VILLANUEVA KEVIN EDUARD M.

1. Differentiate DC and AC voltage sources in terms of

a) value of voltage – Direct current (DC) is the flow of electric charge in only one direction. It
is the steady state of a constant-voltage circuit. Most well-known applications, however, use a
time-varying voltage source. Alternating current (AC) is the flow of electric charge that
periodically reverses direction And the major difference between the DC and AC voltage in
terms of their value of their voltage is that DC voltage’s value always remains the same while
AC voltage’s value changes the polarity wave in conjunction with the time.

b) direction of current produced – Both AC and DC describe types of current flow in a

circuit. In direct current (DC), the electric charge (current) only flows in one direction.
Electric charge in alternating current (AC), on the other hand, changes direction
periodically.

c) waveform or graph of value versus time – The main difference between AC and DC
lies in the direction in which the electrons flow and DC’s waveform is pure sine wave
while AC can be represented in many waveforms such as triangular wave and square
wave, but most importantly, it is commonly represented by a sine wave.

DC waveform
AC waveform

Alternating Current (AC) vs. Direct Current (DC). (n.d.). Codrey. Retrieved March 31, 2022,

from https://www.codrey.com/dc-circuits/alternating-current-ac-and-direct-current-dc/

2. Enumerate electronic/electrical devices/equipment that you are using or are familiar

with and identify the type of source for each of these.
 Laptop cooling pad- Voltage source (dependent source)
 Air conditioner- Current source (independent source)
  Radio- Current source (independent source)
 Electric fan- Current source (independent source)
 Clothes dryer- Current source (independent source)
 Television- Current source (independent source)
 Microwave- Current source (independent source)
 Laptop computer- Current source (independent source)
 Mouse- Voltage source (dependent source)
 Blender- Current source (independent source)
 Keyboard- Voltage source (dependent source)

3. Sketch the graph of capacitor voltage versus time for a

a. charging capacitor

b. discharging capacitor

4. Based on the graph in no.1a), express the capacitor voltage after one time constant,
in terms of the charging voltage.
 Therefore, it will take 66% for the charging voltage after one time constant.
5. Based on the graph in no.1b), express the capacitor voltage after one time constant,
in terms of the initial voltage

Therefore, it will take 33% for the initial voltage after one time constant.

6. Describe/Enumerate devices or equipment that require stable supply.

Sensitive electronic equipment like computers are prone to problems when exposed to
unreliable power supplies. Bad power supply can cause components to operate outside of normal
values, this causes overheating and operation issues such as data error or loss, equipment
malfunction and component failure.

7. Describe operation of diode in the forward-bias and reverse-bias regions

Forward biasing means putting a voltage across a diode that allows current to
flow easily, while reverse biasing means putting a voltage across a diode in the opposite
direction. The voltage with reverse biasing doesn't cause any appreciable current to flow.
This is useful for changing AC current to DC current..
8. Describe the operation of the circuit and sketch the output waveform.
 Since the figure has an AC voltage source, a capacitor, a diode, a resistor, and a
dc battery, we can interpret it as a positive clamper with positive bias. When the input
supply voltage is less than the battery voltage during the positive half cycle of a positive
clamper with positive bias, the battery voltage forward biases the diode (which allows the
current or voltage to flow to the capacitor and charges it). The diode, on the other hand, is
forward biased by both the input supply voltage and the battery voltage during the
negative half cycle (which the diode allows the electric current to flow to the capacitor
and charges it.)
Output of the waveform:

Vm

-Vm

REFERENCES:

Alternating Current (AC) vs. Direct Current (DC). (n.d.). Codrey. Retrieved March 31, 2022,

from https://www.codrey.com/dc-circuits/alternating-current-ac-and-direct-current-dc/
A. (2021a, March 22). General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR) Guidelines BYJU’S. BYJUS.

https://byjus.com/jee/forwardbias/#:%7E:text=Forward%20bias%20or%20biasing

%20is,to%20the%20junction%20barrier%20potential.

Shaik, A. (n.d.). Clamper circuits - Positive clamper, Negative clamper and Biased clamper.

Unknown. https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-

circuits/rectifier/clampercircuits.html#:%7E:text=The%20positive%20clamper%20with

%20positive,less%20than%20the%20battery%20voltage.