OBHBFBD HGPGZBQB^BE HZL^L]

‖Dlpgrtgesl Hrltls‟

 Ncsge Pgeabopu ; Es. Nlbd ^lhb Beaarbgel., ].Hgp., O.Hgp

Nlsusue cfgd ;

]uhobwbtl Ngwl 21201220=:

Ilqld Eur Blnb 21201220==
Nwl Brlel 21201220=>
Qlenl ]gtlybel 21201220=7
Zlbeb Kcufbenb D 21201220=1

PZCAZBO ]^WNL ]2

HGPGZBQB^BE IBHWF^B]

HG]GDB^BE

WELYGZ]L^B] PGOJBEAWEBE EB]LCEBF KBHBZ^B

:0:0
 JBJ 2

PGENBDWFW

BE

2. Fbtbr Jgfbhbea

Dlpgrtgesl hrlsls ogrupbhbe sbfbd sbtu hgabwbtbe nljlnbea egurcvbshufbr ybea

sgrlea nlkuopbl nl lestbfbsl abwbt nbrurbt. Dlpgrtgesl hrlsls nltbenbl ngeabe

pgeleahbtbe tghbebe nbrbd bhut nbe sgrlea jgrdujueabe ngeabe agkbfb slstgolh

ybea ogrupbhbe hcesghugesl nbrl pgeleahbtbe nbrbd tgrsgjut. Bpbjlfb tghbebe

nbrbd nlbstcfg jgrbnb

nbfbo rgetbea 2:0-2=0 ooDa, dbf tgrsgjut nbpbt ogekbnl nbsbr pgegetube

hgbnbbbe hrlsls (Fgcea & Obeelea, :00>).

Pbnb pbslge D^ hrcelh nlpgrhlrbhbe sghltbr 2-:% bhbe ogeabfbol hrlsls D^ nbfbo

hurue wbhtu dlnupeyb, nlbetbrbeyb D^ gogragesl nlpgrhlrbhbe hurbea fgjld :7%

hbsus. Leslnge tbduebe D^ gogragesl nlpgrhlrbhbe sgjbeybh 2-: hbsus pgr 200.000 pbslge.

Ibhtcr rlslhc ybea

 pbflea pgetlea nlnbpbthbe pbnb hrlsls D^ bnbfbd ogrghb ybea tlnbh tgrnlbaecsls btbu tlnbh pbtud

ogekbfbel pgeacjbtbe.

:. ^ukube Obhbfbd

Jgrnbsbrhbe ruousbe obsbfbd nl btbs , obhb tukube pgeuflsbe obhbfbd lel

bnbfbd sgjbabl jgrlhut ;

2. Ogeagtbdul ngilelsl D^ Hrlsls
:. Ogeagtbdul pgeygjbj D^ Hrlsls
=. Ogeagtbdul tbenb nbe agkbfb D^ hrlsls
>. Ogeagtbdul pgogrlhsbbe nlbaecstlh pbnb D^ hrlsls
7. Ogeagtbdul bfacrltob nbe obebkgoge pbnb D^ hrlsls
9. Ogeagtbdul trgen nbe lsu D^ hrlsls
1. Ogeagtbdul prleslp pgenlnlhbe hgsgdbtbe pbnb pbslge nbe hgfubrab D^ hrlsls
4. Ogeagtbdul nlsmdbrag pfbeelea pbnb pbslge D^ hrlsls
 JBJ LL

PGOJBDB]

BE

2. NGILEL]L

Dlpgrtgesl hrlsls ogrupbhbe sbfbd sbtu hgabwbtbe nljlnbea egurcvbshufbr ybea

sgrlea nlkuopbl nl lestbfbsl abwbt nbrurbt. Dlpgrtgesl hrlsls nltbenbl ngeabe

pgeleahbtbe tghbebe nbrbd bhut nbe sgrlea jgrdujueabe ngeabe agkbfb slstgolh

ybea ogrupbhbe hcesghugesl nbrl pgeleahbtbe nbrbd tgrsgjut. Lel ogrupbhbe

hcopflhbsl ybea sgrlea nbrl

 pgengrltb ngeabe dlpgrtgesl nbe ogojutudhbe pgebeabebe sgagrb uetuh

ogemgabd hcopflhbsl ybea ogeabembo klwb.

Nlhbtbhbe hrlsls dlpgrtgesl klhb tghbebe nbrbd ogeleahbt, tgrutbob

pgeleahbtbe tghbebe nbrbd nlbstcfg. ^lnbh bnb pbtchbe ybea bjscfut, tgtbpl

bpbjlfb tghbebe nbrbd nlbstcfg jgrbnb nbfbo rgetbea 2:0-2=0 ooDa, dbf

tgrsgjut nbpbt ogekbnl nbsbr 

 pgegetube hgbnbbbe hrlsls (Fgcea & Obeelea, :00>).

:. GPLNGOLCFCAL
Pbnb pbslge D^ hrcelh nlpgrhlrbhbe sghltbr 2-:% bhbe ogeabfbol hrlsls D^ nbfbo

hurue wbhtu dlnupeyb, nlbetbrbeyb D^ gogragesl nlpgrhlrbhbe hurbea fgjld :7%

hbsus. Leslnge tbduebe D^ gogragesl nlpgrhlrbhbe sgjbeybh 2-: hbsus pgr 200.000 pbslge.

Ibhtcr rlslhc ybea

 pbflea pgetlea nlnbpbthbe pbnb hrlsls D^ bnbfbd ogrghb ybea tlnbh tgrnlbaecsls btbu tlnbh

pbtud ogekbfbel pgeacjbtbe. Ocrtbfltbs sgfbob pgrbwbtbe nl ruobd sbhlt pbnb hrlsls D^

nlpgrhlrbhbe sgjbeybh >-1%. Beahb hgobtlbe nbfbo 2 tbdue nlbetbrb pbslge ngeabe D^

gogragesl ogembpbl beahb fgjld nbrl 1<%.

Nubpufud pgrsge pbslge dlpgrtgesl ybea nbtbea hg WAN bnbfbd pbslge dlpgrtgesl

hrlsls. Nbtb nl Bogrlhb ]grlhbt ogeuekuhhbe pgeleahbtbe prgvbfgesl dlpgrtgesl nbrl

9,1% pbnb

 pgenunuh jgruslb :0-=< tbdue, ogekbnl 97% pbnb pgenunuh jgruslb nlbtbs 90 tbdue. Nbtb lel
 nbrl tctbf pgenunuh =0% nlbetbrbeyb ogengrltb dlpgrtgesl nbe dboplr 2%-:% bhbe jgrfbekut

ogekbnl dlpgrtgesl hrlsls nlsgrtbl hgrusbhbe crabe tbragt. ]gjbalbe jgsbr pbslge ngeabe strchg

pgrnbrbdbe ogeabfbol dlpgrtgesl hrlsls.

=. HFB]LILHB]L

^grnbpbt pgrjgnbbe nbrl jgjgrbpb suojgr ogeagebl ngilelsl pgeleahbtbe nbrbd

bhut. Ngilelsl ybea pblea sgrlea nlpbhbl bnbfbd;

 2. Dlpgrtgesl gogragesl (nbrurbt)

Pgeleahbtbe tghbebe nbrbd slstcflh 5240 ooDa btbu nlbstclh 5 2:0 ooDa

sgmbrb ogenbnbh nlsgrtbl hgrusbhbe crabe tbragt. Dlpgrtgesl gogragesl dbrus

nltbeaaufbeal sgsgagrb oueahle nbfbo sbtu kbo ngeabe ogojgrlhbe cjbt-

cjbtbe betl dlpgrtgesl letrbvgeb.

Dlpgrtgesl (D^) gogragesl nlngilelslhbe sgjbabl pgeleahbtbe tghbebe nbrbd (^N) ybea

 jgrbt (5240/2:0 oo Da) nlsgrtbl juhtl hgrusbhbe jbru btbu pgrjuruhbe hgrusbhbe

crabe tbragt. Pbnb hcenlsl hflels lel tgrkbnl hgrusbhbe crabe nlpgrbetbrbl

dlpgrtgesl (dypgrtgeslvg ognlbtgn crabe nbobag?DOCN) ybea ogeabembo

eybwb, sgdleaab ogogrfuhbe letgrvgesl pgeuruebe ^N sgagrb nbfbo hurue wbhtu

ogelt/kbo ngeabe cjbt- cjbtbe letrbvgeb.

:. Dlpgrtgesl uragesl (ogengsbh)

Pgeleahbtbe tghbebe nbrbd sgpgrtl pbnb dlpgrtgesl gogragesl eboue tbepb nlsgrtbl
hgrusbhbe crabe tbragt. Pbnb hgbnbbe lel tghbebe nbrbd dbrus sgagrb nlturuehbe nbfbo :>

 kbo ngeabe ogojgrlhbe cjbt-cjbtbe betl dlpgrtgesl crbf.

D^ uragesl ogrupbhbe sltubsl tgrhblt pgeleahbtbe ^N ybea jgrbt pbnb hcenlsl

hflels stbjlf tbepb bnbeyb pgrujbdbe bhut btbu bembobe hgrusbhbe crabe tbragt btbu

nlsiueasl crabe. Pbnb hcenlsl lel tlnbh tgrnbpbt juhtl hflels hgrusbhbe crabe bhut

nlpgrbetbrbl dlpgrtgesl. Hbpfbe gt bf (:027) ogeygjuteyb D^ jgrbt ybea

tlnbh tgrhcetrcf (‖uemcetrcffgn sgvgrg dypgrtgeslce‟), sgnbeahbe BMM/BDB

aulngflegs-:021 kuab ogeygjuteyb pgeleahbtbe ^N ngeabe eybtb (‖obrhgnfy

gfgvbtgn jfccn prgssurg‟).

>. OBELIG]^B]L HFLEL]

2. ]bhlt Hgpbfb Dgjbt.

:. Eygrl nbnb pgeleahbtbe tghbebe vgeb.

=. ]dcmh / Pleasbe
 ^benb uouo bnbfbd ;

2. ]bhlt hgpbfb dgjbt.

:. Eygrl nbnb.

=. Pleasbe.

>. ^bmdlhbrnlb 5 200/ogelt.

7. ^bmdlpecg 5 :0/ogelt.

9. Ouhb pumbt

7. PB^CIL]LCFCAL

Pgeygjbj hrlsls dlpgrtgesl ybltu bnbeyb hgtlnbh tgrbturbe oleuo

cjbt betldlpgrtgesl, strgss, ogeahcesuosl hcetrbsgpsl crbf, cjgsltbs, ogrchch nbe

oleuo

bfhcdcf. Hbrgeb hgtlnbh tgrbturbe btbu hgtlnbh pbtudbe oleuo cjbt

betldlpgrtgesl ogeyjbjhbe hcenlsl bhbe sgobhle juruh, sgdleaab ogoueahlehbe

sgsgcrbea tgrsgrbea

dlpgrtgesl ybea sgobhle jgrbt ( Hrlsls dlpgrtgesl ).

]trgs kuab nbpbt ogrbeasbea sbrbi slopbtlh sgdleaab nbpbt

ogeygjbjhbe vbschcetrlhsl sgnbeahbe ogeahcesuosl hcetrbsgpsl crbf ybea

jlbsbeyb ogeabenuea dcroce gstrcage sgrtb prcagstgrce ybea ogeygjbjhbe

tghbebe pgojufud nbrbd ogeleahbt, sgdleaab bhbe fgjld ogeleahbthbe

tghbebe nbrbd pbnb dlpgrtgesl, hbfbu tghbebe nbrbd sgobhle ogeleahbt, obhb

jgsbr hgoueahlebe tgrkbnl hrlsls dlpgrtgesl.

Bpbjlfb ogeuku hg ctbh obhb bhbe tgrkbnl pgeleahbtbe ^LH ybea ogeygjbjhbe

 pgojufud nbrbd sgrgjrbf sgdleaab C: nl ctbh ogeurue nbe trcojcsls pgrnbrbdbe

sgrgjrl ybea ogeabhljbthbe cjstruhsl bflrbe nbrbd hg ctbh sgdleaab supfbl nbrbd

ogeurue nbe tgrkbnl lshgolh ybea ogeygjbjhbe abeaaube pgriusl tceus nbe

jgrbhljbt hgfgobdbe beaactb agrbh sgdleaab tgrkbnl abeaaube ocjlfltbs ilslh,

sgnbeahbe bhljbt nbrl

 pgeuruebe C: nl ctbh bhbe tgrkbnl abeaaube pgriusl kbrleabe.

 Nbe jlfb nl pgojufud nbrbd hcrcegr ( kbetuea ) ogeygjbjhbe olchbrnluo

olshle C: sgdleaab pgeuruebe C: olchbrnluo nbe tgrkbnl pgeuruebe

hcetrbhtlfltbs ybea

 jgrbhljbt pgeuruebe MCP.

Pbru-pbru kuab bhbe tgrkbnl pgeleahbtbe vcfuo nbrbd pbru ybea ogeybjbjhbe

 pgeuruebe ghspbesl pbru sgdleaab tgrkbnl nlpsegb nbe pgeuruebe chslagebsl ybea

ogeygjbjhbe hgfgobdbe.

Pbnb obtb bhbe tgrkbnl pgeleahbtbe tghbebe vbshufgr rgtleb sgdleaab tgrkbnl

nlpfcplb jlsb ogeygjbjhbe lekury.

PB^DQB\

Betldlpgrtgesl ]trgss Hcetrbsgpsl Crbf

Ybschcetrlhs ^ghbebe nbrbd ogeleahbt

Dlpgrtgesl

Ycfuog nbrbd ogeleahbt

Hrlsls
Hcetrbhtlvltbs ogeleahbt Pgeuopuhbe nbrbd
^rcojcsls Pgeuruebe C: nltcfbh 

Nlbpdcrgslsl
Cjstruhsl Hgnltbhgightlibe pgriusl FBGNP
 kbrleabe (pgrligr)

Gojcfl
Hceagstl vgeb pufocebf
Lshgolh 

 Eygr  Prcsgs pgrplenbdbe

Abeaaube pgriusl
tceus mblrbe hbrgeb
pgrjgnbbe tghbebe

Hgfgobdbe Cgngob

Dbojbtbe ocjlfltbs ilslh  Abeaaube pgrtuhbrbe abs

9. PGOGZLH]BBE NLBAEC]^LH 

 GHA

Gfghtrchbrnlcarbo (GHA) bnbfbd tgs sgngrdbeb uetuh ogeauhur nbe ogrghbo

bhtlvltbs flstrlh kbetuea. ^gs lel ogeaauebhbe ogsle pgengtghsl lopufs flstrlh ybea

nlsgjut

gfghtrchbrnlcarbi. Gfghtrchbrnlcarbi bhbe ogegrkgobdhbe lopufs flstrlh ogekbnl

arbilh ybea nltboplfhbe pbnb fbybr pgobetbu.

GHA tlnbh ogeybhlthbe hbrgeb tbepb pgeabflrbe brus flstrlh nbe tbepb sbybtbe

(ecelevbsli). Nchtgr bhbe ogegopgfhbe gfghtrcng, uouoeyb jgrkuofbd 20 btbu 2: jubd,

 jgrjbdbe pfbstlh nbe jgruhurbe hgmlf, nl nbnb, fgeabe, nbe tueahbl. Gfghtrcng

nlsbojueahbe ngeabe hbjgf-hbjgf hg ogsle gfghtrchbrnlcarbi. Bhtlvltbs hgflstrlhbe

 kbetuea hgounlbe nluhur nbe nlmgtbh cfgd ogsle GHA, sgrtb nlletgrprgtbsl cfgd

nchtgr sgjbabl pgeuekbea nlbaecsls.

 Wrlebflsls

^gs urleg btbu urlebflsls bnbfbd pgogrlhsbbe uetuh ogeabebflsls hcenlsl ilslh, hlolbwl,

nbe olhrcshcplh urleg. ^gs urleg ogrupbhbe ogtcng nlbaecsls ybea sbeabt uouo

nlfbhuhbe nl jgrjbabl ibslfltbs hgsgdbtbe btbu fbjcrbtcrluo, hbrgeb muhup ounbd nbe

ourbd.

 W]A

Wftrbscecarbil btbu ybea jlbsb nlhgebf sgjbabl W]A, ogrupbhbe tghelh ogeboplfhbe

abojbr btbu mltrb nbrl hcenlsl jbalbe nbfbo tujud. Bfbt ognls lel ogobeibbthbe

Olsbfeyb, crabe tujud btbu kbrleabe fuebh.

agfcojbea subrb ngeabe irghugesl tleaal uetuh ogeabojlf abojbr tujud jbalbe nbfbo.

 M^-]mbe

Mcoputgrlzgn tcocarbpdy smbe (M^ smbe) btbu mcoputgrlzgn bxlbf

tcocarbpdy smbe (MB^ smbe) bnbfbd prcsgnur pgogrlhsbbe ognls ngeabe

ogeaauebhbe hcojlebsl tghecfcal Zcetage btbu slebr-T nbe slstgo

hcoputgr hdusus uetuh ogfldbt hcenlsl nbfbo tujud nbrl jgrjbabl sunut nbe

pctceabe.

 Ictc Zcetage
 Ictc Zcetage bnbfbd prcsgnur pgogrlhsbbe ngeabe ogeaauebhbe rbnlbsl

agfcojbea gfghtrcobaegtlh aueb ogeboplfhbe abojbrbe jbalbe nbfbo tujud.

Abojbrbe nbrl jgenb

 pbnbt sgpgrtl tufbea btbu jgsl nltboplfhbe sgjbabl brgb jgrwbreb putld, sgnbeahbe

unbrb ybea tgrnbpbt pbnb pbru-pbru bhbe tbopbh jgrwbreb dltbo, nbe abojbrbe

nbrl fgobh btbu ctct nltboplfhbe ngeabe wbreb bju-bju. Nbfbo jgjgrbpb kgels

ictc Zcetage, nlauebhbe tbojbdbe zbt pgwbreb (hcetrbs) ybea nloleuo btbu

nlsuetlhhbe, olsbfeyb lcnleg btbu jbrluo, uetuh ogeadbslfhbe abojbrbe ybea fgjld

ngtblf.

1. BFACZL^OB HZL]L] DLPGZ^GE]L

Jgrlhut lel bnbfbd bfur bfacrltob KBMM :021 ybea nbpbt nlauebhbe nbfbo ogfbhuhbe
tbtbfbhsbeb pbnb pbslge ngeabe hrlsls dlpgrtgesl.
4. ^ZGEN NBE L]W PGEB^BFBH]BEBBE NGEABE OB]BFBD
DLPGZ^GE]L HZL]L]

^ghbebe nbrbd tleaal tlnbh fbal ogekbnl lsu hgsgdbtbe sgrlus nl egabrb-egabrb

Jbrbt sbkb, tgtbpl kuab ogelojufhbe nbopbh pbnb sgtlbp fbplsbe obsybrbhbt, hbyb

nbe olshle, nl hctb nbe ngsb. ^ghbebe nbrbd tleaal btbu dlpgrtgesl ogeygjbjhbe

sgrbeabe

 kbetuea, strchg nbe ababf alekbf. Pbrb pbhbr ogeabtbhbe, tbdue fbfu dlpgrtgesl ogekbnl

 pgeygjbj >7 pgrsge hgobtlbe bhljbt sgrbeabe kbetuea nbe 72 pgrsge hgobtlbe

bhljbt strchg nl sgfurud nuelb. Pgegfltlbe tgetbea Hgsgdbtbe Crbea Ngwbsb nbe

Fbeslb ybea nlfbhuhbe Crabelsbsl Hgsgdbtbe ]gnuelb QDC ogeauopufhbe

leicrobsl tgetbea tghbebe nbrbd pbnb fgjld nbrl =7 rlju crbea nl gebo egabrb

jgrpgenbpbtbe rgenbd nbe

ogegeabd,ybltu nl Birlhb ]gfbtbe, Mdleb,Adbeb,Lenlb,OghslhcnbeZuslb.
 Birlhb ]gfbtbe ogolflhl tleahbt dlpgrtgesl tgrtleaal nl nuelb ybltu 14 pgrsge pbnb

crbea ngwbsb jgruslb 70 tbdue hg btbs. Dbeyb 2 nbrl 20 pgengrltb ybea

ogopgrcfgd

 pgrbwbtbe ybea fbybh btbs hcenlsleyb ltu. ^lo pgegfltl nbrl Hgfcopch Pgebsgdbt Bdfl

]trbtgals QDC, ]trbtgalm Bnvlscry Arcup ci Gxpgrts btbu ]BAG ogegouhbe

prgvbfgesl tghbebe nbrbd tleaal pbnb dboplr 1: pgrsge crbea ngwbsb ybea ogrghb

survgl nl Igngrbsl Zuslb. Prgvbfgesl dlpgrtgesl ybea fgjld rgenbd, tgtbpl obsld tgtbp

tleaal, tgrnbpbt nl

 jgjgrbpb egabrb fble, ybltu 74 pgrsge nl Oghslhc, 71 pgrsge nl Adbeb, 7= pgrsge nl

Mdleb nbe =: pgrsge nl Lenlb. Ogeurut survgl tgrsgjut, fgjld jbeybh pgrgopube ybea

ogealnbp tghbebe nbrbd tleaal nljbenlea fbhl-fbhl. Nbfbo wbwbembrb

ogfbful ]hypg, ]dbd Gjrbdlo nbrl Fcence ]mdccf ci Dyalgeg ben ^rcplmbf

Ognlmleg ogeabtbhbe, sgpgrtl dbfeyb nl egabrb-egabrb Jbrbt, tghbebe nbrbd tleaal

tgfbd ybea
^rgen ogekbnl dbf
sunbd jlbsb
hltb nl egabrb-
hgtbdul egabrbjgrhgojbea.
sgfbob =0 btbu >0 tbdue, tgtbpl sbeabt sgnlhlt nbtb
 pbstl uetuh jgebr-jgebr ogogrlhsb sgmbrb ghshfusli nbe cjkghtli bpb ybea tgrkbnl,‟ ukbr Gjrbdlo. Gjrbdlo ogeab

sgjbalbe jgsbr hbrgeb hbnbr abrbo ybea tleaal nbfbo obhbebe, cjgsltbs nbe hcesuosl

bfhcdcf cfgd hbuo fbhl-fbhl. Gjrbdlo ogebojbdhbe, obycrltbs obsybrbhbt nl egabrb-

egabrb ybea nlbojlf mcetcdeyb tlnbh tgrnlbaecsb nbe tlnbh nlrbwbt. ^bepb pgrbwbtbe

ognls, ukbr Gjrbdlo, nbopbh tghbebe nbrbd tleaal jlsb sbeabt ogrualhbe hgfubrab.
Pbnbdbf, tbojbdeyb, cjbt-cjbtbe uetuh ogeacetrcf hcenlsl lel tlnbh obdbf. ‖Cjbt-

cjbtbe ybea pbflea obdbf tgrsgnlb fubs nl egabrb-egabrb olshle. Nbe fbybebe hgsgdbtbe
ngeabe nchtgr-nchtgr swbstb mgengruea ogoprcocslhbe cjbt-cjbtbe ybea sbeabt obdbf.

 pbnbdbf cjbt-cjbtbe ybea kbud fgjld ourbd sbob gightlieyb,‟ ukbreyb. ]tunl ybea
nlnbebl cfgd W] Ebtlcebf Lestltutg ce Balea lel nltgrjlthbe nbfbo Letgrebtlcebf Kcurebf ci 

Gplngolcfcay. ]gjubd gnltcrlbf ybea ogeygrtbl tgrjltbe lel ogojbenleahbe kbeahbube

fubs dlpgrtgesl ngeabe DLY nbe ogeabtbhbe hgnub pgeybhlt lel sbob-sbob ogobtlhbe

tgtbpl ounbd nlnlbaecsb nbe nlrbwbt.

<. PZLE]LP PGENLNLHBE HG]GDB^BE PBNB PB]LGE NBE
HGFWBZAB
^GZHBL^ OB]BFBD HZL]L] DLPGZ^GE]L
 Hrlsls dlpgrtgesl ogshl tbh jgaltu sgrlea nltgouhbe nbfbo hbsus
hgabwbt nbrurbtbe sgdbrl-dbrl, eboue ogogrfuhbe pgogrlhsbbe nbe gnuhbsl ybea
tgpbt hgpbnb
 pbslge babr tbtbfbhsbeb ybea nljgrlhbe pue nbpbt jgrkbfbe ngeabe gightli nbe
gilslge. Nchtgr sgmbrb tgpbt dbrus nbpbt ogelfbl betbrb dlpgrtgesl gogragesl nbe
uragesl, babr tgrbpl jgrkbfbe ngeabe jblh nbe pbslge pue ogeagtbdul hcenlsl
pgeybhlteyb ngeabe

 jgebr.
]gjubd pgegfltlbe bhbe pgebeabebe hrlsls dlpgrtgesl ogeuekuhbe jbdwb hbsus
hrlsls dlpgrtgesl jgrhlsbr betbrb 2% nbrl tctbf huekueabe LAN sgfbob = jufbe.
^btbfbhsbeb ybea nljgrlhbe pbflea jbeybh ngeabe letrbvgeb, ogshl cjbt crbf kuab
turut nljgrlhbe. Dbf lel ogeaabojbrhbe jbdwb plfldbe tgrbpl pbnb hbsus hrlsls
dlpgrtgesl jgfuo ogolflhl stbenbr hdusus, obsld ogeabenbfhbe hgjlbsbbe,
pgeabfbobe, nbe hgobopube sgcrbea nchtgr.
Cfgd hbrgeb ltu, nchtgr pbnb pgebeabebe hbsus hrlsls dlpgrtgesl nloletb
uetuh obopu ogeagvbfubsl pgrujbdbe tghbebe nbrbd ybea tgrkbnl,
ogeahfbslilhbslhbe ngeabe
 jgebr tgrobsuh hg nbfbo dlpgrtgesl ybea obeb, ogeagebfl hgoueahlebe tgrkbnleyb
 pgrjuruhbe nbe sgjgrbpb bargsli wbhtu nbfbo pgebtbfbhsbebbe ybea dbrus
nljgrlhbe, dleaab hgputusbe ogoufbeahbe pbslge pbnb hbsus hrlsls dlpgrtgesl.

  Gnuhbsl

Pbslge ybea sunbd pgrebd ogeabfbol hrlsls dlpgrtgesl dbrus nlgnuhbsl ngeabe jblh
babr tlnbh tgrkbnl rghurgesl btbu jbdhbe ogeabfbol pgrjuruhbe pbnb hbsus
ybea sunbd ogeabfbol hgrusbhbe tbragt crabe (Dlpgrtgesl gogragesl)
Jgrlhut bnbfbd jgjgrbpb dbf ybea nbpbt nlgnuhbslhbe hgpbnb pbslge
ngeabe hrlsls dlpgrtgesl.
 Hcetrcf tgrbtur, ybltu ngeabe ogogrlhsbhbe tghbebe nbrbd sgmbrb rutle nbe

hcetrcf rutle hg nchtgr jbal ybea ogeabfbol hcopflhbsl btbu hgrusbhbe pbnb tbragt

crabeeyb.
 ^lnbh ogeadgetlhbe pgeacjbtbe betl dlpgrtgesl nbe ogoleuoeyb sgsubl

ngeabe ncsls ybea nlbekurhbe nchtgr.

 ]gagrb ogeadujueal pgfbybebe hgsgdbtbe tgrnghbt bpbjlfb ogeabfbol

agkbfb- agkbfb ybea ogeabrbd hg hrlsls dlpgrtgesl btbu pgrjuruhbe nbrl hgrusbhbe

crabe, sgpgrtl sbhlt hgpbfb, eygrl nbnb dgjbt, sgsbh ebpbs, gngob, dleaab pgeuruebe

hgsbnbrbe.
 Ogekbab nlgt ngeabe nlgt rgenbd abrbo nbe ogeaurbeal obhbebe jgrfgobh 


Jgrcfbdrbab rutle nbe tgrbtur 

 20. NL]MDBZAG PFBEELEA PBNB PB]LGE

2. oleuo cjbt sgmbrb tgrbtur sgsubl ngeabe pgtuekuh ybea sunbd nlbekurhbe

sgrtb ogopgrdbtlhbe 7 jgebr, ybltu; Jgebr ebob, jgebr wbhtu, jgebr mbrb

obsuh,jgebr cjbt,jgebr ncsls.

:. Zbkle ogeacetrcfhbe hgsgdbtbe pbslge hgpbnb tgebab hgsgdbtbe ( Zuobd sbhlt,

 pushgsobs ) sgtlbp hbfl cjbt dbjls.

=. fbhuhbe bhtlvltbs sgmbrb jgrtbdbp sgpgrtl obenl ngeabe sghb hgounlbe klhb

sunbd muhup hubt/obopu fbfu obenl nl hbobr obenl.

>. Dlnupfbd ngeabe pcfb dlnup sgdbt ;

 Obhbe > sgdbt 7 sgopureb eboue ngeabe rgenbd abrbo nbe rgenbd hcfgstrcf sgrtb

ogopgrjbeybh obhbe jubd nbe sbyur 

 Zbkle jgrcfbdrab sgtlbp dbrl, olelobf kbfbe sgdbt sgfbob =0 ogelt sgtlbp dbrl

 Wsbdbhbe uetuh nbpbt ogopgrtbdbehbe jgrbt jbnbe ybea lngbf ( mgabd hgagouhbe )

 Wsbdbhbe tlnur eygeybh olelobf 9 kbo sgdbrl babr ogrgnbo strgss, btbu tlnur sgou

(tlnurbe,tlnbh jgragrbh,pgkbohbe obtb,usbdbhbe ogfgpbs sgoub obsbfbd)

 Ogeleabfhbe hgjlbsbbe fbob ybea juruh,sgpgrtl ; ogrchch,oleuo oleuobe

hgrbs,obhbe obhbebe ybea bsle,oleuo hcpl,nff.

JBJ LLL
B]WDBE HGPGZBQB^BE

Hbsus
 Ey. A (72 tbdue) nlrbwbt nl rubea LMW hbrgeb pgeuruebe hgsbnbrbe. Hgfubrab pbslge
ogeabtbhbe 21 kbo sgjgfuo obsuh Z], pbslge ogrbsbhbe eygrl hgpbfb dgjbt nlsgrtbl
tghbebe nbrbd ybea ogeleahbt sgmbrb mgpbt. Hgfudbe nlsgrtbl ngeabe ouetbd sgjbeybh =
hbfl. Hgfubrab
ogeabtbhbe pbslge ogolflhl rlwbybt dlpgrtgesl nbe pgeybhlt kbetuea mcrcegr. Hgfubrab kuab
ogeabtbhbe pbslge mgengruea suflt obhbe
Dbslf pgeahbklbe ogeuekuhhbe ; AM] . Hgsbnbrbe spccr.
^grnbpbt
 pgeuopuhbe sgmrgt jgrwbreb huelea hgmchfbtbe. Bushutbsl pbru ; rcemdl pbnb fbpbea pbru
hbebe nbe hlrl. Puplf ; Hbebe =+/ Hlrl :+. Zgipgfhs Jbjleshl + (ghstgescr). ^grnbpbt lrltbsl
pbnb jljlr,

 jljlr tbopbh hgrlea nbe jgrnbrbd.

^^Y ; ^N; 29</<7 ooDa, DZ; <<x/ogelt, ]udu =4°M, ]pC: <0%, ZZ ; ::x/ogelt ce
vgetlfbtcr ngeabe ocng ]LOY (P]+PM), PGGP 7mo , ZZ sgttlea 20, IlC:;70%, PM
27, P] 27. L;G rbslc ; 2;:.
Nbtb ^bojbdbe ;
  Pgeahbklbe eygrl ngeabe
MPC^; 9 OBP; 2:0
  MYP; 2:
Bnbeyb nlstgesl vgeb kuaufbrls
Bushuftbsl kbetuea; Bnbeyb jueyl tbojbdbe (]=)
  JJ; 70 ^J; 210 mo LO^; 21,=0

Dbslf pgogrlhsbbe Dgobtcfcals ;

Dj ; 21,7 a/nf
Dgobtchrlt ; 7:%
Fguhcslt ; 21,1 x 20½/uF
^rcojcslt ; =2> x 20½/uF
Grltrcslt ; 9,>: x 20
U9/uF
 Ebtrluo ; 2>: oGq/F

HMHfbcfrlulnob ;; >< ,<0:< o oGGqq/F/F

Pbslge ogenbpbthbe tgrbpl ;

Crbf ; bofcnlpleg 2x20 oa, Mbengrsbrtbe 2x29 oa,
Dynrcmdfcrctdlbzlng 2x70 oa, ]uhrbfibt =x27 mm,
Mfcelnleg =x0,27 oma.
 Egjuflzgr ; Mcojlvget
LY ; Mgitrlbxceg 2x: ar, Cogprbzcf :x>0 oa, Mltlmcfle :x:70 oa, Obeltcf :x2:7mm, Bsbo
trbeghsbobt =x700 oa, Pbrbmgtbocf =x2 ar 

B. Pgeahbklbe

2. Lngetltbs Pbslge
 Ebob ; Ey. A
Wslb ; 7 2 ^ bdue
Kgels Hgfbole ; Pgrgopube
Pghgrkbbe ; ^lnbh jghgrkb
Bfbobt ; Kf. Hrbobt Kbyb 7 Ec. :
]uhu/ Jbeasb ; Kbwb
^beaabf Obsuh Z] ; :9 sgptgojgr :0:0
^beaabf Pgeahbklbe ; :9 sgptgojgr :0:0
 Ec Zghbo Ognls ; 20:0:124
Nlbaecsb Ognls ;
Dlpgrtgesl

 LEnbgoetbltbs Pgebeaauea;
^Kbew. Bbj Wour ; 7>
^ bdue Duj. Ngeabe Pbslge
; ]ubol
Zlwbybt Hgsgdbtbe

Hgfudbe utbob

Pbslge ogrbsbhbe eygrl hgpbfb dgjbt, nlsgrtbl tghbebe nbrbd ybea ogeleahbt sgmbrb mgpbt.
Hgfudbe nlsgrtbl ngeabe ouetbd sgjbeybh = hbfl.

 Zlwbybt Pgeybhlt Nbdufu

Dlpgrtgesl nbe pgeybhlt kbetuea

mcrcegr.
  Zlwbybt Pgeybhlt sghbrbea

Dleaab sbbt lel obsld ogolflhl rlwbybt dlpgrtgesl nbe pgeybhlt kbetuea mcrcegr.

 Zlwbybt Pgeybhlt Hgfubrab

Hgfubrab ogeabtbhbe bnb rlwbybt

dlpgrtgesl

:. Prlobry ]urvgy

b) Blrwby

Pgrebibsbe ; pgrebibsbe muplea dlnuea

Jgenb bslea nl kbfbe Ebibs ; sgmrgt + (jgrwbreb huelea hgmchfbtbe)
Dgojusbe E bibs ;+

j) Jrgbtdlea

Kgels pgrebibsbe ; secrlea (-), Auraflea (-), ]trlncr

(+) Jueyl Pgrebibsbe ; Zcemdl pbnb fbpbea pbru hbebe
nbe hlrl.
Irghugesl pgrebibsbe ; ::x/oet ce vgetlfbtcr, ]pC: <0%,
Dgojusbe E bibs ;+

m) Mlrmufbtlce

Hgbnbbe slrhufbsl
Pgrnbrbdbe (letgrebf/ghstgrebf) ; jljlr jgrnbrbd
 Ebnl Zbnlbf/mbrctls ; ^grbjb
Bhrbf P grligr ; D beabt
Pufsg ; << x/ogelt
Jfccn P rgbsurg ; 2 9</<7ooDa
]lbecsls ;-

n) Nlsbjlflty

Pgogrlhsbbe Egurcfcals
AM] ;
^leahbt H gsbnbrbe ; ] pccr  
Zgifghs bjleshl ; ( ghstgescr).
J +
Puplf ; Hbebe =+/ hlrl :+
 g) Gxpcsurg

^grnbpbt lrltbsl pbnb jljlr, jljlr tbopbh hgrlea nbe jgrnbrbd.

=. Pgogrlhsbbe Ilslh 
 b. ^benb-tbenb Yltbf
2) ^ghbebe Nbrbd
]lstcflh ; 29< ooDa
Nlbstcflh ; <7 ooDa
OBP ; 2 :0 o oDa
:) Dgrbt Zbtg ; <<x/ogelt
=) Zgsplrbsl ; ::x/ogelt
>) ]udu ;=4 M
7) Elfbl MPC^ ; Pbslge ogeagfud eygrl jgrbt. Elfbl ? 9

Ec Lenlhbtcr ]hbfb p geauhurbe ]hcr Dbslf

Pgelfblb
e
2 Ghsprgsl wbkbd Zlfghs, egtrbf 0
^gabea 2 :

Ogrleals :

: Agrbhbe t ujud ^lnbh j gragrbh 0

Pgrflenueabe 2 2

Agflsbd :
= Hgsgsublbe ngeabe vgetlfbsl Nbpbt ogetcfgrbesl 0
oghbelh
Jbtuh, tbpl nbpbt2
2
ogetcfgrbesl
Iladtlea vgetlfbtcr :

> Hgtgabeabe c tct Zlfghs 0

^gabea nbe hbhu 2 :

]beabt tgabea /hbhu :

^ctbf shcr 9

j. Pgogrlhsbbe ]lstgo ^ujud

2) ]lstgo Pgrgpsl sgescrl ; Hcekueatlvb begols, Puplf ; Hbebe =+/ Hlrl :+
:) ]lstgo Pgrebpbsbe
^bopbh pgeuopuhbe sgmrgt jgrwbreb huelea hgmchfbtbe. Pbslge tgrpbsbea G^^.
Bushuftbsl ; Zcemdl; +/+.

=) ]lstgo Hbrnlcvbshufgr ; Bnbeyb jueyl tbojbdbe (]=), Dr <<x/ogelt, ^N ;

29</<78 OBP 2<4, MYP 2:. ^grnbpbt nlstgesl vgeb kuaufbrls.
>) ]lstgo Pgemgrebbe ; JJ; 70, LO^;
21,=0 Bjncoge
b) Lespghsl ; jgetuh bjncoge nbtbr, tlnbh bnb jgekcfbe, tlnbh
tbopbh bnbeyb trbuob, tlnbh tgrfldbt bnbeyb jgenueabe pgojufud nbrbd vgeb pbnb
bjncoge.
 j) Pbfpbsl ; eygrl tghbe tlnbh bnb, jgekcfbe btbu obssb tlnbh
bnb, tbenb bsmltgs tlnbh bnb
m) Pgrhusl ; s ubrb b jncoge t yopbel
n) Bushuftbsl ; tgrngeabr jlslea usus 4x/ogelt
7) ]lstgo Pgrhgoldbe ; Irghugesl jgrhgold fgjld sgnlhlt nbrlpbnb sgjgfuo
nl ruobd sbhlt
9) ]lstgo Letgauoge ; MZ^6: ngtlh, turacr huflt gfbstlm
 Bspgh Pslhcfcals ; Hgfubrab ogeabtbhbe pbslge nbfbo hgsgdbrlbeeyb
 jgrslhbp sbetbl nbe tlnbh pgrebd jgrpgrlfbhu begd. Hgfubrab ogeabtbhbe pbslge
mgengruea suflt obhbe.
 Bspgh ]cslbf ; Hgfubrab ogeabtbhbe dujueabe pbslge ngeabe
hgfubrab nbe fleahueabe sghltbr jblh nbe sgrlea jgrscslbflsbsl.
 Bsgh ]plrltubf   ; Hgfubrab ogeabtbhbe pbslge rbkle sdcfbt 7 wbhtu
nbe ogeabkl

>. Nbtb Pgeuekbea

b. Dbslf Fbjcrbtcrluo

Pgogrlhsbbe Dbslf Elfbl E crobf Letrgprgtbsl

 DJ ; 21,7 a/nf 2:-29 a/nF Dj ogeleahbt,
rgbhsl tujud
tgrdbnbp turueeyb
hbnbr chslage

Dgobtchrlt ; >0 ” 70 % Dt ogeleahbt,

Dgobtcfcals 7:%  pgeleahbtbe
hghgetbfbe
7,0 ” 20,0 x20=/uF nbrbd
Fguhcslt ; 21,1
x20/uF Fguhcslt ogeleahbt,
270 ” >00x20/uF rgbhsl tgrdbnbp
^rcojcslt ; =2> leifbobsl/abeaaube
x20/uF >.7-7.7 x209/uF
 Ecrobf
Grltrcslt ; 9,>:
x20/uF
Grltrcslt ogeleahbt,
rgbhsl tgrdbnbp
turueyb hbnbr 
chslage

Gfghtrcflt Ebtrluo ; 2>: 2=7 ” 2>7 oGq/F   Ecrobf

oGq/F
Hbfluo ; =,7 ” 7,0 oGq/F  Ecrobf
>,:0 oGq/F

Mfcrlnb ; << <> ” 222oGq/F  Ecrobf

oGq/F
j. Pgogrlhsbbe Zlslhc Kbtud Ngeabe Ocrsg ]mbfg (]gsubl Wslb)
 Hrltgrlb ]hbfb ]hcrlea

Zlwbybt kbtud; jbru sbkb btbu nbfbo ^lnbh ? 0 0

=
 jufbe \b ? :7

Nlbaecsls fb le ^lnbh ? 0 27
\b ? 27

Jbetube J grkbfbe ^lnbh b nb, t lrb 0

 jbrlea, nl hursl
rcnb, jbetube
 pgrbwbt ? 0
 

^ceahbt hgtlbh
(mrutmd), tceahbt
(mbeg), bfbt jbetu
 jgrkbfbe (wbfhgr) ?
27

Iureltur ? =0
LY/ D gpbrle F cmh ^lnbh ? 0 :0
\b ? :0

Mbrb j grkbfbe/ p lenbd Ecrobf, t lrbd 0

 jbrlea, tlnbh
 jgragrbh ? 0
 

Fgobd ? 20

^grabeaau ? :0

]tbtus o getbf Ogeagtbdul 27

hgobopube nlrl ? 0
 

Fupb hgtgrjbtbsbe ?
27

^C^BF ]H 70
CZ

Dbslf letgrprgtbsl OI] ; Zgslhc Zgenbd Pbslge Kbtud

m. BPBMDG LL ]MCZG (2x:> kbo)

 BPBMDG LL tlnbh nbpbt nldltuea hbrgeb tgrnbpbt jgjgrbpb nbtb ybea
tlnbh nlhgtbdul nl hbsus.

7. Pgebtbfbhsbebbe Ognls
Ygetlfbtcr 
Ocng ; ] LOY ( P]+PM)
^rlagr ;-
^lnbf Ycfuog ; >70 oF
IlC: ; 7 0%
PM ; 27
P] ; 27
PGGP ; 7 mo
L;G Zbslc ; 2 ;
: ZZ sgttlea 20

Cjbt Cjbtbe nbe Mblrbe

Ebob C jbt Ncsls Mbrb Lenlhbsl  ]lng giigmts

Pgojgrlbe
Bofcnlpleg 2x20 o a Crbf Dlpgrtgesl Puslea, oubf,
 pgojgeahbhbe

Mbengrsbrtbe Mgitrlbxce 2x29 oa Crbf

g
:x2:7 mm

2x70 oa Crbf

Dynrcmdfcrctdlbzl
n

=x27 Crbf
mm

Crbf
=x0,27
oma

]uhrbfibt

Ledbfbsl

=xsgdbrl

Mfcelnleg
LY

:x2 ar 

LY
Mcojlvget
:x>0
oa
LY

:x:70
oa
 acfceab tueahbl, kbetuea huflt
LY e  jgrngjbr 
]bhlt hgpbfb,
Ogeadbo sgibfcs
 puslea, oubf,
jbt pcrle Jgeahb
 jbtuh,
rgsgptcr b uetuh  h
ouetbd, oufut
ealctgesl ogeabt
hgrlea, agogtbr 
LL bsl pbnb
uetuh oge leighsl hgnub
uruehbe  jbeht
Oubf,
tghbebe grl tueahbl, ouetbd, sbhlt
nbrbd pbnb  pgeleahb pgrut,
tujud tbe nlbrg,
fgobh trla sbhlt hgpbfb
flsgrlnb
]gjbabl nbfbo nbrbd,
nlurgtlm  puslea,
uetuh oge dlpgrurlsg
abtbsl olb, oubf
dlpgrtgesl
]bhlt
hgpbfb,
abeaaube
Wetuh  sgf
nbrbd,
ogemagca eygrl
jbbdtl  jbalbe btbs
 pgrut,
nbe
dlpgrhbfs
tuhbh
golb,
fbojuea
sgrtb
dlpchebftgrgoolblb,
ufhus
nucngeuo
Hcestlpb
sl, sbhlt
Wetuh ogeage
hgpbfb,
bflhbe
puslea,
tghbebe
nlbrg,
nbrbd tleaal
oubf nbe
ouetbd

Ogrgnbhb
e Oufut
 pgeygoplt hgrlea,
be
sbhlt
sbfurbe
hgpbfb,
 pgrebpbs
be agflsbd,
puslea,
abeaaube
Betljlctlm pbnb
 Wetuh 
ogeabtbsl Dlpchbfgolb,
=x700 oa LY abeaaube nlbrg, eygrl
fbojuea  pgrut, sbhlt
hgpbfb
Wetuh 
ogeleahbthbe Lescoelb, sbhlt
Cogprbzcf bflrbe nbrbd hgpbfb, nlbrg,
nbe hcesuosl oubf, sbhlt
=x2 ar LY chslage nl ctbh   jbalbe nbnb

Cjbt nlurgtlm
Mltlmcfle uetuh ogeaurb ]bhlt
eal hgpbfb,
tghbebe oubf, ouetbd,
nbfbo hgpbfb eygrl
(letrbhrbelbf) tgeaacrchbe,
dlnuea
tgrsuojbt, sgsbh 
W e t u h  
o ge a u r
Obeltcf ebpbs
beal nbe
ogeadgetlhb ]bhlt
e hgpbfb, eygrl
 pgrnbrbdbe ctct nbe sgenl,
dlnuea
tgrsuojbt, eygrl
 pgrut nbe
 pueaauea, oubf
Bsbo trbeghsbobt ouetbd,
Wetuh
pgeurue nlbrg, olarbleg,
ngobe puslea

nbe ]bhlt
 pgrgnb eygrl tgeaacrchbe,
sbrlbwbe,
eygrl
 pueaauea, urle
 jgrwbreb
hgrud, tujud
Pbrbmgtbocf
tgrbsb fgobd
J. Nbtb Ichus

Nbtb ] ujkghtli Nbtb C jkghtli  

  Hgfubrab pbslge ogeabtbhbe 21  AM] ; G2 O: YG^^ hgsbnbrbe scpcr 
kbo
 ^grnbpbt pgeuopuhbe sghrgt jgrwbreb
sgjgfuo obsuh Z]
huelea hgmchfbtbe
pbslge ogrbsbhbe eygrl
 Bushuftbsl pbru ; rcehdl pbnb fbpbea pbru
hgpbfb dgjbt
hbebe nbe hlrl
 Hgfubrab pbslge
 Puplf ; hbebe =+/hlrl :+
ogeabtbhbe tghbebe nbrbd

Zgifghs jbjleshl (+) ghstgencr 
pbslge ogeleahbt sgmbrb mgpbt
^grnbpbt lrltbsl pbnb jljlr, jljlr tbopbh hgrlea


nbe jgrnbrbd
oHgufeutbrda sbg jpbbesylbghe
Ce vgetlfbtcr ngeabe ocng ]LOY (P]+PM)
=o hbgfelagfud pbslge


PGGP 7mo D:C 

Hgfubrab pbslge ogeabtbhbe pbslge


ZZ sgttlea 20 
ogolflhl rlwbybt dlpgrtgesl nbe
IlC: ; 70% 
 pgeybhlt kbetuea mcrcegr 
P] 27, PM 27 
Nbtb ^bojbdbe;
L ; G rbslc 2 ; :
Hgfubrab ogeabtbhbe



^^Y ;
pbslge mgengruea
suflt obhbe
^N ;29</<7 ooDa 

DZ ; <c<x/ogelt


] ; =4 M


ZZ ; ::x/ogelt


Dbslf pgogrlhsbbe Dgobtcfcals ;

- Dj ; 21,7 a/nf - Dt ; 7:%
- Fguhcslt ; 21,1x20/uF - ^rcojcslt ; =2>x20/uF
- Grltrcslt ; 9,>:x20/uF - Ebtrluo ; 2>: oGq/F
- Hbfluo ; >,:0 oGq/F - Mfcrlnb ; << oGq/F
Pbslge ogenbpbthbe tgrbpl ;

 Crbf ; Bofcnlpleg 2x20 oa, Mbengrsbrtbe 2x29

oa, Dynrcmdfcrctdlbzln 2x70 oa,
]uhrbfibt
=x27 MT, Mfcelnleg =x0,27 oma
 Egjuflzgr ; mcojlvget


LY ; Mgitrlbxceg 2x: ar, Cogprbzcf :x>0

oa, Mltlmcfle :x:70 oa, Obeltcf :x2:7 mm,
Bsbo trbeghsbobt =x700 oa, pbrbmgtbocf =x2
ar 
Nbtb ^bojbdbe ;
Pgeahbklbe eygrl ngeabe
 

MPC^; 9 OBP; 2:0

MYP; 2:
Bnbeyb nlstgesl vgeb kuaufbrls
 Bushuftbsl kbetuea; Bnbeyb jueyl
tbojbdbe (]=)
  JJ; 70 ^J; 210 mo LO^; 21,=0

M. Bebflsb Nbtb
 Nbtb Gtlcfcal Obsbfbd

N] ;

 Hgfubrab pbslge ogeabtbhbe 21 kbo

sgjgfuo obsuh Z] pbslge ogrbsbhbe
eygrl hgpbfb dgjbt
Bage
 Hgfubrab pbslge ogeabtbhbe pbslge
ogolflhl rlwbybt dlpgrtgesl nbe Mgngrb
 Eygrl Bhut
pgeybhlt kbetuea mcrcegr  Jlcfcals
(Prcsgs
Pgeybhlt)
NC;

 ^N ;29</<7 ooDa
 DZ ; <<x/ogelt
Pgeahbklbe eygrl ngeabe
MPC^; 9 OBP; 2:0
 Pgojgrlbe tgrbpl; Pbrbmgtbocf =x2 ar 

N] ;

 Hgfubrab pbslge ogeabtbhbe tghbebe

nbrbd Ybschcetrlhsl Pgeuruebe
 pbslge ogeleahbt sgmbrb mgpbt Pgojufud
Hgfubrab pbslge ogeabtbhbe pbslge
Nbrbd Murbd Kbetuea


ogolflhl rlwbybt dlpgrtgesl nbe

pgeybhlt kbetuea mcrcegr 
NC;

 ^N ;29</<7 ooDa
 DZ ; <<x/ogelt
 ] ; =4cM
 ZZ ; ::x/ogelt
OBP; 2:0
 

  MYP; 2:
Bnbeyb nlstgesl vgeb kuaufbrls
Bushuftbsl kbetuea; Bnbeyb jueyl tbojbdbe
(]=)
 Pgojgrlbe ^grbpl Crbf; Bofcnlpleg 2x20 oa,
Mbengrsbrtbe 2x29 oa,
Dynrcmdfcrctdlbzln 2x70 oa, ]uhrbfibt
=x27 MT, Mfcelnleg
 =x0,27 oma
N];

 Hgfubrab pbslge ogeabtbhbe pbslge ogolflhl

rlwbybt dlpgrtgesl nbe pgeybhlt
kbetuea mcrcegr 
 NC; Abeaaube Hgtlnbhgightlibe
]lrhufbsl Pgriusl Kbrleabe

AM] ; G2 O: YG^^ hgsbnbrbe scpcr Puplf ; hbebe =+/hlrl :+ Mgrgjrbf

Zgifghs jbjleshl (+) ghstgencr 
 ^N ;29</<7 ooDa


DZ ; <<x/ogelt
OBP; 2:0 MYP; 2:
  Bnbeyb nlstgesl vgeb kuaufbrls
Pgojgrlbe ^grbpl Crbf; Mltlmcfle :x:70 oa, Obeltcf :x2:7 mm

N]; -

NC;


AM] ; G2 O: YG^^ hgsbnbrbe scpcr 
 ^grnbpbt pgeuopuhbe sghrgt jgrwbreb huelea hgmchfbtbe
Bushuftbsl pbru; rcehdl pbnb fbpbea pbru hbebe nbe hlrl
Ce vgetlfbtcr ngeabe ocng ]LOY (P]+PM) PGGP 7mo D:C

ZZ sgttlea 20 IlC: ; 70% P] 27, PM 27
L ; G rbslc 2 ; : Dlpgrsghrgsl Kbfbe Ebibs (Pgeuopuhbe
DZ ; <<x/ogelt ZZ ; ::x/ogelt ]gmrgt) Hgtlnbhgightlibe
 Egjuflzgr ; mcojlvget



Jgrsldbe Kbfbe Ebibs


N. Nlbaecsb Hgpgrbwbtbe

2. Eygrl Bhut j.n bage mgngrb jlcfcals (prcsgs pgeybhlt)

:. Pgeuruebe murbd kbetuea j.n dlpgrtgesl
=. Hgtlnbhgightlibe pgriusl mgrgjrbf j.n dlpgrtgesl
>. Hgtlnbhgightlibe jgrsldbe kbfbe ebibs j.n dlpgrsghrgsl kbfbe ebibs (pgeuopuhbe sghrgt)

G. Letgrvgesl Hgpgrbwbtbe
EcNlbaecsb^ukube nbe Hrltgrlb Dbslf (ECM) Letgrvgesl (ELM)

2. Eygrl bhut ]hgptgfrbbdw btnblefb shgufhbboeb =t lTen b:h>b keb o,b soubdhbbeO2.Fbeygrl
behbukgohbeg
jgrdujueabe
 ngeabe bages nlnbpbthbe dbslf ; hcoprgdgesli 
mgngrb jlcfcal :.^getuhbe bhljbt nbrl
2. ^leahbt eygrl ; pgeabfbobe eygrl
 Eygrl ybea nlfbpcrhbe
 tgrdbnbp hubfltbs
nltleahbthbe nbrl sgnbea hg rleabe dlnup
(shbfb 2-:)  pbslge (olsbfeyb tlnur,
 Irghugesl ebibs ecrobf (29-:0 ebisu obhbe).
=.Nuhuea lstlrbdbt/tlnur
 xE/bongl eelct)robf (90-200x/ogelt) ybea bnghubt
^ghbebe nbrbd ecrobf (220/10-

uetuh ogojbetu
2:0/40 ooDa)  pgeuruebe eygrl.
:. ]tbtus Hgeybobebe ; ilslh  >.Pbstlhbe pgrbwbtbe bebfagslh 
 Pcslsl ybea eybobe  jbal pbslge nlfbhuhbe ngeabe
 pgobetbube ybea hgtbt
]udu tujud ecrobf (=9,7-=1,7)


7.Jgrlhbe lenlvlnu pgeurue

=. Eygrl ; gigh ybea ogeaabeaau
eygrl ybea cptlobf ngeabe
Hgtlnbheybobebe nltleahbthbe


pgrgsgpbe bebfagslh 
nbrl sgnbea ogekbnl rleabe
Pgojgrlbe Bebfagslh 
Abeaaube
 pgragrbhbe
ilslh nltleahbthbe nbrl sgnbea hg
2. ^getuhbe fchbsl,
rleabe
hbrbhtgrlstlh, hubfltbs,
nbe hgpbrbdbe eygrl
sgjgfuo

oge ac j b tl p b s lg e
:. M g h p g rl e tb d
pgeacjbtbe ogflputl cjbt,
ncsls, ngeabe irghugesl
cjbt bebfagslh ybea
nlrgsgphbe.
hgrbtle pfbsob nbfbo jbtbs
ecrobf
=. Ogeuekuhhbe
: Pgeuruebe ]gtgfbd nlfbhuhbe letgrvgesl pgeleahbtbe tcfgrbesl
murbd hgpgrbwbtbe sgfbob = x :> kbo, tgrdbnbp bhtlvltbs ilslh (ols.
kbetuea j.n nldbrbphbe Pgeuruebe murbd kbetuea ^lnbh ogeabfbol nlspegb,
j.n dlpgrtgesl pbslge nbpbt tgrbtbsl eygrl nbnb, btbu slehcpg)
Ybschcetrlhsl
ngeabe hrltgrlb; >. ^lnbh bnb tbenb nbe
agkbfb
Pgojufud
Nbrbd  pgrjuruhbe hcenlsl ybea
2. Lenghs kbetuea nbe irbhsl
gkghsl nbfbo jbtbs ecrobf nbpbt nlfbpcrhbe
:. Dbfubrbe urleg, jgrbt kgels
urleg,
 jfccn urgb eltrcage (JWE) nbe
=. e nchtgr ogeybeahut
 pbrbogtgr pgojgrlbe btbu
Nchuogetbslhbe
rgspce tgrdbnbp
bebfagslh nbe
bnbeyb gigh
sboplea.
2. Hbkl nbe
nchuogetbsl
hbe
tghbebe
nbrbd,
bnbeyb
slbecsls,
stbtus
pgrebpbsbe
, nbe stbtus
ogetbf
:. Pbetbu tbenb
hgfgjldbe
mblrbe
(ols.
Gngob
ngpgenge
,
hgeblhbe
jgrbt
 jbnbe)
=. Hbkl tcfgrbesl
bhtliltbs
 pbslge
ngeabe
ogogrdbtlhb
e bnbeyb
bwltbe
ebpbs
pgengh,
eygrl,
 pbfpltbsl, btbu
flojuea
>. Gvbfubsl
rgspce
pslge
tgrdbnb
p tgrbpl
chslage
7. Hbkl
hgrusbhbe
hcaeltli 
9. Hcesu
ftbslhb
e
ngeab
  pgeadgetlbe cjbt tghbebe
nbrbd
1. Jgrlhbe nbe tltrbslhbe
cjbt betlbrltolb, lectrcplh,
eltrcaflsgrle,nbe
vbscnlfbtcr uetuh
ogopgrtbdbehbe
hcetrbhtlfltbs, prgfcbn,
nbe bitgrfcbn sgsubl
ngeabe
 prcarbo ognls btbu
 prctcmcf
4. Jgrlhbe betlhcbaufbe
uetuh ogemgabd
pgojgetuhbe
tdrcojus pgrligr, sgsubl
ngeabe prcarbo btbu
 prctcmcf

= ]gtgfbd nlfbhuhbe letgrvgesl 2. Oceltcr ^^Y

hgpgrbwbtbe
Hgtlnbhgightli  :. Oceltcr BAN, uhurbe
 puplf, hgtbkbobe,
sgfbob = x :> kbo,
be pgriusl nldbrbphbe hgslogtrlsbe nbe rgbhsl
Hgtlnbhgightlibe pgriusl mgrgjrbf
mgrgjrbf j.n =. Oceltcr bnbeyb nlpfcplb,
j.n dlpgrtgesl pbslge nbpbt tgrbtbsl  pbenbeabe hbjur, eygrl
Abeaaube ngeabe hrltgrlb; hgpbfb
]lrhufbsl >. Oceltcr fgvgf
 ^ghbebe systcfg nbe nlbstcfg hgjleaueabe nbe
nbfbo rgetbea ybea crlgetbsl
nldbrbphbe 7. Oceltcr tceus ctct
 ^lnbh bnb crtcstbtlh dlpgrtgesl  pgragrbhbe
 Hcouelhbsl kgfbs 9. Oceltcr tghbebe
 Ogeuekuhhbe hcesgetrbsl letrhrbelbf nbe rgspce
nbe crlgetbsl egrcfcals
1. Mbtbt pgrujbdbe pbslge
 Puplf sglojbea nbe rgbhtli 
Jgjbs nbrl bhtlvltbs hgkbea nbfbo ogrgspce stloufus
4. Oceltcr stbtus mblrbe


<. Pgrtbdbehbe
pbrbogtgr
dgocnlebolh 
20. Pcslslhbe hgpbfb 0-
>7c tgrabetuea pbnb
 hceslsl  pbslge nbe crngr ognls

>.
]gtgfbd nlfbhuhbe letgrvgesl  ]umtlce kbfbe ebibs
hgpgrbwbtbe sgfbob = x :>  Bushuftbsl subrb
Hgtlnbhgightl kbo, nldbrbphbe hgtlnbhgightlvbe  pgrebibsbe sgjgfuo
i be kbfbe ebibs pbslge nbpbt tgrbtbsl nbe sgtgfbd
jgrsldbe ngeabe hrltgrlb; sumtlce
 kbfbe ]tbtus pgrebibsbe; vgetlfbsl 

Lenlhbtcr shbfb Khgfbusbhrbaeb thgeptbneba

psubmsltglcee nbe
ebibs
jgrdujueab
e

ngeabe
dlpgrsghrgsl
  kbfbe ebibs
(pgeuopuhbe bwbf tukube Pgrletbdhbe pbslge
sghrgt)  Ec uetuh sbetbl nbe jgrebibs
2 Zltog : = sgpgrtl
 jlbsb
dlpgrrgscebe Mbtbt tlpg nbe kuofbd
Ogeaauebhbe prleslp stgrlf
 pgrebibsbe


:
= ]ubrb pgrhusl; :: >
> nbfbo sumtlce
sghrgt
]gsbh e bibs Bhuoufbsl Oceltcr

stbtus chslage
> sputuo : =  pbslge
]ubrb bushuftbsl Bekurhbe

pbslge
7 bjecrobf; : >
pgrebibsbe
ogeaauebhbe nlbirbaob
Bkbrhbe pbslge
ogeaauebhbe pgrebibsbe nlbirbaob


wdgzlea hrghgfs nbe

Hgtgrbeabe;

2.Hgfudbe ghstrlo
:.Hgfudbe jgrbt
=.Hgfudbe sgnbea
>.Hgfudbe rleabe
7.^lnbh bnb hgfudbe

NBI^BZ PW]^BHB
Jbaus, L. (:021). Dlpgrtgesl Gogragesl nbe Wragesl, 2”2:.
dttps;//www.bfcognlhb.mco/pgeybhlt/hbrnlcfcal/hrlsls-dlpgrtgesl/gnuhbsl-prcohgs
Ngvlmbgsbrlb, B. (:02>). Dlpgrtgesl Hrlsls. Ognlmleus, :1(  =), <”21.
dttps;//sbles.hcopbs.mco/rgbn/:02>/0:/2</207>749/Dlpgrtgesl.Kbnl.Obsbfbd.]grlus.Nuel
b