Thermo

Mechanical Engineering
Thermodynamics
Student Problem Set
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Thermodynamics
Contents
1. Basic Concepts ........................................................................................ 5
2. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics .............................................................. 8
3. Heat & Work ........................................................................................ 10
4. First Law of Thermodynamics ............................................................... 20
5. Second Law of Thermodynamics ........................................................... 29
6. Entropy .................................................................................................. 34
7. Properties of pure Substances ............................................................... 42
8. Available energy, Availability & Irreversibility ......................................... 49

Thermodynamics Student Problem Set
Syllabus
Syllabus GATE
Zeroth, First and Second laws of thermodynamics; thermodynamic
system and processes; Carnot cycle; irrversibility and availability;
behaviour of ideal and real gases, properties of pure substances,
calculations of work and heat in ideal processes; analysis of
thermodynamic cycles related to energy conversion.
Applications: Power Engineering: Steam Tables, Rankine, brayton
cycles with regeneration and reheat. I. C. Engines: air-standard
Otto, Diesel cycles.
Syllabus
Thermodynamics : Thermodynamics, Cycles and IC Engines, Basic
concepts, Open and Closed systems. Heat and work, Zeroth First
and Second Law, Application to non-flow and Flow processes.
Entropy, Availability, Irrevisibility and Tds relations. Clayperyron
and real gas equations. Properties of ideal gases and vapours,
Standard vapour, Gas powe and Refrigeration Cycles.
Power Plant : Steam generators, Fire tube and water tube boilers,
Flow of steam through nozzles and Diffusers, Wetness and
condensation, Various type of steam and Gas turbines, Velocity
diagrams, Partial admission, Reciprocating, Centrifugal and Axial
flow compressors, Multi-stage compression, Role of Mach number,
Reheat, Regenerations, Efficiency, Governance, Turbo-prop and
Rocket engine, Conventional and Nuclear fuels, Elements of Nuclear
Power Production.
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Student Problem Set Thermodynamics
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
01. A Control volume is (c) Both intensive and extensive

(a) An isolated system (d) Neither intensive nor extensive
(b) A closed system but heat and work can 05. What are the properties of thermodynamic
cross the boundary system, whose value for the entire system is
(c) A specific amount of mass in space equal to the sum of their value for individual
(d) A fixed region in space where mass, heat parts of the system?
and work can cross the boundary of that (a) Thermodynamic properties
region (b) Extensive properties
02. For a pure substance at its triple point, the (c) Intensive properties
number of degree of freedom is (d) None of the above
(a) 0 (b) 1 06. Which of the following statements regarding
(c) 2 (d) 3 thermodynamic properties are correct?
03. In which system, boundaries allow only energy P) They are exact differentials
transfer Q) They are point funtions
(a) Isolated system R) Does not depend on past history of the
(b) Closed system system
(c) Open system S) Depends on past history of the system
(d) None (a) Q and S (b) Q only
04. Which property remains unchanged when (c) P, Q and R (d) P and S
the system is partitioned into number of parts 07. Which of the following statements regarding
(a) Intensive the concept of continuum are correct?
(b) Extensive P) Large number of molecules enable
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meaningful statistical averaging and 11. Assertion (A) : Air is a pure substance but
assignment of a mixture of air and liquid air in a cylinder
property values is not a pure susbstance.
Q) Mean free path of the molecules is order Reason (R) : Air is homogeneous in
of magnitude higher than system composition but a mixture of air and liquid
dimensions air is
heterogeneous.
R) Behavior of individual molecules is
disregarded (a) Both A and R are individually true and R
is the correct explanation of A
S) Mean free path of the molecules
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R
approaches the order of magnitude of the
is not the correct explanation of A
system dimensions
(c) A is true but R is false
(a) P and R (b) Q and R
(d) A is false but R is true
(c) R and S (d) P and S
12. Given P = Pressure T=Temperature;
08. Which of the properties listed below are V=Specific volume. Which one of following
intensive properties? can be considered as a property of system?
P. Weight Q. Temperature
a)  pdv b)  vdp
R. Volume S. Density
 dT pdV   dT vdp 
a) Q and S b) P and R
c)   T

V 
d)   T

T 
c) P and Q d) R and S 13. Identify the group containing the appropriate

match of items in List I and List II
09. A system is said to be consisting of a pure
substance when List-I List-II
a) It is homogeneous is composition P. A jet engine 1. Closed system

in flight
b) It is homogeneous and invariable in
chemical composition and aggregation Q. Water being heated 2. Control system
in a sealed container
c) It has only one phase
R. Internal energy 3. Intensive
d) It has more than one phase
Property
10. Which of the following are pure substances? S. Specific entropy 4. Extensive
P. Gaseous air Proplerty
Q. A mixture of gaseous air and liquid water a) P-1, Q-2,R-3, S-4
R. A mixture of liquid water and water b) P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-4
vapour c) p-2, Q-1,R-4, S-3
S. A mixture of gaseous air and oil d) P-1, Q-2, R-4, S-3

14. In the fig. showing a schematic of a vapour as

compression refrigeration system, the a) Compressor and condenser are control
system (s) and control volume (s) are volumes; and expansion valve and
dienefitd evaporator are systems
b) Expansion valve and evaporator are
control volumes; and compressor and
condensor are systems
c) Compressor, condenser, expansion
valve and evaporator are control
volumes; and overall boundary is a
system
d) Overall boundary is a control volume;
and compressor, condenser, expansion
valve and evaporator are systems


Chapter 2
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
01. Which law of thermodynamics deals with the respectively. When this thermometer is brought
concept of temperature in contact with a heated body, the value of
x is recorded as 15 cm.The temperature of
a) Zeroth law b) First law
the heated body in ºC is
c) Second law d) Third law
a) 83.3 b) 73.3
02. A new linear temperature scale, denoted by
ºS, has been developed, where the freezing c) 63.3 d) 53.3
point of water is 200ºS and the boiling point 05. For which of the following situations, Zeroth
is 400ºS. On this scale, 500ºS corresponds, law of thermodynamics will not be valid?
in degree Celsius, to
a) 50 cc of water at 25ºC are mixed with
a) 100ºC b) 125ºC 150 cc of water at 25ºC
c) 150ºC d) 300ºC b) 500 cc of milk at 15ºC are mixed 100 cc
of water at 15ºC
03. A single fixed point temperature scale is based
on : c) 5 kg of wet steam at 100ºC is mixed with
40 kg of dry and saturated steam at
a) Ice point
100ºC
b) Steam point
d) 10 cc of water at 20ºC are mixed with
c) Triple point of water 10 cc of sulphuric acid at 20ºC
d) Critical point of water
06. Match List I (type of thermometer) with List
04. The thermometric property, x, of a II (Thermometric property) and select the
thermometer varies with temperature, t, correct answer
according to the relation t = ax2+b, where List-I List-II
t is in ºC, x is in cm, and a & b are constants.
P. Mercury in Glass 1. Pressure
At ice point (0ºC) and steam point (100ºC),
the values of x and 5 cm and 20 cm, Q. Thermocouple 2. Electrical
Resistance

R. Thermistor 3. Volume d) A is false but R is true
S. Constant volume 08. Which one of the following correctly defines

gas thermometer 4. Voltage 1K, as per the internationally accepted
definition of temperature scales
a) P-1, Q-4, R-2, S-3
a) 1/100th of the difference between normal
b) P-3, Q-2, R-4, S-1
boiling point and normal freezing point
c) P-1, Q-2, R-4, S-3
b) 1/273.15th of the normal freezing point
d) P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1 of water
07. Assertion (A) : The temperature of a system c) 100 times the difference between triple
given by a mercury thermometer and an point of water and the normal freezing
electric resistance thermometer would not be point of water
exactly the same except at their common
d) 1/273.16th of the triple point of water
fixed points.
09. Which thermometer is independent of material
Reason (R) : The empirical temperature scales
of construction?
are dependent on the nature of the
thermometric substance used. a) Mercury Thermometer
b) Alcohol Thermometer
a) Both A and R are individually true and R
is the correct explanation of A c) Ideal gas Thermometer
d) Resistance Thermometer
b) Both A and R are individually true but R

c) A is true but R is false

Chapter 3
Heat & Work
01. A closed system undergoes a process from a) P, 1, X b) P, 2, X

one state to another state. Match Group I and
c) Q, 1, X d) Q, 2, Y
with Group II given below.
03. The work done by one mole of a Vander
Group I Group II
Waals fluid undergoing reversible isothermal
P) Path function 1) Work expansion from initial volume to final volume
is
Q) Point function 2) Heat
3) Specific Enthalpy V 
RT ln  f 
a) V 
4) Specific Entropy  i
a) P  1, 4; Q  2, 3
V b
b) P  1,2;Q  3, 4 RT ln  f
b)  V  b 
c) P  1,3;Q  2, 4  i 
d) P  2, 4;Q  1,3
V b  1 1 
RT ln  f
 V  b   V V 
02. Match the items in Group I for their c) a 
correctness with the corresponding  i   f i
appropriate terms given in Groups II and III
V b  1 1 
RT ln  f
 V  b   V V 
Group I Group II Group III
d) a 
P. Pressure 1. Path Dependent X. Intensive  i   f i
quantity property
04. An ideal gas at pressure P0 and temperature
Q. Heat 2. Path independent Y. Extensive T 0 undergoes a reversible isothermal
quantity property compression and attains a pressure P1 . The
characteristic gas constant is R. Net heat

transferred during this process is


a) Zero  P1   T1  1
b)     
b) 
RT0 ln P1 / P0   P2   T2 
c) 
 RT0 ln P1 / P0 
c)  P1    T1 
d) 
RT0 ln P0  P1 / P0   P2   T2 
05. A paddle wheel that is turned by a motor stirs 1

 P1   T1  
a liquid in a rigid insulated vessel. Consider d)   
the liquid together with the container as the  P2   T2 
system. Which one of the following
statements is true? 08. A system is capable of exchanging energy
with its surroundings in the form of n reversible
a) Heat is transferred to the system work modes. The number of independent
b) Work is done on the system variables that completely specify that state of
the system is
c) Work is done by the system
a) n-2 b) n - 1
d) The process is reversible
c) n d) n + 1
06. An adiabatic system can exchange energy
09. On a P - V diagram of an ideal gas, suppose
a) Only in the form of work with its
a reversible adiabatic line intersects a reversible
surroundings
isothermal line at point A. Then at point A,
b) Either in the form of work or heat with
 P 
its surroundings the slope of the reversible adiabatic line  V 
S
c) In the form of heat with its surroundings
and the slope of the reversible isothermal line
d) Both in the form of work and heat with
its surroundings  P 
  are related as
07. For the reversible adiabatic expansion of an  V T
ideal gas from the initial conditions P1 , T1 . to
 P   P 
  
the final conditions P2 , T2 , which ONE of
a) 
 V S  V T
the following relations is valid? (   c p / cv )

 P   P  

 P1   T2 
a)     
b)      
 V S  V T 
 P2   T1 

R) Internal energy 3) Isolated system

 P   P 
c)      S) No work and 4) Equality of
 V S  V T
heat interaction temperature
a) P  2, Q  4, R  1, S  3
 P  1  P 
d)      b) P  2, Q  3, R  4, S  2
 V S   V T c) P  4, Q  2, R  3, S  1
d) P  3, Q  1, R  2, S  4
Cp
where  12. A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains
Cv a gas initially at 0.8 MPa and 0.015 m3.It
expands quasi-statically at constant
10. A mixture of ice and water is contained in a temperature to a final volume of 0.030 m3.
piston-cylinder arrangement as shown in The work output (in kJ) during this process
figure. Flame is applied to the base of the will be
cylinder and the piston is allowed to move as
a) 8.32 b) 12.00
the ice melts. The heat Q and the work W
for the system (ice + water) are: c) 554.67 d) 8320.00
13. An electric heater is put insider an insulated

chamber containing a gas. Considering the
system boundaries A and B as shown in the
figure, we have
A
Flame
B
a) Q > 0 W = 0 b) Q > 0; W > 0

Electric heater Insulated Chamber
c) Q > 0; W < 0 d) Q < 0; W < 0
11. Match Group I with Group II a) Heat transfer across A and B
Group I Group II b) Heat transfer across A, work transfer

across B
P) Work done 1) Point function
c) Work transfer across A, work transfer
Q) Thermal 2) Path function across B
equilibrium

d) Work transfer across A, heat transfer 17. Consider the cycles given below and state
across B which one of the following statements is true
14. A person starts a 60 W table fan in an insulated P

room of volume 86.4 m3. The person expects
to cool the room from 32ºC (pressure = 100
kPa) and allows the fan to rotate for 4 hours. 1
If the specific heat at constant volume of the 10
room air is 0.718 kJ/ kg K and characteristic
gas constant is 0.287 kJ / kg K, after 4 hours, 2
the person will find that the room is
2
3
a) Hotter by approximately 12ºC
b) Cooler by approximately 10ºC V

2 5
c) At the same temperature P
(a )
d) Hotter by approximately 8ºC
15. Air is compressed via a quasi-static process 2

10
in a piston cylinder assembly. The initial
temperature and pressure of the air are 27ºC
and 0.1 MPa., respectively and it occupies a
1
volume of 1 103 m3 . The compression 6
3
process follows the law pv1.3  cons tan t and

V
the final pressure is 2MPa. The work done 2 8
on air during the compression in J, is (b )
a) 1106 b) 431.6
a) In both (a) and (b) net workdone is +12
c) 332.0 d) 99.6 units
16. In respect of a closed system, when an ideal b) In (b) net workdone is more since in (a)
gas undergoes a reversible isothermal process, no work is produced by the constant
the volume process
a) Heat transfer is zero c) Magnitudes of net work produced in both
b) Change in internal energy is equal to (a) and (b) are 12 units but their signs
work transfer are opposite
c) Work transfer is zero d) Magnitudes of net work produced in both
d) Heat transfer is equal to work transfer (a) and (b) are different.

18. A ideal gas    1.67  at a pressure of 2 bar

21. Match items from groups I, II, III, IV and
V
expands to twice its volume quasi-statically
Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V
by a polytropic process pV n  constant.
When added Differential Function Phenomenon
Maximum work (among the four options
to the
given) is done by the gas when
system, is
a) n = 1.67 b) n = 1
E Heat G Positive I Exact K Path M Transient
c) n = 1.2 d) n = 1.3
F Work H Negative J Inexact L Point N Boundary
19. The net work output for the cycle 1 - 2 -
3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 1 shown in figure is FGJKM
a)
EGIKN
EGIKM
p (bar) b)
FHIKN
5 4
4.0
FHJLN
c)
EHILM
2
3.0 3
EGJKN
d)
FHJKM
2.0
1 6
22. One kilogram of a perfect gas at 15ºC and
2.0 100 kPa is heated to 45ºC by (i) a constant
3.0 4.0
V (m )
3
pressure process and (ii) a constant volume
p r o
p of the gas = 1.042 kJ/kg.K and

c e s s . C
a) 200 kJ b) 1200 kJ R = 0.2968 kJ/kg. K. Heat added in the

constant pressure (Qp) and constant volume
c) 0 kJ d) 1000 kJ (Qv) processes are
20. Air enters an adiabatic compressor at 300 K.
a) QP  31.26kJ, Qv  22.35kJ
The exit temperature for a pressure ratio of
3, assuming air to be an ideal gas b) Q P  22.35kJ, Q v  31.26kJ
  C / C v  7 / 5  and the process to be
Q P  31.26 kJ, Q v  31.26 kJ
p
c)
reversible, is
d) Q P  22.35 kJ, Q v  0 kJ
300  3  b) 300  3 
2/7 3/5
a) 23. Match List I with List II and select the correct
 
answer
c) 300  33/7 
5/7
d) 300 3

List I
c) P3  P1 ; W  0 d) P3  P1 ; W  0
P) Work done in a polytropic process.
26. A cyclic process ABC is shown on a V - T
Q) Work done in steady flow process diagram. The same cycle on P - v diagram
Zero will be represented as
R) Heat transfer in a reversible adiabatic
process V
C B
S) Work done in an isentropic process
List II
1.   vdp A
T
2. Zero
p1V1  p 2 V2 P
3.
 1 B
p1V1  p 2 V2
4.
n 1
a) P  4, Q  1, R  3, S  2 A C
b) P  1, Q  4, R  2, S  3 (a) V
c) P  4, Q  1, R  2, S  3
d) P  1, Q  2, R  3, S  4 P
24. Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) of A

helium is 5.19 kJ/kg-K and its molecular
weight is 4 Kg/Kmol. The specific heat at
constant volume of helium, in kJ/kg-K is
B C
a) 1.11 b) 2.11
(b)
V
c) 3.11 d) 4.11
P
25. An ideal gas expands isothermally from a
volume V 1 to V 2 and then compressed B
adiabatically to the original volume V1 . Initial
pressure is P1 and final pressure is P3 . The
total work done is W. Then
A C
a) P3  P1 ; W  0 b) P3  P1 ; W  0
(c) V

P
c) 0.65 m3 d) 0.75 m3
A 30. Match List I (Process) with List II (Index n

B
in ) and select the correct answer.
List I List II
C P) Adiabatic 1) n
(d)
V
Q) Isothermal 2) n  Cp / Cv
27. If  Pdv and   Vdp for a thermodynamic
R) Constant pressure 3) n = 1
system of an ideal gas on valuation give the
same quantity during a process, then the
process undergone by the system is Cp
S) Constant volume 4) n 1
a) Isenthalpic b) Isentropic Cv
c) Isobaric d) Isothermal
5) n = 0
28. A battery is used to light a bulb, run a fan a) P  2, Q  3, R  5, S  4
and heat an electric iron in case of a power
failure. If each of the above system has 100 b) P  2, Q  3, R  5,S  1
W rating and is run for 15 minutes, what are c) P  3, Q  2, R  1,S  5
the work done (W) and heat transferred (Q)
by the battery? d) P  2, Q  5, R  1,S  3
a) W = 90 kJ and Q = 90 kJ 31. The contents of a well-insulated tank are
heated by a resistor of 23 ohm in which 10
b) W = 180 kJ and Q = 0
A current is flowing. Consider the tank along
c) W = 270 kJ and Q = 0
with its contents as a thermodynamic system.
d) W = 90 kJ and Q = 180 kJ The work done by the system and heat transfer
to the system is positive. The rates of heat
 P  (Q), work (W) and change in internal energy
29. A gas expands from P1 to P2  P2  1  ;If
 10  during the process in kW are
the process of expansion is isothermal, the a) Q  0, W  2.3, U  2.3
3
volume at the end of expansion is 0.55 m If b) Q  2.3, W  0, U  2.3
the process of expansion is adiabatic, the
volume at the end of expansion will be close c) Q  2.3, W  0, U  2.3
to d) Q  0, W  2.3, U  2.3
a) 0.45 m3 b) 0.55 m3 32. Assertion (A) : Cp for a gas is always

greater than Cv a) 3.74 b) 6.24
Reason (R) : Cp includes work of expansion c) 7.48 d) 12.48

in addition to storage of internal energy
35. The final pressure P2 (in bar) is
is the correct explanation of A a) 23/ 4 b) 25/4
b) Both A and R are individually true but R c) 23/2 d) 25/2

Common data for Question 36 and 37
A system undergoes three quasi-static processes
d) A is false but R is true sequentially as indicated in the figure. 1-2 is an
isobaric process, 2-3 is a polytropic process with
33. Assertion (A) : Though heat is added during
a polytropic expansion process for which
p
  n  1 , the temperature of the gas
decreases during the process 1 2
4bar
Reason (R) : The work done by the system
exceeds the heat added to the system

is the correct explanation of A 1bar 3
b) Both A and R are individually true but R V

is not the correct explanation of A 1m3

n = 1.4 and 3 - 1 is a process in which pV =
d) A is false but R is true
constant. The following data may be made use
Common data for Questions 34 and 35
of p1  p 2  4 bar, p3  1bar and V1  1m 3
5 36. Volume of the system at state point 2 in m3

An ideal gas with molar heat capacity C p  R
2 is
(where R = 8.314 J/mol.K) is compressed
a) 1.741 b) 6.96
adiabatically from 1 bar and 300 K to pressure
P2 in a closed system. The final temperature after c) 2.173 d) 1.486
compression is 600 K and the mechanical efficiency 37. The net work interaction for the cycle in kJ
of compression is 50%. is
34. The work required for compression (in kJ/ a) 126 b) 194
mol) is

c) 486 d) - 486 valve. The valve is opened and nitrogen is

slowly admitted into the cylinder. During this
Common Data for 38 and 39 is given below.
operation, the piston is lifted through a height
Solve the problems and choose correct answers
A certain balloon maintains an internal gas

pressure of P0  100 kPa until the volume
Ar
reaches V0  20 m3 . Beyond a volume of
N2
20 m3 , the internal pressure varies as
P  P0  2  V  V0  , where P is in kPa and

2
V is in m3.
Initially, the balloon contains helium gas at

20ºC, 100 kPa, with a 15 m3 volume. The N2 at
balloon is then heated until the volume 100bar
becomes 25 m3 and the pressure is 150 kPa.
Assume ideal gas behaviour for helium.
38. The final temperature of the balloon in degrees

Kelvin is of 10 cm by the nitrogen gas. The initial
a) 656 b) 842 pressure and temperature of argon gas are
100 kPa and 300 K respectively. The final
c) 912 d) 733
temperature of argon is 320 K. For
39. The work done by the balloon for the entire argon C p  520 J / kgK ,and C v  312 J / kgK
process in kJ is
40. The work done by argon in kJ during the
a) 1256 b) 1414
process is
c) 1083 d) 1512
a) 10 b) 1.041
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 40
and 41. c) - 0.6208 d) - 1.041
An insulated vertical cylinder encloses 0.1 kg 41. The work done by nitrogen in kJ during the
of argon (Ar) with the help of a frictionless process is
non-conducting piston as shown in the figure. a) 1.046 b) 0.626
The mass of the piston is 5 kg and it initially
rests on the bottom of the cylinder. The c) - 1.046 d) - 10
cylinder is connected to a nitrogen (N2) tank Common Data for 42 and 43
at 100 bar through a pipeline fitted with a
An insulated piston-cylinder assembly having a

paddle wheel, as shown in the adjacent figure, and paddle wheel can be considered as insulated
and massless. Temperature and pressure of air
inside the cylinder are 300 K and 100 kPa
respectively. Ambient pressure is 100 kPa.
42. If the piston is locked in the fixed position

and the paddle wheel delivers 75 kJ of work,
final air temperature is
a) 300 K b) 318.7 K
c) 320.6 K d) 326.1 K
contains air (R = 287 J/kg-K, and
43. If the piston is free to slide without any
C v  718 J / kg  K ) of mass 4 kg. Both piston
friction when the paddle wheel delivers 75 kJ
of work, final temperature of air in the cylinder
is
a) 305.2 K b) 309.3 K
c) 312.6 K d) 318.7 K


Chapter 4
First Law of Thermodynamics
01. The first law of thermodynamics is valid for contains 20 kg of water initially at 25°C. It
a) All processes is stirred by agitator, which is made to turn
by a slowly falling body weighing 40 kg
b) Only reversible processes
through height of 4 m. The process is repeated
c) Only cyclic processes
500 times. The acceleration due to gravity is
d) Only cyclic processes that are carried out 9.8 ms-2. Neglecting the heat capacity of
reversibly agitator, the temperature of water (in °C) is
02. For the two paths as shown in the figure, one a) 40.5 b) 34.4
reversible and one irreversible, to change the c) 26.8 d) 25
state of the system from a to b,
04. Which one of the following is the correct
expression for change in the internal energy
b for a small temperature change T for an
IRREV ideal gas?
P a) U  C v  T b) U  C p  T
Cp
d) U   C p  C v  T
REV
a c) U   T
Cv
v 05. Which one of the following is heat absorbed
or rejected during polytropic process?
a) U , Q,W are same b) U is same  n

a)    work done
c) Q, W are same d) U , Q are   1 
different
2
03. In Joule's experiments, an insulated container  n
b)    work done
  1 

c) - 250, 50 d) - 250, - 50
3
 n
c)    work done 09. An ideal gas is known to obey following
  1  relationships: u = 200 + 0.718 T and
PV  0.287T  273 , where 'u' is specific internal
 n
d)    work done energy (kJ /kg) T is temperature  C
0
, P
 1 n 
is pressure (kPa) and v is specific volume
06. If Q is the heat transferred to a system and m 3
/ kg  . Specific heat (in kJ/kg-K) at
W is the work done by the system, then constant pressure is

which of the following is an exact differential? a) 0.287 b) 0.431
a) Q b) W c) 0.718 d) 1.005
c) Q  W d) Q  W 10. A gas contained in a cylinder is compressed,

the work required for compression being
07. A steam turbine is used to produce work in 5000 kJ. During the process, heat interaction
a thermal power plant. What type of work of 2000 kJ causes the surroundings to the
is it? heated. The change in internal energy of the
a) Flow work gas during the process is
b) Shaft work a) - 7000 kJ b) - 3000 kJ
c) Displacement work c) + 3000 kJ d) + 7000 kJ
d) None of the above 11. For an ideal gas undergoing a throttling
08. An ideal gas is taken through three processes process 1 - 2, which of the following
as a result of which the final state is identical relationship holds?
with the initial state. The nature of the process,
P1 T1
work done and heat transferred during the a) T1  T2 b) P  T
2 2
process are as flows:
i) 1-2 is a constant volume process with a   1
P1  T1  P1 T2
heat input of 50 kJ c)   d) P  T
P2  T2  2 1
ii) 2-3 is an isothermal expansion process
and the work done by the system is 500
12. A car tyre of volume 0.057 m3 is inflated to
kJ
300 kPa at 300 K. After the car is driven for
iii) 3-1 is a constant pressure process and
ten hours, the pressure in the tyre increases
the work done on the system is 200 kJ
to 330 kPa. Assume air as an ideal gas and
The heat transferred and the change in CV for air is 21. J/(mol K). The change in the
internal energy in kJ during the process 3 internal energy of air in the tyre in J/mol is
- 1 are respectively.
a) 380 b) 630
a) 250,50 b) 250, -50
c) 760 d) 880

13. A balloon containing an ideal gas is initially 17. If the changes in kinetic and potential energy
kept in an evacuated and insulated room. The are ignored, the power output of an adiabatic
balloon ruptures and the gas fills up the entire turbine operating at steady state condition is
room. Which one of the following statements equal to the
is TRUE at the end of above process? a) Decrease in internal energy of the fluid
a) The internal energy of the gas decreases b) Decrease in enthalpy of the fluid
from its initial value, but the enthalpy c) Increase in internal energy of the fluid
remains constant.
d) Increase in enthalpy of the fluid
b) The internal energy of the gas increases
from its initial value, but the enthalpy 18. The expression for the specific work output
remains constant. of a turbine is given by (hi - he), where
hi and he are the specific enthalpies at the inlet
c) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the
and outlet, respectively. The above expression
gas remain constant
is valid if the changes in kinetic and potential
d) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the
energies are neglected and
gas increase
a) Only if the flow is unsteady and the
14. In a throttling process process adiabatic
a) Temperature always remains unchanged b) Only if the turbine is perfectly insulated
b) Temperature always increases and the flow is steady
c) Temperature always decreases c) Only if the flow is steady and the process
d) Temperature may increase, decrease or non-adiabatic
remain unchanged d) Only if the flow is steady and isentropic
15. A 2 kW, 40 litre water heater is switched on 19. The work done in causing a fluid of volume
for 20 minutes. The heat capacity CP for V to flow into or out of a control volume
water is 4.2 KJ/Kg-K. Assuming all the against pressure p is
electrical energy has gone into heating the a) p dV b) p V
water, increase of the water temperature in
c) V dp d) - V dp
degree celcius is
20. Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady
a) 2.7 b) 4.0
flow process with negligible change in potential
c) 14.3 d) 25.25
and kinetic energy. The work done in the
16. In an adiabatic process, 5000 J of work is process is given by
performed on a system. The system returns
to its original state while 1000J of heat is a)   p dv b)   p dv
added. The work done during the non-
adiabatic process is c)   v dp d)   v dp
a) + 4000 J b) - 4000 J
21. Air at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s enters a
c) + 6000 J d) - 6000 J
turbine at 0.5 MPa and 1200 K and with a

velocity of 20 m/s. It is expanded in the air flows through turbine which produces
turbine to a pressure of 0.1 MPa and 1860 kW of power. Heat loss from turbine
temperature 800 K. The velocity at the exit to the surrounding is 90 kW. Air temperature
of the turbine is 80 m/s. Heat loss to the at the turbine exit is
surrounding is 50 kW. The power output of a) 156.4ºC b) 181.6ºC
the turbine in kW is:
c) 223.7ºC d) 678.4ºC
a) 846 b) 746
25. Heat capacity of air can be approximately
c) 617 d) 517
expressed as CP = 26.693 + 7.365 × 10-3 T
22. In a test of a water-jacked compressor, the where CP is in J/(mol) (K) and T is in K. The
shaft work required is 90 kN-m/kg of air heat given off by 1 mole of air when cooled
compressed. During compression, increase at 1 atmospheric pressure from 500°C to -
in enthalpy of air is 30 kJ/kg of air and 100°C is
increase in enthalpy of circulating cooling a) 10.73 kJ b) 16.15 kJ
water is 40 kJ/kg of air. The change in velocity
c) 18.11 kJ d) 18.33 kJ
is negligible. The amount of heat lost to the
atmosphere from the compressor per kg of 26. Consider steady flow of air  C p  1005 J / kg.K 
air is
in an adiabatic passage. Air enters the passage
a) 20 kJ b) 60 kJ at 100 kPa, 500 K at a velocity of 150 m/
c) 80 kJ d) 120 kJ s and exits the passage at 510 K. Assume air
23. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 400 kPa and to be an ideal gas and neglect gravitational
900 K with negligible velocity. If the flow is effects. The passage is a
ideal and exit pressure is 100 kPa, the exit a) diffuser, and the velocity at the exit is
temperature in K and the exit velocity in m/ approximately 49 m/s
s are respectively b) diffuser, and the velocity at the exit is
a) 605.7, 768.7 b) 225, 1164.8 approximately 79 m/s
c) 516.9, 877.5 d) 129.2, 880.1 c) nozzle, and the velocity at the exit is
approximately 179 m/s
24.
2.33 m3 /s d) nozzle, and the velocity at the exit is
430 C 0
 Compressor  Heater 
276 kPa
430 C
276 kPa
 Turbine  approximately 249 m/s
Air (R = 287 J/kg-K; CP = 1005J/Kg-K and 27. A thermodynamic cycle consists of four
 = 1.4) flows sequentially through a processes: AB, BC CD and DA. In the process
compressor, a heater and a turbine as shown AB, work done on the system is 100kJ and
in the figure. Volume flow rate of air coming the heat transferred from the system is 10 kJ.
out from the compressor is 2.33 m3/s when During the process BC, heat supplied to the
pressure and temperature are 276 kPa and system is 2000 kJ while there is no work
43°C respectively. Air is then heated at same interaction. In the process CD work done by
pressure to 430°C in a heater. From heater, the system is 1000 kJ and while there is no

heat interaction. In the process DA, there is

d  mh  Q dm1 dm 2 W
no work interaction but the heat rejected by a)   h1  h2 
dt t dt dt t
the system is 200 kJ. The net work output
of the system during the cycle in kJ is: d  mu  Q dh dh W
b)   m1 1  m 2 2 
a) 690 b) 890 dt t dt dt t
c) 1110 d) 1310
d  mu  Q dm1 dm 2 W
c)   h1  h2 
28. The mass, internal energy, pressure and dt t dt dt t
volume of a system are 10 kg, 100 kJ, 1 bar
and 1 m3 respectively. The value of specific d mh  W dm 1 dm 2 Q
d)   h1  h2 
enthalpy, in kJ/kg, of the system is dt t dt dt t
a) 10 b) 20 32. A gas is released from a pressurized cylinder

c) 30 d) 40 by opening a valve suddenly. Assume kinetic
and potential energy changes to be negligible
29. A rigid vessel containing three moles of
and that the cylinder is perfectly insulated. m,
nitrogen gas at 30°C, is heated to 250°C.
h and u are the mass, specific enthalpy and
Assume the average heat capacities of nitrogen
specific internal energy of the gas within the
to be CP = 29.1 J/mol°C and CV = 20.8 J/
mol°C. The heat required, neglecting the heat cylinder, respectively; m exit , u exit and h exit
capacity of the vessel, is are the mass flow rate, specific internal energy
a) 13728 J b) 19206 J and specific enthalpy of the gas exiting the
c) 4576 J d) 12712 J cylinder, respectively. Which of the following
represents the transient process for the gas
30. A rigid tank is connected through a valve to
in the cylinder, if 't' is the same
steam mains supplying steam at 1 MPa, 400°C
(h = 3268 kJ/kg). Heat is transferred from a) mexit h exit  d  mu  / dt
the tank to the surroundings, and the valve
is closed when the total amount of cooling b) m exit u exit  d  mu  / dt
is 2000 kJ. The energy contained in the tank
is the same before and after the process. c) mexit h exit  d  mh  / dt
Neglecting potential and kinetic energy
changes, the mass of the steam that enters d) mexit u exit  d  mh  / dt
the tank is
33. A closed thermodynamic system undergoes
a) 0.676 kg b) 6.76 kg
an unsteady process. Work is done on the
c) 0.612 kg d) 6.12 kg
system at an average rate of 260 W and heat
31. The first law of thermodynamics applied to is lost to the surroundings at an average rate
a variable flow process 1-2 with negligible of 10W. Neglecting the changes in kinetic
kinetic and potential energy changes is given and potential energies of the system, the
by the expression: change in its internal energy during one hour
is

a) Increases by 972 kJ Air supp ly

b) Increases by 900 kJ line
c) Decreases by 936 kJ
d) Decreases by 36 kJ
Valve
34. The heat transferred in thermodynamic cycle
of a system consisting of four processes are
successively 0, 8, 6 and - 4 units. The net
change in the internal energy of the system Tank
will be
a) - 8 b) Zero a) is greater than 350°C
c) 10 d) - 10 b) is less than 350°C
c) is equal to 350°C
35. The heat transfer Q, the work done W and
the change in internal energy U are all zero d) May be greater than, less than, or equal
in the case of to 350°C, depending on the volume of
the tank
a) A rigid vessel containing steam at 150°C
left in the atmosphere which is at 25°C 37. Match List I (process) with List II
b) 1 Kg of gas contained in an insulated (characteristic) and select the correct answer
cylinder expanding as the piston moves List I List II
slowly outwards P) Throttling process 1) No work done
c) A rigid vessel containing ammonia gas Q) Isentropic process 2) No change in
connected through a valve to an evacuated entropy
rigid vessel, the vessel, the valve and the R) Free expansion 3) Constant
connecting pipes being well insulated and internal energy
the valve being opened and after a time,
S) Isothermal process 4) Constant
condition through the two vessel become
enthalpy
uniform.
d) 1 Kg of air flowing adiabatically from the a) P  4, Q  2, R  1,S  3
atmosphere into a previously evacuated b) P  1, Q  2, R  4,S  3
bottle
c) P  4, Q  3, R  1,S  2
36. A rigid insulated tank is initially evacuated.
d) P  1, Q  3, R  4,S  2
The tank is connected with a supply line
through which air (assumed to be ideal gas 38. When a system is taken from state A to state
with constant specific heats) passes at 1 B along the path A-C-B, 180 kJ of heat flows
MPa, 350°C. A valve connected with the into the system and its does 130 kJ of work
supply line is opened and the tank is charged (See figure). How much heat will flow into
with air until the final pressure inside the tank the system along the A-D-B if the work done
reaches 1 MPa. The final temperature inside by it along the path is 40 kJ?
the tank

Pressure 41. In a given process of an ideal gas W = 0
and Q < 0. Then for the gas
C B a) The temperature will decrease
b) The volume will increase
c) The pressure will remain constant
A D d) The temperature will increase
Vol
42. Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons
contains equal amount of an ideal gas
a) 40 kJ b) 60 kJ ( =1.4) at 300 K. The piston of A is free
c) 90 kJ d) 135 kJ to move while that of B is held fixed. The
same amount of heat is given to the gas in
39. Match List I (Devices) with list II
each cylinder. If the rise in temperature of the
(thermodynamic equations) and select the
gas in A is 30 K, then the rise in temperature
correct answer
of the gas in B is
Group I Group II
a) 30 K b) 18 K
P) Turbine 1) w  h 2  h1 c) 50 K d) 42 K
Q) Nozzle 2) h 2  h1 43. A fully charged car battery gradually
discharges while lying on the shelf at a
V22 constant temperature. During discharging, is
R) Valve 3) h1  h 2 
2 loses 250 kcal to the environment. The battery
is then recharged slowly to its initial state.
S) Compressor 4) w  h1  h 2 The charging process consumes 0.53 kwH
of electricity. What is the heat transfer during
a) P  4, Q  3, R  2,S  1
the charging process?
b) P  2, Q  3, R  1,S  4 a) - 431.4 kJ b) - 1000.8 kJ
c) P  4, Q  3, R  1,S  2 c) - 861.3 kJ d) - 627.32 kJ
d) P  3, Q  2, R  4,S  1 44. Assertion (A) : When a gas is forced steadily

through an insulated pipe containing a porous
40. A fluid flowing along a pipeline undergoes a plug, the enthalpy of gas is the same on both
throttling process from 10 bar to 1 bar in side of the plug
passing through a partially open valve. Before
Reason (R) : The gas undergoes an
throttling, the specific volume of fluid is 0.5
isentropic expansion through the porous plug
m3/Kg and after throttling is 2 m3/Kg. What
is the change in specific internal energy during a) Both A and R are individually true and R
the throttling process? is the correct explanation of A
a) Zero b) 100 kJ/kg b) Both A and R are individually true but R is
not the correct explanation of A
c) 200 kJ/kg d) 300 kJ/kg

c) A is true but R is false A perfectly insulated cylinder of volume 0.6 m3

d) A is false but R is true is initially divided into two parts by a thin,
frictionless piston, as shown in the figure. The
45. The inlet and the outlet conditions of steam
smaller part of volume 0.2 m3 has ideal gas at 6
for an adiabatic steam turbine are as indicated
in the figure. The notations are as usually bar pressure and 100 ° C. The other part is
followed. evacuated.
If mass rate of steam through the turbine is
20 kg/s, the power output of the turbine (in
MW) is
0.2 m 3 Vacuum
h1 = 3200 kJ / kg
V1 = 160 m / s
Z1 = 10 m /s
Stopper
P1 = 3M Pa
h 2 = 2600 kJ / kg
V2 = 100 m / s 48. At certain instant of time t, the stopper is
Z2 = 6 m removed and the piston moves out freely to
P2 = 70 kPa the other end. The final temperature is
a) 149 0 C b) 33 0 C
a) 12.157 b) 12.941
c) 168.001 d) 168.785 c) 33 0 C d) 100 0 C
49. The cylinder insulation is now removed and

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 46
the piston is pushed back to restore the system
and 47
to its initial state. If this is to be achieved only
Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 300 kPa, 500 K by doing work on the system (no heat addition,
with a velocity of 10 m/s. It leaves the nozzle at only heat removal allowed), what is the
100 kPa with a velocity of 180 m/s. The inlet minimum work required?
area is 80 cm2. The specific heat of air is 1008 a) 3.4 kJ b) 107 kJ
J/kg.K. c) 132 kJ d) 240 kJ
46. The exit temperature of the air is Linked Data Question 50 and 51
a) 516 K b) 532 K An ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process
c) 484 K d) 468 K consisting of the following three processes:
47. The exit area of the nozzle in cm2 is Process 1-2: compression process with Pv =
constant
a) 90.1 b) 56.3
Process 2-3 : Constant pressure
c) 4.4 d) 12.9
Process 3-1 : Constant volume
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 48 U 3  U1  3549 kJ
and 49

Change in kinetic and potential energies are a) 2.23 bar b) 1.94 bar
neglected c) 1.07 bar d) 1.00 bar
Statement for Linked answer questions 54

P
and 55
2 3 A tank contains 9 kg of liquid water at an initial
temperature T0 0 C A coil removes heat at the
1 b ar 1
rate of Q  k1T from the tank. A paddle wheel,
3 3
0.2 m 1.6 m
by constantly stirring, maintains uniform
temperature in the tank. The rate of work input
50. The workdone (kJ) during the process 2 - through the paddle wheel is W  k 2T .
3 is
Temperature, T is in degree centigrade and and
a) 1120 b) 1220 are constants. (Note that the rate of change in
c) 1320 d) 1420 internal energy inside the tank will be a balance
51. The heat transferred (kJ) during the process of work and heat transfer rates)
2 - 3 is 54. Temperature of the tank will vary in such a
a) 4269 b) 4469 way that
c) 4569 d) 4669 a) If k 2  k1 temperature decreases
Data for linked answer question 52 and 53 exponentially
A football was inflated to gauge pressure of 1
b) If k 2  k1 temperature increases
bar when the ambient temperature was 15°C .
When the game stared next day, the air exponentially
temperature at the stadium was 5°C. Assume
c) If k 2  k1 temperature increases
that the volume of the football remains constant
at 2500 cm3. exponentially
52. The amount of heat lost by the air in the d) If k 2  k1 temperature decreases
football and the gauge pressure of air in the
linearly
football at the stadium respectively are
a) 30.6 J; 1.94 bar 55. If T0  800 C, k1  0.1, k 2  0.01 and specific
b) 21.8 J; 0.93 bar heat of the liquid = 1.0, the temperature of
c) 61.1 J; 1.94 bar the tank after 1 minute will be
d) 43.7 J; 0.93 bar a) 43.9ºC b) 38.4ºC
53. Gauge pressure of air to which the ball must c) 166.6ºC d) 145.7ºC
have been originally inflated so that it would 
be equal to 1 bar gauge at the stadium is

Chapter 5
Second Law of Thermodynamics
01. Which one of the following statements is at constant temperatures.

TRUE? a) P only b) Q only
a) Heat can be fully converted into work c) P and Q only d) Q and R only
b) Work cannot be fully converted into heat 03. A heat pump, which operates in a cycle,
c) The efficiency of a heat engine increases extracts heat energy from the cold reservoir
as the temperature of the heat source is and supplies the same amount of energy to
increased while keeping the temperature the hot reservoir. Which of the following
of the heat sink fixed statements holds for this process?
d) A cyclic process can be devised whose a) This process violates both the first and
sole effect is to transfer heat from a lower the second law
temperature to a higher temperature.
b) This process violates the first law but not
02. Which of the following statement(s) are in the second law
violation of the second law of c) This process violates the second law but
thermodynamics: not the first law
P) It is impossible to construct a cyclically d) The process does not violate both first
operating device which absorbs heat from and second law
a single thermal reservoir and produces
04. Which of the following statements does not
an equivalent amount of work.
represent the second law of thermodynamics?
Q) It is possible to construct a device that
a) Perpetual motion machine of the first kind
absorbs heat from a low temperature
is not possible
body and rejects it to a high temperature
body without any external work. b) A 100% efficient machine to convert heat
to work operating between attainable
R) a reversible engine has a higher efficiency
temperatures is not possible.
than an irreversible engine that operates
between the same two thermal reservoirs c) A machine to transfer heat from a lower
to a higher temperature without external

work input is not possible c) 4.0 d) 3.0

d) The entropy of the system in an adiabatic 09. An inventor claims to have constructed a
enclosure can never decrease. device that rejects 100 kJ of heat to a single
05. According to second law of thermodynamics heat reservoir while absorbing 100 kJ of
work during a single cycle of the device. This
a) Efficiency of a steam power plant is
device violates:
always less than unity
b) Efficiency of a steam turbine is always a) The first law of thermodynamics
less than unity b) The second law of thermodynamics
c) COP of heat pump is always less than c) Both the first law and Second laws of
unity thermodynamics
d) COP of a refrigerator is always greater d) Neither the first law nor Second law of
than unity thermodynamics
06. In a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four 10. An irreversible heat engine extracts heat from
processes, the heat and work are as follows: a high temperature source at a rate of 100
Q : + 30, - 10, - 20, + 5 kW and rejects heat to a sink at a rate of 50
kW. The entire work output of the heat engine
W : + 3, + 10, - 8,0
is used to drive a reversible heat pump
The thermal efficiency of the cycle will be
operating between a set of independent
a) Zero b) 7.15 %
isothermal heat reservoirs at 17°C and 75°C.
c) 14.33 % d) 28.6 %
The rate (in kW) at which the heat pump
07. Consider a refrigerator and a heat pump delivers heat to its high temperature sink is
working on the reversed Carnot cycle between a) 50 b) 250
the same temperature limits. Which of the
c) 300 d) 360
following is correct.
11. A solar collector receiving solar radiation at
a) COP of refrigerator = COP of heat pump
the rate of 0.6 kW/m2 transforms it to the
b) COP of refrigerator = COP of heat pump
internal energy of a fluid at an overall efficiency
+1
of 50%. The fluid heated to 350 K is used
c) COP of refrigerator = COP of heat pump
to run a heat engine which rejects heat at 313
-1
K. If the heat engine is to deliver 2.5 kW
d) COP of refrigerator = inverse COP of heat power, then minimum area of the solar
pump collector required would be
08. An industrial heat pump operates between the a) 8.33 m2 b) 16.66 m2
temperatures of 27°C and –13°C. The rates c) 39.68 m2 d) 79.36 m2
of heat addition and heat rejection are 750 W
and 1000 W, respectively. The COP for the 12. Efficiency of a Carnot engine can be increased
heat pump is by
a) 7.5 b) 6.5 a) Increasing the sink temperature while

keeping the source temperature constant heat sink temperature (in K) is 5/3. The
b) Decreasing the sink temperature while fraction of the heat supplied that is converted
keeping the source temperature constant to work is
c) Decreasing the source temperature while a) 0.2 b) 0.3
keeping the sink temperature constant c) 0.4 d) 0.6
d) Does not depend on source and sink 15. According to Clausius statement of the
temperatures second law of Thermodynamics, the
13. A cyclic device operates between three coefficient of performance of a refrigerator
thermal reservoirs, as shown in the figure. is never
Heat is transferred to/form the cyclic device. a) Infinity b)Greater than unity
It is assumed that heat transfer between each c) Unity d) Less than unity
thermal reservoir and the cyclic device takes
place across negligible temperature 16. For two cycles coupled in series, the topping
difference. Interactions between the cyclic cycle has an efficiency of 30% and the
device and the respective thermal reservoirs bottoming cycle has an efficiency of 20%.
that are shown in the figure are all in the The overall combine cycle efficiency is
form of heat transfer a) 50% b) 44 %
The cyclic device can be c) 38% d) 55%
17. A heat transformer is a device that transfers
a part of the heat, supplied to it at an
1000 K 500 K 300 K intermediate temperature, to a high
temperature reservoir while rejecting the
remaining part to a low temperature heat
50 kJ
sink. In such a heat transformer, 100 kJ of
heat is supplied at 350K. The maximum
100 kJ Cyclic 60 kJ amount of heat in kJ that can be transferred
device to 400K, when the rest is rejected to a heat
sink at 300K.
a) 12.50 b) 14.29
a) A reversible heat engine
c) 33.33 d) 57.14
b) A reversible heat pump or a reversible
refrigerator 18. A heat engine undergoes a cyclic process
c) An irreversible heat engine receiving 10,000 kJ from a reservoir at 1000
K and 8000 kJ from another reservoir at
d) An irreversible heat pump or an
800 K, while rejecting heat to a third reservoir
irreversible refrigerator.
at 300 K. If the heat engine is assumed to
14. A heat engine operates at 75% of the be internally reversible, then the network
maximum possible efficiency. The ratio of output in kJ is
the heat source temperature (in K) to the

a) 17000 b) 12000 22. For a closed system with internal

c) 5000 d) 3600 irreversibilities undergoing a cyclic process,
the cyclic integral of (dQ/T) is
19. Two reversible engines E1 and E2 reject heat
to a common reservoir at a temperature T. a) Less than or equal to zero
The engine E1 receives heat from a reservoir b) Greater than or equal to zero
at temperature T1 and delivers work W1. c) Greater than zero
The engine E2 receives same amount of heat d) Less than zero
from a reservoir at temperature T2 and
delivers work W2. If the temperature T2 is 23. A heat engine E1 operates between an infinite
less than T1, then reservoir at 800ºC and a body B. The
temperature of the body B remains constant
a) W1 = W2=0 b) W1 > W2
550ºC. Heat transferred to the engine E1 is
c) W1 < W2 d) W1 = W2 900 kJ and the work output is 200 kJ.
20. A Carnot engine operates between the Another engine E2 operates between the body
temperature limits of 1000 K and 900 K. A B and the atmosphere at 27ºC. Heat rejected
second Carnot engine operates between the to the atmosphere is 350 kJ. The thermal
temperature limits of 500 K and 450 K. Both efficiency of the engine E2 is
the engines produce the same amount of a) 0.39 b) 0.5
work. Which one of the following statements c) 0.61 d) 0.635
is true regarding the efficiency  and the
24. Assertion (A) : Two engines A and B work
heat rejected QR (Subscripts 1 and 2 are
on the Carnot cycle. Engine A uses air as the
used to denote the respective engines)?
working substance and B uses steam as the
a) 1  2 and QR 1  QR 2 working substance. Both engines are having
same efficiency.
b) 1  2 and QR 1  QR 2
Reason (R) : Carnot cycle efficiency is
c) 1  2 and QR 1  QR 2 independent of working substance.
25. 300 kJ/sec of heat is supplied at a constant

d) 1  2 and QR 1  QR 2 fixed temperature of 290ºC to a heat engine.
21. A Carnot heat engine is operated between The heat rejection takes place at 8.5ºC. Then
match the following.
two temperature T1 and T2 (T1 >T2 and T
in Kelvin). The efficiency of the engine can Results Obtained Cycle
be increased by P) 215 kJ/sec are rejected 1) Reversible
a) Decreasing T2 and keeping T1 constant Q) 150 kJ/sec are rejected 2) Irreversible
b) Decreasing both T1 and T2 R) 75 kJ/sec are rejected 3) Impossible
c) Increasing both T1 and T2 a) P  1, Q  2, R  3
d) None of these b) P  2, Q  1, R  3
c) P  3, Q  2, R  1

d) P  1, Q  3, R  2 a) 4 b) 6
c) 0.4 d) 2
Common Data Questions 26 - 27
Common Data Questions 30 - 31
A reversible heat engine receives heat inputs
Two reversible heat engines work between three
at 300 kJ and 200 kJ from two thermal
thermal reservoirs at temperatures T1, T2 & T3,
reservoirs at 1000 K and 800 K, respectively.
respectively. Engine E1 receives heat from the
The engine rejects heat Q to a reservoir at
reservoir at temperature T1 and rejects heat to
300 K.
the reservoir at temperature T2 engine E2 receives
26. The value of Q is heat from the reservoir at temperature T2 and
a) 65 kJ b) 165 kJ rejects heat to the reservoir at temperature T3.
c) 100 kJ d) 265 kJ Assume that the heat rejected by engine E1 is
equal to the heat input to engine E 2 . All
27. The work delivered by the engine is temperatures are in Kelvin.
a) 35 kJ b) 135 kJ
30. If the efficiencies of engines E1 and E2 are
c) 235 kJ d) 335 kJ
same, the reservoir temperature T2 can be
Common Data Questions 28 - 29 expressed as
A Carnot heat engine is used to drive a Carnot a) T2  T1T3
heat pump. The arrangement, along with the
pertinent temperatures, is indicated in Figure. b) T2   T1  T3  / 2
c) T2   T1  T3  / 2
500 K 300 K
d) T2  2T1T3
Q1 = 1000kJ Q3
31. If the work delivered by engines E1 & E2 are
HE HP same, the reservoir temperature T2 can be
W expressed as
Q2 Q4 a) T2  T1T3
250 K
250 K b) T2   T1  T3  / 2
c) T2   T1  T3  / 2
28. Q3 in kJ is
a) 1000 b) 500 d) T2  2T1T3
c) 3000 d) 2500 
29. The COP of the heat pump is

Chapter 6
ENTROPY
01. The relation ds = dQ/T, where 's' represent a) Zero and positive
entropy, 'Q' represents heat and 'T' represents b) Zero and negative
temperature (absolute), holds good in which c) Negative and zero
one of the following processes?
d) Positive and zero
a) Reversible process only
04. The equation T dS= dU + P dV is applicable
b) Irreversible process only
a) Only to reversible process
c) Both reversible and irreversible processes
b) Only to ideal gases
d) All real processes
c) Only to reversible processes in ideal gases
02. A system is changed from a single initial
d) To all processes and all working
equilibrium state to the same final equilibrium
substances
state by two different processes, one
reversible, and the other irreversible. Which 05. Irreversibility in a thermodynamic process is
of the following is true, where S refers to caused by:
the system? P. Heat transfer across a finite temperature

difference
a) sirr  Srev Q. Frictional effects
b) sirr  Srev R. Unrestrained expansion
S. Mixing of two dissimilar pure substances
c) sirr  Srev
a) P only b) P and Q only
d) No decision is possible with respect to
c) P, Q and S only d) P, Q, R, S
(a), (b) or (c)
06. For any process at all, the second law requires
03. Process 'A' is irreversible and adiabatic.
that the entropy change of the system is
Process 'B' is reversible and adiabatic. The
entropy change in process 'A' and process a) Positive or zero
'B', respectively, are b) Zero

c) Negative or zero as shown in the figure.

d) Positive or zero or negative, but does not receives 100 kJ of heat at 500 K and another
say which 40 kJ at 400 K. Heat is rejected at 300 K.
The work output is equal to
07. The equation  S  R ln  p1 / p 2  determines
a) 140 kJ b) 90 kJ
the change in entropy of an ideal gas for a
c) 60 kJ d) 50 kJ
reversible process which is
a) Adiabatic b) Isothermal 11. Heat flows between two reservoirs having
c) Isobaric d) All of the above temperatures 1000 K and 500 K, respectively.
If the entropy change of the cold reservoir
08. For a system undergoing an irreversible
is 10 kJ/K, then what is the entropy change
process
for the hot reservoir?
a)  T ds  Q b)  T ds  2Q a) - 10 kJ/K b) - 5 kJ/K
c) 5 kJ/K d) 10 kJ/K
c)  T ds  Q d)  T ds  Q 12. A certain amount of fluid at temperature T1
09. If a system undergoes an irreversible adiabatic is mixed with an equal amount of the same
process, then (symbols have usual meanings) fluid at temperature T2 in an insulated container
with total fluid as the system, consider the
dQ
a)  T
 0 and S  0 following statements
1. Energy of the system is conserved
dQ
b)  T  0 and S  0 2. Entropy of the system is conserved
3. Entropy of the system increases
dQ 4. Entropy of the system decreases
c)  T
 0 and S  0
Choose the correct answer using the
codes given below:
dQ
d)  T
 0 and S  0 a) 1 and 2 b) 1 and 3
c) 1 and 4 d) 1 only
10. A reversible engine (modified Carnot engine)
13. The given figure shows a thermodynamic
T cyclic on T-S diagram. All the processes are
T
500 K
Th 1 2
400 K
300 K Tc
3
S S

straight lines. The efficiency of the cycle is is 0.4 KJ/Kg - K. Ignoring the effect of
given by expansion and contraction, and also the heat
 0.5Th  Tc  / Th
capacity of tank, the total entropy change in
a)
KJ/Kg - K is
b) 0.5  Th  Tc  / Th a) - 1.87 b) 0.0
c) 1.26 d) 3.91
c)  Th  Tc  / 0.5Th 17. Atmospheric air (R = 287 J/kgK;  = 1.4) at
d)  Th  0.5Tc  / Th 1 bar and 25°C is compressed adiabatically
to 2 bar and 105°C. Which of the following
14. An insulated rigid container having 1 m3 statements is correct?
volume has two compartments having equal a) The process is possible but irreversible
volume separated by a thin membrane. Half b) The process is possible and reversible
of the container is filled with helium ( R =
c) The process is impossible
2.08 kJ/kg-K, Cp = 5.19 kJ/-Kg-K and Cv
d) The process is possible and it is isentropic
= 3.11 kJ/kg-K), while the remaining half is
empty. Suddenly the membrane ruptures and 18. Which one of the following is the correct
helium fills the whole volume of the container. statement? Two reversible adiabatics will
Temperature and pressure of helium before a) Intersect at absolute zero temperature
rupture are 500°C and 0.1 MPa respectively.
b) Never intersect
The change in the entropy of helium is
c) Become orthogonal at absolute zero
a) 0.019 kJ/K b) 0.045 kJ/K temperature
c) 0.112 kJ/K d) 0.675 kJ/K d) Become parallel at absolute zero
15. A system of 100 kg mass undergoes a process temperature
in which its specific entropy increases from 19. Ninety kilograms of ice at 0°C are completely
0.3 kJ/kg-K to 0.4 kJ/kg-K. At the same time, melted. Find the entropy change, in kJ/k,
the entropy of the surrounding decreases
a) 0 b) 45
from 80kJ/K to 75 kJ/K. The process is
c) 85 d) 105
a) Reversible and isothermal
b) Irreversible 20. An ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process as
shown in p-V diagram below
c) Reversible
d) Impossible T
16. A solid metallic block weighing 5 kg has an 1
initial temperature of 500°C, 40 kg of water Th 2
initially at 25°C is contained in a perfectly
insulated tank. The metallic block is brought
into contact with water. Both of them come
Tc
3 S
to equilibrium. Specific heat of block material

The same cycle, represented in T-S diagram expansion process,

is 1. Its entropy will increase
a) T 2. Its entropy change will be zero
2 3 3. The entropy change of the surroundings
will be zero. Of these statements
a) 1 and 3 are correct
1 4 b) 2 alone is correct
c) 2 and 3 are correct
S d) 1 alone is correct
b)
22. One kilomole of an ideal gas is throttled from
T
an initial pressure of 0.5 MPa to 0.1 MPa.
3 The initial temperature is 300K The entropy
2 change of the universe is
a) 13.38 kJ/K b) 401.3 kJ/K
1 c) 0.0446 kJ/K d) - 0.0446 kJ/K
4
S 23. Consider the following two processes;
I. A heat source at 1200 K loses 2500 kJ of
heat to a sink at 800 K
c) II. A heat source at 800 K loses 2000 kJ of
T heat to a sink at 500 K
2 Which of the following statements is true?
3 a) Process I is more irreversible than
process II
1
4 b) Process II is more irreversible than
process I
d) S c) Irreversibility associated in both the
T processes are equal
d) Both the processes are reversible
2 3
24. Two polytropic processes undergone by a
1.5
1 pV = constant
1 4 P pV1.2 = constant
S
21. Consider the following statements 2
3
When a perfect gas enclosed in a cylinder
piston device executes a reversible adiabatic V

perfect gas are shown below in the pressure diagram is a circle with maximum and
volume co-ordinates. minimum temperatures of 600 K and 300 K.
Which representation shows correctly the What is its efficiency?
above processes on the temperature-entropy a) 61.5 % b) 41.5 %
co-ordinates? c) 51.5 % d) 31.5 %
26. Increase in entropy represents
T a) Increase in available energy
a) 1 b) Increase in temperature
c) Decrease in pressure
d) Degradation of energy
2
3 27. A liquid of mass m at temperature T1 is mixed
S
with an equal amount of the same liquid at
b) temperature T2. The specific heat of the liquid
T
is c. The total entropy change due to the
1
mixing process is
T2 T1  T2
a) 2mc ln b) 2mc ln
3 2 T1 2 T1T2
S 2 T1T2
T1
c) 2mc ln d) 2mc ln
T2 T1  T2
T 28. A rigid insulated tank is divided into two

c) 1
compartments by a partition. One
compartment contains 1 kmol of O2 and the
other compartment contains 4 kmol of N2.
3
Both gases are initially at 300 K and 200 KPa
2 pressure. Now the partition is removed, the
S
two gases are allowed to mix. Assuming both
gases are ideal, the total entropy change in
T
1
kJ/K of the gases is
d)
a) 0 b) 20.8
c) 0.718 d) 2.502
29. Consider an isentropic process undergone by
2 3
an incompressible liquid. The change
S temperature experienced by the liquid is
25. An ideal gas undergoes a thermodynamic T  T2  T1 . Which one of the following is
cycle which when represented on T - s correct

a) T = 0 b) T > 0
Pressure
Temp
c) T < 0
2
d) T depends on theP liquid under 1
3
consideration
30. At constant temperature, Q 4
O pressure of an
R
incompressible fluid is changed from 400
S 5
KPa to 4MPa. Which of the following set of Vol
Entropy
thermodynamic properties remain unchanged
Diagram- I Diagram- II
during the process: (u is specific internal
energy, v is specific volume, h is specific
enthalpy and s is specific entropy)
a) P  3, Q  2, R  4,S  5
a) u, v, h b) u, s, h b) P  2, Q  3, R  4,S  5
c) u, v, s d) v, s, h c) P  2, Q  3, R  4,S  1
31. A heat engine operates between two thermal
reservoirs, one at 100°C and another at 20°C. d) P  1, Q  4, R  2,S  3
373 J of energy is removed from the hot 34. Assertion (A) : An adiabatic process is always
reservoir. The change in entropy of the hot a constant entropy process
reservoir in J/K is
Reason (R) : In an adiabatic process there
a) - 1.27 b) 1.0
is no heat transfer
c) - 1.0 d) 1.27
32. The specific heat CP is given by is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are individually true but R is
 v   T 
a) T   b) T   not the correct explanation of A
 T  p  S  p c) A is true but R is false
 S   T 
c) T   d) T   35. Assertion (A) : The constant pressure lines
 T  p  v  p are steeper than the constant volume lines for
a perfect gas on the T - S plane
33. Match curves in Diagram I with curves in
Diagram II Reason (R) : The specific heat at constant
Pressure pressure is more than the specific heat at
Temp
constant volume for a perfect gas.
P 1 2
3 a) Both A and R are individually true and R
Q 4
O
R b) Both A and R are individually true but R is
S 5 not the correct explanation of A
Vol Entropy
Diagram- I Diagram- II

c) A is true but R is false Internal energy, u  C v T

38. If the air has to flow from station P to station
Data for 36 - 37 are given below. Solve the Q, the maximum possible value of pressure
problems and choose correct answers. in kPa at station Q is close to
Nitrogen gas (molecular weight 28) is enclosed a) 50 b) 87
in a cylinder by a piston, at the initial condition c) 128 d) 150
of 2 bar, 298K and 1 m3. In a particular process,
39. If the pressure at station Q is 50 kPa, the
the gas slowly expands under isothermal condition,
change in entropy (SQ – SP) in kJ/kgK is
until the volume becomes 2 m3. Heat exchange
occurs with the atmosphere at 298K. During this a) - 0.155 b) 0
process. c) 0.160 d) 0.355
36. The work interaction for the Nitrogen gas is Data for lined Answer Questions 40 - 41
a) 200 kJ b) 138.6 kJ Air at an initial temperature and volume of 300
c) 2 kJ d) - 200 kJ K and 0.002 m3 is contained in a piston-cylinder
a assembly as shown in the Figure. Heat is added
37. The entropy change for the Universe during
to the air and it expands slowly to occupy a final
the process in kJ/K is
volume of 0.003 m3. Area of the piston is 0.02
a) 0.4652 b) 0.0067 m2 and the spring constant k is 10 kN/m. The
c) 0 d) - 0.6711 atmospheric pressure may be assumed to be 100
Common Data for Questions 38 - 39 kPa.
In an experimental set up, air flows between two Piston area A = 0.02m 2
stations P and Q adiabatically. The direction of
flow depends on the pressure and temperature
conditions maintained at P and Q. The conditions Air
at station P are 150 kPa and 350 K. The 0.002 m3
temperature at station Q is 300 K.
Spring F = k x
The following are the properties and relations
pertaining to air.
k = 10 kN / m
x
Specific heat at constant pressure, x =0
c p  1.005 kJ / kgK;
Specific heat at constant volume, 40. The final pressure of air in kPa is
a) 25 b) 125
c v  0.718 kJ / kgK;
c) 102.5 d) 112.5
Characteristic gas constant, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK.
41. The specific entropy change of air from the
Enthalpy, h  c p T

initial to the final state in kJ/kg K is 44. The above cycle is represented on T-s plane
a) 0.631 b) - 0.631 by
T
c) 0.409 d) 0.567 a)
Data for linked answer Question 42 - 43 3
Two identical bodies of equal mass m and specific

heat at constant pressure initially at temperature 1 2
T1 and T2 (T1 > T2 in K) are used as reservoirs
S
for a heat engine operating in infinitesimal reversible
cycles. The bodies may be treated as pure T
substances which operate at constant pressure. b)
If the engine interacts with the reservoirs until 3 1
they attain the same final temperature Tf.
42. The final temperature is equal to 2
a)  T1  T2  / 2 b) T1T2 S
T
c) T1  T2
3
 T1  T2  / T1T2
2 c)
d)
43. The work obtained is 2 1
 
2
a) mc p T1  T2 b) mc p T1 S
T
c) mc p T2 d) mc p T1T2 d)
3 1
Common data Questions 44 - 45
A thermodynamic cycle with an ideal gas as 2

working fluid is shown below.
S
P
3 45. If the specific heats of the working fluid are
400kPa constant and the value of specific heat ratio
PVγ =const
is 1.4, the thermal efficiency (%) of the cycle
2 is
100kPa 1
a) 21 b) 40.9
V c) 42.6 d) 59.7
1m3 V1


Chapter 7
PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
01. At its critical point, any substance will 04. The reference state adopted in the standard
a) Exist in all the three phases steam tables assigns the following numerical
values to the thermodynamic properties.
b) Change directly from solid to vapour
c) Lose phase distinction between liquid and a) h = 0 and s = 0 for liquid water at 0°C
vapour and 1 bar
d) Behaves as an ideal gas b) h = 0 and s = 0 for liquid water at its
triple point
02. Consider the following properties of vapour
c) u = 0 and s = 0 for liquid water at 0°C
1. Pressure 2. Temperature and 1 bar
3. Dryness friction d) u = 0 and s = 0 for liquid water at its
4. Specific volume triple point
Which of these two properties alone are not
05. Two systems A and B, processing the same
sufficient to specify the condition of a vpour?
internal energy, contain saturated liquid -
a) 1 and 2 b) 1 and 3 vapour mixture of water at 1 MPa, The
c) 2 and 3 d) 3 and 4 maximum value of the ratio of their masses
is
 u f  761.7 kJ / kg; u g  2583.6 kJ / kg 
03. In a steam turbine, superheated steam at state
1 is made to expand isentropically from
pressure P1 to a dry saturated condition at a) 1.4 b) 2.4
pressure P 2 . If the expansion occurs c) 3.4 d) 4.4
irreversibly between these two pressures, then
06. A pressure cooker contains saturated water
the final condition of steam at state 2 will be.
vapour mixture at 100°C with volume of
a) Saturated liquid vapour being eight times that of the volume
b) Superheated steam of liquid. The specific volume saturated liquid
c) Wet steam and saturated vapour at 100°C are, V f =
3
d) Dry saturated vapour. 0 . 0 0 /Kg and Vg = 1.6729 m3/Kg,
1 0 4 4 m

respectively. The quality of the mixture is 10. A Saturated liquid vapour mixture of refrigerant
a) 0.005 b) 0.125 has a density of 36.12 kg/m3 at - 30°C. If
the densities of saturated liquid and saturated
c) 0.889 d) 0.995
vapour at - 30°C are 1377 kg/m3 and 7.379
07. A rigid vessel contains saturated liquid-vapour kg/m3, respectively, the quality of the mixture
mixture of water at 10 MPa. On being is.
heated, the mixture reaches the critical point. a) 0.98 b) 0.2
The initial quality of the mixture is
c) 0.02 d) 0.80
approximately. Given: Critical specific
volume, v w  0.00317 m 3 / kg 11. A frictionless piston cylinder arrangement is
loaded with outside atmospheric pressure,
P(MPa) tsat vf(m3/kg) vg(m3/kg) hf(kJ/kg) hg(kJ/kg) P0 and piston mass to a pressure of 200 kPa
10 311.06 0.001452 0.01802 1407.50 2727.7 as shown below. It contains water at a
dryness fraction of 0.4, and occupies a
volume of 1 m3, It is then cooled slowly by
a) 1% b) 5% rejecting heat to the surroundings which is
c) 10% d) 15% at 30°C. In the final state, the temperature
of water is same as that of surroundings.
08. A substance expands on freezing only if
The specific internal energy and specific
a) The slope of the sublimation line on enthalpy of liquid water at 30°C and 200
pressure-temperature chart is negative kPa are both equal to 125.77 kJ/kg. The
b) The slope of the sublimation line on heat transfer from the water to the
pressure-temperature chart is positive surroundings in kJ is
c) The slope of the fusion line on pressure-
PkPa tsat°C Vf (m3/Kg) Vg (m3/Kg)
temperature chart is negative
d) The slope of the fusion line on pressure- 200 120.23 0.001061 0.8857
temperature chart is positive Uf (kJ/Kg) Ug(kJ/Kg) hf (kJ/Kg) hg (kJ/Kg)
09. The entropy of saturated water at a pressure 504.5 2529.5 504.7 2706.70
of 1 bar is given in the table. The saturation
temperature corresponding to this pressure is P0
99.63°C. The entropy of dry saturated steam
at the same pressure in kJ/kg-K is g
Liquid vapour
P(bar) uf(kJ/kg) ug(kJ/kg) hf(kJ/kg) hg(kJ/kg) sf(kJ/kg-k) mixture
Q Tsu rro und in gs = 3 00 C
1 417.40 2506.1 417.5 2675.5 1.3025
a) 130.26 b) 7.362
c) 23.96 d) 3.561 a) 1260 b) 3150
c) 3350 d) 3550

12. A rigid closed vessel of volume 20 m3 contains dry saturated steam at 1 MPa. The vessel loses
heat to the surroundings and as a result, the pressure reduces to 0.1 MPa. The surrounding
temperature and pressure are 27°C and 0.1 MPa. The heat lost by the vessel to the surroundings
in MJ is
3

P(MPa) v f m / kg  v g  m 3 / kg  u f  kJ / kg  u g  kJ / kg  h f  kJ / kg  h f  kJ / kg 
0.1 0.001043 1.694 417.3 2506.1 417.4 2675.5
1.0 0.001127 0.1944 761.7 2583.6 762.8 2778.1
a) 1.9 b) 2.1 c) 198.3 d) 216.3
13. In the Mollier diagram for steam, dryness fraction lines converge at
a) Triple point b) Critical point c) Saturation point d) None of these
14. A rigid spherical vessel contains 1 kg of wet steam of quality x at pressure P1. This is shown
by point A on the T-v diagram. Heat is transferred to the vessel to form superheated steam at
pressure P2 and temperature T2 as shown by point B. Specific enthalpy and specific internal
energy corresponding to the saturated water and saturated vapour at pressure P1 and P2 as well
as at points A and B are given by
Property Saturated liquid Saturated vapour Point A Point B

Pressure P1 Pressure P2 Pressure P1 PressureP2
Specific Enthalpy (kJ/kg) hf 1 hf 2 hg 1 hg 2 hA hB
Specific Internal Energy (kJ/kg) uf 1 uf 2 ug 1 ug 2 uA uB
Heat transferred to the steam is
T2 B
P2
P1 A
V
a) hB  hA b) hB  hf1 c) uB  uA d) u B  u f 1

15. Which PV diagram for steam illustrates P

correctly the isothermal process undergone G D
by wet steam till it becomes superheated?
a) P
E
1 2 F T
List I List II
V
P) Vaporisation 1) EF
P
b) Q) Fusion 2) EG
R) Sublimation 3) ED
a) P-1, Q-3, R-2 b) P-1, Q-2, R-3
1 2
c) P-3, Q-2, R-1 d) P-3, Q-1, R-2
17. The given diagram shows the throttling
V process for a pure substance. The ordinate
c) P and abscissa are respectively.
1
1
2
V
2
P
d)
2
1 a) Pressure and volume
b) Enthalpy and entropy
c) Temperature and entropy
d) Pressure and enthalpy
V
18. Superheated Steam enters adiabatic turbine
16. Consider the phase diagram of a certain
steadily at 450°C and 4 MPa and leaves at
substance as shown in figure. Match List I
50 kPa. The minimum possible dryness
(Process) with List II (Curves/lines) and
fraction of steam at turbine exit is
select the correct answer using the codes
approximately
given below the lists.
a) 85% b) 90%

c) 95% d) 97% c) Will remain constant

Take at 4 MPa and 450ºC, S = 6.9362 kJ/ d) May rise or fall depending on the amount
kg-K of heat transferred.
22. When wet steam flows through a throttle
At 50 kPa  s f  1.091kJ / kg  K
valve and remains wet at exit.
s g  7.5939 kJ / kg  K a) Its temperature and quality increases
b) Its temperature decreases but quality
19. Saturated liquid water at 0.4 MPa and 1000
increases
kg/hr of steam at 0.4 MPa and 300°C enter
c) Its temperature increases but quality
steadily into an insulated mixing chamber. At
decreases
0.4 MPa, the enthalpy of saturated liquid
d) Its temperature and quality decreases
and saturated vapour are 604.73 and 2738.53
kJ/kg respectively; also, the enthalpy of 23. Which of the statements regarding pure
superheated steam at 300°C is 3066.75 kJ/ substances are correct.
kg. The quality of the water-vapour mixture P) At a pressure below triple point pressure
exiting the chamber is 0.9. The mass flow pure substances can not exist in liquid
rate of saturated liquid water in kg/hr is state
a) 182 b) 282 Q) At a pressure below triple point pressure
c) 382 d) 1000 substance when heated transforms from
solid to liquid
20. Match items Group I with those in Group II
R) At a pressure below triple point pressure
Group I Group II
substance when heated transforms from
P) Critical point 1) Quality = 1.0 solid to vapour
Q) Dry saturated 2) vf  vg a) P and R b) Q and R
vapour c) Only P d) Only Q
R) Superheated vapour 3) T  Tsat 24. A steam turbine operates with a superheated

steam flowing at 1kg s-1. This steam is supplied
4) T  Tsat at 41 bar and 500ºC, and discharges at 1.01325
a) P-1, Q-2, R-3 b) P-1, Q-3, R-2 bar and 100ºC.
c) P-2, Q-1, R-3 d) P-2, Q-1, R-4 Data 41 bar, 500ºCEnthalpy: 3443.9kJ kg-1
Entropy: 7.0785kJ kg-1K-1
21. Water has a critical specific volume of
0.003155 m3/Kg. A closed and rigid steel tank 41 bar; 251.8ºC Enthalpy of 2799.9 kJ kg-1
of volume of 0.025 m3/Kg contains a mixture saturated steam:
of water and steam at 0.1 MPa. The mass Entropy of 6.0583kJkg-1K-1
of the mixture is 10 kg. The tank is now saturated steam:
slowly heated. The liquid level inside the tank 1.01325 bar; 100ºCEnthalpy of 2676kJ kg-1
a) Will rise b) Will fall saturated vapour:

Entropy of 419.1kJ kg-1 and vapour phases of a pure substance in

saturated liquid: equilibrium, the number of independent
Enthalpy of 7.3554 kJkg-1k-1 intrinsic properties needed is equal to
saturated vapour: one.
Entropy of 1.3069kJkg-1k-1
Reason (R) : The three phases can coexist
saturated liquid:
only at one particular pressure
The maximum power output (in kW) will be
a) 644.0 b) 767.9 is the correct explanation of A
c) 871.3 d) 3024.8 b) Both A and R are individually true but R is
25. For a pure substance at 50ºC and 10 bar;
only the following saturation properties are c) A is true but R is false
available d) A is false but R is true
Tempe- Pressure Enthalpy Enthalpy 28. Assertion (A): When solid CO2 (dry ice) is
rature ºC (kPa) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K) exposed to the atmosphere, it gets transformed
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. directly into vapour absorbing the latent heat
Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour of sublimation from the surroundings.
50 12.35 209.31 2592.06 0.7037 8.0762 Reason (R) : The triple point of CO2 is at
179.911 1000 762.79 2778.08 2.1386 6.5864 about 5 atmospheric pressure and at 216 K
The entropy of the substance at 50ºC and 10
bar is approximately:
b) Both A and R are individually true but R is
a) 7.3313 kJ/kg-K b) 2.1386kJ/kg-K
c) 0.7037kJ/kg-K d) 1.4214kJ/kg-K
26. Assertion (A): In mollier chart for steam, d) A is false but R is true
the constant pressure lines are straight lines
in wet region. Linked Data Questions 29 and 30
The following table of properties was printed out
Reason (R) : The slope of constant pressure
for saturated liquid and saturated vapour of
lines in wet region is equal to T.
ammonia. The title for only the first two columns
a) Both A and R are individually true and R are available. All that we know that the other
is the correct explanation of A columns (columns 3 to 8) contain data on specific
b) Both A and R are individually true but R is properties, namely, internal energy (kJ/kg),
not the correct explanation of A enthalpy (kJ/kg) and entropy (kJ/kg-K)
tºC P(kPa)
-20 190.2 88.76 0.3657 89.05 5.6155 1299.5 1418.0
27. Assertion (A): For a mixture of solid, liquid
40 1554.9 368.74 1.3574 371.43 4.8662 1341.0 1470.2

29. Specific enthalpy data are in columns The heat transfer to the system is 1 kJ, during
a) 3 and 7 b) 3 and 8 which its entropy increases by 10 J/K.
c) 5 and 7 d) 5 and 8 Specific volume of liquid vf and vapour vg phases,
30. When saturated liquid at 40ºC is throttled to as well as values of saturation temperatures, are
-20ºC, the quality at the exit will be given in the table below.
a) 0.189 b) 0.212
Pressure Saturation temp., vf(m3/kg) vg(m3/kg)
c) 0.231 d) 0.78 (kPa) Tsat (ºC)
Common Data Questions 31 to 33
100 100 0.001 0.1
In the figure shown, the system is a pure
substance kept in a piston-cylinder arrangement. 200 200 0.0015 0.002
The system is initially a two-phase mixture
31. At the end of the process, which one of the
containing 1 kg of liquid and 0.03 kg of vapour
following situations will be true?
at a pressure of 100 kPa. Initially, the piston
rests on a set of stops, as shown in the figure. a) Superheated vapour will be left in the
A pressure of 200 kPa is required to exactly system
balance the weight of the piston and the outside b) No vapour will be left in the system
atmospheric pressure. Heat transfer takes place c) A liquid + vapour mixture will be left in
into the system until its volume increases by the system
50%. Heat transfer to the system occurs in such d) The mixture will exist at a dry saturate
a manner that the piston, when allowed to move, vapour state
does so in a very slow (quasi-static / quasi-
equilibrium) process. The thermal reservoir from 32. The work done by the system during the
which heat is transferred to the system has a process is
temperature of 400ºC. Average temperature of a) 0.1 kJ b) 0.2 kJ
the system boundary can be taken as 175ºC. c) 0.3 kJ d) 0.4 kJ
33. The net entropy generation (considering the
A tmospheric system and the thermal reservoir together)
g pressure during the process is closest to
Pist on a) 7.5 J/K b) 7.7 J/K
c) 8.5 J/K d) 10 J/K
Sto p
System


Chapter 8
Available energy, Availability & Irreversibility
01. The reference state for availability computation s1  1.1kJ / kg  K to s 2  0.7 kJ / kg  K . The
is
surrounding environmental temperature is 300
a) Practical ambient conditions K. The change in availability of the system
b) 0K, 1 bar is.
c) 0K, 0 bar a) 420 kJ/kg b) 300 kJ/kg
d) Triple point of water c) 180 kJ/kg d) 90 kJ/kg
02. The difference in availability of a system 05. A heat reservoir at 900 K is brought into
between two states is contact with the ambient at 300 K for a short
a) The work done by the system time. During this period 9000 kJ of heat is
b) The heat input to the system lost by the heat reservoir. The total loss in
c) The maximum possible work output from availability due to this process is.
the prescribed change of states a) 18000 kJ
d) None of the above b) 9000 kJ
03. A large furnace can supply heat at a c) 6000 kJ

temperature of 1200 K at a steady rate of d) None of the above
3200 kW. The ambient temperature is 27°C. 06. The maximum work that can be obtained
The availability of this energy is from a closed system exchanging heat with
a) 0 kW b) 800 kW only the ambient during a process in which
c) 1200 kW d) 2400 kW the initial and final temperatures of the system
are equal to the temperature of the ambient,
04. For a steady flow process from state 1 to
is equal to the decrease in its
2, enthalpy changes from
a) Helmholtz energy b) Internal energy
h1  400kJ / kg to h 2  100k / kg and entropy
c) Gibbs energy d) enthalpy
changes from
07. An engine reversibly receives 1200 J of heat

at 900 K. After rejecting heat to the ambient 11. In a certain steady flow process, vapour
at 300 K, it develops 600 J of work. The enters a heat exchanger at 527ºC and is
irreversibility in joules is equal to condensed at the same temperature by
a) 600 b) 400 transferring heat at the rate of 1 kW to water
at 227ºC. The water, in turn, vaporizes at
c) 200 d) Zero
227ºC. The atmospheric temperature is 27ºC
08. A solid aluminium sphere 0.1 metres in and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. The rate of loss
diameter and initially at 200ºC, is allowed to of available energy in Watts is
cool to the ambient temperature of 25ºC. The
a) 67.7 b) 375
irreversibility of this process in kJ is (for
c) 600 d) 225
aluminium, density = 2700 kg/m3. Specific
heat 0.9 kJ/kg.K) 12. The pressure, temperature and velocity of air
a) 47.5 b) 32.6 flowing in a pipe are 5 bar, 500 K and 50
m/s, respectively. The specific heats of air at
c) 24.8 d) 16.4
constant pressure and at constant volume are
09. Air at state 1 at 5 and 1000 K having 0.01
kg mass is expanded in a reciprocating 1.005 kJ/kgK and 0.718 kJ/kgK, respectively.
cylinder to state 2 at a pressure of 1 bar and Neglect potential energy. If the pressure and
temperature of 600 K. Atmospheric temperature of the surroundings are 1 bar
temperature and pressure are 300 K and 1 and 300 K, respectively, the available energy
bar, respectively. Decrease in availability of in kJ/kg of the air stream is
air during the process in kJ is
(a) 170 (b) 187
 s1  836 J / kg.K,s 2  787  J / kg.K  (c) 191 (d) 213
a) 2.42 b) 1.57 13. A steel billet of 2000 kg mass is to be cooled

from 1250K to 450K. The heat released during
c) 1.28 d) 2.87
this process is to be used as a source of
10. Availability per unit mass associated with air energy. The ambient temperature is 303 K
 R  297 J / kg.K,CP  1005J / kg.K &  =1.4  and specific heat of steel is 0.5 kJ/kg K. The
available energy of this billet is
flowing from a reservoir at 10 atm and 25ºC a) 490.44 MJ b) 30.95 MJ
when atmosphere is at 1 atm and 25ºC is
c) 10.35 MJ d) 0.10 MJ
(Neglect changes in the potential and the
kinetic energies)

a) 98.4 kJ/kg b) 196.6 kJ/kg
c) 492.3 kJ/kg d) 689.14 kJ/kg

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Mechanical Engineering

Student Problem Set

1. Basic Concepts ........................................................................................ 5

2. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics .............................................................. 8

3. Heat & Work ........................................................................................ 10

4. First Law of Thermodynamics ............................................................... 20

5. Second Law of Thermodynamics ........................................................... 29

7. Properties of pure Substances ............................................................... 42

8. Available energy, Availability & Irreversibility ......................................... 49

[4] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 900077097

01. A Control volume is (c) Both intensive and extensive

www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 900077097 [5]

c) P and Q d) R and S 13. Identify the group containing the appropriate

a) It is homogeneous is composition P. A jet engine 1. Closed system

[6] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 900077097

14. In the fig. showing a schematic of a vapour as

www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 900077097 [7]

[8] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 900077097

R. Thermistor 3. Volume d) A is false but R is true

S. Constant volume 08. Which one of the following correctly defines

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01. A closed system undergoes a process from a) P, 1, X b) P, 2, X

[10] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 900077097

transferred during this process is

05. A paddle wheel that is turned by a motor stirs 1

www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 900077097 [11]

R) Internal energy 3) Isolated system

13. An electric heater is put insider an insulated

a) Q > 0 W = 0 b) Q > 0; W > 0

11. Match Group I with Group II a) Heat transfer across A and B

Group I Group II b) Heat transfer across A, work transfer

[12] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 900077097

14. A person starts a 60 W table fan in an insulated P

b) Cooler by approximately 10ºC V

15. Air is compressed via a quasi-static process 2

process follows the law pv1.3  cons tan t and

www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 900077097 [13]

18. A ideal gas    1.67  at a pressure of 2 bar

p of the gas = 1.042 kJ/kg.K and

a) 200 kJ b) 1200 kJ R = 0.2968 kJ/kg. K. Heat added in the

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24. Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) of A

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A 30. Match List I (Process) with List II (Index n

[16] www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 900077097

greater than Cv a) 3.74 b) 6.24

Reason (R) : Cp includes work of expansion c) 7.48 d) 12.48

b) Both A and R are individually true but R c) 23/2 d) 25/2

a) Both A and R are individually true and R

b) Both A and R are individually true but R V

c) A is true but R is false

5 36. Volume of the system at state point 2 in m3

www.kulkarniacademy.com Ph.No. 900077097 [17]

c) 486 d) - 486 valve. The valve is opened and nitrogen is

A certain balloon maintains an internal gas

P  P0  2  V  V0  , where P is in kPa and

Initially, the balloon contains helium gas at