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Evolution
Evolution
Evolution
3. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Describe what is meant by a food chain using an example with four named organisms.
(4)
(c) Explain how natural selection can lead to evolution using antibiotic resistance in bacteria
as an example.
(9)
(Total 20 marks)
4. Populations of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus sp.), a fish living in small freshwater lakes
in British Columbia, Canada, are derived from the marine threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus
aculeatus). In order to investigate the process of speciation in these populations, three small
lakes were studied. Each lake contained two varieties of stickleback: a large, bottom-dwelling
variety that fed on invertebrates near the shore and a small, plankton-eating variety that lived in
the open water. The probability of breeding between pairs of individuals was measured under
laboratory conditions in the following breeding combinations:
[Source: Science by MOSES KING, Reproduced with permission of AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE in the format Journal via Copyright Clearance Centre]
(a) Identify the highest and lowest probabilities of breeding for individuals of the same
variety from different lakes.
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(1)
(c) Analyse the probability of breeding between individuals from the same lake.
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(d) Scientists concluded that speciation is taking place in these populations. Discuss the
evidence for speciation provided by the data.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
5. The spontaneous origin of life on Earth is thought to have involved the non-living synthesis of
simple organic molecules.
(a) List two other processes needed for the spontaneous origin of life.
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(2)
(b) Discuss possible locations where conditions would have allowed the synthesis of organic
compounds.
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(2)
(c) Outline the role of prokaryotes in the development of an oxygen-rich atmosphere on the
Earth.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
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(2)
(b) The half-life of the radioisotope 14C is approximately 5730 years.
Using the decay curve shown above, deduce the age of a fossil that contains 30% of the
original amount of 14C.
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(1)
(c) Describe two major trends that can be seen from fossil remains in the sequence
Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus species and Homo species.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
7. Common guillemots (Uria aalge) are large sea birds of the auk family. They breed in colonies
at high densities but make no nest. Their single egg is incubated on bare rock. Alloparenting
behaviour is frequently observed, where non-breeding birds will take care of other chicks.
Scientists fitted electronic time-depth recorders onto twelve common guillemots and recorded
five different activities during the chick-rearing period: at the colony, in flight, resting or active
on the sea surface and diving. The pie charts below include pooled data from all birds showing
overall time budget and time budget at sea.
(a) State which activity takes up least of the overall time budget of the guillemots.
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(1)
(b) Calculate the percentage of the overall time budget the guillemots spend resting on the
sea surface.
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(1)
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(2)
(d) Suggest two reasons, other than breeding, why birds spend more time at the colony than
any other activity.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
8. Competition between genetically similar species of birds may lead to changes of one or more
characteristics. One characteristic that results from this kind of selection is differences in the
beaks. Researchers studied the beak lengths of two species of warblers. The graphs below show
the beak lengths of Pine Warblers (Dendroica pinus) and Yellow-throated Warblers (Dendroica
dominica) from three geographically isolated areas in the USA.
[Source: R Ficken et al. 1968. Evolution. Vol 27. Pp 307–314. Republished with the permission of
Wiley-Blackwell.]
(a) (i) Identify the species with the shortest mean beak length.
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(1)
(ii) Determine the difference in the mean beak length of the two populations of
Yellow-throated Warblers in Midwest and Delmarva.
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(1)
(iii) Compare the range of variation in beak length of the Yellow-throated Warblers in
Midwest to the beak length of the Yellow-throated Warblers in Delmarva.
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(1)
(b) Suggest an advantage for the longer beaks of Yellow-throated Warblers in Delmarva.
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(1)
(c) Using the Yellow-throated Warbler as an example, outline the concept of allopatric
speciation.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
9. Discuss the incompleteness of the fossil record and the resulting uncertainties about human
evolution.
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(Total 6 marks)
10. Triarthus was a trilobite that lived on Earth about 500 million years ago. The diagrams below
show its structure, viewed from above and below. The structure was discovered by studying
fossils of Triarthus.
(a) There are many animals living on Earth today that belong to the same phylum as the
trilobites, but there are no living trilobites. Deduce, with a reason, the phylum to which
Triarthus belonged.
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(2)
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(2)
(c) Some trilobites swam in clear, shallow water and had very large eyes. Suggest how
species with large eyes could evolve from species with smaller eyes.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
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(1)
(b) Distinguish between analogous and homologous structures, giving an example of each.
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(2)
(c) The table below lists five animals along with four morphological characteristics. A plus
sign (+) indicates that the animal has this characteristic while a minus sign (–) indicates
that the characteristic is absent.
Based on the features above, a student constructed a cladogram. State the names of the
organisms missing in the following cladogram.
(2)
(d) Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
12. Discuss the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotes.
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(Total 6 marks)
13. A study was undertaken of the evolution of two species of wasps, one the parasite of the other.
The parasite queen, Vespula squamosa, kills the host queen, Vespula maculifrons, and takes
over her role in the colony. Data was compiled for 13 colonies of V. squamosa and 37 colonies
of V. maculifrons to analyse the genetic structure of the two species.
Each point on the graphs represents the genetic distance and geographic distance between a pair
of colonies. The genetic distance indicates the number of differences in specific DNA markers
between a pair of colonies. The results are shown below.
[Source: Hoffman EA, Kovacs JL, Goodisman MAD. 2008. “Genetic structure and breeding system in a social wasp
and its social parasite.” BMC Evolutionary Biology. Vol 8. P 239. © 2008 Hoffman et al; licensee BioMed Central
Ltd.]
(a) (i) Determine the greatest genetic distance between any pair of colonies of
V. squamosa.
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(1)
(ii) Identify the greatest geographic distance between any pair of colonies of
V. maculifrons.
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(1)
(b) Describe the relationship between the geographic distance and genetic distance in the
two species.
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(1)
(c) Compare the two species in terms of genetic distance between the pairs of colonies.
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(2)
(d) Data collected on eight specific alleles in the two species indicated that each species was
in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Evaluate all the data regarding possible evolutionary
changes within the two species.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
14. (a) (i) Distinguish between transient polymorphism and balanced polymorphism.
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(1)
(b) Describe an example of a barrier between gene pools.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
I. Homologous structures
II. Selective breeding of domesticated animals
III. Overproduction of offspring
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
16. Drosophila subobscura (shown in photograph below) is a species of fruit fly native to Europe.
The sample on the left is from Spain, latitude 39°, and the one on the right is from Denmark,
latitude 56°. The species was introduced into both South America and North America
approximately 20 years ago. The graph below shows the wing size in arbitrary units of
D. subobscura at different latitudes in the three locations.
[Reprinted from Mark Vellend, Luke J Harmon, Julie L Lockwood, Margaret M Mayfield, A Randall Hughes, John P Wares
and Dov F Sax. 2007. “Effects of exotic species on evolutionary diversification”. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. Vol 22,
issue 9. Pp 481–488. Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier.]
(a) Identify the relationship between wing size and latitude shown by D. subobscura in
Europe.
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(1)
(b) (i) Compare the data for wing size of D. subobscura in North and South America with
wing size in Europe.
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(2)
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(1)
(c) Predict, with a reason, what might happen to D. subobscura in the future as a result of its
introduction to new areas.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
17. (a) State two processes needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth.
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(2)
(b) Outline the properties of RNA that may have allowed it to play a role in the origin of life.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
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(2)
(b) Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus and Australopithecus.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
19. Compare convergent and divergent evolution.
(Total 3 marks)
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(3)
(b) There has been a change of thinking; moving from gradualism to punctuated equilibrium
demonstrates the changing nature of science. Discuss these two ideas about the pace of
evolution.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
21. (a) Outline, using named hominid fossil species, trends in hominid skull evolution.
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(3)
(b) Discuss the correlation between diet and brain size.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
I. Homologous structures
II. Selective breeding of domesticated animals
III. Overproduction of offspring
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
23. (a) Outline the properties of RNA that may have allowed it to play a role in the origin of life.
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(2)
(b) Outline the evidence provided by DNA for the common ancestry of living organisms.
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(2)
(c) The cladogram below shows the classification of species A to D. Deduce how similar
species A is to species B, C and D.
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(2)
(d) Suggest two reasons for using cladograms for the classification of organisms.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
24. Discuss, using examples, the importance of cultural and genetic factors in human evolution.
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(Total 6 marks)
25. (a) Identify two processes needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth.
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(2)
(b) Outline ideas about the pace of evolution according to gradualism and punctuated
equilibrium.
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(2)
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(1)
(ii) Analyse the relationship between the organisms in the following cladogram.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
26. Explain the biochemical evidence provided by DNA and protein structures for the common
ancestry of living organisms.
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(Total 6 marks)
27. Which of the following will promote variation in a species?
I. Meiosis
II. Fertilization
III. Natural selection
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
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(2)
(b) Outline the date and distribution of Australopithecus afarensis illustrated by the fossils
found.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
30. (a) Describe transient polymorphism.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
31. Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme used by cells to protect themselves against oxidative
damage. These enzymes can have different metals as part of their structure.
A study to compare two dismutases from Escherichia coli bacteria and two dismutases from
eukaryotic cells was undertaken. The following enzymes were used:
• E. coli dismutase with iron (Fe)
• E. coli dismutase with manganese (Mn)
• eukaryotic mitochondrial dismutase with manganese (Mn)
• eukaryotic cytoplasmic dismutase with copper-zinc (Cu-Zn).
The following shows part of the amino acid sequences of these enzymes. Boxes enclose
identical amino acids in the sequence of the two E. coli and mitochondrial dismutases.
[Steinman, H M and Hill, R L. 1973. “Sequence homologies among bacterial and mitochondrial superoxide
dismutases”. PNAS. Vol 70, issue 12. Pp 3725–3729. Used with the permission of the authors.]
(a) State how many amino acids are in the same position in the E. coli (Fe), E. coli (Mn) and
the mitochondrial dismutase sequences shown.
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(1)
(b) State the amino acids which are present in the same position in at least one bacterial
dismutase and in both eukaryotic dismutases.
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(1)
(c) Compare the E. coli (Mn) and the mitochondrial dismutases.
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(2)
(d) Using the diagram, suggest whether the evolution of bacterial dismutase and cytoplasmic
dismutase is convergent or divergent.
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(1)
(e) The sequences of the two bacterial dismutases and the mitochondrial dismutase show a
high degree of homology. Discuss how this supports the endosymbiotic theory for the
origin of mitochondria.
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(Total 7 marks)
32. (a) Define the terms allele frequency and gene pool.
(b) State one assumption made when the Hardy–Weinberg equation is used.
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(Total 7 marks)
33. Discuss the incompleteness of the fossil record and the resulting uncertainties concerning
human evolution.
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(Total 6 marks)
A. Natural selection
B. Random fertilization
C. Independent assortment
D. Crossing over
(Total 1 mark)
35. There is evidence that body size of animals tends to increase over time. In this study, fossils and
living species from the genus Poseidonamicus, deep-sea ostracods, were used to test this
hypothesis. The numbers on the dotted line represent the number of different Poseidonamicus
species found either as fossils or living. For each time period, the average valve length of all
species studied is plotted. Valve length is an indication of total body size. The continuous line
is the estimated temperature of their deep-sea habitat.
[Adapted from Gene Hunt and Kaustuv Roy. 2006. “Climate change, body size evolution, and Cope’s Rule in
deep-sea ostracodes”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol 103, issue 5. Pp 1347–1352 (Figure 1).
Copyright 2006, National Academy of Sciences, USA.]
(a) Calculate the percentage increase in valve length between the species studied from 40
million years ago and the species from the present day.
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(b) Suggest two reasons for the increase in the number of species of Poseidonamicus over
time.
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(c) Evaluate the hypothesis that changes in size of Poseidonamicus are caused by changes in
sea temperature.
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(Total 7 marks)
36. (a) Describe the processes needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth.
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(3)
(b) Discuss the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotes.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
37. (a) Describe two major anatomical features of humans that define them as primates.
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(2)
(b) Discuss the implications of the incompleteness of the fossil record on our understanding
of human evolution.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
38. (a) State two properties of RNA that would allow it to play a role in the origin of life.
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(b) Outline the experiment of Miller and Urey into the origin of organic compounds.
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(Total 5 marks)
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(c) Explain the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during
hominid evolution.
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(Total 7 marks)
B. After a change in the environment a species will evolve adaptations to the new
conditions.
41. (a) State one process needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth.
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(1)
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(Total 3 marks)
42. (a) Outline allopatric and sympatric speciation.
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(b) Explain the biochemical evidence for the common ancestry of living organisms.
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(Total 10 marks)
43. The rate of nucleotide substitution is used as an indication of evolutionary change. A study was
carried out on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA of different species of Acropora, a Pacific
Ocean coral.
The dark grey bars represent the range of genetic sequence divergence between the species for
specific mitochondrial DNA sequences (mtDNA) and the light grey bars represent specific
nuclear DNA sequences (nDNA).
[Shearer, T L et al. 2002. “Slow mitochondrial DNA sequence evolution in the Anthozoa (Cnidaria)”. Molecular
Ecology. Vol 11, issue 12. Pp 2475–2487. © John Wiley & Sons Inc. Reproduced with permission.]
(a) Measure the percentage of maximum genetic divergence for the mtDNA2 sequence.
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(1)
(b) Calculate the maximum difference in genetic divergence between the mtDNA5 sequence
and nDNA6 sequence.
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(c) Compare the variations in the range of genetic divergence of the mtDNA and nDNA
sequences.
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(3)
(d) Discuss the significance of this data in terms of possible evolutionary changes in these
genes.
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(Total 8 marks)
44. (a) State one difference between cultural evolution and genetic evolution.
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(b) Outline the pace of evolution as implied in the theory of punctuated equilibrium.
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(Total 3 marks)
45. (a) Using examples, distinguish between analogous characteristics and homologous
characteristics.
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(4)
(b) Albinism, a lack of pigmentation in skin and hair, is caused by a recessive allele.
Albinism occurs in North America in approximately one in 20 000 persons. Explain how
the Hardy-Weinberg equation is applied in this example.
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(5)
(Total 9 marks)
46. Charles Darwin used domesticated animals to provide evidence for evolution by natural
selection.
What is this evidence?
A. Differences between breeds show that selection can cause species to change.
C. Some domesticated animals die because the environment cannot support them all.
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(1)
(b) Outline two pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of
eukaryotes.
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(2)
(Total 3 marks)
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(2)
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(1)
(ii) For this species, state the geographical distribution and approximately how many
years ago it lived.
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(2)
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
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(2)
(b) Define analogous characteristics using one example to illustrate your answer.
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(1)
(c) Outline two pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of
eukaryotes.
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(2)
1. ..................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
50. Explain the biochemical evidence for the common ancestry of living organisms.
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(Total 6 marks)
51. Which process has the greatest effect in determining which members of a population are most
likely to survive until reproductive age?
A. Evolution
B. Natural selection
C. Meiosis
D. Hybridization
(Total 1 mark)
52. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(b) Explain the consequences of a base substitution mutation in relation to the processes of
transcription and translation.
(8)
53. The tree diagram (cladogram) below shows how closely related a group of species of spiders
are on the Hawaiian island group. Two of the species have not been given a scientific name.
Three pairs of the spiders spin very similar webs. These are shown on the diagram. The island
on which the spider lives is also indicated.
location:
T. hawaiensis - Hawai’i
“emerald
- O’ahu
ovoid”
T. limu - O’ahu
“eurylike” - O’ahu
T. acuta - Maui
T. fliciphilia - Maui
T. stelarobusta - Maui
T. eurychasma - Maui
T. perkinsi - Hawai’i
[Source: T A Blackledge and R G Gillespie (November 2004), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, (46),
pages 1622816233]
(a) State which species is most distantly related to T. perkinsi on the basis of the tree
diagram.
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(1)
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(c) Deduce whether spiders that spin similar webs or spiders that live on the same island are
more closely related.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
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(1)
(b) Describe two examples of barriers between gene pools.
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(4)
(Total 5 marks)
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(1)
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(6)
(Total 7 marks)
56. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
57. The cladogram below shows how closely related a group of species of spiders are on the
Hawaiian island group. Two of the species have not been given a scientific name. Three pairs
of the spiders spin very similar webs. These are shown on the diagram. The island on which the
spider lives is also indicated.
location:
T. hawaiensis - Hawai’i
“emerald
- O’ahu
ovoid”
T. limu - O’ahu
“eurylike” - O’ahu
T. acuta - Maui
T. fliciphilia - Maui
T. stelarobusta - Maui
T. eurychasma - Maui
T. perkinsi - Hawai’i
[Source: T A Blackledge and R G Gillespie (November 2004), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, (46),
pages 1622816233]
(a) Deduce whether spiders that spin similar webs or spiders that live on the same island are
more closely related.
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(2)
(b) Mitochondrial DNA from the spiders was analysed to produce the cladogram. Outline the
method of analysing the DNA to produce evidence for cladograms.
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(3)
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(Total 8 marks)
58. (a) Outline properties of RNA that may have played a role in the development of life on this
planet.
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(2)
(b) State two types of molecules used in the experiments of Miller and Urey to simulate the
atmosphere of pre-biotic earth.
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(1)
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
59. Discuss the correlation between change in the diet and increase in brain size in early hominid
evolution.
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(Total 5 marks)