SOC 102

ANALYSIS

MEMBERS

Edward Villamor
Johnpaul Alega
Lyndon Ares Dalumpienes
Mark Anjelo Red Quizana
Nathaniel Monterey Blasé
Patrick Lloyd Ocado Reyes
Ray Christian Serrano
 POLITICAL CORRUPTION

Main Argument: Political Corruption is a leading cause of slow development of economic

growth to a certain country.

THESIS STATEMENT: Political corruption is parasitic. It can find a host and, in most cases,
find a way to survive Ultimately, people will become dependent on this corruption for their
source of income, resulting in the formation of a symbiotic relationship between those who
benefit from it and the elites who regulate it. Corruption is just a source of sustenance.

ANALYSIS ON THE RELATION OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION TO ECONOMIC

GROWTH

Corruption has existed all through the ages and will keep on existing. Due to the role that money
plays in granting people power, it is thought to be most prevalent in positions of power.
However, corruption has changed so much over the course of the year that there is no
straightforward definition. The current broadest and most appropriate definition of corruption
simply states that it is any illegal act performed by a politician to produce outcomes that would
have been impossible otherwise. However, the phrase "absolute power corrupts absolutely" still
holds true in governments where an elite or a select few hold absolute power, where political
corruption is most evident. Corruption can also come from dictatorships in other situations. With
outright power, nothing remains to be prevented you from manhandling your power. In countries
where there isn't enough stability for jobs, political corruption in dictatorships is easy to see as a
way to survive. Corruption is rampant in today's world in countries with insufficient law
enforcement. Corruption, on the other hand, is merely a means of subsisting in poverty. Without
some kind of illegal activity, there are very few options available in nations where there is little
to no income. When coupled with inadequate law enforcement, ambiguities in the law create
opportunities for power abuse, making it impossible to eradicate corruption.

Corruption frequently evokes images of rich individuals. However, the connections between
corruption and economic growth are actually much more numerous and widespread. Economic
expansion is slowed, distorted, and diverted by corruption. It comes in many different forms, and
while no two nations are the same, there are a few problems that are the same for everyone to
see. Individuals and businesses alike are impacted by the connections that exist between poverty
and corruption, and they run both ways: Corruption exacerbates poverty, while poverty
encourages it. Key flaws in economic, political, and social institutions are both the source of and
the breeding ground for corruption. It is a form of influence that serves one's own interests,
similar to a tax that is very regressive and benefits the wealthy at the expense of the poor. In poor
and corrupt societies, it is difficult to build trust, which is essential to financial markets and
effective governments everywhere. There are few economic alternatives for the poor and
struggling businesses, and in countries where widespread corruption is the norm, they are even
more susceptible to being exploited. In that sense, "petty" corruption does not exist: Even though
they may yield seemingly insignificant sums of money, police shakedowns in a public market or
roadblocks in the countryside where farmers must pay to transport produce to the city help keep
poor people poor.

According to Lui (1996), corruption begins in all nations, rich or poor, dictatorships or
democracies, socialist or capitalist. Numerous works discuss the effect of corruption on
economic performance. However, prior research has not reached a consensus regarding the
impact of corruption on economic expansion. Corruption may or may not be desirable, according
to some researchers. Basically, the efforts of crooks stop the corruption, which is bad for
development. Mo (2001) observed a highly inelastic demand from the government for import
permits and quotas. As a result, this could be one of the likely sources of corruption outbreaks.
According to Lui (1996), there are three key characteristics of corruption: 1) It is a rent-seeking
activity brought on by government interference or regulations that deviate from the perfectly
competitive market (market imperfections); 2) It is against the law, and 3) investing in political
capital—human capital—that is not productive in society—is illegal. Because innovative
activities require goods supplied by the government (such as through an offer of bribes, import
quotas, and permit). The social costs of corruption are minimal. Corruption, especially in the
form of influencing the government's project selection, has the potential to divert capital,
technology, and talent from their most productive uses. According to Shleifer and Vishny (1993),
it may be easier to maintain secrecy in defense projects than in productive activities like
education and health care. According to Lui (1996), when resources are diverted to non-
productive political capital, endogenous growth models, in which productive human capital or
physical capital are the driving forces, will lower the economy's long-term growth rate.

People must also be willing to do their part to keep a nation free of corruption in order for
it to exist. Wherever people tolerate it, corruption exists. In the event that we make any strides,
we can to extirpate defilement, restore individuals' confidence in their fairly dead countries and
raise the strength of the country to that of other created countries. It has the potential to boost
both the economy and people's willingness to work in developed nations. Any kind of corruption
that slows down a nation's growth must be eradicated for democracy to survive in the future. The
same solution applies to all forms of corruption, including corruption within politics and
corruption that has an impact on politics. Every individual in their country must actively
participate in the fight against corruption, not only within their own nation but also globally.

REFERENCES:
  Liu, F.T. (1996). Three Aspects of Corruption. Contemporary Economic Policy, 14(3), 26-
29.
 Mo, P.H. (2001). Corruption and Economic Growth. Journal of Comparative Economics,
29, 66-79.
 Berlinski, C. “The Dark Figure of Corruption.” Policy Review 155 (2009): 71-81. ProQuest Political
Science, ProQuest. Web. 19 Feb. 2010.
 Ebbe, Obi N. I. “Political Corruption.” Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. 2002. SAGE
Publications. 19 Feb. 2010

HUMAN MIGRATION

MAIN ARGUMENT: Human migration is a necessity for survival.

THESIS STATEMENT: Migrations fall into several broad categories. First, internal and
international migration may be distinguished. Within any country, there are movements of
individuals and families from one area to another, and this is distinct from movements from one
country to another. Second, migration may be voluntary or forced. Most voluntary migration,
whether internal or external, is undertaken in search of better economic opportunities or housing.

EFFECTS OF MIGRATION ON IMMIGRANTS' LIFE

Human migration is an old peculiarity that began alongside the resource of individuals on
the planet. It also has an impact on the surrounding environment and human life; As a result, it is
regarded as one of the three fundamental factors that contribute to the expansion of a region's
population (the other two are mortality and fertility). Changing places for a variety of reasons,
including better housing, food, work, education, and business opportunities. has been going on
from the beginning. Migration is the term used to describe a person's move from one political or
administrative boundary to another (Kumar and virupaksha, 2006). Migration can be understood
as a social phenomenon that is a part of society. Humans have always moved to other parts of the
world for a variety of reasons. Wars, the economy, and diseases have always been the main
factors. Human migration has an impact not only on the region from which it originates, but also
on the nation or region from which it originates. Migration has an impact on the host nation's
politics, economy, and social life. These effects may be beneficial or detrimental depending on a
number of factors.

Society has been moving away from the concept of a white mother, father, and two
children as a unit over the past few decades, and perhaps even the last half-century. We shouldn't
continue to base our judgments on the ideal of a nuclear family because nonstandard families are
becoming more common. Despite this, numerous individuals continue to migrate in the hope of
bettering their lives; essentially, with the intention of realizing the American Dream. The family
has undergone numerous transformations since the late 20th century. Presently with longer life
hopes, there is a drawn-out time of life as a youngster, an infantilization of grown-up kids and in
this way, a prolongation of the progress to adulthood, broadened tutoring, deferred marriage,
separate, having kids without both mom and dad present, and the rundown goes on (Hardie and
Seltzer, 2016). People who immigrate to Western societies still have a hard time settling in due
to the wide range of "families" that exist today. In a society where you don't have any
connections, it's very hard to move up. The majority of Western cultures, on the other hand, are
extremely individualistic and "pull yourself up by the bootstraps" (Vesely et al.), whereas
Mexican society is typically built on connections and interactions with other people. 2019).
Social capital is what people who are born and raised in one place have: According to Tang
(2015), p. 24, "social capital is fundamentally linked to the ways in which people connect with
one another to form networks that facilitate the efficient flow of information to the benefit of
those in the relationship network." Ethnic enclaves emerged as a means for people who share
similar values and cultural beliefs to gather and reproduce themselves as a result of the exclusion
of immigrants from mainstream society. Young people see support as a "safety net" that can
encourage them to "take calculated risks, like going to school for a degree or starting a business."

The experience of immigration for children and adolescents is very different from that of
their parents. Similar to their parents, young people will face poverty, language isolation, and
discrimination from peers and institutions (Guendelman et al., 2018). Immigrant youth have been
observed to have and maintain close familial ties, both by choice and because they believe they
have a sense of obligation to their families due to their cultural upbringing (Hardie and Seltzer,
2016). This is in contrast to other young people who were raised in an individualistic Western
society. According to Hardie and Seltzer (2016), despite the fact that children of immigrants are
more likely than children of non-immigrants to adhere to cultural norms and practices, this
pattern has been found to disappear by the second generation. Despite this, Ayon (2018)
discovered that "cultural socialization is associated with future levels of ethnic identity
exploration, resolution, and affirmation," suggesting that youth can still benefit from a thorough
cultural education. A region where worker youth experience more is through help. " Guardians'
help for them kids during the progress to adulthood have been known as a secret wellspring of
imbalance on the grounds that the worth of assets guardians send is contingent on guardians'
monetary, human, and social capital" (Hardie and Seltzer, 2016, p. 322), which are regions in
which non-settler families will quickly enjoy a benefit, though migrant families miss the mark on
history and associations to help their youngsters similarly. As a result, many immigrant children
may be reluctant to seek advice from their parents when compared to their peers because they
believe they do not fully comprehend the society they have adopted. According to Hardie and
Seltzer (2016), they may also be afraid of starting a fight with their parents because of their
different cultural values. Youth who perceive support from their parents can be just as beneficial
as physical support, regardless of cultural conflict.
 Immigration has the potential to affect a wide range of people and social settings. It has a
different impact on the family as a whole than it does on individual members. It has an impact on
social connections, educational attainment, body image, employment, and social structures like
gender and class. By breaking down the barriers that divide us, immigration makes a significant
contribution to the global economy, not only in terms of money but also in terms of education
and social interaction. It is essential to study and comprehend the separation we are retaining
between "us" and "them" and the reasons behind it as the world continues to become increasingly
racially and ethnically diverse. If globalization has taught us anything, it is that you can't demand
a service and treat those who provide it poorly at the same time. I can never express how grateful
I am for the upbringing I received; I have had the opportunity to experience more than many
people my age has, and I can never express how grateful I am for that. Hopefully, with more
education, the changes in society brought about by more diversity will make it easier to
understand and accept differences.

REFERENCES:

 Hardie, J. H., & Seltzer, J. A. (2016). Parent-Child Relationships at the Transition to

Adulthood: A Comparison of Black, Hispanic, and White Immigrant and Native-Born
Youth. Parent Child Relationships by Nativity and Race/Ethnicity, 95(1), 321-353.
 Guendelman, S., Nussbaum, J., & Lahiff, M. (2018). Hispanic Immigrant Father
Involvement with Young Children in the United States: A Comparison with US-Born
Hispanic and White non-Hispanic Fathers. Maternal & Child Health Journal, 22(8), 1118-
1126.
 Ayon, C. (2018). Latino Immigrant Family Socialization Scale: Development and
Validation of a Multidimensional Ethnic–Racial Socialization Measurement. Social
Work, 63(3), 222-233

CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION

MAIN ARGUMENT: Cultural globalization spreads economic inequalities

THESIS STATEMENT: Businesses can now offer more opportunities to English speakers in
the third world thanks to cultural globalization, but these opportunities are only available to those
who can afford to invest in expensive English language skills. Similarly, due to the high costs of
obtaining visas and the entry barriers such as education or skill level imposed by the destination
countries, legal immigration to a first-world nation is only an option for relatively well-off
individuals in most of the third world.
 IMPACTS OF CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION TO THE ECONOMIC GROWTH

The mobility of finance and production factors between nations has also increased over the past
few years as transportation, communication, and technology links have increased. Globalization
has accelerated as a result of this increase. The process of integrating capital and goods markets
in international trade is commonly referred to as globalization. As a result, the process of
integrating global markets and cultures, which is triggered by advancements in communication
and technology, can be described as globalization. The process of establishing networks of
connections between actors at distances between or within continents, mediated by a variety of
flows such as people, information and ideas, capital, and goods, is provided by globalization. As
a result, globalization is a process that crosses national boundaries, combines national
economies, cultures, technologies, and governance, and creates interdependent complex
relationships, many significant factors, in addition to economic activities, can be taken into
account when defining globalization. Globalization has three dimensions economic, social, and
political because it affects the social, political, and economic structures of nations.

There has been a rise in globalization trends in the global economy, which has sparked a variety
of perspectives in the related literature. Bhagwati (2004) argues that the increase in globalization
trends will positively affect competition and economic growth in the international context, while
Stiglitz (2002) argues that globalization (when not well managed) does not support economic
growth and conversely, negatively affects job creation. Stiglitz also emphasizes that the
increasingly deeper globalization environment is in favor of developed countries in
underdeveloped countries. p. 518; Yurttançkmaz and others, 2014. p. 24).
As a result, the perspectives on how countries' economies grow as a result of globalization can be
categorized as either positive or negative. Trade and openness, according to the view that
globalization will benefit nations, are the causes of these benefits. Globalization, in this view,
contributes to the more effective operation of domestic markets, the expansion of foreign trade
volume, and the enhancement of global competitive power, investments, and productivity, all of
which contribute to higher growth in developing nations. In addition, it reduces poverty and
income inequality. International organizations like the World Bank (WB) and the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) back this viewpoint, which is also known as the Washington consensus
(Rao and Vadlamannati, 2011). p. 795). In addition, the countries' economic growth rates rise as
a result of the rapid technological change brought about by globalization, the integration of
global financial markets, low processing and information costs, and optimal resource allocation
and full employment (ncekara and Savrul, 2011). p. 4). Notwithstanding, it is muddled whether
nations will benefit similarly from amazing open doors made by globalization
(Gurgul and Lach, 2014. p. 99). According to Stiglitz (2002), some institutional difficulties,
monopolistic tendencies, moral hazards, and adverse selection may prevent the spread of
globalization's benefits (Baddeley, 2006). p. 393). Another point of view asserts that
globalization is a process that has a negative impact on nations' prosperity. It argues that
globalization raises the risk of economic crisis, especially because of the excessive volatility of
capital movements, which makes countries with weak financial institutions vulnerable to external
shocks (Türedi, 2016). It also causes some deterioration in environmental and social standards. p.
692).

The process of bringing together national economies, cultures, technologies, and, as a result,
economic, social, and political dimensions that increase interdependence among nations is
known as globalization, which is a complicated process that transcends national boundaries.
Individual globalization integration, also known as social, political, and economic integration, as
well as its effects on economic growth, should be investigated by prospective researchers. In
addition, the effects of each type of globalization's integration on the economy's growth rate can
be studied in detail. Additionally, economies should be compared based on the effects of
individual globalization components on economic growth rates over time.

REFERENCES:

 Stiglitz, J. (2002), Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton.
 Rao, B.B.,Vadlamannati, K.C. (2011), Globalization and growth in the low income
African countries with extreme bounds analysis. Economic Modelling, 28(3), 795-805