Advanced Materials Research Vols.

805-806 (2013) pp 458-463 Online: 2013-09-10

© (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.805-806.458

A Battery Dynamic Model for the Power System Simulation

Xiaodong Li 1, 2, a, Zhongxing Dong 1, 2, b, Wei Zong 1, 2 , Zongqi Liu 1, 2
1
State Key Laboratory for Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, China
2
North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
a b
lxdbest@foxmail.com, zhongxing_dong0425@163.com

Keywords: micro-grid; battery model; controlled voltage source; simulation; initial SOC.

Abstract. This paper analyzes the battery dynamic characteristics as well as some existing battery
models, then presents a universal battery model applicable to micro-grid simulation. The model is
composed of a controlled voltage source in series with a constant resistance .The voltage of the
controlled voltage source is a one-to-one correspondence with the state of charge (SOC)of the battery,
which can effectively avoid the algebraic loop problem. The parameters of the model can be easily
extracted from the battery discharge curve. The simulation results shows that the biggest advantage of
this model is that the initial SOC of the battery can be set accordingly, which allows the battery to be
charged or discharged from any SOC conveniently.

Introduction
Currently, energy and environmental issues have become increasingly prominent, attached great
importance to environmental protection and new energy sources around the world, micro-grid and
electric vehicles have become a research thermoelectric problem. In study of the micro-grid and
electric vehicle simulation, the battery model is very important, and therefore it is necessary to create
a battery model which could accurately reflect the characteristics of the battery, simple and
convenient application.
Domestic and foreign scholars have done depth research of the battery model, proposed a variety of
battery models which can be divided into the following three categories: experimental model,
electrochemical model and circuit model. Among them, the circuit model can well reflect the
electrical characteristics of the battery, suitable for simulation. The existing circuit-based model also
has a variety of cells, Such as simple battery model, a first-order RC model, second-order dynamic
model and even higher-order battery model. Simple battery model only consists of a voltage source in
series with a resistor, the structure is simple, but this model is too idealistic, does not consider the
battery SOC and voltage corresponding relationship, and cannot reflect the dynamic characteristics of
the battery, it only can be applied to certain ideal circuit simulation work. First-order RC model of
battery divide the internal resistance of the battery ohmic into two parts: resistance and polarization
resistance, the parallel capacitors are used to simulate the battery polarization in the generation and
elimination process of the dynamic characteristic of the show, this model can be used for simulate the
battery characteristics, and the structure is simple, , but this model is used in the power supply voltage
source, the same does not consider battery SOC and the corresponding relationship between the
battery terminal voltage. As for the more advanced battery model, the structure is more complex and
difficult to separate arguments. In the literature [1] proposed a battery model for simulation, but the
model's initial state of charge of the battery is fixed at 100%, is only suitable for the research of the
battery begins to discharge from a full state, when doing charge simulation , the battery must
discharged first, the application of it is not inconvenience. The model of literature [2] is more
improved than the literature [1], charging and discharging control circuit are different, and some have
been improved, but still only must be discharged start from the 100% state, or start charging from a
charge state 0, which restrict the flexible application of the model.
Based on the analysis of a variety of existing battery model, this paper mainly improved on the
basis of the literature [1] and the literature [2] , the proposed battery model has both the advantage of
the literature [1], [2] ,and can be well reflected the characteristics of the, easily separate the model

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 Advanced Materials Research Vols. 805-806 459

parameters. In addition, the improvements of the proposed model is that can be freely set battery
model initial state of charge (SOC), namely at the beginning of the simulation the battery state of
charge can be based on the actual needs of artificial freedom, which can charge the battery from any
state to begin charging and discharging operations, which greatly improve the battery model
application flexibility.

Battery Model
Several Assumptions Of Establishing the Battery Model
Although the battery model presented in this paper can be easily applied to power system simulation
software, but this model must be based on the following assumptions:
1) Battery internal resistance is assumed constant, does not vary with the charge-discharge cycles and
the current of charge or discharge.
2) The model parameters are obtained from the isolate of the battery discharge curve, assuming the
battery parameters are the same during charging and discharging process.
3) The battery capacity does not change with the current amplitude.
4) Battery performance is independent of temperature.
The Physical Meaning of the Battery Model Parameters
This simulation model only using the battery state of charge (SOC) as a variable, so as to effectively
avoid the algebraic loop problem, and by setting the value of the variable D, it is facilitate to set the
initial of the battery SOC. Specific model consists of a controlled voltage source and a resistor in
series, the specific model is shown in Fig 1.:

Fig 1. Nonlinear battery model

The open circuit voltage E of the battery can be calculated by a non-linear formula as follows:
Q
+ A*exp(−B*(D+ ∫ idt)) (1)
t
E = E0 − K t
Q− (D+ ∫ idt)
0
0
The physical meanings of the parameters in Formula (1) are as follows:
E: Battery No-load voltage (V), E0: Battery constant voltage (V), K: Battery polarization voltage
(V), Q: battery rated capacity (Ah), A: voltage amplitude of battery discharge curve exponent region
(V), B: inverse of time constant of battery discharge curve exponential region (Ah-1), Vbatt: battery
terminal voltage (V), i: Battery Current (A), R: battery internal resistance (Ω), D: D = (1-SOC) * Q
(indicates the power value which the battery has discharged at the beginning of the simulation).
This model is nonlinear changes in battery voltage, and only depends on the battery state of charge
(SOC). When the battery is almost all discharged, the battery is almost no current flow, and battery
terminal voltage is almost zero. The parameters in the control circuit E0, K, A, B can be easily
separated from the battery out of the discharge curve, it will be described below. The physical
meaning of the parameter D is that the battery released a value of D of electricity from full state of
charge (SOC = 100%) at the beginning of the simulation, namely at the beginning of simulation the
460 Energy and Power Technology

actual battery charge quantity of Q-D, SOC = (Q-D) / Q. We can see, through freely set the value of D
can be easily set the initial state of charge of the battery, which can facilitate the simulation of
charging and discharging.
Some Limitations of the Battery Model
The model can well reflect the dynamic characteristics of the battery, as this model is focused on the
study of the power system simulation applications, which making this model based on some certain
assumptions, and making this model has the following limitations:
1) The minimum of Battery no-load voltage is 0V, the maximum has no boundaries.
2) The minimum amount of charge is 0Ah, the maximum has no boundaries. So, if overcharged,
the state of charge (SOC) of the battery may be greater than 100%.
Battery Model Parameter Extraction
All of the parameters of the model can be easily separated from the battery discharge curve, shown as
below:

Fig 2. Typical battery discharge curve

Fig 2. is a typical discharge curve of the rated capacity of 25Ah lithium-ion battery with 0.2
magnification (5A) cross-flow discharge. The following will introduce the method of separate the
battery parameters from the discharge curve.
Approximate Resistance Separation
Battery resistance is a very important parameter which fully reflects changes in the voltage drop
caused by the battery current. Battery manual will usually indicate the battery internal resistance, but
experiments show that for the proposed battery model, marked on the battery user manual resistance
does not apply, but we can easily separate the internal resistance of the battery used in this model,
according to the typical battery discharge curve, the specific methods are as follows:
Since resistance will affect the output voltage of the battery, thereby affecting the efficiency of the
battery. It can be calculated by the following formula:
I * R * I nom
η = 1 − nom ( 2)
Vnom * I nom
I nom is the constant current value during the typical discharge process of constant current
discharge :
I nom = 0.2* Qnom /1h ( 3)
Put the formula (3) into the formula (2), we have:
0.2 * R * Qnom
η = 1−
Vnom
Then we have the calculation formula of battery internal resistance:
1 −η
R = Vnom * ( 4)
0.2* Qnom
According to the literature [1], we take battery efficiency as 99.5%:
 Advanced Materials Research Vols. 805-806 461

1 −η 1 − 0.995
R = Vnom *
= 3.2* = 0.004(Ω)
0.2* Qnom 0.2* 20
Model Controller Section Parameters Separation
The battery controller section parameters include E0, K, A, B, we can easily separate out the data only
need to use the battery discharge curve of the three feature points of data, the three points are as
follows:
1) Fully charged voltage amplitude of the battery Efull;2) The voltage Eexp and electricity Qexp of
discharge curve at index zone cutoff point;3) The voltage Enom and electricity Qnom of Battery
working area at cutoff point.Specific methods that can be calculated as follows:
A = E full − Ee xp ( 5)
3
B = (6 )
Q exp
(Efull − Enom + A(exp(−B*Qnom) −1))*(Q−Qnom)
K= ( 7)
Qnom
E0 = E full + K + Ri − A ( 8)
We can obtain the parameters in this case with the specific data:
A = E fu ll − E e x p = 3 .6 − 3 .3 = 0 .3(V )
3 3
B = = = 0 .6 ( A h − 1 )
Q e xp 5 A * 1h
( E fu ll − E n o m + A (ex p ( − B * Q n o m ) − 1)) * ( Q − Q n o m )
K = =
Q nom
(3 .6 − 3 .2 + 0 .3(ex p ( − 0 .6 * 2 0 ) − 1)) * ( 2 5 − 2 0 )
= 0 .0 2 5 (V )
20
E 0 = E fu ll + K + R i − A = 3 .6 + 0 .0 2 5 + 0 .0 0 4 * 5 − 0 .3 = 3 .3 4 5 (V )

Battery model simulation

The paper above introduced the battery model and parameter separation method, the following will
validate the proposed model, verify contents include:
1) Proving this model can well reflect the dynamic characteristics of the battery;
2) Proving that it is facilitate to set the initial of the battery SOC by setting the value of the
parameter D. PSCAD simulation software will be used in this paper.
Battery Discharge verification
First verify the battery discharge process. To better reflect the discharge characteristics of the battery,
the battery use 1 and 0.5 magnification discharge rate, and make the value of the initial SOC of the
battery are 100%, 50% by setting the parameter D, the corresponding D values were 0, 12.5.
Simulation results are shown in Fig 3. Fig 4. Fig 5. Fig.6. :
Main : Graphs Main : Graphs
E E
4.00 4.00

3.50 3.50
3.00 3.00
2.50 2.50
2.00 2.00
1.50
y

1.50
y

1.00 1.00
0.50 0.50
0.00 0.00
-0.50 -0.50
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 ... 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 ...
... ...
... ...
Fig 3. D = 0, the discharge curve of 1 rate Fig 4. D = 0, the discharge curve of 0.5 rate
462 Energy and Power Technology

Main : Graphs Main : Graphs

E E
4.00 4.00
3.50 3.50
3.00 3.00
2.50 2.50
2.00 2.00
1.50 1.50

y
y

1.00 1.00
0.50 0.50
0.00 0.00
-0.50 -0.50
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 ... 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 ...
... ...
... ...
Fig 5. D =12.5, the discharge curve of 1 rate Fig 6. D = 12.5, the discharge curve of 0.5 rate

Charging verification
Verify the model discharge process using constant current charging to constant voltage charging
mode, constant current charging section using 1 magnification, namely 25A constant current charging.
When the battery voltage reaches 3.4V ,it converts to constant voltage charging mode. In order to
verify the validity of the model parameter D, respectively using the initial SOC 2%, 10% when start
charging, the corresponding value of D are 24.5, 22.5. The simulation results are shown in Fig 7. Fig8.
Fig 9. Fig 10. :
Main : Graphs Main : Graphs
E Ia
3.60 25.0

3.40
20.0
3.20
3.00 15.0
2.80
y

2.60 10.0

2.40
5.0
2.20
2.00 0.0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 ... 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 ...
... ...
... ...

Fig 7. D = 24.5 the charge voltage curve Fig 8. D = 24.5 the charge current curve

Main : Graphs Main : Graphs

P E
100
3.60
90
80 3.40
70 3.20
60 3.00
50 2.80
y
y

40
2.60
30
2.40
20
10 2.20
0 2.00
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 ... 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 ...
... ...
... ...

Fig 9. D = 24.5 the charging power curve Fig 10. D = 22.5 the charge voltage curve

Summary
Verified by simulation shows that: This model can be correctly reflect the battery charging and
discharging process of the dynamic characteristic; and in the charge-discharge process can accurately
capture the model used in the establishment of the three points, so that the model and the actual
battery punch discharge curve error is very small, high precision; addition, the simulation results also
proved that this model newly introduced variable D is correct, by setting the value of the variable D
can freely change the battery's initial SOC, the application of this model is flexible and convenient.
 Advanced Materials Research Vols. 805-806 463

Conclusions
To create an accurate battery model is very complex and requires taking into account the impact of
battery polarization, the temperature of the battery characteristics and many other factors, so that the
model is very complex, and difficult to extract many parameters. Battery model presented in this
paper focuses on applied to power system simulation studies, done appropriately simplified, can well
reflect the battery charge and discharge characteristics, and also the model of the typical battery
discharge curve requires only three points information, simple structure, easy to achieve, in addition,
the biggest feature of this model is that the introduction of D parameters which makes the initial
battery SOC can be set conveniently.

Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by: National High Technology R&D Program of China
(863Program) (2012AA050804).

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[3] E.Kuhn, C.Forgez, P.Lagonotte, G.Friedrich. Modelling Ni-mH battery using Cauer and Foster
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Energy and Power Technology
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.805-806

A Battery Dynamic Model for the Power System Simulation

10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.805-806.458