charging
stations for electric vehicles.
From February 22, 2018, the Act on
electromobility and alternative fuels in Poland
has been in force, which has sorted out many
important issues related to with the development
of charging infrastructure for electric cars in
Poland. One of them is the possibility of selling
 Elektro.info, vol.3/2019, ISSN 1642-8722
http://www.elektro.info.pl

by the operator (CPO) the EV charging service

without having to apply for a license to trade in
electricity [4]. This important change has opened
the way for many entities on the market to
provide this type of service. The possibility of
building a charging station in private areas, in
garages of underground residential or
commercial buildings, where a building permit is
not required, is a convenience. Another
important convenience is that EV stations used
for private purposes are not subject to the
supervision of the Office of Technical Inspection,
as opposed to the so-called public stations, i.e.
directly connected to the local distribution
system operator (OSD) network in a given area.
Consequently, the construction of a charging
station in housing estates, hotels, commercial
facilities, office or single-family houses and
private properties is covered by a simplified
procedure. In February 2019, the draft ordinance
of the Ministry of Energy was submitted, which
provides for a 30% surcharge of up to PLN
36,000 to purchase an electric vehicle. The
money is to come from the Low-Emission
Transport Fund, which was established with the
entry into force of the act on electromobility and
alternative fuels. With the development of
technical infrastructure in the EV charging
station and the increase in sales of electric cars,
their prices will gradually decrease, and with tax
incentives and government subsidies, the
development of electromobility may gain full
momentum.
Bibliography:
[1] J. Waśkiewicz, Z. Chłopek, An expert forecast of
the demand for energy carriers through a car park
in Poland in the perspective of 2030, project no
6243/ZBE, ITS, Warsaw 2013.
[2] International Energy Agency, Global EV Outlook
2018, OECD/IEA 2018.
[3] Highway to electromobility "Are we ready for
electric cars?", Report innogy Poland S.A.
[4] Act on electromobility and alternative fuels,
January 11, 2018 (DzU 2018, poz. 317, art. 3).
[5] M. Chmieliński, Electric car charging stations -
types of charging stations, settlement methods,
innogy Poland S.A.
[6] Data from National Power System report 2017 –
Polish Power Networks www.pse.pl
[7] K. Kuczyński, Basic requirements for charging
stations for electric vehicles, elektro.info 12/2018.
[8] Company datasheets PHOENIX CONTACT
https://www.phoenixcontact.com

View publication stats