ma

ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

ENGLI
SHFORM1NOTES
(
mar
iamk
erubo2020@gma
il
.c
om)

ByMdm.ma r
iam
FORMOREE- MATERIALS
What
sApp(+254)0746711892
LI
STENI
NGANDSPEAKI
NG.
PRONUNCI
ATI
ON
PRONUNCI
ATI
ONOFVOWELSOUNDS
I
nEngli
sh,weha
vev
ari
ousv
owe
lsounds
.Wes
hal
lst
udyt
hemonea
fte
r
t
heother.
Sound/ᵆ/
Cons
ide
rthel
ett
er‘
a’i
nthewor
dsbe
low.
Eac
hsa
yst
hiss
ound.

 Pa
n  Pa
t  Tr
ack  Ra
g

 Fa
n  Da
d  Cr
am  Sa
nd

 Ba
n  Ha
m  Fa
nne
d  Sl
am

 Br
ash  Ma
t  Fl
ash  Ta
g

 Ca
t  Ra
sh  Pa
ck  Ma
n
Sound/ᶾ
˸/
Pa
ge|1
Formor
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 Thi
ssoundi
smor
eli
ket
hes
oundy
ouma
kewhe
nyoua
redi
sgus
ted.
 Thel
ett
ersi
nbol
dfa
ces
ayt
hiss
ound.
Studyt
hemc
are
ful
l
y.

 Bi
rd  Be
rth  Cur  Pe
rt

 Shi
rt  He
r  Fur  St
ir

 Fl
i
rt  He
ard  Fi
rm  Bl
ur

 Tur
n  Hur
t  He
rd  Shi
rk

 Le
arn  Pur
se  Bur
n  Sur
ge

 Fi
rst  Bi
rt
h  Cur
t

Sound/a
:/
I
tispr
onounc
edbyha
vingamuc
hwi
derope
nmout
hpos
iti
on.
I
nsi
dey
ourmout
hiss
howni
nthepr
oce
ssofs
ayi
ngt
hiss
ound.
 Ex
ampl
esofwor
dsbe
ari
ngt
hiss
oundi
ncl
ude
:

 Fa
r  He
art  Ba
rd  Da
rt

 Fa
rm  Ha
rd  Ca
rt  Ca
rd

 Gua
rd  Ba
r  Ca
r  Pa
r

Sound/ə/
Pa
ge|2
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 Thi
ssound(
ref
err
edt
oass
chwa
)isas
hor
tvowe
lsound.
I
tmos
tlyf
oundi
nwor
dsc
ont
aini
ngl
ett
er‘
o’
,f
ore
xampl
e,

 Conf
use uous  Condol
en
ce
 Cont
empt  Cont
inue
 Al
soi
nwordss
uchas:
Bus
ine
ss
Sound/Ʌ/
Ex
ampl
esofwor
dsc
ont
aini
ngt
hiss
oundi
ncl
ude
:

 Sun  Cum  Fun  Br

ush d

 Son  Cup  Sung  Hum  Dr

um

 Some  But  Swum  Rung  Dumb

 Pun  Muc
h  Bug  Tr
uck  Fund

 Fun  Be
gun  Bunk  St
unne
Sound/ɔ˸
/
I
tisal
ongs
ound.
 Themout hdoes
n’tmov
ewhil
esay
ingthi
ssound,
andi
tca
nbe
pronounc
e dasl
ongasyouha
vebr
e a
th.
I
tiss
aidi
nwor
dss
ucha
s:

 Or  Chor
es  Por
k  Four  Nor

 Mor
e  Dor
m  Door  For
e  La
w

Pa
ge|3
Formor
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 Cor
d  Hor
n  Sa
w  Cha
lk  Sc
orn

 For
m  Lor
d  Shor
e J
aw

Sound/ᶛ
/
I
tisas
hor
tsound.
 Themout
hdoe
sn’
tmov
e.
 Ea
choft
hewor
dsbe
lowbe
art
hiss
ound:

 Got  Bos
s  Cop  Pot  Swa
tc
h
 On  St
ock  Mop  Bl
ot

 Cos
t  Pl
ot  Rod  Cr
ock

 Los
t  Bl
ock  Soc
k  Fr
og

 Odd  Coc
k  Shot  Swa
t
Sound/ᶹ
/
bos
om

Sound/I
:
/
 Longs
ound
 Sa
idi
nwor
dss
ucha
stheone
sbe
low:

 She
ep
Pa
ge|4
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 Fe
et

 Me
at

 Twe
ete
tc.

Sound/ᶦ
/
I
tisas
hor
tsound.
I
nwor
dss
ucha
s:

 Fi
t

 Bi
t

 Qui
t

 Bl
i
pet
c.

Ex
erc
ise
Thetablebel
owhascol
umnswithdiff
ere
ntsounds.
Pronounceeac
hof
thewordsinthel
i
standcl
ass
ify
, a
ccordi
ngt
ot hehi
ghli
ghtedle
tte
r(s
),
underthecol
umntha
tbe a
rsthatsound.
Chi
p Gr
ease
d St
il
l cheat j
et
Jeep Te
al Bl
ip bli
nk
Creek Hi
ll Fi
l
l
t
hri
l
l
We t Si
t Bed
/i
:
/ /ᶦ
/ /e
/

Pa
ge|5
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PRONUNCI
ATI
ONOFCONSONANTSOUNDS
Thes
ound/ᵗ
ᶴ/
 Ma debyrel
eas
ingt
hes
toppe
dai
rthr
oughy
ourt
eet
hbyt
het̀
i
pof
yourtongue
.
I
tisv
oic
ele
ssbe
caus
evoc
alc
ordsdonotv
ibr
atewhe
nyous
ayi
t.
 Mos
twor
dswi
thl
ett
ers‘
CH’
sayt
hiss
ound,
fore
xampl
e,
Chur
ch Te
ach Cr
unc
h
Chi
ps Pi
nch Muc
h
 The
rea
ret
hos
ewi
thl
ett
ers‘
TCH’
fore
xampl
e,
Ca
tch Ba
tch Ki
tche
n
Wa
tch I
tch wi
tch
 Somea
rewi
thl
ett
ers‘
TU’
,f
ore
xampl
e,

Pa
ge|6
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Ce
ntur
y
Spa
tul
a

TheSound/ᵈ
ᶾ/
 Pr
onounc
edt
hes
amewa
yas/ᵗ
ᶴ/.
Iti
sjus
ttha
titi
svoi
ced.
 Le
tte
rsr
epr
ese
nti
ngt
hiss
oundi
ncl
ude
:
(
a) Le
tte
rs‘
DG’

 Fudge  Budg
e  Br
idge J
udge
(
b) Le
tte
r‘J
’

J
udge J
oy  Ej
ect J
ake

J
ump J
oke J
uly  Pr
oje
ct
(
c) Le
tte
rs‘
DU’

 Pr
oce
dur
e  Gr
adua
te I
ndi
vi
dua
l
(
d) Whe
nle
tte
r‘Gr
epr
ese
ntst
hes
ound
I
tdoe
stha
twhe
niti
sinf
rontofa
n‘e
’,‘
i
’,or‘
y’
(
i) Le
tte
rs‘
GE’
,f
ore
xampl
e,

 Age
nt  Ge
l y  Knowl
edg
e
 Ge
rm  Ange
l  Ge
ntl
e
 La
rge
 Ge
m  Da
nge
r  Bi
l
ge
 Si
nge
 Budge
t  Eme
rge
nc  Ur
gent
Pa
ge|7
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 Enl
arge  Cha
ll
enge  Ri
dge  Eme
rge
(
ii
) Le
tte
rs‘
GI’
,f
ore
xampl
e,

 Agi
l
e s  Gi
raf
fe  Le
gion

 Al
l
ergi
c  Gi
st  Engi
nee
r  Or
igi
nal

 Apol
ogi
ze  Di
gi
ti
ze  Fr
agi
l
e  Vi
gi
la
nt

 Cont
agi
ou  El
i
gibl
e  Fugi
ti
ve

(
ii
i) Le
tte
rs‘
GY’
,f
ore
xampl
e,

 Al
l
ergy  Ana
logy  Gy
m

 Cl
ergy  Zool
ogy  Li
tur
gy

 Egy
pt  St
ingy  Pa
negy
ric
TheSound/f
/
 Thes
oundi
sunv
oic
edorv
oic
ele
ss.
 Ai
risst
oppedbypus
hingthebottomli
pa ndtopt
eet
htoge
the
r.The
ai
rist
henpushe
dthroughtoproducet
hissound.
 The/f
/soundha
sthef
oll
owi
ngl
ett
erss
ayi
ngi
t:
(
a) Le
tte
r‘F’

 Four  Kni
fe  Fa
mil
y  Puf
f

 Wi
fe  Li
fe  St
aff  Fi
ve

Pa
ge|8
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(
b) Le
tte
rs‘
PH’

 Phone  Pa
ragr
aph

 Gr
aph  Phr
ase
(
c) Le
tte
rs‘
GH’

 Cough  La
ugh  Tough

 Roug
h  Enough  Dr
aught

TheSound/v
/
 Thesamemout
hsha
pea
s/f
/isf
orme
dwhe
npr
onounc
ingt
he
sound/v
/.
I
tisv
oic
ed.
 Yourt
opt
eet
hisputony
ourbot
toml
i
p.
 Wor
dsbe
ari
ngt
hiss
oundi
ncl
ude
:

 Va
n  Voi
ce  Sa
ve  Wol
ves

 Ve
hic
le  Obv
ious J
ovi
al  Kni
ves

 Vi
ce  Pr
evi
ous  Vi
rt
ue

 Unv
oic
ed  Dr
ive  Ca
re
TheSound/d/
 /d/i
svoi
ced.
Thev
oca
lcor
dsv
ibr
ate
.
 Thel
owofa
iri
sst
oppe
datt
hef
rontoft
hemout
hbyt
ongue
.

Pa
ge|9
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 Pr
act
ices
pea
kingt
hewor
dsbe
low:

 Da
d  Dog  Ba
d  And

 Do  Ma
d  Done

 Di
d  Sa
d  Loud

Sound/t
/
 Toma k
ethi
ssound,
yourt
ongues
topst
hef
lowofa
ira
tthef
rontof
yourmout
h.
I
tisav
oic
ele
ss/unv
oic
eds
ound.
I
tsa
idi
nwor
dsl
i
ke:

 To  Hot  La
ter  Tue
sda
y

 Top  Pot  Wha

t

 Ge
t  But
ter  Toda
y

Thes
ound/k
/
Ther
earev
ari
ousl
ett
erst
hats
ayt
hes
ound/k
/.l
et’
sst
udyt
hes
e
l
ett
ers.
 Le
tte
r‘K’
alwa
yss
ayt
hiss
ound.
Exa
mpl
esofwor
dsi
ncl
ude
:

Pa
ge|10
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 Ki
l
l

 Ke
y

 Ki
ck

 Sa
ke

 Ki
tt
en

 Ke
ep

 Le
tte
r‘C’
,f
ore
xampl
e,

 Ca
ll

 Cor
n

 Ca
ne

 Ca
mpa
ign

 Ca
mp

 Conf
usi
on

 Cuc
umbe
r

 Col
i
cet
c.
 Le
tte
rs‘
CK’
fore
xampl
e

 Ki
ck

 Moc
k

Pa
ge|11
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 Tr
uck

 Ba
cke
tc.
 Le
tte
r‘Q’
fore
xampl
e,

 Qua
ck

 Qua
il

 Qua
rtz

 Qua
rte
r

 Qui
ck

 Le
tte
rs‘
CH’
,f
ore
xampl
e,

 Cha
oti
c

 Cha
rac
ter

 Ac
he
TheSound/g/
Foundi
nwor
dss
ucha
s:

 Ga
lax
y  Gi
bbon  Ga
zel
l
e  Gown  Ge
yse
r

 Ga
me  Gi
ve  Ge
cko  Gi
rl  Gar
ba
ge
 Ga
te  Goa
t  Gol
d  Ghos
t
TheSound/ᶴ
/
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 Thi
ssoundi
sunv
oic
ed–onl
yai
rpa
sse
sthr
ought
hemout
hwhe
n
sai
d.
 Thetee
thareputt
oge
therandt
hec
orne
rsoft
hel
i
psa
rebr
oug
ht
toge
thert
owardst
hemiddl
e.
 Mos
twor
dswi
thl
ett
ers‘
sh’
thi
ssound.
Fore
xampl
e,
Sha
pe Shop bi
shop
 The
rea
rewor
dswi
thl
ett
ers‘
CH’
tha
tsa
ythi
ssound,
fore
xampl
e,
Br
ochur
e Cha
rade Cha
rlot
te Chi
val
ry
Ca
che Chut
e Chi
cago Qui
che
Ca
che
t Che
f Mi
chi
gan c
hai
se
Cha
gri
n Chi
ff
on Che
vrol
et
Cha
mpa
gn Ni
che Fuc
hsi
a
e
Ri
coc
het Cl
ic
hé
 Somewor
dswi
th‘
SU’al
sos
ayi
t,f
ore
xample
,
Suga
r Sur
e Pr
ess
ure
Sur
mac I
ssue
 The
rea
rey
ett
hos
ewi
thl
ett
ers‘
TIO’
,f
ore
xampl
e,
Na
tion Opt
ion
Mot
ion Ca
uti
on
 The
nthe
rea
ret
hos
ewi
thl
ett
ers‘
SIO’
,f
ore
xampl
e,
Submi
ssi
on Commi
ssi
on Conf
ess
ion

Pa
ge|13
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Sound/ᶿ
/
 Pr
onounc
edwi
thy
ourt
onguebe
twe
eny
ourt
eet
h.
I
tisunv
oic
ed.
 Thewor
dsbe
ari
ngt
hiss
oundi
ncl
ude
:

 Mout
h  Thought  Gr
owt
h  Thr
ee

 Thi
ng  Te
nth  Nor
th  The
me

 Fa
ith  Ma
th  Tr
uth  The
rapi
st

 Four
th  My
th  Pi
th  Thi
gh

 Thi
ck  Thumb  Tha
nk  Thi
ckne
ss

 Thi
nk  Yout
h  Thor
n

 Thr
ee  Thr
ive  Thi
mbl
e
Sound/ᶞ
/
 Unl
i
ke/ᶿ
/,i
tisv
oic
ed.
I
tal
sopr
onounc
edwi
tht
onguet
ouc
hingorbe
twe
eny
ourt
eet
h.
I
tisf
oundi
nsuc
hwor
dsa
s:

 Wi
th  Cl
othi
ng  The
nce  The
ir

 The
re  The
se  The
n t
hey
Sound/s
/
 Thi
sisahi
ssi
ngs
oundl
i
keas
nak
e.
I
tisv
oic
ele
ss.
Pa
ge|14
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chool
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es,
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s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
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IT,
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eri
al
s

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 Thef
ewrul
esf
ors
omeoft
hec
ommons
pel
l
ingst
hats
ayt
hes
ound
/s/a
re:
(
a) Le
tte
r‘S’
,f
ore
xampl
e,
Si
t Sa
y Bos
s Mi
sty
Wi
se Sa
d Thi
s Sunda
y
Dogs Sound Li
ps

(
b) Le
tte
r‘SC’
,f
ore
xampl
e,
Mus
cle De
sce
nd Sc
ienc
e Sc
rea
m

(
c) Le
tte
r‘X’
,f
ore
xampl
e,
Fi
x Fox Ne
xt Mi
x
(
d) Le
tte
r‘C’
,f
ore
xampl
e,
Fa
ce Ci
ty Fe
nce
Pr
act
ice Ci
rcl
e Li
cens
e
Sound/z
/
 The/z
/isl
i
ket
hes
oundofbuz
zingbe
es.
I
tisv
oic
ed.
 Mos
twor
dswi
tht
hel
ett
er‘
Z’s
ay/z
/,f
ore
xampl
e,

 Zoo  Zi
p  Ze
bra  Qui
z

Pa
ge|15
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 Buz
z  Fr
eez
e  Doz
e  pr
ize
 The
rea
ret
hos
ewor
dswi
thl
ett
er‘
S’s
ayi
ngt
hiss
ound,
fore
xampl
e,

I
s  Fr
ogs  Pos
e  Fl
ows

 Wa
s  Gi
rl
s  Re
ason  Be
caus
e

 Hi
s  Fr
iends  Ri
se  Shoe
s

 He
rs  Li
es  Ey
es  Vi
si
t

 Nos
e  Bus
y  The
se  Thos
e

 Noi
se  Tue
sda  Da
ys  Bana
na
y s
 Noi
ses  Sa
ys
 Wedne
s c
ows
 Ros
e  Ti
es
da
y
 Ros
es  Has
 Sounds
 Theot
hergr
oupofwordsaret
hos
ewi
thl
ett
er‘
X’
,f
ore
xampl
e,
Ex
ist
,anx
iet
y
Sound/ᵌ
/
 Wor
dsbe
ari
ngt
hiss
ounda
rebor
rowe
dfr
omFr
enc
h.
 Pr
onounc
edi
nthes
amewa
yas/ᶴ
/onl
ytha
tisv
oic
ed.
 Thee
xampl
esofwor
dswi
tht
hiss
ounda
re:
Ga
rage Sa
bot
age Tr
eas
ure Le
isur
e
Be
ige Ge
nre Cl
osur
e Pe
rsi
an
Ma
ssa
ge Me
asur
e Se
izur
e Conc
lus
ion
Pa
ge|16
Formor
ehi
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es,
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Ca
sua
l Col
l
isi
on Oc
cas
ion Vi
si
on
Ca
sua
ll
y Di
vi
si
on Pe
rsua
sion Le
sion
Us
ual Ve
rsi
on Ca
shme
re De
cis
ion
Us
ual
l
y Te
lev
isi
on As
ia Ca
uca
sia
n
Amne
sia Ex
pos
ure Vi
sua
l
Pr
act
icei
nse
nte
nce
s
(
a) Me
asur
ethebe
igedooront
hega
rage
.
(
b) I
twa
smyde
cis
iont
ofl
ytoAs
iat
ose
ekt
rei
sur
e.
Sound/r
/
 Rai
set
hebackofyourt
onguetosl
i
ghtl
ytouc
ht hebackt
eet
hon
bot
hsi
desofyourmout
h.Thecent
repar
tofthetonguer
emains
l
owert
oall
owa i
rtomoveoveri
t.
I
tisv
oic
ed.
I
tisf
oundi
nwor
dswi
thl
ett
er‘
R’e
.g.

 Re
d

 Fr
ida
y

 Wor
ry

 Sor
ry

 Ma
rry
I
tisa
lsos
aidi
nwor
dswi
thl
ett
ers‘
WR’
e.g.

 Wr
it
e
Pa
ge|17
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 Wr
ong

 Wr
ath

 Wr
y

 Wr
ing
Sound/w/
 Yourl
i
psf
ormas
mal
l
,ti
ghtc
irc
lewhe
nma
kingt
hes
ound/w/.
 Le
tte
rsr
epr
ese
nti
ngt
he/
w/s
ounda
re:

 Le
tte
r‘W’
Woma
n Ne
w Wi
n Towe
l
Wi
fe Swe
et Re
wind Wa
it

 Le
tte
rsWH
Why Whe
n Wha
t Whom Whol
e
Whe
re Whi
l
e Whi
te Who

 Le
tte
rs‘
QU’
Qui
t Qui
te Que
er Quot
a
Qui
ck Qui
et Que
en Qui
ckl
y

 Ot
her
s
One
Choi
r
Pa
ge|18
Formor
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chool
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Sound/m/
 Ma
debypr
ess
ingt
hel
i
psl
i
ght
ly.
 Thewor
dst
hatf
oll
owc
ont
aint
hes
ound:

 Mum  Me  Fa
rme
r  Me
at

 Mi
ne  Mor
ning  Sha
me  My
sel
f
Ex
erc
ise1
Readthesentenc
ebelowpronounci
ngeachwordcor
rect
lya
ndt
hen
gr
oupt hewordsint
he i
rappr
opria
tecol
umns.Consi
dert
he
hi
ghli
ghtedle
tter
s.
Thesev
enstude
ntst
ookt
hef
ir
stt
estf
ort
hei
rdr
ive
r’sl
i
cenc
eson
Thur
sday.
/s
/ /z
/

Ex
erc
ise2
Consi
der
ingt
hepr
onunc
iat
ionofhi
ghl
i
ght
edl
ett
ers
,pi
ckt
heodd
wordout
.

Pa
ge|19
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(
a) J
udge
,ge
stur
e,ga
rage
(
b) J
ump,
gif
t,ge
ologi
cal
(
c) Fungi
,j
ust
,go
(
d) Di
gi
t,ga
me,
gambl
e
(
e) Hy
gie
ne,
prodi
gy,
ent
angl
e
(
f)Ge
cko,
gem,
zool
ogy
Ex
erc
ise3
Pronounceeac
hwor dcor
rect
lya
ndthe
ngroupitunde
rthec
olumn
contai
ningt
hes oundt
hatthehi
ghl
i
ghte
dlet
ter
(s)bear.
Ti
ssue Ocean Vis
ion n Sure
Caucas
ia Cauti
ous Persi
an Tel
evi
si
o Preci
ous
n Lei
sure Casual n Exposur
e
Di
v i
si
on Sol
ution Chef Deci
si
on
Passi
on Pres
sure Concl
usi
o Col
li
si
on
/ᶴ
/ /ᶾ/

Pa
ge|20
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Ex
erc
ise4
Ci
rcl
ethele
tter(
s)t
hats
ay/f
/andunde
rli
net
hos
esa
ying/v
/int
he
se
ntence
sbelow.
(
a) Pl
eas
efor
giv
emef
orf
orge
tti
ngt
hel
eft
ove
rfood.
(
b) Sa
vet
hef
ourwol
vest
hatl
i
vei
nthec
ave
.
DI
PHTHONGS
 Adi
pht
hongi
sac
ombi
nat
ionoft
wov
owe
lsounds
.
 Someoft
hedi
pht
hongsi
ncl
ude
:

 /ᵊ
ᶹ/

 /ᵃ
ᶸ/

 /ᵉ
ᶦ/
/ᵊ
ᶹ/
I
nwor
dsl
i
ke;

 Rol
e  Bone  Phone  St
one C
Pl
o
as
gee
|21
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chool
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 Not
e  Soc
ial  Gr
own  Mot
to  Roa
d

 Not
ice  Sol
di
er  Thr
ow  Col
d  Loa
d

 Lone
ly  Cowor  Go  Gol
d  Boa
t
ker
 Home  Ago  Bol
d  Coa
st
 Mos
t
 Hope  No  Sol
d  Coa
t
 Pos
t
 Ope
n  So  Tol
d  Oa
k
 Hos
t
 Oc
ean  Toe  Rol
l  Soa
k
 Ghos
t
 Remot  He
ro  Pol
l  Appro
e  Bot
h ach
 Ze
ro  Cont
ro
 Sol
ar  Low l  Boa
st
 Ve
to
 Pol
ar  Know  Bol
t  Ok
 Ego
 Moda
l  Mow  Col
t  Obe
y
 Ec
ho
 Tot
al  Sow  Fol
k  Omi
t
 Ra
dio
 Mot
or  Show  Comb  Hot
el
 St
udi
o
 Mome  Tow  Won’
t  Mot
el
 Me
xic
o
nt
 Owe  Don’
t
 Pot
ato
 Bonus
 Own  Soul
 Toma
t
 Foc
us
 Bowl o  Shoul
d
 Vogue er
 Bl
ow  Logo

Pa
ge|22
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/ᵃ
ᶸ/
Sa
idi
nwor
dss
ucha
s:

 How  Powde  Hous

e  Amou  Fl
owe
r
r nt
 Cow  Mous
e  Showe
 Br
ows  Mount r
 Now  Mout
h
e ai
n
 Hour
 Al
l
ow  Sout
h
 Loud  Annou
 Our
 Owl  Couc
h nce
 Pr
oud
 Sour
 Br
own  Found  Bounc
 Cl
oud
e  Fl
our
 Down  Groun
 Out
d  Al
lowi c
owa
r
 Town
 Shout ng d
 Ar
oun
 Cl
own
 About d  Towe
l
 Dr
own
 Doubt  Pound  Bowe
l
 Cr
own
 Foul  Sound  Powe
r
 Cr
owd
 Noun  Count  Towe
r

/ᵉ
ᶦ/
Thewor
dsc
ont
aini
ngt
hisdi
pht
honga
re:

 wa
it  ba
it t
ale  ba
le  ga
te

l
ate  da
te  ba
il s
ale  wa
ste

Pa
ge|23
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ghs
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 wa
de  Sa
il  Pl
ace  Wei
gh  Pl
ay
t
 ba
by  Ra
il  La
ke  La
y
 Ei
ght
 ba
con  Ra
ise  Ta
ke  Da
y
 Ve
in
 pa
per  Ra
id  Na
me  Ma
y
 Nei
ghb
 Apr
il  Af
rai
d  Ac
he  Pr
ay
our
 Dange  Wa
it  Ra
ge  Conv
e
 Br
eak
r y
 St
rai
g  Pat
ien
 St
eak
 Ange
l ht t  Sur
vey
 Age
 St
rang  Fa
int  Ra
cia
l  St
ain
er  Wa
ge
 Pa
int  Na
tion  Cha
ng
 Ba
sis  Sa
ve eet
c.
 Fa
te  Na
tur
e
 La
zy  Ca
ve
 Ra
te  Fa
tal
 Cr
azy  Wa
ve
 Ka
te  Pa
tri
ot
 Fa
il  Ra
y
 Ra
ce  Ra
dio
 Ma
il  Gr
ay
 Ba
se  Va
cant
Ex
erc
ise
Wr
it
eanot
herwor
dpr
onounc
edt
hes
amewa
yas
:
a
)Ga
it d)Pa
le g)Sa
le j
)Wa
ist m) Se
w
b)Ma
de e
)Pa
in h)Ta
le k
)Wa
it n)No
c
)Ma
il f
)Pl
ai
n i
)Va
in l
)Ei
ght o)Toe

Pa
ge|24
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p)Gr
own

MI
NIMALPAI
RS
St
udyt
hepa
irsofwor
dsbe
lowc
are
ful
l
y.
Fi
t–f
eet
Le
t–l
ate
Va
n–f
an
Pun–pa
n
 Whatdoyounoti
ce?Yourea
li
zetha
tonl
yonesoundmakest
he
pr
onunci
ati
onofoneworddi
sti
nctf
romt
heother.
Eachpa
iri
scal
l
ed
amini
malpair
.
 Ami nimalpa
iri
stheref
oreapa i
rofwor
dstha
tvar
ybyonl
yone
sounde s
peci
all
ythosethatus
uall
yconf
usel
ear
ner
s,s
ucha
s/l/and
/r/,/b/and/p/,andma nyother
s.
Mi
nima
lPa
irsofVowe
lSounds

Pa
ge|25
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Sound/i
/and/i
:
/
1.Bi
d–be
ad 10. Si
n–s
een/s
cene
2.Bi
t–be
at 11. St
il
l–s
tea
l/s
tee
l
3.Bi
tch–be
ach 12. Si
ck–s
eek
4.Bi
n–be
an/be
en 13. I
s–e
ase
5.Chi
p–c
hea
p 14. I
tch–e
ach
6.Fi
t–f
eat
/fe
et 15. Ri
sen–r
eas
on
7.Fi
st–f
eas
t 16. Pi
ss–pi
ece
/pe
ace
8.Fi
zz–f
ees 17. Pi
ck–pe
ak/pe
ek
9.Gi
n–ge
ne 18. Mi
l
l–me
al
Ex
erc
ise
Wri
teanot
herwordi
nwhi
che
ithe
rsound/i
/and/i
:
/wi
l
lma
kei
tva
ry
f
romtheonegi
ven.
(
a) Hi (
d) Pe p (
k) Sk
t a
ch i
ed
(
h) Ee
(
b) Sh (
e) Li l (
l)Sk
im
e
et p
(
i)Gr
eed
(
c) Ti (
f)Ne
at
(
j)Pi
l
l
n
(
g) Ki
Sounds/i
/and/e
/
1.Di
d–de
ad 2.Di
sk–de
sk

Pa
ge|26
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3.Bui
l
t–be
lt 8.Bi
d–be
d
4.Bi
t–be
t 9.Bi
l
l–be
ll
5.Li
ppe
d–l
eapt 10. Li
t–l
et
6.Mi
ddl
e–me
ddl
e 11. Li
st–l
est
7.Fi
l
l–f
ell 12. Cl
i
nch–c
lenc
h

Ex
erc
ise
Compl
etet
hetabl
ebelowwit
hawor dinwhic
hei
the
rthes
ound/e
/or
/i
/bri
ngsthedi
ff
ere
nc ei
npronunc
iat
ion.
/e
/ /i
/
1 He
ad
2 Mi
ss
3 Hy
mn
4 Le
d
5 Fe
n
6 Li
d
7 De
n
8 Pe
g

Sounds/e
/and/e
i/

Pa
ge|27
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Thefol
l
owingwordsv
arybyoneha
vingt
hev
owe
lsound/e
/andt
he
othe
radipht
hong/ei
/
1.We
t–wa
it 12. Edge–a
ge
2.Br
ead–br
aid 13. Ge
l–j
ai
l
3.Fe
n–f
eign 14. Le
ns–l
ane
s
4.Be
d–ba
de 15. Br
eas
t–br
ace
d
5.Ge
t–ga
te/ga
it 16. Se
nt–s
aint
6.Le
t–l
ate 17. Te
st–t
ast
e
7.Me
t–ma
te 18. Be
st–ba
sed
8.Le
st–l
ace
d 19. Wr
en–r
ain/r
eign
9.Te
ch–t
ake 20. Le
d–l
ai
d
10. We
st–wa
ste
/wa
ist 21. Bl
ed–bl
ade
11. Whe
n–wa
ne 22. Fe
d–f
ade
Ex
erc
ise
Eac
hwordbel
owhasanot
herwor
dinwhiche i
the
rthesound/e/or
/e
i/wi
l
lbri
ngthedi
sti
nct
ioni
npronunc
iat
ion.Writ
ethatword.
(
a) Fe
ll (
d) Se
ll (
g) Ra
id (
j)St
aye
d
(
b) Pa
in (
e) We
ll (
h) Da
te (
k) Be
t
(
c) Ha
il (
f)Ma
te (
i)Me
n (
l)J
ail
Sounds/ᵆ/a
nd/ᶺ
/
1.Ba
tte
r–but
ter 2.Ca
p–c
up
Pa
ge|28
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
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es,
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s,gui
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3.Ca
t–c
ut 14. Fa
n–f
un
4.Ba
ck–buc
k 15. Ha
t–hut
5.Br
ash–br
ush 16. Ba
dge–budge
6.Da
bbl
e–doubl
e 17. Ha
ng–hung
7.Ra
ng–r
ung 18. Ma
sse
d–mus
t
8.Tr
ack–t
ruc
k 19. Ra
sh–r
ush
9.Ba
d–bud 20. Sa
nk–s
unk
10. Be
gan–be
gun 21. Ra
n–r
un
11. Ba
g–bug 22. Swa
m–s
wum
12. Pa
n–pun 23. Ba
n–bun
13. Dr
ank–dr
unk 24. Ha
m–hum
Ex
erc
ise
Comple
tet
heta
blebel
owwit
ht hemi
nima
lpa
iroft
hewor
d.Cons
ide
r
thes
oundi
ndi
cate
dineac
hcolumn.
/ᵆ/ /ᶺ
/
(
a) But
(
b) Ma
tch
(
c) Ma
d
(
d) Fl
ush
(
e) Ca
m

Pa
ge|29
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
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es,
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(
f) Dumb
(
g) Sa
ng
(
h) Unc
le
(
i) Cr
ash
(
j) Sa
ck
(
k) Dump
(
l) Tug

Sounds /ᵆ/a
nd/e
/
l
ooka
tthel
i
stbe
low.
1.Ba
d–be
d 6.Sa
t–s
et 11. Pa
n–pe
n
2.And–e
nd 7.Sha
ll–s
hel
l 12. Sa
d–s
aid
3.Ha
d–he
ad 8.Ma
n–me
n 13. Manne
d–
mend
4.J
am–ge
m 9.Ba
g–be
g
14. La
nd–l
end
5.Pa
t–pe
t 10. Ha
m–he
m
Ex
erc
ise
Comple
tethet
ablewit
happr
opr
iat
ewor
dtha
tva
rywi
tht
hes
ound
i
ndic
atedi
nthecolumn.
/ᵆ/ /ᵉ
/
(
a) Ma
rry

Pa
ge|30
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(
b) Bl
end
(
c) Ca
ttl
e
(
d) Va
t
(
e) Sa
cks
(
f) Tr
ek
(
g) Tr
ad
(
h) Me
t

Mi
nima
lPa
irsof/ɑ˸
/and/ᵌ
˸/
1.f
ast–f
ir
st 6.c
ard–c
urd 12. da
rt–di
rt
2.ba
th– 7.gua
rd–gi
rd 13. pa
r–pur
r
be
rth/bi
rt
h
8.pa–pe
r 14. pa
rk–pe
rk
3.he
art–hur
t
9.ba
r–bur 15. s
tar–s
tir
4.ba
rd–bi
rd
10. ba
rn–bur
n 16. a
rc–i
rk
.c
ar–c
ur
11. c
arv
e–c
urv
e
Ex
erc
ise6
Cons
ide
ringt
hes
ounds/ɑ˸
/and/ᵌ
˸/,
wri
tet
hemi
nima
lpa
irof
:
(
a) f
ar (
c) pa
ss (
e) s
har
k
(
b) he
ard/he
rd (
d) f
arm (
f)c
urt

Pa
ge|31
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
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mat
eri
al
s

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Mi
nima
lPa
irsof/b/a
nd/v
/
1.ba
t–v
at 7.ba
ne–v
ein 12. dr
ibbl
e–
dr
ive
l
2.be
er–v
eer 8.c
urb–c
urv
e
13. dub–dov
e
3.bowl
–vol
e 9.bol
t–v
olt
14. j
i
be–j
i
ve
4.bow–v
ow 10. bowl
–vol
e
15. r
ebe
l–r
eve
l
5.gi
bbon–gi
ven 11. br
oom–
v
room
6.ba
le–v
eil
Ex
erc
ise7
Ther
eisa
nothe
rwordthatwi
l
lvar
ywi t
htheonewri
tte
nbelowwit
h
j
ustones
ound.De
pendi
ngonthesounds/b/and/v
/,wri
tetha
tword.
(
a) v
an (
c) Ve
st (
e) Ve
nt (
g) Loa
ves
(
b) boa
t (
d) Vowe
ls (
f)Bur
y (
h) Ve
rve
Mi
nima
lpa
irsof/f
/and/v
/

 Fa
n–v
an s
erv
e  Li
fe–l
i
ve

 Of
f–of  Duf
f–dov
e  Sa
fe–s
ave

 Fa
t–v
at  Fi
e–v
ie  Be
li
ef–be
li
eve

 Fe
e–v  Foa
l–v
ole  Fe
el–v
eal

 Foul
–vowe
l  Guf
f–guv  St
aff–s
tar
ve

 Fe
nde
r–v
endor  Wa
if–wa
ive  Fei
gn–v
ain/
ve
in
 Se
rf/Sur
f–  Gi
f–gi
ve

Pa
ge|32
Formor
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ghs
chool
not
es,
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s,gui
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 Foi
st–v
oic
ed  Re
ef–r
eev
e

 Fox–v
ox

Ex
erc
ise8
Writ
ethemini
malpai
rofthewor
dbe
lowwi
thc
ons
ide
rat
ionbe
ing
ei
thert
hesound/f
/or/v/.
(
a) Fe
rry (
d) Fi
ne (
g) Ve
il (
j)Fa
ult
(
b) Le
af (
e) Ha
lf (
h) Gr
ief (
k) Vi
l
e
(
c) Va
st (
f)Pr
oof (
i)Ca
lf (
l)St
ri
ve
Mi
nima
lPa
irsofSounds
/s/a
nd/ᶿ
/

 Mous
e–  Sink–  Pas
s–  Worse–
mout
h think pa
th wor
th

 Sing–  Sort–  Saw–  Gros

s–
thing thoug
ht tha
w gr
owth

 Face–  Tens
e–  Seem–  Sigh–
fa
ith te
nth the
me thigh

 Forc
e–  Mas
s–  Some–  Si
n–t
hin
four
th ma
th thumb
 Sum–
 Sic
k–  Mi
ss–  Song– thumb
thi
ck my
th thong
Pa
ge|33
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
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s,CPA,
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al
s

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 Pi
ss–pi
th  Sore– t
huds  Sank–
tha
w thank
 Sawn–  Sought–
thor
n  Truc
e– thought  Sump–
tr
uth thump
 Symbol–  Mos
s–
thi
mble  Suds– mot
h

Sounds/t
/and/d/

 Town– duf
f dr
ain –da
le
down
 Tuc
k–  Ti
de–  Tee
d–
 Touc
h– duc
k dy
ed/di
ed de
ed
Dutc
h
 Ta
b–da
b  Torn–  Ti
er–de
er
 Tea
r– dawn
 Tank–  Ti
nt–di
nt
da
re
da
nk  Te
al–de
al
 Sheet–
 Te
n–de
n
 Ti
ck–di
ck  Tee
n– she
’d
 Tongue– de
an
 Ti
ne–  Wait–
dung
di
ne  Ty
re/ti
re we
ighed
 Tar
t– –dir
e
 Ha
t–ha
d  Ti
e–di
e
da
rt
 Toes–
 Spent–  Tr
y–dr
y
 Tec
h– doz
e
spe
nd
de
ck  Tea
r–
 Tout–
 Too/ de
ar
 Ti
n–di
n doubt
to/t
wo–
 Ti
p–di
p
 Toe–doe do  Tug–dug
 Tame–
 Toug
h–  Tr
ain–  Ta
le/t
ail
da
me
Pa
ge|34
Formor
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ghs
chool
not
es,
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s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
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 Team–  Tomb–  Tamp–  Si

ght–
de
em doom da
mp si
de

 Tent–  Tower–  Te
ll–de
ll  Beat–
de
nt dour be
ad
 Ti
l
l–di
l
l
 Toas
t–  Tux–
 Tus
k–
dos
ed duck
s
dus
k
Ex
erc
ise9
Eachwor
dbel
owha sanot
herwordi
nwhi
cha
llt
hesoundsarethe
sa
mee xc
epte
ithe
rthesound/t
/or/d/i
sdi
ff
erent
.Writ
ethatword.
(
a) Ba
t (
f)Be
d (
k) Hi
t (
p) Nod
(
b) God (
g) Bor
ed (
l)Hur
t (
q) Se
t
(
c) Wr
it
e (
h) Ei
ght (
m) Ma
t (
r)Pl
aye
d
(
d) And (
i)Be
t (
n) Me
nd (
s) Sa
t
(
e) At (
j)Fe
et (
o) Ne
at (
t)De
ad

Mi
nima
lPa
irsof/k
/and/g/
I
nit
ial

 Came–  Col
d–  Cr
ate–  Coas
t–
ga
me gol
d gr
eat ghos
t

 Car
d–  Cl
ean–  Ca
p–ga
p  Ka
le–ga
le
gua
rd gl
ean
Pa
ge|35
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
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 Can– gr
oup  Cr
ane–  Cl
am–
gone gr
ain gl
am
 Cr
ow–
 Course– gr
ow  Cr
eed–  Cor
d–
gors
e gr
eed gor
ed
 Key–
 Cr
am– ghee  Kr
il
l–gr
il
l  Coup–
gr
am goo
 K–ga
y  Cunni
ng–
 Cr
epe– gunni
ng  Cr
ate–
 Cl
amour–
gr
ape gr
ate
gl
amour  Ca
b–ga
b
 Cr
ew–  Cuf
f–guf
f
 Cl
ad–  Cape–
gr
ew
gl
ad ga
pe
 Cr
oup–
Fi
nal

 Cl
ock–  Br
oke–  Sl
ack– J
ock–j
og
cl
og br
ogue sl
ag
 La
ck–l
ag
 Dock–  Cra
ck–  Snuck–
 Luc
k–l
ug
dog cr
ag snug
 Be
ck–be
g
 Froc
k–  Pr
ick–  St
ack–
fr
og pr
ig st
ag  Coc
k–c
og
 Muc
k–  Puc
k–  Whac
k–  Hack–
mug pug wa
g ha
g
 Br
ick–  Shack–  Wi
ck–  Pi
ck–pi
g
br
ig sha
g wi
g
Ex
erc
ise10

Pa
ge|36
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
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s,CPA,
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al
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Complet
etheta
blewi
thappr
opri
atewordt
hatonl
ydi
ff
erswi
thone
soundwit
htheonegi
ven.
Consi
derthes
oundsi
nthec
olumns
.
/k
/ /g/
(
a) Ta
ck
(
b) Fl
og
(
c) Tuc
k
(
d) Gum
(
e) Ga
sh
(
f) J
ack
(
g) Ca
ve
(
h) Sa
g
(
i) Le
ak
(
j) Cr
ab
(
k) Cl
ass
(
l) Good
(
m) Goa
t
(
n) Bl
og
(
o) Ki
l
l
(
p) Dug
(
q) Gut

Pa
ge|37
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
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s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
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(
r) Log
(
s) Ra
ck
(
t) Cot
HOMOPHONES
Wordspronounc
edthesamewaybuthav
edif
fer
entspel
li
ngsand
mea
ningsa r
ethehomophone
s.Thel
is
tbel
owisEngl
i
s hhomophone
s.
1.Ac
ces
sar
yac
ces
sor
y 15. Ax
el,
axl
e
2.Ad,
add 16. Ay
e,e
ye,
I
3.Ai
l
,al
e 17. Ba
il
,ba
le
4.Ai
r,he
ir 18. Ba
it,
bat
e
5.Ai
sl
e,I
’
ll
,i
sl
e 19. Ba
ize
,ba
ys
6.Al
l
,awl 20. Ba
ld,
bawl
ed
7.Al
l
owe
d,a
loud 21. Ba
ll
,ba
wl
8.Al
ms,
arms 22. Ba
nd,
banne
d
9.Al
tar
,al
ter 23. Ba
rd,
bar
red
10. Ant
e,a
nti 24. Ba
re,
bea
r
11. Ar
c,a
rk 25. Ba
rk,
bar
que
12. Aur
al,
ora
l 26. Ba
ron,
bar
ren
13. Awa
y,a
wei
gh 27. Ba
se,
bas
s
14. Awe
,oa
r,or
,or
e 28. Ba
y,be
y

Pa
ge|38
Formor
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s

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29. Ba
zaa
r,bi
zar
re 49. Bor
n,bor
ne
30. Be
,be
e 50. Bough,
bow
31. Be
ach,
bee
ch 51. Boy
,buoy
32. Be
an,
bee
n 52. Br
ae,
bra
y
33. Be
at,
bee
t 53. Br
aid,
bra
yed
34. Be
au,
bow 54. Br
ais
e,br
ays
,br
aze
35. Be
er,
bie
r 55. Br
ake
,br
eak
36. Be
ll
,be
ll
e 56. Br
ead,
bre
d
37. Be
rry
,bur
y 57. Br
ews
,br
uis
e
38. Be
rth,
bir
th 58. Br
ida
l,br
idl
e
39. Bi
ght
,bi
te,
byt
e 59. Br
oac
h,br
ooc
h
40. Bi
l
led,
bui
l
d 60. Bur
,bur
r
41. Bi
tt
en,
bit
ter
n 61. But
,but
t
42. Bl
ew,
blue 62. Buy
,by
,by
e
43. Bl
oc,
bloc
k 63. Buy
er,
byr
e
44. Boa
r,bor
e 64. Ca
ll
,ca
ul
45. Boa
rd,
bor
ed 65. Ca
nva
s,c
anv
ass
46. Boa
rde
r,bor
der 66. Ca
st,
cas
te
47. Bol
d,ba
wle
d 67. Ca
ste
r,c
ast
or
48. Boos
,booz
e 68. Ca
ught
,cour
t

Pa
ge|39
Formor
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s

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69. Ca
w,c
ore
,cor
ps 88. Compl
eme
nt,
c
ompl
i
ment
70. Ce
de,
see
d
89. Coo,
coup
71. Ce
il
ing,
sea
li
ng
90. Cops
,cops
e
72. Cens
er,
cens
or,
s
ens
or 91. Counc
il
,couns
el
73. Ce
nt,
sce
nt,
sent 92. Cous
in,
coz
en
74. Ce
rea
l,s
eri
al 93. Cr
eak
,cr
eek
75. Che
ap,
che
ep 94. Cr
ews
,cr
uis
e
76. Che
ck,
che
que 95. Cue
,que
ue
77. Choi
r,qui
re 96. Cur
b,k
erb
78. Chor
d,c
ord 97. Cur
rant
,cur
rent
79. Ci
te,
sight
,si
te 98. Cy
mbol
,sy
mbol
80. Cl
ack
,cl
aque 99. Da
m,da
mn
81. Cl
ew,
clue 100. Da
ys,
daz
e
82. Cl
i
mb,
cli
me 101. De
ar,
dee
r
83. Cl
ose
,cl
oze 102. De
sce
nt,
dis
sent
84. Coa
rse
,cour
se 103. De
ser
t,de
sse
rt
85. Coi
gn,
coi
n 104. De
vis
er,
div
isor
86. Col
one
l,k
erne
l 105. De
w,due
87. Complace
nt, 106. Di
e,dy
e
c
ompl
ai
sant
Pa
ge|40
Formor
ehi
ghs
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es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
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IT,
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herE-
mat
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107. Di
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Pa
ge|41
Formor
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ghs
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147. Ga
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l 186. Kna
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nav
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Pa
ge|42
Formor
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ghs
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187. Kne
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in,
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Pa
ge|43
Formor
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227. Ma
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s
246. Moa
t,mot
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Pa
ge|44
Formor
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not
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266. Pa
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267. Pe
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Pa
ge|45
Formor
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chool
not
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s,gui
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306. Ros
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st
ati
one
ry

Pa
ge|46
Formor
ehi
ghs
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not
es,
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346. St
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own 385. Wa
ive
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ve

Pa
ge|47
Formor
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ghs
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not
es,
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386. Wa
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Pa
ge|48
Formor
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ghs
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not
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SI
LENTLETTERS
I
nEngli
shtherea
rel
ette
rsthatar
eusual
lynotpr
onounc
edince
rta
in
words
.Letushav
ealookatthes
elet
ter
sa ndwor
dsinwhic
htheyar
e
si
l
ent.
Le
tte
r‘A’

 Logi
cal
l
y  Roma
nti
cal
l
y  Ar
ti
sti
cal
l
y

 Mus
ica
ll
y  St
oic
all
y
Le
tte
r‘B’

 Apl
omb  De
bt  Pl
umb  Tomb

 Bomb J
amb  Subt
le  Womb

 Cl
i
mb  La
mb  Suc
cum
b
 Comb  Li
mb
 Thumb
 Cr
umb  Numb
Le
tte
r‘C’

 As
cend  Cr
esc
ent  Fl
uor
esc
en  Obs
cene
t
 Abs
ces
s  De
sce
nd  Res
usc
ita
t
I
sos
cel
es e
 As
cent  De
sce
nt
 Lumi
nes
ce  Sc
ena
rio
 Cons
cie
nc  Di
sci
pl
ine
nt
e  Sc
ene
 Fa
sci
nat
e
 Mus
cle
 Cons
cious  Sc
ent
Pa
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Formor
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 Sc
iss
ors
Le
tte
r‘D’

 We
dne
sda
y  Pl
edge  Ha
ndk
erc
hie
f

 He
dge  Gr
udge

 Dodge  Sa
ndwi
ch
Le
tte
r‘E’

 Ha
te  Li
ke  Le
sse
n

 Na
me  Hope  Sur
pri
sed
Le
tte
r‘G’

 Al
i
gn  Cha
mpa
gn  Gna
rl  Gnu
e
 As
sign  Gna
sh  Re
ign
 Col
ogne
 Be
nign  Gna
w  Si
gn
 Cons
ign
 Ca
mpa
ign  Gnome
Le
tte
r‘H’

 Hone
st  Anc
hor s a

 Hour  Ar
che
ol  Cha
os  Chemi
c
og
y al
 He
ir  Char
act
 Arc
hit
e er  Che
mis
t
 Honour
ct
 Chol
era  Chor
us
 Ac
he
 Ar
chi
ve
 Cha
ris
m  Choi
r
Pa
ge|50
Formor
ehi
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not
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 Ec
ho  She
phe
r  Mona
rc  Sc
heme
d h
 Loc
h  ps
ych

Le
tte
r‘I
’

 Bus
ine
ss

 Pa
rli
ame
nt
Le
tte
r‘K’

 Knoc
k  Kne
el  Kni
ght  Knowl
e
dge
 Knaps
a  Kne
ll  Kni
t
ck  Knuc
kle
 Kne
w  Knob
 Kna
ve
 Kni
cke
r  Knoc
k
 Kne
ad s
 Knot
 Kne
e  Kni
fe
 Know
Le
tte
r‘L’

 Ca
lm  Wa
lk  Ca
lf  Fol
k

 Ha
lf  Woul
d  Sa
lmon  Ba
lk

 Ta
lk  Shoul
d  Yol
k
Le
tte
r‘N’

 Aut
umn  Conde
mn  Hy
mn

 Col
umn  Da
mn  Sol
emn
Pa
ge|51
Formor
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Le
tte
r‘O’

 Le
sson
Le
tte
r‘P’

 Ps
ychol
ogy  Ps
ychi
atr
ist  Re
cei
pt

 Pne
umoni
a  Ps
ychot
her
apy  Cor
ps

 Ps
eudo  Ps
ychot
ic  Coup
Le
tte
r‘S’

I
sl
and  Apr
opos

 Ai
sl
e  Bour
geoi
s
Le
tte
r‘T’

 Apos
tle  gl
i
ste
n  mor
tga
ge  whi
stl
e

 Br
ist
le  hus
tle  ne
stl
e  wr
est
le

 Bus
tle j
ost
le r
ust
le

 Ca
stl
e l
i
ste
n t
his
tle

f
ast
en  moi
ste
n t
res
tle
Le
tte
r‘U’

 ba
gue
tte  bui
l
t  gue
ss  gui
l
e

 bi
scui
t c
irc
uit  gui
de  gui
l
lot
ine

 bui
l
d  di
sgui
se  gui
l
d  gui
l
t

Pa
ge|52
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
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IT,
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mat
eri
al
s

Wha
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 gui
l
ty  gui
se r
ogue c
oll
eague

 gui
l
ty  gui
tar s
il
houe
tte t
ongue
Le
tte
r‘W’

a
wry  wr
eak  wr
iggl
e  wr
ong

 pl
aywr
ight  wr
eat
h  wr
ing  wr
it
he

s
wor
d  wr
eck  wr
ink
le  wr
ong

 wr
angl
e  wr
eck
age  wr
ist  wr
oug
ht

 wr
ap  wr
en  wr
it  wr
ung

 wr
appe
r  wr
enc
h  wr
it
e  wr
y

 wr
ath  wr
etc
hed  wr
ote
Ex
erc
ise
I
dent
if
ythes
il
entl
ett
er(
s)i
n:
i
. de
btor i
x. ha
nds
ome x
vi. Ba
ll
et x
xiv
. Numb
i
i
.is
le x
.sa
ndwi
ch x
vii
. Cha
let x
xv. Rende
zvou
s
i
i
i. moc
k xi. gover
nme xvii
i
. Apl
omb
nt x
xvi
. Ca
tal
ogue
i
v. de
pot xix
. Ri
coc
het
xi
i.list
en x
xvi
i
. Ve
get
abl
e
v
.ac
qui
t xx
. Cl
othe
s
x
ii
i. Chri
stmas x
xvi
i
i. As
thma
v
i. womb xxi
. Cupboa
rd
x
iv. Whe t
her x
xix
. mont
hs
v
ii
. pa
tios xxi
i
. Fa
ux
xv. Rapport x
xx. de
bri
s
v
ii
i.t
hyme x
xii
i
. Mne
moni
c
Pa
ge|53
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

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RI
DDLES
 Ari
ddleisas
t a
tementoraque
sti
onwi
thv
eil
edme
ani
ngpos
eda
sa
puz
zletobesol
ved.
 Ther
iddl
espl
ayf
unc
tionss
ucha
s:

 The
yboos
tthec
rea
tiv
ityofk
ids
.

 The
yent
ert
ain.
 Somee
xampl
esofr
iddl
esi
ncl
ude
:

 Wha
tge
tswe
tte
randwe
tte
rthemor
eitdr
ies
?At
owe
l.

 Wha
tca
nyouc
atc
hbutnott
hrow?Ac
old.

 Wha
tgoe
sar
oundt
hewor
ldbuts
tay
sinac
orne
r?As
tamp.

 Gi
vemefood,
andIwi
l
lli
ve;
giv
emewa
ter
,andIwi
l
ldi
e.Wha
t
amI?Fi
re.
Ri
ddl
i
ngPr
oce
ss
 Ther
earetwopar
ti
esi
nvolv
ed:
thea
udi
enc
e(r
esponde
nts
)andt
he
cha
ll
enger
(ort
heri
ddl
er)
.
 The
rea
reba
sic
all
yfours
tage
sofar
iddl
i
ngpr
oce
ss,
buta
tti
mess
ix.
 Thepa
rtsoft
her
iddl
i
ngpr
oce
ssa
re:
(
1) Ther i
ddle
rchall
engest
heaudi
enc
e.Thechal
le
ngedi
ffer
sfrom
c
ommuni t
ytoc ommunity
.Somephr
asesus
e dher
einc
lude:
riddl
e
r
iddl
e!
,Ihavear i
ddl
e!Etc
.
(
2) Ther e
sponde
ntsa
cce
ptthec
hal
l
enge
.Thei
nvi
tat
ionsi
ncl
ude
:
r
iddl
ecome!Thr
owit
!Et
c.
Pa
ge|54
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

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(
3) Ther
iddl
ert
henpos
est
her
iddl
e.
(
4) Thegue s
sorguesse
s.Theaudi
enc
etri
est
ocomeupwi
tht
he
s
olut
ion.
Ifthe
yareunabl
e,t
henthenex
tpar
tfol
l
ows.
(
5) Thecha
lle
nge
rask
sforapri
ze.
Thepri
zecanbeat
ownorc
ity
,or
a
nyot
herthi
ng.
Thecha
ll
enge
raccept
sthepr
ize
.
(
6) The
nthes
olut
ioni
sgi
venbyt
hec
hal
l
enge
r.
Ex
erc
ise
Re
adt
her
iddl
i
ngc
onv
ent
ionbe
lowa
ndt
heni
dent
if
yit
ssi
xpa
rts
.
Chal
le
nge
r:Ihav
ear i
ddle!
Res
ponde
nt:Throwi t
.
Chal
le
nge
r:Whatc ome sdownbutneve
rgoesup?
Res
ponde
nt:Wind
Chal
le
nge
r:no,t
rya gai
n.
Res
ponde
nt:Bi
rd
Chal
le
nge
r:Whatwi ll
yougivemeifIof
fert
hesoluti
on?
Res
ponde
nt:Youwi l
lhavetheent
ir
efir
etoyours
e l
f.
Chal
le
nge
r:Thea nswerisrai
n.

FEATURESOFOGRESTORI
ESANDTRI
CKSTERS
(
a) OGRESTORI
ES

 Anogr
eus
ual
l
yre
pre
sent
sane
vil
.

Pa
ge|55
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
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herE-
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al
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 Ogr
ear
eus
ual
l
yde
str
oye
datt
hee
nd.

 The
yha
veha
ppye
ndi
ng.

Func
tionsofOgr
eSt
ori
es

1.The
ywa
rna
gai
nsts
tra
nge
rs.

2.The
yca
uti
ony
out
haga
ins
tma
rry
ingt
hepe
opl
ethe
ydon’
tknow.

3.

(
b) TRI
CKSTERSTORI
ES

 Ac
har
act
erma
kesupf
oraphy
sic
alwe
akne
sswi
thc
unni
nga
nd
s
ubv
ers
ivehumour
.

 Thet
ri
cks
tera
lte
rna
tiv
esbe
twe
en:

i
. Cl
eve
rne
ssa
nds
tupi
di
ty;

i
i
. Ki
ndne
ssa
ndc
rue
lty
;

i
i
i. De
cei
vera
ndde
cei
ved;
and

i
v. Br
eak
eroft
aboosa
ndc
rea
torofc
ult
ure
.

Pa
ge|56
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

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ria
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il
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om

MASTERYOFCONTENT
DEBATE
 Afor
mal
cont
estofa
rgume
nta
tionbe
twe
ent
wos
ide
siswha
tde
bat
e
i
s.
 Deba
teembodiest
heide
alsofr
eas
one
dar
gume
nt,
andt
ole
ranc
efor
di
ver
gentpoi
ntsofvi
ew.
 Therear
etwos
ide
sint
hede
bat
e:t
hepr
opos
iti
ona
ndt
he
opposi
ti
on.
 The
s et
woteamsarepr
ese
nte
dwithare
sol
uti
on,
suc
has
,‘Gi
rl
sand
BoysShoul
dpla
yinamixedf
oot
ball
tea
m.’
 Thet
eamsa
regi
vene
noughpr
epa
rat
iont
ime
.
 Thet
eama
ffi
rmi
ngt
her
esol
uti
ons
pea
ksf
ir
st.
 Theoppos
ingte
a mthenmustr
efut
etheargument
soffer
edbyt
he
af
fi
rmingt
e a
ma ndoff
erar
gumentsre
jec
tingther
esol
uti
on.
 Bot
hsi
desa
regi
vent
heoppor
tuni
tyt
opr
ese
ntt
hei
rpos
iti
onsa
nd
Pa
ge|57
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
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IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

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ria
mke
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il
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om

t
odi
rec
tlyque
sti
ont
heot
hert
eam.
 Neutr
alj
udge(s)t
heneval
uat
ethepe
rsua
siv
ene
ssoft
hea
rgume
nts
andoff
ercons
truc
tiv
efe
edback
.
Pr
epa
rat
ionTi
me
Thisisthet
imeyouhavefromwhent
hemot
ioni
sannounc
edt
othe
beginni
ngofthedeba
te.Duri
ngt
hist
ime
:
1.Rese
arc
hont hemot
iontogetf
act
s.Thef
act
sca
nbegotf
romt
he
te
acher
s,ot
herst
udent
s,et
c.
2.Wri
tenotesonthef
act
s.Youc
anonc
einawhi
l
elooka
tthe
mdur
ing
y
ourpres
entati
on.
3.Pra
cti
cehowtospe
ak.Doi
tinf
rontoff
ri
endsa
ndr
ela
tiv
es,
aswe
ll
asi
nfrontofami
rr
or.
4.Ifa
nxious
,dosomephysi
calex
erc
ise.
Youc
ana
lsot
akeade
ep
brea
thjustbe
for
eyourpres
entat
ion.
5.Dr
essde
cent
ly.
Poi
ntsDe
li
ver
y
Herearet
hepoi
ntst
hatwi
l
lhe
lpy
oubes
ucc
ess
ful
dur
ingy
ourpoi
nts
de
li
v e
ry:
1.De
li
very
ourpoi
ntsi
nac
onf
ide
nta
ndpe
rsua
siv
ewa
y.
2.Var
yyourtonet
oma
key
ous
oundi
nte
res
ting.
Lis
teni
ngt
oonet
one
i
sbori
ng.
3.Speakqui
tel
oudl
ytobecomf
ort
abl
yhe
ardbye
ver
yonei
nther
oom.
Shouti
ngdoe
snotwinde
bate
s.
Pa
ge|58
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

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il
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4.Makeey
ec ont
actwi
thyoura
udi
enc
e,butk
eeps
hif
ti
ngy
ourga
ze.
Don’
tst
areatoneper
son.
5.Conci
sel
yandcl
ear
lye
xpr
essy
ourpoi
ntst
obeunde
rst
oodbyy
our
audi
encemember
s.
6.Prov
ideapr
ooffore
achpoi
nty
ouputa
cros
s.I
fyoudon’
tyouwi
l
l
notear
napoint
.
7.Speaksl
owlyande nunci
ateyourwords
.Whe ny
ouslowdownyour
speec
h,yougi
vey ouraudi
e nc
ea ndt
hejudgemoret
imetopr
ocess
yourstr
ongpoint
s .
8.Us
ege
stur
est
oel
abor
ateony
ourpoi
nts
.
9.Pa
uset
odi
vi
dey
ourma
jorpoi
nts
.
He
ckl
i
ng
 Onl
ysuppor
ti
vea
nda
rgume
nta
tiv
ehe
ckl
i
ngi
spe
rmi
tt
ed.
 Heckli
ngisabri
efphr
ase(
aboutt
wowords)orot
hernon-v
erba
l
ac
tionsthata
redir
ect
edtothej
udgeoft
hedebat
e.
 The
ya r
eremi
nde
rtothej
udgetopaycl
osea
tte
nti
ont
otheme
ssa
ge
i
mme di
ate
lye
xpr
ess
edbythespea
ker.
 The
rea
ret
wot
ype
sofhe
ckl
es:

 Thos
etha
tar
enon-
ver
bal
,suc
has
,
(
a) Ra
ppi
ngt
hek
nuc
kle
sont
hede
skt
op.
(
b) Ra
ppi
ngt
hepa
lmont
hede
sk.
(
c) St
ampi
ngt
hef
eet

Pa
ge|59
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

Wha
tsApp0746711892
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

Theyar
eme a
nttoenc
oura
gethejudgetohe
edapa
rti
cul
arl
y
st
rongpoi
ntbei
ngmadebythespeake
r.

 Thos
etha
tar
eve
rba
l,s
ucha
s,
(
a) Obj
ect
ive
(
b) Ev
ide
nce
(
c) Poi
ntofi
nfor
mat
ion
Theyar
esai
dafte
rsta
ndingupbyoneme
mberoft
heopposi
ngsi
de.
Thesea
remeanttoa
lertt
hejudget
oapr
obl
emintheoppos
ings
ide
’s
ar
gument.
Ex
erc
ise
Af
teryoude
li
very
ourpoi
ntsduri
ngthedebat
e,ev
eryonec
lapsf
ory
ou.
Howcouldy
ouhavedel
i
ver
e dyourpoi
ntst
oearnthe
irhec
kli
ng?

ETI
QUETTE
Et
iquett
eist
her
ule
stha
tindi
cat
ethepr
ope
randpol
i
tema
nne
rto
be
ha v
e.
USEOFCOURTEOUSLANGUAGE
 Whenoneuse
sc our
teousl
anguage
,he/s
heus
esal
angua
get
hat
i
sve
rypoli
teandpoli
shedt
os howres
pect
.
 Atnoti
mes houl
dyouall
owyour
sel
fberude,
il
l-
manne
red,
i
mpoli
te,
inc
ons i
der
ate
,orev
enthought
les
s.
 Bei
nga ndremai
ni
ngpol
i
tewi
l
lgoal
ongwa
yinbui
l
ding
re
lat
ionshi
ps.
Pa
ge|60
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

Wha
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ria
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rubo2020@gma
il
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om

 Tos
howpol
i
tene
ssa
ndr
espe
ct:

 Us
ethewor
dpl
eas
einr
eque
st;

 Sa
ytha
nky
out
othos
ewhohe
lporc
ompl
i
menty
ou.

 Sta
rty
ourrequest
sorinte
rroga
tiv
esbe gi
nni
ngwi
thwor
ds
suc
hascan,
c oul
d,ma
y, wi
ll
,orwould.

 Sayex
cusemewhenyoui
nte
rruptot
herpe
opl
eori
ntr
udei
nto
the
irt
imeorpr
iva
cy.

 Us
eque
sti
ont
ags
.
I
nthi
ssect
ion,
wes
hal
ll
ear
nthewor
dsa
ndphr
ase
stha
tshow
r
espe
ct.

(
a) Pl
eas
e
 Weuseitwhenyouwantsomeonetodosomet
hingf
ory
ou.
Fore
xample
:Canyoupasstha
tc up,
ple
ase?
a
lsous
edwheny
ouwantsomethi
ngfr
oms
ome
one
.For
e
xample
:Le
ndmete
ns hi
l
lings
,pl
eas
e.
(
b) Tha
nky
ou
 Us
eitwhe
nev
ers
ome
onedoe
ssome
thi
ngf
ory
ou.
 Us
eitwhe
nsome
onec
omme
ndsy
ou.
(
c) Sor
ry
 Sa
yita
nyt
imey
oui
nconv
eni
enc
esome
one
.
 Sa
yitwhe
nst
epons
ome
one
’st
oes
,et
c.
Pa
ge|61
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
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herE-
mat
eri
al
s

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ria
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il
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 Al
sowhe
nsome
onea
sksy
ous
ome
thi
ngy
ouc
annotdo.
(
d) Ex
cus
eme
Tointr
oduceare
questt
osome
one
,ort
oge
tpa
sts
ome
one
,us
ethi
s
phr
a s
e.Forex
ample
Ex
cus
eme
,ca
nyous
howmewhe
reAmi
nal
i
ves
?
(
e) Pa
rdonme
Al
mos
tas‘
exc
useme
’

Ex
erc
ise1
Je
nnif
erha
sgonetotheshoptobuyabarofsoa
p. Theshopkee
pert
ell
s
hert
obepoli
tet
henextti
meshecomestobuyfromhi m.Showi
ng
wher
e,whi
chpol
it
ephras
escouldJe
nni
ferhav
efa i
l
e dtouse?
Ex
erc
ise2
Readthedi
aloguebe
lowa
ndt
hene
xpl
ai
nhowJ
aci
ntae
xpr
ess
es
pol
i
teness.
John:Iwoul dlik
etosendt hi
slettert
ojapanbya i
rma i
l,
howmuc hi
s
t
hec harge?
Jaci
nta:It
’sonepound,doy ouneede x
trastamps?
John:Ido,Ihavebeenalsoexpecti
ngapa cka
gef r
omNe w-York
.Her
eis
myidentit
yc ardandrece
ipt.
Jaci
nta:Woul dyouminds i
gningthisf
orm?He reisthepackage.
John:
Finall
y,Iwouldl
iketos e
ndthisregi
ster
edlette
rt oLondon.
Jaci
nta:
Pleasefil
li
nthecompl et
ea ddr
essincapit
all
e t
ters.
Pa
ge|62
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
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IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

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tsApp0746711892
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ria
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rubo2020@gma
il
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om

NONVERBALSKI
LLSI
NLI
STENI
NGANDSPEAKI
NG
I
MPORTANCEOFRESPECTI
NGPERSONALSPACE
Aper
sona
lspaceisanimag
inar
yareabe
tweenaper
sonandthei
r
s
urr
oundi
nga r
ea.Thi
sspac
ema kest
heper
sonfe
elcomf
orta
bleand
s
houl
dther
eforenotbeencr
oache
d.

Pa
ge|63
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

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ria
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il
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om

Thedi
sta
ncec
ane
xis
tatwor
k,a
thomea
ndi
nours
oci
alc
irc
les
.
Thepe
rsona
lspa
cev
ari
esde
pendi
ngonf
act
orss
ucha
s:
(
a) Ge
nde
r
(
b) Tr
ust
(
c) Re
lat
ions
hip
(
d) Fa
mil
i
ari
tywi
tht
hepe
rson.
WhyRe
spe
ctPe
opl
e’
spe
rsona
lSpa
ce?
1.Toma
ket
hemf
eel
comf
ort
abl
e.
2.Toma
int
aingoodr
ela
tions
hips
.
3.Toe
nha
ncel
i
ste
ning.
Espe
cia
ll
ydur
ingat
alk
.
Ge
ner
alPe
rsona
lSpa
ceRul
es
Thepe
rsona
lspa
cegui
del
i
nesbe
lowwi
l
lhe
lpe
nha
ncel
i
ste
ninga
nd
spe
aki
ng:
1.Respe
ctful
lykee
py ourdis
tanceify
ouwa
lki
ntoar
ooma
nds
ee
twopeopleinpr
iva
t econver
sati
on.
2.Payatte
ntiont
oyourv
olumewhenyouspeak
,whet
heronthe
phoneorinper
son,
toensur
eyoudon’
tdis
tra
ctat
tent
ionof
other
s.
3.Maint
ainphys
ica
ls pac
eatta
bleandchai
rrowssothepeopl
e
ar
oundy ouha
vee noughr
oomt owri
te,
rai
sethe
irhands
, et
c.
4.Bemindful
ofa mountofper
fumeorc
ologney
ouwe
ara
sifi
tisi
n
ex
ces
si tmightdi
str
actothe
rs.
Pa
ge|64
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

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om

5.Ne
verl
eanont
heot
herpe
rson’
sshoul
derunl
essi
nvi
tedt
o.
6.Don’
teave
sdropona not
herper
son’
sphoneconv
ersa
tion.
Incas
e
youov
erheardet
ail
softheconv
ersa
tion,
kee
pitconf
ident
ial
.
De
ali
ngwi
thSpa
ceI
ntr
usi
on
Dependi
ngont henatur
eoftheint
rusi
on,y
ouwoulddea
lwiths
pace
encr
oachmentindif
fere
ntways.Herear
ethes
tepsofdeal
i
ngwitha
per
sonwhol e
ansony ours
houlder
:
1.Leanawayort
a k
east
epba
cka
wayf
romt
hepe
rsonhopi
ngt
hey
wouldta
keahint.
2.Comer
ightouta
nds
ayy
ouf
eel
dis
comf
ortbe
ingt
ooc
los
e.
3.Expl
ai
nwhyy
ouneedmor
espace
.Youc
anf
ore
xampl
ete
llt
hem
younee
dmor
espa
cetowri
te.

Ex
erc
ise
Youhaveattende
daoneda ysemi
nar.
Thepersons i
tt
ingne
xttoyoui
s
sai
dtobeintrudi
ngyourper
sonal
space.
Wha tfourpers
onal
spac
e
gui
del
inescouldt
hisper
sonhavef
ail
edtofol
l
ow?

LI
STENI
NGANDSPEAKI
NGANSWERS
PRONUNCI
ATI
ONOFVOWELSOUNDS
/ᶦ
/

 Hi
l
l

Pa
ge|65
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

Wha
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ria
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il
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om

 Si
t

 St
il
l

 Bl
i
p

 Fi
l
l

 Bl
i
nk

 Thr
il
l
/i
:
/

J
eep

 Cr
eek

 Gr
eas
ed

 Te
al

c
hea
t
/e
/

j
et

 be
d

 we
t
PRONUNCI
ATI
ONOFCONSONANTSOUNDS
Ex
erc
ise1
Sound/s
/:s
eve
n,s
tude
nts
,fi
rst
,te
st,
li
cenc
es
Sound/z
/:dr
ive
r’s
,li
cenc
es,
Thur
sda
y
Pa
ge|66
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

Wha
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Ex
erc
ise2
(
a) Ga
rage (
c) Go (
e) Ent
angl
e
(
b) Gi
ft (
d) Di
gi
t (
f)Ge
cko

Ex
erc
ise3
Sound/ᶴ/:t
iss
ue,pas
sion,
oce
an,
caut
ious
,sol
uti
on,
pre
ssur
e,Pe
rsi
an,
chef
,sur
e,prec
ious
Sound/ᶾ/:Cauc
asi
an,
divi
si
on,l
ei
sur
e,v
isi
on,
cas
ual
,conc
lus
ion,
te
levi
si
on,dec
isi
on,
col
li
si
on,ex
posur
e
Ex
erc
ise4
Sound/f
/:f
orgi
ve,
for
,for
get
ti
ng,
lef
tov
er,
food
Sound/v
/:f
orgi
ve,
lef
tov
er
DI
PHTHONGS
(
a) Ga
te (
e) Pa
ne (
i)Va
ne/v
ein (
m) Sow
(
b) Ma
de (
f)Pl
ane (
j)Wa
ste (
n) Know
(
c) Ma
le (
g) Sa
il (
k) We
ight (
o) Tow
(
d) Pa
il (
h) Ta
il (
l)At
e (
p) Gr
oan
MI
NIMALPAI
RS
Ex
erc
ise1
(
a) He
at (
c) Te
en (
e) Le
ap (
g) Ke
ep
(
b) Shi
t (
d) Pi
tch (
f)Kni
t (
h) I
l
l
Pa
ge|67
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

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il
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om

(
i)Gr
id (
j)Pe
el (
k) Sk
id (
l)Sc
heme
Ex
erc
ise2
(
a) Hi
d (
c) He
m (
e) Fi
n (
g) Di
n
(
b) Me
ss (
d) Le
d (
f)Le
d (
h) Pi
g
Ex
erc
ise3
(
a) Fa
il (
d) Sa
il
/sa
l (
f)Me
t (
h) De
bt
e
(
b) Pe
n (
g) Re
ad/r
e (
i)Ma
in
(
e) Wha
le d
(
c) He
ll (
j)St
ead
Ex
erc
ise4
(
a) Ba
t (
d) Fl
ash (
g) Sung (
j)Suc
k
(
b) Muc
h (
e) Come (
h) Ank
le (
k) Da
mp
(
c) Mud (
f)Da
m (
i)Cr
ush (
l)Ta
g
Ex
erc
ise5
(
a) Me
rry (
c) Ke
ttl
e (
e) Se
x (
g) Tr
ead
(
b) Bl
and (
d) Ve
t (
f)Tr
ack (
h) Ma
t
Ex
erc
ise6
(
a) Fi
r/f
ur (
c) Pur
se (
e) Shi
rk
(
b) Ha
rd (
d) Fi
rm (
f)Ca
rt
Ex
erc
ise7
(
a) Ba
n (
b) Vot
e (
c) Be
st (
d) Bowe
ls

Pa
ge|68
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

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ria
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il
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om

(
e) Be
nt (
f)Ve
ry (
g) Lobe
s (
h) Ve
rb
Ex
erc
ise8
(
a) Ve
ry (
d) Vi
ne (
g) Fa
il (
j)Va
ult
(
b) Le
ave (
e) Ha
lve (
h) Gr
iev
e (
k) Fi
l
e
(
c) Fa
st (
f)Pr
ove (
i)Ca
rve (
l)St
ri
fe
Ex
erc
ise9
(
a) Ba
d (
f)Be
t (
k) Hi
d (
p) Not
(
b) Got (
g) Bought (
l)He
ard (
q) Sa
id
(
c) Ri
de (
h) Ai
d (
m) Ma
d (
r)Pl
ate
(
d) Ant (
i)Be
d (
n) Me
ant (
s) Sa
d
(
e) a
dd (
j)f
eed (
o) ne
ed (
t)De
bt
Ex
erc
ise10
(
a) Ta
g (
f)J
ag (
k) Gl
ass (
p) Duc
k
(
b) Fl
ock (
g) Ga
ve (
l)Coul
d (
q) Cut
(
c) Tuc
k (
h) Sa
ck (
m) Coa
t (
r)Loc
k
(
d) Come (
i)Le
ague (
n) Bl
ock (
s) Ra
g
(
e) Ca
sh (
j)Gr
ab (
o) Gi
l
l (
t)got
HOMOPHONES
(
a) be
e,be (
c) a
ye,
eye (
e) t
ea,
tee
(
b) s
ee,
sea (
d) pe
e,pe
a (
f)e
we,
you

Pa
ge|69
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

Wha
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ria
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rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

SI
LENTLETTERS
i
.b x
i.n x
xi.p
i
i
.s x
ii
.t x
xii
.x
i
i
i.c x
ii
i.t x
xii
i
.m
i
v.t x
iv.h x
xiv
.b
v
.c x
v.t x
xv.z
v
i.b x
vi.t x
xvi
. ue
v
ii
.s x
vii
.t x
xvi
i
.e
v
ii
i.h x
vii
i
.b x
xvi
i
i.t
h
i
x.d x
ix.t x
xix
.th
x
.d x
x.e x
xx.s

RI
DDLES

 Cha
ll
enge–Iha
vear
iddl
e!

 Ac
cept
anc
e–Thr
owi
t.

 Pos
e/Ri
ddl
e–Wha
tcome
sdownbutne
vergoe
sup?

 Gue
sse
s–wi
nd,
bir
d
Pa
ge|70
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

Wha
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ria
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rubo2020@gma
il
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om

 Pr
ize–Fi
re

 Sol
uti
on–r
ain
Ex
erc
ise2
a
abc
ddbc
eec
cff
ccgghh
DEBATE
Ic
oul
dha
ve:

 Spok
enc
onf
ide
ntl
y

 Va
rie
dmyt
onea
ppr
opr
iat
ely

 Spok
enl
oude
nought
obehe
ardbye
ver
yone

 Ma
demyc
ont
actwi
thmya
udi
enc
e

 Pr
ovi
dedpr
oof
sformypoi
ntsi
npe
rsua
siv
ewa
y.

 Spok
ens
lowl
yande
nunc
iat
edwor
dsc
orr
ect
ly

 Us
edge
stur
est
hatr
einf
orc
edmyi
dea
s

 Pa
use
datk
eypoi
nts
USEOFCOURTEOUSLANGUAGE
Ex
erc
ise1

 Fa
il
edt
ous
e‘t
hanky
ou’
aft
erbe
inggi
vent
heba
rofs
oap.

 Fa
il
edt
ous
e‘pl
eas
e’whe
nas
kingt
obegi
vent
heba
rofs
oap.

 Fa
il
edt
ous
e‘e
xcus
eme
’toge
tthes
hopk
eepe
r’sa
tte
nti
on.
Ex
erc
ise2
Pa
ge|71
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

Wha
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ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
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om

 Sheha
sus
ed‘
pl
eas
e’whe
nas
kingJ
ohnt
ofi
l
lthea
ddr
ess
.

 Sheha
sus
ed‘
woul
d’i
nas
kingque
sti
ons
.

I
MPORTANCEOFRESPECTI
NGPERSONALSPACE
Hec
oul
dha
vef
ail
edt
o:

 Spe
aki
nal
owv
oic
edur
ingt
het
alk
.

 Ma
int
aint
hephy
sic
aldi
sta
ncebe
twe
ent
het
woofusa
tthet
abl
e.

 Re
sis
tle
ani
ngonmys
houl
derorc
hes
t.

 Re
sis
tea
ves
droppi
ngonmyphonec
onv
ers
ati
on
READI
NGFORFORMONE

READI
NGSKI
LLS

SI
LENTREADI
NG

I
tinv
olv
esrea
dingwi
thoutpr
onounc
ingt
hewor
dsoutl
oud.
I
tisrea
dingt
oonese
lf.

Ba
dSi
l
entRe
adi
ngHa
bit
s

Thefol
l
owi
nga
res
omeoft
heba
dsi
l
entha
bit
swhi
chy
oumus
ttr
yto
bre
ak:

(
a)Mov
ingy
ourl
i
pswhe
nyour
ead

(b)Voc ali
zi
ng
Vocali
zingme anstha
tyoua
repronounc
ingwordsi
nt hev
oic
eboxof
thethroa twi
thoutmaki
ngs
ounds.Thi
sals
oslowsyourre
adi
ngrat
eto
thatofs peak
ing.
Pa
ge|72
Formor
ehi
ghs
chool
not
es,
setbook
s,gui
debook
s,CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
al
s

Wha
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il
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(c)Regres
singoutofha bit
Regress
ingme a
nsr e
readingaword,
phrase
,orsente
nceoutofhabi
t
andnotbe c
a useofne e
d. Someti
mes
,iti
sneces
sarytore
read
somethi
ng,es peci
all
yinadi f
fi
cul
tpa
ssage.
Buthabit
ual
,unnece
ssar
y
regr
essi
ngr eall
yslowsyoudown.

(
d)Re
adi
ngonewor
datat
ime

(
e)Mov
ingoft
hehe
ada
soner
eads
.

(
f)Poi
nti
ngt
hewor
dsa
syour
ead.

USI
NGADI
CTI
ONARY

Re
asonsf
orus
ingadi
cti
ona
ry

Adict
iona
ryi
sav
eryimportanttool
forany
onewhoisl
ear
ningane
w
l
anguage.
Wit
hagooddic
tionaryyoucandothef
oll
owi
ng:

 l
ookuptheme ani
ngofa nEngli
shwordyouseeorhe ar
 f
indtheEngli
sht r
a ns l
ationofawordinyourlanguage
 c
heckthespe l
l
ingofawor d
 c
heckthepluralofanounorpa stte
nseofav e
r b
 f
indoutothergramma t
icalinf
ormati
onaboutawor d
 f
indthesynonymora ntonymofawor d
 l
ookupthec ol
locationsofawor d
 c
heckthepa r
tofs pe echofawor d
 f
indouthowt os a
yawor d
 f
indoutaboutther e gis
te rofaword
 f
indexamplesoftheus eofawor dinnat
urallangua
ge

Tobeagooddicti
onar
yuser,howev
er,
iti
snotenoughtok
nowwha tt
o
usethedi
cti
ona
ryfor.
Youmus tal
sodeci
dewhi
chisthebe
stdi
cti
onar
y
fora
nyofthepurpos
esli
ste
da bov
e.

Fi
ndi
ngwor
dsqui
ckl
y

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)73
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

 Youwi
ll
needt
oknowtheEngl
i
shal
pha
betpe r
fect
ly.
 Uset
hegui
dewor
dsatthet
opofe
achdic
tionar
ypa ge
.

Fi
ndi
ngt
her
ightme
ani
ngofa
nEngl
i
shwor
d

Veryof t
enwhe nyoulookupane wEngl
ishword,y
oufindt ha
tithas
mor ethanoneme ani
ng.Ifyouarenots
urewhichonei
sc orrect
,chec
k
througha l
lthemeani
ngsa ndfi
ndtheonetha
tma kesmos tsenseinthe
contextwher ey
oufoundt heword.

Fi
ndi
ngt
her
ights
pel
l
ing

Anot
herpr
obl
emyoumayha
veiswhe
ny ouwantt
oche
ckyours
pel
l
ing
buty
oucan’
tfi
ndt
hewor
dyou’
rel
ooki
ngfor.
Herei
swhatt
odo:

 Ifyoua resureofthefirstfewle t
ter
s ,
justl
ookdownt hepage
untilyoufindtherightspe l
l
ing.
 Ifyoua renots ur
eoft hefir
stfe wlett
ers,t
rysomeot her
pos s
ibil
i
ties.Youknowf ore xamplethatsomewor dsthatst
art
wi t
ha n-ns oundha epa
v stheirfi
rstl
e t
ter
;e.
g..Soifyoucan'
t
findthewor dunde rN, t
rylookinginthePpa ges
.

USINGTHELI BRARY
Whe nyouwalki
ntoal
ibr
ary
, t
her
ear
emanyresour
cesa
tyour
f
ingert
ips.
 
Youjus
tnee
dt oknowwha
ttous
e,howtouseit
,andwhe
n
toaskforhel
p.
 

Di
ff
ere
ntTy
pesofLi
bra
rie
stoUs
e

Dependi
ngonthetopi
cyouneedt
ost
udy
,youmi
ghtf
indt
hatdi
ff
ere
nt
l
ibr
arie
smightse
rveyoubet
ter
.

Thedi
ff
ere
ntt
ype
sofl
i
bra
rie
sinc
lude
:

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
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om)74
 ma
ria
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il
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om

 Public
:Thi sli
braryi
sthetypi
cal
li
bra
r ywor
kingtomakesuret
he
l
ocal c
ommuni tyhasthebooksi
tneedswit
houthavi
ngtochar
ge
anyonet or e
adt hem.
 Homel ibrary
 Classli
br a
r y
.
 Schoollibrary

Usi
ngtheli
bra
ryi
seasya
nditonl
ytak
esali
ttl
edir
ect
ionfromyouin
or
dertoful
l
yreal
i
zehowmanybookscanhe
lpyouwit
hy ourt
opicof
st
udy.
 

Cons
ult
ingt
heLi
bra
ria
n

Atti
mes,y
ouma ynotknowwheretobe gi
nwithares
e a
rchtopic
. 
Ifyou
ar
enotsurewher
etogoorwha tques
tionstoask,
itcanhel
pt obring
i
nathir
dpa r
tywhoisnotat
tac
hedtoy ourres
earc
h:theli
brar
ian.

Tal
kingtotheli
brari
anwil
lhel
phavebookti
tl
estha
thavebeenhel
pful
toyou.I
fyoua l
readyhav
e f
oundhel
pful
books,
showtheli
bra
ria
n
so 
theycanlookforsi
mil
arbooksi
nthesta
cks.

COMPREHENSI
ONSKI
LLS

SUMMARYANDNOTE-
MAKI
NG

SUMMARI
ES
SUMMARY

 Ane x
cell
entsumma ryisasummarywr
it
tentos
howthaty
ouhave
rea
da ndunderstoodsomethi
ng.
 Youwillgetass
ignmentsthatas
kyout
or e
adacer
tai
nmater
ial
and
summa r
izeit
.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
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CT,
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es(
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emi
cah@gma
il
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om)75
 ma
ria
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rubo2020@gma
il
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om

Howt
opr
oduc
eas
umma
ry:

1.
Rea
dthema
ter
ial
tobes
umma
riz
eda
ndbes
urey
ouunde
rst
andi
t.

2.
Out
li
net
hema
jorpoi
nts
.

3.
Wri
teaf
ir
stdr
aftoft
hes
umma
rywi
thoutl
ook
inga
tthema
ter
ial
.

4.
Alwa
ysus
epa
raphr
asewhe
nwr
it
ingas
umma
ry.

5.
Targe
tyourf
ir
stdr
aftf
ora
ppr
oxi
mat
ely1/4t
hel
engt
hoft
he
or
igi
nal
.

6.Ne
verputanyofyourowni
dea
s,opi
ni
ons,orint
erpret
ati
onsi
ntothe
summary.Thi
smeansyouhav
etobeveryc
arefulofyourwordc
hoic
e .

7.
Wri
tei
npr
ose–notpoi
ntf
orm.

NOTE-
MAKI
NG
NOTEMAKI
NG
Howt
oMa
keNot
es
Thef
oll
owi
ngt
ipswi
l
lcomei
nha
ndywhe
nma
kingnot
es:

1.Re
adt
hema
ter
ial
car
eful
l
yandt
hor
oughl
y.

2.Unde
rli
net
hek
eys
ent
enc
esa
syour
ead.
Thi
swi
l
lhe
lpi
nfor
ming
t
het
it
le.

3.Ma
kear
oughnot
eoft
hema
inpoi
ntsi
nal
ogi
cal
seque
nce
.

4.Wr
it
ethef
ina
lnot
es.

Yous
houl
dha
vei
nmi
ndt
hatanot
e:

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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CT,
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T,Hi
ghSc
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emi
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il
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om)76
 ma
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rubo2020@gma
il
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om

1.Shoul
dbes
hor
tandt
othepoi
nt.

2.Cont
aina
llt
hei
mpor
tanta
ndr
ele
vanti
nfor
mat
ion.

3.Shoul
dha
vei
nfor
mat
ions
yst
ema
tic
all
ydi
vi
deda
nds
ubdi
vi
ded.

4.Shoul
dha
veas
hor
tti
tl
e.Av
oidl
ongs
ent
enc
esa
sti
tl
es.

5.Mus
tbewr
it
teni
npoi
ntsonl
y.

Not
esTe
mpl
ate

TI
TLE…………………….

(
a) ………………………………………….

(
b) …………………………………………

(
c) ……………………………………….
.

(
d) ……………………………………….
.

(
e)

GRAMMARFORFORMONE

PARTSOFSPEECH

NOUNS

(
a) COMMONNOUNS

 The
yar
esi
mpl
ywor
dst
hatna
mepe
opl
e,pl
ace
s,t
hings
,ori
dea
s.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
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CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
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emi
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il
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om)77
 ma
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rubo2020@gma
il
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om

 The
yar
enott
hea
ctua
lna
mes
.

 Thewor
d‘t
eac
her
’isac
ommonnoun,
butt
hewor
d‘Ha
li
ma’
isnot
.

 Ac
ommonnouni
dent
if
iesat
hing,
etc
.

 Ex
ampl
eofc
ommonnounsa
re:

 Pe
opl
e:t
eac
her
,fa
the
r,s
ecr
eta
ry,
woma
n,gi
rl
,et
c

 Ani
mal
s:Ti
ger
,Dog,
Cow,
etc

 Thi
ngs
:Cha
ir,
des
k,c
up,
phone
,et
c

 Pl
ace
s:Ci
ty,
town,
cont
ine
nt,
etc

I
dea
s:e
nvy
,ha
te,
lov
e,pr
ide
,et
c

Howt
oCa
pit
ali
zeCommonNouns

Thes
impl
erul
eis
:don’
tca
pit
ali
zeac
ommonnoun,
unl
essi
tist
hef
ir
st
wor
dinas
ent
enc
e,orpa
rtofat
it
le.

Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s

 Le
t’sgot
otha
thot
el.

 Iv
isi
tat
owndur
ingt
hehol
i
day
s.

Ex
erc
ise

Subs
tit
utet
heunde
rli
nedwor
d(s
)wi
thac
ommonnoun.
Youc
ana
dd

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
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CT,
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ghSc
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emi
cah@gma
il
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om)78
 ma
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mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

awor
dbe
for
ethenoun.

1.J
ohna
ndNi
ckwe
ret
aught
.

2.Iha
vev
isi
tedAs
ia.

3.Shel
i
vesi
nNa
irobi
.

4.Wee
ata
ttheHi
l
ton.

5.Ha
vey
oue
vers
wumi
ntheNi
l
e?
6.Idr
iveMe
rce
desBe
nz.
7.Ev
ery
onewe
nts
hoppi
nga
tTus
kys
.
8.Cor
por
alJ
one
sha
sdi
ed.
9.Ic
omef
romRwa
nda
.
10. Ia
mte
acha
tAl
l
ianc
e.

(
b) PROPERNOUNS
 Apropernouni
sana
meus
edf
ora
nindi
vi
dua
lpe
rson,
thi
ng,
ora
pl
ace.
 Theyal
way
sbe
gini
nca
pit
all
ett
ersnoma
tte
rwhe
ret
heyoc
curi
n
sent
enc
es.
 Looka
tthet
abl
ebe
low.
CommonNoun Pr
ope
rNoun Ex
ampl
einaSe
nte
nce
Te
ache
r Mr
.Ka
mau Mr
.Ka
maui
sourt
eac
her

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
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CT,
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T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
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emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)79
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

Pr
esi
dent Mr
.Uhur
uKe
nya
tta ofEngl
i
sh.
MrUhuruKeny
attai
sin
t
hesta
tehouse.
Ci
ty Momba
sa
Mombas
aisthepl
aceIgo
ev
erywe
ekend.

Ex
erc
ise
I
dent
if
ypr
ope
rnounsi
nthes
ent
enc
esbe
low.
1.Iwi
l
lta
key
out
oRi
ch’
sPa
lac
e.
2.Sa
rahi
sthegi
rlIt
oldy
oua
bout
.
3.Ofa
llt
hec
ont
ine
nts
,Il
i
keAf
ri
cat
hemos
t.
4.Gr
acyi
sthec
ute
stk
itt
ene
ver
.
5.Ia
mcr
avi
ngOr
eos
.
6.Ius
edTi
l
lyi
ncook
ing.
7.J
upi
teri
soneoft
hepl
ane
ts.
8.Ma
rga
retwa
sagr
eata
uthor
.

(
c) CONCRETEANDABSTRACTNOUNS
Conc
ret
eNouns

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
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emi
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il
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om)80
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il
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om

 Ac
onc
ret
enounr
egi
ste
rtoours
ens
es.
 Youc
ans
ee,
hea
r,t
ast
e,s
mel
l
,ore
venf
eel
the
m.
 Thee
xampl
esa
re:

 Ta
ble

 Ba
ll

 Hous
e

 Ri
ce

 Wa
ter

 Wool

Abs
tra
ctNouns
 The
ydon’
tre
gis
tert
oone
’ss
ens
es.
 The
yar
ejus
tide
as,
fee
li
ngs
,orqua
li
ti
es.
 Somee
xampl
esofa
bst
rac
tnounsi
ncl
ude
:

 He
alt
h  Bus
ine
ss  Noi
se

I
nte
res
t I
nsur
anc
e I
nte
ll
ige
nce

 Sl
eep  Ha
ppi
nes
s  Ange
r

 Tr
aff
ic  Pe
ace  Fun

 Adv
ice  Knowl
edge  Pr
ide

 Educ
ati
on  Hi
stor
y  Conf
ide
nce

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)81
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

 De
ter
mina
tion  La
w  La
ught
er
Ex
ampl
einSe
nte
nce
s
(
i) Educ
ati
oni
sthek
eyt
oli
fe.
(
ii
) Al
lthet
eac
herwa
nte
dwa
sapr
oof
.
(
ii
i) Iwi
l
lappl
yonc
etheoppor
tuni
typr
ese
ntsi
tse
lf.
(
iv) The
yar
eca
ll
ingf
orj
ust
ice
.
(
v) Youne
edt
ocha
ngey
ourbe
hav
iour
.
(
vi) Lov
ema
kest
hewor
ldgor
ound.

Ex
erc
ise1
I
dent
if
ythenounsi
nthes
ent
enc
esa
ndwr
it
ewhe
the
ritt
heya
re
c
oncr
eteorabst
rac
t.
1.Ama
nmus
tal
way
sha
vet
hec
our
aget
ofa
cee
ver
ycha
ll
enge
.
2.Noma
tte
rwha
tha
ppe
ns,
wemus
tnotl
osehope
.
3.Myf
ait
hinGodi
sve
rys
trong.
4.Ape
rsons
houl
dbuyabe
aut
if
uldr
ess
.
5.Ha
vey
ous
eent
hebl
ackdog?
6.Lov
eisbl
i
nd.
Ex
erc
ise2
Fi
l
lthebl
ankwi
tht
hea
ppr
opr
iat
efor
moft
hewor
dinbr
ack
ets
.
1.Shea
ske
dformy_______________a
boutt
hisbook
.(a
dvi
se)

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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emi
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il
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om)82
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il
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om

2.The_________________i
nKe
nyai
snota
sgooda
sitwa
s10y
ear
s
ago.
(educ
ate)
3.Thewayshea ns
wersquest
ionss
howss
heha
sabov
eav
era
ge
_____________.(
int
ell
i
gent)
4.Sheex
plai
nedt
he________________ofphy
sic
ale
xer
cis
e.
(i
mport
ant)
5._____________me
ansdi
ff
ere
ntt
hingst
odi
ff
ere
ntpe
opl
e.(
happy
)
6.___________i
sal
ltha
twi
l
lhe
lp.
(conf
ide
nt)
7.I
tis_______________t
hatc
ome
sbe
for
eaf
all
.(pr
oud)
8.Hi
s______________l
edhi
mtok
il
lOj
wang.
(angr
y)
9.Thecompos
iti
ons
hewr
otes
howe
dahi
ghl
eve
lof______________.
(i
magine
)
10. Youwi
l
ldi
eoutof___________.
(lone
ly)
(
d) COUNTANDNONCOUNTNOUNS
Ac
onc
ret
enounc
ane
ithe
rbec
ate
gor
ize
dasc
ountornon-
count
.
CountNouns
 Acountnounca
nbee
xpr
ess
edi
npl
ura
lfor
m,nor
mal
l
ywi
tha
n“-
s”,
f
orexample,

 Se
ason–s
eas
ons

 Dog–dogs

 Te
ache
r–t
eac
her
s

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
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CT,
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es(
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emi
cah@gma
il
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om)83
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

 Whenyoul
ookar
oundthec
lass
room,t
herea
rethi
ngstha
tyoucan
c
ount.
Whataret
hey?Thel
is
tofthi
ngsyoucanpr
obabl
yseear
e:

 Cha
irs

 Ta
ble
s

 Fl
ag

 Te
xtbook
s

 De
sks

 Cups
 Suchnounsca
nbepr
ece
dedbya
ppr
opr
iat
ear
ti
cl
es,
whe
the
r
si
ngul
arorpl
ural
.
Non-
CountNouns
 Al
sor
efe
rre
dtoa
sma
ssnouns
.
 Nounsf
all
i
ngunde
rthi
sca
tegor
yar
ethos
e:

 Tha
tca
nnotbec
ount
ed

 Tha
tdonotha
vepl
ura
lfor
ms.
 Be
lowa
ret
hee
xampl
esofnon-
countnouns
.

 Lugga
ge  Pl
ast
ic  Be
er

 We
athe
r  Ha
ir  Soc
cer

 Equi
pme
nt  Ai
r  Bi
ol
ogy

 Ox
yge
n  Mi
l
k  Re
adi
ng

 Wood J
uic
e  Gl
ass
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
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CT,
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emi
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il
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om)84
 ma
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il
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om

 Suns
hine  Ne
ws  Me
at

 Ri
ce  Ma
the
mat
ics  Fur
nit
ure

 Hi
stor
y  El
ect
ri
ci
ty
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
1.Thi
siss
chool
equi
pme
nt.
2.Pl
ast
ici
sanonc
onduc
tor
.

(
e) PLURALNOUNS
 The
rea
rer
ule
sfors
pel
l
ingpl
ura
lnouns
.
Ge
ner
alRul
esf
orSpe
ll
ingPl
ura
lNouns
1.Mos
tnounsa
dd“
-s”
,fore
xampl
e

 Book–book
s

 Pe
n–pe
ns

 Phone–phone
s
2.Mostnounst
hate
ndi
n“-
ch”
,“-
sh”
,“-
s”,
“-x
”,or“
-z”a
dd“
-i
es”
,for
ex
ample,

 Chur
ch–c
hur
che
s

 Box–box
es

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
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emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)85
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

 Pr
ize–pr
ize
s

 Bus–bus
es

3.Mostnounst
hate
ndi
nac
ons
ona
nta
nd“
-y”be
come
s“-
ies
”,f
or
ex
ample,

 Spy–s
pie
s

 Communi
ty–c
ommuni
ti
es

 Ac
tiv
ity–a
cti
vi
ti
es

 Count
ry–c
ount
ri
es
4.Mos
tnounst
hate
ndi
n“-
f”,
or“
-fe
”add“
-ve
s”,
fore
xampl
e,

 El
f–e
lve
s

 Wol
f–wol
ves

 Ha
lf–ha
lve
s

 Kni
fe–k
niv
es

 Sc
arf–s
car
ves
5.Somenounst
hate
ndi
nac
ons
ona
nta
nd“
o”,
add“
-es
”,f
ore
xampl
e,

 Toma
to–t
oma
toe
s

 Buf
fal
o–buf
fal
oes

 Vol
cano–v
olc
anoe
s

 He
ro–he
roe
s

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)86
 ma
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mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

 Mos
qui
to–mos
qui
toe
s
6.Somenounsonl
ycha
nget
hei
rvowe
ls,
fore
xampl
e,

 Goos
e–ge
ese

 Ma
n–me
n

 Mous
e–mi
ce

 Toot
h–t
eet
h
The
rea
ret
hos
etha
tdonotc
hangea
tal
l
,fore
xampl
e,

 De
er

 Spe
cie
s

 Fi
sh

 She
ep
 Ther
ear
eafewnounst
hatha
vepl
ura
lfor
mswhi
cha
rel
eftf
romol
d
Engl
i
sh,
fore
xampl
e,

 Chi
l
d–c
hil
dre
n

 Ox–ox
en
 The
nthe
rea
ret
hos
eofLa
tinor
igi
n.The
yar
eli
ke:

 Ant
enna–a
nte
nna
e

 Appe
ndi
x–a
ppe
ndi
ces
,appe
ndi
xes

 Ca
ctus–c
act
i

 St
adi
um–s
tadi
a,s
tadi
ums

Nov
els
,Upda
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 Te
rmi
nus–t
ermi
ni
,te
rmi
nus
es

 Re
fer
endum–r
efe
renda
,re
fer
endums

I
nde
x–i
ndi
ces
,inde
xes

 For
mul
a–f
ormul
ae,
for
mul
as

 Cur
ri
cul
um–c
urr
icul
a,c
urr
icul
um

ARTI
CLES
 Ana
rti
cl
eisak
indofa
dje
cti
ve.
I
tisus
edwi
thanouna
ndgi
vess
omei
nfor
mat
iona
boutt
hatnoun.
 The
rea
ret
woa
rti
cl
es:

A

 The
 Thea
rti
cl
e“a
”ha
saf
orm“
an”
.
 Art
icl
e“a”i
sknownast
heindef
ini
teart
icl
e.I
tiscal
l
edi
nde
fini
te
si
ncethenouni
tgoe
swithisi
ndef
ini
teorgenera
l.
 Thef
orm“
an”i
sus
edwhe
nthenouni
tpr
ece
desbe
ginswi
thav
owe
l.
 Thear
ti
cl
e“a”ha
sthes
ameme
ani
nga
snumbe
r“one
”.Fore
xampl
e,
onec
ansay:
Iha
veboughtape
n.Or
Iha
veboughtonepe
n.
 Thea
rti
cl
e“t
he”i
sde
fini
tea
rti
cl
e.

Nov
els
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 Adefi
nit
ear
ti
clei
ndi
cat
esaspec
if
icthi
ng.
Ca nyoui
dent
if
ythe
di
ff
erenc
ebet
we e
nthepai
rofs
entence
sbelow?
(
i) Iboughtape
n.
(
ii
) Iboughtt
hepe
n.
These
condse
nte
nces
howst
hatIboughtapa
rti
cul
arpe
n,a
ndnot
anyot
her.
 Thea
rti
cl
e“t
he”i
sus
edwi
thc
ountnounswhe
n:

 Weus
ethenounas
econda
nds
ubs
eque
ntt
ime
s.

 Thel
i
ste
nerk
nowswha
tyoua
rer
efe
rri
ngt
o.
Ex
erc
ise
Fi
lli
nthebl
ankwi
tha
ppr
opr
iat
ear
ti
cl
e.Le
avet
hes
pac
ebl
anki
fno
ar
ti
clei
sneede
d.
1.Iha
vet
oea
t______________a
ppl
etoda
y.
2.Sheha
s__________doga
thome
.
3.Mys
onha
sle
arnthowt
opl
ay__________pi
ano.
4.Toml
i
kest
opl
ay______________ba
ske
tba
ll
.
5.The
rei
s___________ne
wbookont
het
abl
e.
6.___________t
eac
heri
sla
tet
hismor
ning.
7.___________i
nki
nmype
nisbl
ack
.
8.Shes
pea
ks_________J
apa
nes
e.
9.Wha
t___________e
xpe
nsi
vebi
ke!

Nov
els
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10. Hei
s_____________hone
stpe
rson.

PRONOUNS
PERSONALPRONOUNS
 The
yre
pre
sents
pec
if
icpe
opl
eort
hings
.
 The
yar
eus
edde
pendi
ngon:
(
i) Numbe
r:whe
the
rsi
ngul
arorpl
ura
l
(
ii
) Pe
rson:
whe
the
rfi
rst
,se
cond,
ort
hir
dpe
rsons
(
ii
i) Ge
nde
r:whe
the
rma
le,
fema
le,
orne
ute
r
(
iv) Ca
se:
whe
the
rint
hec
aseofs
ubj
ectorobj
ect
Numbe
rve
rsusPe
rson
Numbe
r Fi
rstPe
rson Se
condPe
rson Thi
rdPe
rson
Si
ngul
ar I You He
/she
/it

Pl
ura
l We You The
y

Ge
nde
rve
rsusPe
rson
Pe
rson Ge
nde
r

Nov
els
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Ma
le Fe
mal
e Ne
ute
r
Fi
rstpe
rson
Se
condpe
rson
Thi
rdpe
rson He She I
t

Ca
se
 Thepr
onounsus
eda
ssubj
ect
sar
e:

I

 We

 He

 She

I
t

 The
y

 You
 Thepr
onounsbe
lowa
reus
eda
sobj
ect
s:

 Me

 Us

 Hi
m

 He
r

I
t

Nov
els
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 You

 The
m
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
(
i) Il
i
kei
t.
(
ii
) Youa
remybe
stf
ri
end.
(
ii
i) Shei
srunni
ngf
romt
het
rut
h.
(
iv) Ge
tmet
hatbookpl
eas
e.
(
v) The
yar
eint
erv
iewi
ngt
hem.
Ex
erc
ise1
Fi
l
lthebl
ank
swi
thc
orr
ectf
ormsofpr
onounsi
nbr
ack
ets
.
1.__________a
mthene
wcl
asspr
efe
ct.
(me
)
2.___________doe
sn’
tma
tte
r.(
the
y)
3.Doe
sMa
rthal
i
ke____________?(
he)
4.Ki
l
li
onhe
lpe
d___________.
(I)
5.Di
dyous
ee___________?(
she
)
Ex
erc
ise2
Re
pla
cet
heunde
rli
nedwor
dswi
tha
nappr
opr
iat
epr
onoun.
1.Theol
dga
tedoe
sn’
tlookgood.
2.Toma
ndMa
rywe
ntt
osc
hool
.
3.Thedogbi
tthedoc
tora
ndt
hec
hie
f.

Nov
els
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emi
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4.Mos
esr
unsf
ast
ert
hanRe
bec
ca.
5.Phi
onaa
ndRut
hpl
aye
ddoubl
es.
6.Chr
ist
inei
scl
eve
r.
7.Ibr
oughtt
hedr
ess
.
8.Ant
onydr
oveJ
une
tandme
.

POSSESSI
VEPRONOUNS
 Weus epos
sess
ivepr
onounstoref
ertoaspe
cif
icpers
onorpeopl
e,
ort
hingorthi
ngstha
tbelongtoaper
sonorpeopl
e,orthi
ngs
.
J
ustl
i
kepe
rsona
lpr
onouns
,the
yar
eus
edde
pendi
ngon:
(
i) Numbe
r
(
ii
) Pe
rson
(
ii
i) Ge
nde
r
(
iv) Ca
se
Numbe
randPe
rson

I
nsi
ngul
arweus
e:
Mi
ne–f
ir
stPe
rson
Your
s--s
econdpe
rson
Hi
s/he
rs/i
ts–t
hir
dpe
rson

I
npl
ura
l,us
e:
Our
s–f
ir
stpe
rson
Nov
els
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emi
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Your
s–s
econdpe
rson
The
irs–t
hir
dpe
rson
Ge
nde
r

 Forma
lege
nde
r,t
hepr
onounbe
lowa
reus
ed:
Hi
s

 Forf
ema
lege
nde
rus
e,he
rs
Ca
se
Apos
ses
siv
epr
onounc
ane
ithe
rbeas
ubj
ectorobj
ect
.
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
(
i) Mi
nei
stha
tone
.
(
ii
) Thi
sonei
smi
ne.
(
ii
i) Thec
arsa
rey
our
s.
(
iv) Your
sar
ethos
eone
sov
ert
her
e.
(
v) He
rsha
sbe
ens
tol
en.
(
vi) Thi
sbui
l
dingi
sour
s.
Ex
erc
ise
Complet
eeachsent
enc
ewi
tht
hepos
ses
siv
epr
onounf
ormoft
he
word(
s)unde
rli
ned.
1.Ma
rthadi
d_____________home
wor
kint
ime
.
2.Ha
vey
ougot___________mone
y.
3.Il
i
key
ourna
me.
Doy
oul
i
ke___________?
Nov
els
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4.HectorandEmmyha
ves
eeny
ourba
g.Ha
vey
ous
een
____________?
5.J
ane
,myf
lowe
rsa
redy
ing.
____________a
regood.
6.Iha
vec
omewi
thmys
ist
er.
___________na
mei
sAl
i
ce.
7.Sophi
eandGe
rge
sst
udySc
ienc
e._____________t
eac
heri
ski
nd.
8.Wel
ove__________ne
wbos
s.
9.Hei
sin__________hous
e.
10. Ar
eyoua
ndy
ourf
ri
ende
njoy
ing__________we
eke
nd?
11. Thec
atha
sbi
t___________t
ail
.
12. Ri
ghtha
sabr
othe
r.___________i
s10y
ear
sol
d.

REFLEXI
VEPRONOUNS
 The
yar
espe
cia
lki
ndofpr
onouns
.
 Are
fle
xiv
epr
onouni
sus
edwhe
ntheobj
ectofas
ent
enc
eist
he
s
amea st
hes
ubje
ct.
 Ea
chpe
rsona
lpr
onounha
sit
sownr
efl
exi
vef
orm.
 Thetablebel
ows howspe
rsona
lpr
onounswi
tht
hei
requi
val
ent
re
fle
xivepronouns.
Pe
rsona
lPr
onoun Re
fle
xiv
ePr
onoun
I My
sel
f
You(
singul
ar) Your
sel
f

Nov
els
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You(
plur
al) Your
sel
ves
He Hi
mse
lf
She He
rse
lf
I
t I
tse
lf
We Our
sel
ves
The
y The
mse
lve
s

Whe
nRe
fle
xiv
ePr
onounsa
reUs
ed
Re
fle
xiv
epr
onounsa
reus
edwhe
n:
(
i) Theobj
ecta
ndt
hes
ubj
ecta
res
imi
l
ar.
Fore
xampl
e,

 Shebi
the
rse
lf.
Thes
ubj
ects
hea
ndt
heobj
ecthe
rse
lfa
res
imi
l
ar.

 The
ybe
tra
yedt
hems
elv
es.

 Ma
tthe
wli
keshi
mse
lf.
(
ii
) Theyar
eus eda stheobj
e c
tofpreposi
ti
ons.I
nthese
ntence
s
bel
ow,thewor dsunderl
inedarethepre
posi
ti
onsandtheonesi
n
bol
dfa
cea r
et heobject
soft hos
epreposi
ti
ons.

 Youngboughtape
nci
lforhi
mse
lf.

 Ha
li
mamoppe
dther
oombyhe
rse
lf.

 Thema
dma
nta
lkst
ohi
mse
lf.
(
ii
i) The
yar
eal
sous
edwhe
nempha
siz
ingt
hes
ubj
ect
s.Ex
ampl
es

Nov
els
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emi
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 Ia
tea
llt
her
icemy
sel
fThi
. sme
ansnoonee
lseha
dany
.
 Danwil
lwasht
hec
lot
heshi
mse
lfThi
. sme
anss
hewi
l
lbehe
lpe
d
bynoone.
Ca
nyoudi
ff
ere
nti
atebe
twe
ent
hepa
irofs
ent
enc
esbe
low?
Sheboughtt
hepe
nherse
if.
Sheboughtt
hedr
essf
orherse
lf.
Ex
erc
ise
Fi
l
lthec
orr
ectf
ormofr
efl
exi
vepr
onounf
ore
achbl
anks
pac
e.
1.I
nt heev
ening,
wewe nttothemark
ett
obuy
_________________foodtocook
.
2.Idon’
tknowwhe t
hert
heywe
ntt
osc
hool
orwhe
the
rthe
yta
ught
______________.
3.I
fyouhur
t______________,
don’
tcr
ytoa
nyone
.
4.Thi
sca
tca
ughtt
her
at_____________.
5.WheneverIse
e___________i
nami
rr
or,
Ismi
l
eto
___________.
6.Tha
tli
tt
leduc
kiswa
shi
ng_____________i
nthepond.
7.J
ona
tha
nat
eal
lthef
ood_____________.
8.Goodev
eni
ngev
ery
one
?Pl
eas
ema
ke_____________
comf
ort
abl
e.
9.Si
ncet
heschool
isthe
irf
athe
r’s
,the
ygi
ve_______________
br
eakwhe
ne v
erthe
yfeel
li
ke.
10. Ma
ryboughtt
hedr
essf
or_____________.
Nov
els
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FUNCTI
ONSOFPRONOUNS
 Apronouncanbeus
edwhe
reanounoranounphr
asec
anbeus
edi
n
ase
ntence.
 Pr
onounspe
rfor
mthef
oll
owi
ngf
unc
tionsi
nas
ent
enc
e:
(
a) Ast
heSubj
ectofaVe
rb

 Thes
ubj
ectofv
erbi
stha
twhi
chpe
rfor
mst
hata
cti
on.

 Someoft
hepr
onounsus
eda
ssubj
ect
soft
hev
erbsa
re:
He
She
I
The
y
Wee
tc
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
i
. Hei
smybe
stf
ri
end.
i
i
. Youa
ret
heoneIs
aw.
i
i
i. The
yar
ethes
chool
admi
ni
str
ator
s.
Nov
els
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emi
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(
b) Ast
heObj
ectofAVe
rb

 Anobj
ecti
sther
eci
pi
entoft
hea
cti
on.

 Someobj
ectpr
onounsi
ncl
ude
:
Me
You
Hi
m
He
r
The
m
I
tet
c
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
i
. Ri
cha
rde
scor
tedhi
m.
i
i
. Hes
epa
rat
edt
hem.
i
i
i. Is
awhe
r.
(
c) Ast
heObj
ectofapr
epos
iti
on
Anobj
ectofpr
epos
iti
oni
mme
dia
tel
yfol
l
owst
hepr
epos
iti
on.
Ex
ampl
es
i
. Iwi
l
lthi
nka
bouti
t.
i
i
. Iboughti
tforhi
m.

Nov
els
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emi
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VERBS
 Aver
bisawor
dtha
tshowsa
nac
tion,
sta
te,
ore
vena
n
oc
cur
renc
e.
 The
rea
ret
woma
inv
erbt
ype
s:
 Le
xic
alv
erbs
 Aux
il
ia
ryv
erbs
I
nthi
sse
cti
on,
wes
hal
lst
udyLe
xic
alv
erbs
.
LEXI
CALVERBS
 Al
exi
cal
ver
bist
hema
inv
erbi
nas
ent
enc
e.
I
tdoe
snotne
edahe
lpi
ngv
erba
sitc
arr
iest
heme
ani
ng.
 Thee
xampl
esa
re:
 Ta
lk
 Si
ng
 Run
J
ump
 Ea
t
 Goe
tc

Nov
els
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 Depe
ndingonhowthe
yformthe
irpas
ttens
eandpas
tpa
rti
ci
pl
e
f
orms,t
heyaregr
oupedasr
egul
arori
rre
gul
arve
rbs
.

Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
1.Iwor
katt
hes
tat
ion.
2.Shedr
ive
saf
anc
yca
r.
3.Iga
vey
oua
llI
had.
REGULARANDI
RREGULARVERBS
 Ver
bsar
esubdi
vi
dedi
ntoregul
arandir
regul
arve
rbsdependi
ng
onhowt
hei
rpastt
ens
ea ndpastpar
ti
ci
plesar
eformed.
 Ar
egul
arv
erba
dds–e
dor–dt
othee
ndoft
heba
sef
orms
.
Ex
ampl
esofRe
gul
arVe
rbs
Ve
rb Pa
stTe
nse Pa
stPa
rti
ci
pl
e
Ca
ll Ca
ll
ed Ca
ll
ed
Pl
an Pl
anne
d Pl
anne
d
J
ump J
umpe
d J
umpe
d
Ki
l
l k
il
le
d Ki
l
led
Fi
l
l f
il
le
d f
il
le
d

Nov
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Ex
ampl
esI
nSe
nte
nce
s
1.Hej
umpe
dov
ert
hef
enc
e.
2.Hek
il
le
dthec
at.
 ForIr
regul
arver
bs,
therei
snofor
mul
atha
tpr
edi
ctt
hei
rpa
st
tens
ea ndpas
tpart
ici
pl
eforms
.
 The
yinc
lude
:
Ve
rb Pa
stTe
nse Pa
stPa
rti
ci
pl
e
Swe
ep Swe
pt Swe
pt
Cut Cut Cut
Come Ca
me Ca
me
Go We
nt We
nt
Me
et Me
t Me
t
I
s/a
m Wa
s Be
en

Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
1.Her
ant
owa
rdst
her
ive
r.
2.Ha
vey
our
epa
idt
hel
oan?
3.Iha
ves
wum.

TENSES

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SI
MPLEPRESENTTENSE
 Thes
impl
epr
ese
ntt
ens
eisus
edt
oex
pre
ss:
1.Ha
bit
ual
act
ions
,fore
xampl
e,
i
. Shee
atsf
is
h.
i
i
. Shewa
she
she
rcl
othe
sev
erywe
ek.
i
i
i. Wes
eemov
iese
ver
yev
eni
ng.
2.Somege
ner
alt
rut
hs,
fore
xampl
e,
i
. Wa
terboi
l
sat100de
gre
es.
i
i
. Themont
hofApr
ilha
s30da
ys.

Poi
ntst
oRe
membe
ronTheSi
mpl
ePr
ese
ntThi
rdPe
rsonSi
ngul
ar

 Thev
erbus
ual
l
yendsi
n–s
,fore
xampl
e,
i
. Her
uns
i
i
. Sher
uns
i
i
i. I
truns

 Ne
gat
ivea
ndque
sti
ona
re“
doe
s”,
fore
xampl
e,
i
. Hedoe
snotr
un.
i
i
. Doe
sher
un?
i
i
i. Shedoe
snotr
un.
i
v. Doe
ssher
un?

Nov
els
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I
nc a
seofne
gat
ivea
ndque
sti
on,
thene
xtv
erba
fte
r“doe
s”doe
s
notaddan-
s
Pr
ese
ntSi
mpl
eTe
nse–Ne
gat
ive
Ane
gat
ives
ent
enc
eisus
ual
l
yfor
medbyus
ing“
not
”.
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
i
. Idonotl
i
kei
t.
i
i
. Wedonotl
i
kei
t.
i
i
i. Youdonotl
i
kei
t.
i
v. Shedoe
snotl
i
kei
t.
v
. Hedoe
snotl
i
kei
t.
v
i. The
ydonotl
i
kei
t.
Pr
ese
ntSi
mpl
eTe
nse–Que
sti
ons
Theques
tionsa
ref
orme
dbyus
inge
ithe
r“do”or“
doe
s”a
tthe
begi
nni
ng.
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
i
. Doy
oul
i
kei
t?
i
i
. Dowel
i
kei
t?
i
i
i. Doy
oul
i
kei
t?
i
v. Doe
sshel
i
kei
t?
v
. Doe
shel
i
kei
t?
v
i. Dot
heyl
i
kei
t?

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Ex
erc
ise1
Rewr
itee a
chsent
encebel
owfol
lowingt
hei
nst
ruc
tioni
nbr
ack
ets
.Do
notc
ha ngethemeani
ngofthes
e nt
ence
.
1.Il
i
vei
nMa
ragua
.(be
ginwi
th:
do)
2.Ri
ghtc
ome
stos
chool
dai
l
y.be
( gi
n:doe
s)
3.Shedoe
snotpl
ayr
ugby
.(donotus
e:not
)
4.Thet
rai
nle
ave
sat8.
00a
m.us
( e
:9.
00a
m)
5.Doe
shef
orge
thi
swa
ll
et be
?( gi
n:he
)
Ex
erc
ise2
Usethecor
rectformoft
hev
erbi
nbr
ack
etst
ocompl
etee
achoft
he
f
oll
owingsent
e nce
s.
1.I______________f
if
tee
nye
arsol
dnow.
(be
)
2.Mour
een______________a
tGi
thur
ai.
(li
ve)
3.Emi
l
ly___________di
nne
rfort
hem.
(cook
)
4.Thes
tude
nts____________l
unc
hat1.
00pm.
(ea
t)
5.Mygr
andmot
her____________me
dic
inewhe
nshei
ssi
ck.
(ta
ke)
6.I
tnor
mal
l
y____________he
rei
nApr
il
.(r
ain)
7.I
t_____________i
nMa
yasmuc
hasi
tdoe
sinMa
rch.
(ra
in)
8.The
y___________Fr
enc
htwi
ceawe
ek.
(st
udy
)
9.MrGre
gor
y______________Ge
ogr
aphya
tLuk
eny
aHi
gh
Sc
hool
.
10. Ge
orge_____________t
ochur
che
ver
ySunda
y.(
go)
Nov
els
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SI
MPLEPASTTENSE
 Asi
mpl
epastt
ens
eisus
edt
ota
lka
boutac
ompl
ete
dac
tioni
na
t
imebe
for
enow.
 Thet
imeofa
cti
onc
anbei
nther
ece
ntpa
stort
hedi
sta
ntpa
st.
Ex
ampl
es
1.Iwa
lke
dal
lthewa
ytos
chool
.
2.Wes
awt
hema
tther
est
aur
ant
.
3.The
ypl
aye
dthepi
ano.
4.Shea
tehe
rlunc
hat1.
00pm.
Howt
oFor
mtheSi
mpl
ePa
stTe
nse
Si
mpl
ePa
sti
nNe
gat
iveSt
ate
ment
Thepa
tte
rnhe
rei
s:
Subj
ect
+Aux
il
ia
ry+not
Shedi
dnotc
all
.
Si
mpl
ePa
sti
nInt
err
oga
tiv
e
Di
dshec
all
you?

Ex
erc
ise
Fi
l
lint
hec
orr
ectf
ormofwor
dinbr
ack
etst
ocompl
etee
achs
ent
enc
e.
1.I______________t
othet
hea
trel
astwe
ek.
(go)
2.I
t_________i
nte
res
ting.
(be
)

Nov
els
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3.I__________t
hre
esi
tesl
asty
ear
.(v
isi
t)
4.I
t____________a
sitdi
dthet
hepr
evi
ouswe
ek.
(ra
in)
5.She____________as
ingl
eca
rdf
romhe
rre
lat
ive
s.(
rec
eiv
e)
6.We___________t
oane
whous
ela
stmont
h.(
mov
e)
7.The
y____________uspi
zzay
est
erda
y.(
bri
ng)
8.I____________abi
gli
on.
(se
e)
9.Whe
re_______________y
ourl
astwe
eke
nd?(
spe
nd/y
ou)
10. I
twa
scol
d,s
oI_________________of
fmyc
oat
.(t
ake
)
11. Si nc
ethedoorwa
sope
ned,
thebi
rd_____________i
nto
t
hehouse
.
12. Thec
arwa
sn’
tex
pens
ive
.It_____________v
erymuc
h.
(
cos
t)

ADJ
ECTI
VES
COMPARATI
VEANDSUPERLATI
VEFORMS
Compa
rat
ive
s
Thecompar
ati
vef
ormofa
nadj
ect
ivei
sus
edt
ocompa
ret
wope
opl
eor
thi
ngs.
Exa
mple
Hei
squi
cke
rtha
nNgur
e.
Supe
rla
tiv
es
Thesupe
rlat
ivef
ormofa
nadj
ect
ivei
sus
edt
ocompa
remor
etha
ntwo
peopl
eorthi
ngs.Ex
ampl
e

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Hei
sthequi
cke
stoft
het
hre
e.
Wa
ysofMa
kingCompa
rat
ivea
ndSupe
rla
tiv
eAdj
ect
ive
s
(
a) Adj
ect
ive
swi
thOneSy
ll
abl
e
I
nge ne
ral,
ifa
nadj
ect
iveha
sonesy
ll
abl
e,t
hen–e
ror–rfor
comparat
ivea
nd–estor–stf
ors
upel
ati
vesa
readde
dtot
headj
ect
ive
.
Exampl
es

Adj
ect
ive Compa
rat
iveFor
m Supe
rla
tiv
eFor
m
Hot Hot
ter Hot
tes
t
Ta
ll Ta
ll
er Ta
ll
est
Sma
ll Sma
ll
er Sma
ll
est
La
rge La
rge
r La
rge
st
Thi
n Thi
nne
r Thi
nne
st
Ni
ce Ni
cer Ni
ces
t

(
b) Adj
ect
ive
swi
thTwoSy
ll
abl
es
 Ther
earet
hos
ethatsimpl
yadd–e
ror–rf
orc
ompa
rat
ive
,and–e
st
or–stf
ors
uper
lat
ive
.Exampl
es
i
. Fe
ebl
e Fe
ebl
erFe
ebl
est
i
i
.
s
omeusethewor
d“more
”forc
ompa
rat
ive
,and“
mos
t”f
or
s
upe
rla
tiv
eforms.
Exa
mples

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i
. f
amous mor
efa
mous mos
tfa
mous
i
i
.
 Therear
ethosethatcandowit
hei
ther–eror–r,ormorefor
comparat
iveand–estor–st,
ormostforsupe
rla
tiv
e.The
ya r
e
spec
ial
adject
ive
s.Ex
amples
i
. Cl
eve
r Cl
eve
rer(
mor
ecl
eve
r)Cl
eve
res
t(mos
tcl
eve
r)
i
i
. Si
mpl
e Si
mpl
er(
mor
esi
mpl
e)Si
mpl
est(
mos
tsi
mpl
e)

 Ot
hers
pec
ial
adj
ect
ive
sar
e:

 Qui
et

 Pol
i
te

 Pl
eas
ant

 Li
kel
y

 Commonl
y

 Sur
e
(
c) Adj
ect
ive
swi
thThr
eeorMor
eSy
ll
abl
es
Wordmoref
orc
ompa
rat
ivea
ndmos
tfors
upe
rla
tiv
esa
reus
ed.
Ex
ample
s
I
nte
resti
ng more
int
ere
sti
ng mos
tinte
resti
ng
At
trac
tiv
e mor eat
tra
cti
ve mostat
trac
tiv
e
(
d) I rr
egul
aradj
ect
ive
s
Somea
dje
cti
vesha
veI
rr
egul
arc
ompa
rat
ivea
nds
upe
rla
tiv
efor
ms.

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Ex
ampl
es
Adj
ect
ive Compa
rat
iveFor
m Supe
rla
tiv
eFor
m
Ba
d Wor
se Wor
st
Good Be
tte
r Be
st
Li
tt
le Le
ss Le
ast
Muc
h Mor
e Mos
t

REGULARANDI
RREGULARADJ
ECTI
VES
 Thewayanadj
ect
ivemakecompara
tiv
eandsupe
rla
tiv
efor
msi
s
whatde
ter
mineswhet
heriti
sregul
arori
rr
egul
ar.
Re
gul
arAdj
ect
ive
s
 Aregul
aradj
ect
iveadds–erormor
einc
ompa
rat
ivef
orm,
and–e
st
ormostfors
uperl
ati
ves.
 Thet
abl
ebe
lowi
l
lus
tra
test
his
.
Adj
ect
ive Compa
rat
ive Supe
rla
tiv
e
Sma
ll Sma
ll
er Sma
ll
est
Ni
ce Ni
cer Ni
ces
t
Pr
ett
y Pr
ett
ier Pr
ett
ies
t
Be
aut
if
ul Mor
ebe
aut
if
ul Mos
tbe
aut
if
ul

Nov
els
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I
rre
gul
arAdj
ect
ive
s
 The
yha
vec
ompl
ete
lydi
ff
ere
ntf
orms
.
I
tisnote
asyt
opr
edi
ctt
hei
rcompa
rat
ivea
nds
upe
rla
tiv
efor
ms.
 Ex
ampl
esa
re:
 Good
 Ba
det
c

GRADABLEANDNONGRADABLEADJ
ECTI
VES
Gr
ada
bleAdj
ect
ive
s
 Agr
ada
blea
dje
cti
veha
sdi
ff
ere
ntde
gre
es.
 Youcansay“v
e r
yhot”or“
abithot
”.Hoti
sthe
ref
oreagr
ada
ble
adj
ect
ive
.Othergra
dablea
dje
cti
vesare
:

 Col
d

 Wa
rm

 Ta
ll

 Ni
cee
tc

 The
rear
egradi
nga
dve
rbst
hatc
anbeus
edwi
thgr
ada
blea
dje
cti
ves
.
The
yinc
lude
:

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 Abi
t

 Ve
ry

 Ex
tre
mel
y

 Qui
te

 Re
all
y

 Soe
tc
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
ntnc
es
i
. I
tise
xtr
eme
lyc
oldt
oda
y.
i
i
. Thi
snov
eli
squi
tei
nte
res
ting.
i
i
i. Thegi
rli
sve
rybe
aut
if
ul.
i
v. Shei
sre
asona
blypopul
ar.
Non-
Gra
dabl
eAdj
ect
ive
s
 The
ydonotha
vedi
ff
ere
ntde
gre
es.
 Somee
xampl
esofnongr
ada
blea
dje
cti
vesa
re:
 Ex
cel
l
ent  Uni
que  Tot
all
y
I
mpos
sibl
e  Abs
olut
ely 
 Di
gi
tal  Ne
arl
y
 Dome
sti
c  Che
mic
al
 Onecannotsa
y“ver
ydead”or“re
all
yde
ad”
.Thea
dje
cti
ve“
dea
d”i
s
thus
,anon-gr
ada
bleadj
ect
ive.
 Agr
adi
nga
dve
rbc
annotbeus
edwi
tht
henon-
gra
dabl
eadj
ect
ive
s.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)112
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om

Ex
ampl
einaSe
nte
nce
i
. Thede
adr
ela
tiv
ewi
l
lbebur
ieds
oon.

ADVERBS
ADVERBSOFMANNER
 Theyt
ell
usthema
nne
rinwhi
cht
hea
cti
onha
ppe
ned,
happe
ns,
or
wil
lha
ppen.
 Thee
xampl
esa
re:
 Ca
ref
ull
y
 Sl
owl
y
 Loudl
y
 Ea
sil
yet
c
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
1.Shea
nswe
redi
tcor
rec
tly
.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)113
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2.Thepr
obl
emwa
ssol
vede
asi
l
y.
3.Hedr
ive
ssl
owl
y.
4.Hewa
lke
dqui
ckl
y.
5.Her
unsf
ast
.
ADVERBSOFTI
ME
 Ana
dve
rboft
imet
ell
uswhe
nana
cti
onha
ppe
ns.
 Anadve
rboft
imeca
nal
sote
llusf
orhowl
ongt
hata
cti
onoc
cur
red.
Fore
xampl
e,t
hre
emont
hs.
 Somee
xampl
esofa
dve
rbsoft
imea
re:

 Toda
y

 Ne
xtwe
ek

 La
te

 Ea
rly

 Mor
ning

 La
sty
ear

 Twomont
hst
ime
,et
c
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
i
. Is
awi
tye
ste
rda
y.
i
i
. Hec
amet
osc
hool
lat
e.
i
i
i. Shewa
tche
dthewhol
eda
y.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)114
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il
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ADVERBSOFFREQUENCY
 Thesea
rea
dve
rbst
hata
nswe
rque
sti
ons“
Howf
reque
ntl
y?”or“
how
oft
en?”
.
 The
yte
llushowof
tens
ome
thi
ngha
ppe
ns.
 The
rea
ret
wot
ype
sofa
dve
rbsoff
reque
ncy
:
i
. Adv
erbsofde
fini
tef
reque
ncy
,fore
xampl
e,

 Mont
hly

 Da
il
y

 Hour
ly

 We
ekl
y

 Ye
arl
y

 Ev
erymi
nut
e

 Twi
ceamont
h

 Onc
e

 Thr
eet
ime
sada
y,e
tc
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s

 Empl
oye
espa
yta
xesmont
hly
.

 Thes
tor
eke
epe
rche
ckst
hes
tor
eev
eryda
y.

 Ir
evi
ewmynot
ese
ver
ywe
ek.
i
i
. Adv
erbsofi
nde
fini
tef
reque
ncy
,fore
xampl
e,

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
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om)115
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 Ne
ver

 Some
time
s

 Of
ten

 Al
way
s

 Se
ldom

 Fr
eque
ntl
y

 Oc
cas
iona
ll
y

 Us
ual
l
y
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
i
. Shei
sne
verl
ate
.
i
i
. Iof
tendomya
ssi
gnme
nt.
i
i
i. The
ysome
time
svi
si
tme
.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)116
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il
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om

PREPOSI
TIONS
SI
MPLEPREPOSI
TIONS
 Apre
posi
ti
onj
oi
nswordstoge
the
randshowt
her
ela
tions
hip
be
tweent
hedi
ff
ere
ntpart
sofasent
enc
e .
 Thef
oll
owi
nga
ret
hes
impl
epr
epos
iti
onswi
the
xampl
esi
nse
nte
nce
s:

1.I
n,on,
at
Hei
sint
hehous
e.
Thec
upi
sont
het
abl
e.
Het
eac
hesa
tas
chool
inWa
ji
r.
2.Abov
e,be
low
Mos
tst
ude
ntss
cor
eda
bov
e50.
Fe
wst
ude
ntss
cor
edbe
low4o.
3.Ov
er,
unde
r
Don’
tjumpov
ert
hef
enc
e.
Thec
ati
shi
di
ngunde
rthebe
d.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)117
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il
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4.Ar
ound,
thr
ough
Thef
lowe
rswepl
ant
eda
roundt
hehous
e.
Thes
pea
rwe
ntt
hroughhi
sbody
.
5.Be
for
e,a
fte
r
Iwi
l
lse
ehi
mbe
for
elunc
h.
Hei
sle
avi
nga
fte
rlunc
h.
6.To,
from
Ia
mcomi
ngf
romLi
mur
u.
Ia
mgoi
ngt
oNa
irobi
.
7.About
,by
Ha
vey
our
eadt
hes
tor
yabouta
nogr
e?
Thes
tor
ywa
swr
it
tenbyKe
nda
gor
.
8.Wi
th,
wit
hout
Hedi
dn’
twa
ntt
ogowi
thus
.
Wewe
ntwi
thouthi
m.
9.Be
twe
en,
among
Thi
sisas
ecr
etbe
twe
eny
oua
ndme
.
The
rei
snos
ecr
eta
mongma
ny.
10. I
nsi
de,
out
side
Thebot
tl
eisi
nsi
det
hebox
.
Thes
pooni
sout
sidet
hebox
.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)118
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ria
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rubo2020@gma
il
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om

PREPOSI
TIONSCOMBI
NATI
ONS
Adj
ect
ive
+Pr
epos
iti
on

Speci
fi
cpreposi
ti
onsareuse
daft
erce
rtai
nadj
ect
ive
s.Ther
eisno
def
ini
terul
et oasc
ert
ainwhi
chpre
posi
ti
onshoul
dbeusedwit
hwhic
h
adj
ecti
ve.Wes i
mplyneedt
olea
rnthe
m.

Herei
sali
stofsomecommonl
yus
eda
dje
cti
vesa
ndt
hepr
epos
iti
ons
tha
tnormal
lyf
oll
owthem:

ADJ ECTI VE PREPOSITION

accustome d To
Afrai
d Of
Accuse d Of
acquainted Wi t
h
Addicted To
Annoy ed about/wi
th/a
t
All
e r
gic To
Ama zed at/by
Anx i
ous About
appreciated For
Asha me d Of
associated Wi t
h
astonished at/by
Awa re Of
Angry Wi t
h
Afrai
d Of
Attache d To
Bad At
Based On
benefici
al To
Boa s
tful For
Bored Wi t
h
Bril
li
ant At

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)119
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ria
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il
.c
om

Busy Wi t
h
Capa ble Of
Careful with/about
/of
Certain About
charact e
ris
tic Of
Clever At
conne cted Wi t
h
consc i
ous Of
Cont ent Wi t
h
Crazy About
Crowde d Wi t
h
Curious About
diss
a ti
s f
ied Wi t
h
Doubt ful About
Deli
ght ed at/about
Derived From
Diff
e rent From
disappointed Wi t
h
Eage r For
Eli
gible For
enthus ia
sti
c About
Excellent i
n/a t
Excited About
experienced In
Expos ed To
Envious Of
Fait
hf ul To
Fami l
iar Wi t
h
Famous For
fedup Wi t
h
Free of/fr
om
fri
ght ened Of
Fri
endl y Wi t
h
Fond Of

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)120
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il
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Fur i
ous About
Fur nis hed Wi t
h
Full Of
Ge ne rous with/about
Gui l
t y of/about
Ge nt l
e Wi t
h
Good At
Gra te ful To
Ha ppy About
Hope ful of/about
Ident ical with/to
Immune To
i
mpr e ssed Wi t
h
Inferior To
i
ndi ffe rent To
Innoc ent Of
i
nt er ested In
Invol ve d Wi t
h
Inca pa ble Of
Jea l
ous Of
Kind To
Ke en On
Late For
Limi te d To
Luc ky At
Ne rv ous of/about
Not or ious For
Oppos ed To
Pat i
e nt Wi t
h
pes simi sti
c About
Plea se d Wi t
h
Polite To
Popul ar Wi t
h
Pre se nted Wi t
h

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)121
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ria
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il
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om

Proud Of
Puni shed For
Puzz led by/about
Qua lifi
ed For
Re ady For
Re l
at ed To
Re l
ev ant To
respe ctful For
respons ibl
e For
Rid Of
Sad About
Safe From
Satis f
ied Wi th
Scar ed Of
Sens iti
ve To
Serious About
Sick Of
Simi l
a r To
Shoc k ed By
Skil
f ul At
Slow At
Sorr y for/about
succ essful In
Suita bl
e For
Sure of/about
Supe ri
or To
Surpr ised At
suspi ci
ous Of
sympa thet
ic Wi th
terrible At
terrifi
ed Of
ti
red Of
thank ful to/for
tri
ll
e d Wi th

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)122
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ria
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il
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om

tr
oubled With
typi
cal Of
unaware Of
upset About
used To
wrong wit
h/about
worri
ed About

Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
1.I
twa
sni
ceofy
out
ohe
lpme
.

2.Whya
reyousoa
ngr
yabouti
t?The
ywe
ref
uri
ouswi
thmef
ornoti
nvi
ti
ngt
hem
t
omypar
ty.

3.Iwa
sdi
sappoi
nte
dwi
tht
hebooks
heboughtme
.

4.Iwaspl
easedwi
ththepr
ese
nty
ouga
veme
.We
rey
oudi
sappoi
nte
dwi
thy
our
exa
minat
ionres
ult

5.The
yha
vebe
ena
stoni
she
dbys
ome
thi
ng.

6.Ev
ery
onewa
ssur
pri
sedby/a
tthene
ws.

7.Ar
eyoue
xci
teda
boutgoi
ngonhol
i
dayne
xtwe
ek?

8.Ar
eyoua
fra
idofdogs
?

9.I
'mnota
sha
medofwha
tIdi
d.

10. I
'mnotv
erygooda
tdr
ivi
ngbi
gca
rs.

11. Yourc
ompos
iti
oni
sful
lofe
rror
s.

12. Yourna
mei
ssi
mil
art
omi
ne.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)123
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il
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om

Ve
rb+Pr
epos
iti
onCombi
nat
ion

 Someverbsneedapr e
posit
ionbe f
oreanobje
c toranothe
rverb.
 Thesek
indsarecall
eddependentpreposi
ti
onsa ndt
he yaref
oll
owed
byanounorage rund(i
‘ng’f
orm).
 Herear
es omeotherverbswit
ht hei
rdependentpre
pos i
ti
ons.

accountf or a
pprov eof
accuseSOofST a
rguewi thSOa boutSO/ST
adaptt o a
rguewi thSOov erST
addSO/STt oSO/ST a
rrangef orSO( todo
addt o s
ome thing)
adj
us tto a
rrestSOf orST
admi tSTt oSO a
rri
vea t( aplac
e )
admi tto a
skfor
agreeon
agreet o
agreewi th
apologizetoSOf orST
appe alt
oSOf orST
baseon beanxiousaboutST
bea bsentfrom( aplace) beassociat
edwith
bea ccustome dto beawa reof
bea cquaintedwith beblessedwith
bea ddict
e dtoST beboredby
bea frai
dof beboredwi t
h
bea ngrya tSOf orST becapableofST
bea ngrywi t
hSOf orST becl
utte r
edwithST
bea nnoye datSOf orST becommi tte
dto
bea nnoye dwithSOf orST becompos edof

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)124
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il
.c
om

beconc erne da bout befi

nishe dwi th
beconne c tedt o befondof
beconne c tedwi th befri
endl ytoSO
beconte ntwi th befri
endl ywi thSO
beconv i
nc e dofST befri
ghte ne dby
becoordi na tedwithST befri
ghte ne dof
becrowde di n(abuildingor befurni
s he dwi t
hST
room) begrateful toSOf orST
becrowde dwi th(peopl e
) beguilt
yofST
bededica tedt o behappya boutST
bedevot edt o bei
nnoc e ntofST
bedisappoi nt edin bei
nt er
e stedi n
bedisappoi nt edwith bei
nv ol
v edi nST
bediscour age dby bei
nv ol
v edwi t
h
bediscour age dfrom( doing bej
e al
ousof
something) beknownf orST
bediscri
mi na teda ga
ins t bel
imi t
edt o
bedivorc edf romSO bema def romST
bedonewi t hST bema deof( ma ter
ial
)
bedresse di n bema rri
e dt o
beencour a gedwi th beoppos e dto
beenga ge di nST bepatientwi thSO
beenga ge dt oSO bepleasedwi th
beenviousof bepolit
et oSO
beequippe dwi thST beprepa redf or
beexciteda bout beprotec tedf r
om
beexpos e dt o beproudof
befacedwi th berel
a t
e dt o
befai
thf ul to berel
e vantt o
befamiliarwi th bereme mbe redforST
befamousf or berespons iblefor
befi
ll
e dwi th besatis
fiedwi t
h
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)125
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il
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om

bescaredof c
ompa reSO/STwithSO/ST
beterri
fi
edof c
ompe tewi t
h
bethankful for c
omplaina bout
beti
redfr om( doi
ngsomethi
ng) c
omplime ntSOonST
beti
redof( doi
ngsomethi
ng) c
oncentrateon
bewor r
ieda bout c
oncernSOwi t
hST
begfor c
onfessto
begi
nwi th c
onfuseSO/STwi t
hSO/ST
bel
ievein c
ongratul
a teSOonST
bel
ongt o c
onsenttoST
benefi
tfrom c
onsis
tof
bl
ameSOf orST c
ontri
butet oST
bl
ameSTonSO c
onvic
tSOofST
boastabout c
opewi th
borr
owSTf romSO c
orres
pondwi t
hSO
c
ounton
c
overwith
c
rashinto
careabout
c
ureSOofST
carefor
catchupwith
caterto
chargeSOf orST dealwith
chargeSOwi thST deci
dea gai
nst
choosebetweenSO/STand deci
debe t
we enSO/STa
nd
SO/ST SO/ST
choseSTf r
omST deci
deon
col
lidewit
h dedi
ca t
eSTt oSO
comef r
om dema ndSTf r
omSO
comme nton dependon
communi c
atewithSO deri
veSTf romST
compa r
eSO/STt oSO/ST dete
rSOf r
omST

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)126
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il
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om

devoteSTt oSO dr
eamabout
di
fferfrom dr
eamof
di
sa greewi th dr
essSOinST
di
sa pprov eof dr
inkt
o
di
scour ageSOf romST
di
scus sSTwi thSO
di
stinguishbe twe e
nSO/STand
SO/ST e
laborat
eonST
di
stinguishSO/STf romSO/ST e
me rgefr
omST
di
str a
ctSOf romST
es
c apef r
om( aplace) ga
wka t
exchangeSO/STf or ga
z eat
SO/ST ge
tba ckfr
om(aplace)
excl
udeSOf romST ge
tma rri
edtoSO
excuseSOf orST ge
tr i
dof
expe l
SOf rom( aplace
) ge
tt hr
oughwit
h
expe r
ime nton ge
tt i
redof
explai
nSTt oSO ge
tus edto
gi
veSTt oSO
gl
areat
gl
oatat
f
eelabout
gr
ievefor
f
eelli
ke
gr
ipeatSO
f
ightabout
gr
umblea tSOaboutST
f
ightagai
nst
f
ightfor
f
ightwith
f
orgetabout ha
ppento
f
orgiv
eSOf orST ha
rpon
he
arabout
he
arfr
omSO
he
arof
ga
mbl
eon
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)127
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

hel
pSOwi thST l
ongf
or
hi
deSTf r
omSO l
ooka
t
hi
nderSO/STfromST l
ookf
orwa
rdt
o
hi
ngeon
hopefor
meetwit
hSO
mis
takeSO/STf
or
SO/ST
i
nsi
s ton
i
nsureagainst
i
nterfer
einST noda
t
i
nterfer
ewi t
hST nodt
o
i
ntroduceSO/STt o
SO/ST
i
nvestin obj
ectt
o
i
nviteSOto ope
rate
i
nvolveSO/STi nST on

j
abberabout parti
cipa t
einST
j
okeabout payfor
j
okewithSOa boutSO/ST persi
sti n
j
otdownST planon
prai
seSOf orST
prayfor
prefe
rSO/STt oSO/ST
l
aughabout preparef or
l
aughat presentSOwi thST
l
earna
bout preventSO/STf rom( doi
ng
l
endSTtoSO some thing)
l
i
stenfor prohi
bi tSOf r
om( doi
ng
l
i
stento some thing)

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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CT,
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prov
idefor s
tandf or
prov
ideSOwi t
hST s
tarea t
prov
ideSO/STf orSO s
temf rom
puni
shSOf orST s
topSOf rom( doi
ng
s
ome thing)
s
ubjectSOt oST
s
ubscribeto
r
eactto s
ubstituteSO/STf orSO/ST
r
ecov e
rfromST s
ubtractSTf romST
r
efertoST s
ucceeda tST
r
elateto s
ucceedi n(doingsomet
hing)
r
elyon s
ufferfrom
r
emi ndSOofSO/ST s
uspectSOofST
r
eplyto
r
escueSOf romSO/ST
r
esignfromST t
akeadvantageof
r
espondt o t
akecareof
r
esultinST t
alkabout
r
etirefr
omST t
alkto
t
ellSOaboutST
t
hankSOf orST
t
hinkabout
s
aveSOf romST t
hinkof
s
earchfor t
oastto
s
entenceSOtoST t
ransl
ateSTi nt
o(a
s
eparateSO/STfromSO/ST l
anguage)
s
hareSTwi t
hSO t
rustSOwi t
hST
s
houta t t
urnto
s
howSTt oSO
s
mileatSO
s
peaktoSOa boutSO/ST us
eSTf
orST
s
pecial
i
zeinST
s
pend( money/t
ime)on
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
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CT,
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om

worr
ya bout
v
otea
gai
nst wri
teabout
v
otef
or wri
tetoSO

wai
tf or y
ap
war
na bout a
bout
waste( mone
y/t
ime
) y
ear
n
on f
or
wi
shf or
workf or
workon

Ex
erc
ise1
Fi
l
lthebl
anks
pac
eswi
tht
hemos
tappr
opr
iat
epr
epos
iti
ons
.
1.Sheha
spl
ace
dthec
up_____________t
het
abl
e.
2.Iwi
l
lal
l
owy
ougo_________t
hef
iel
d.
3.Shei
ssi
ngi
ng_________he
rroom.
4.I
she________homenow?
5.Hel
i
ves_________Na
irobi
.
6.Don’
tbel
ate_________c
las
s.
7.Compa
rey
ourpoi
nts__________y
ourf
ri
end’
s.
8.Ar
ethene
wst
ude
nt________Et
hiopi
a?
9.Ri
chi
sst
il
l________v
aca
tion.
10. Myda
ught
er’
sbi
rt
hda
yis________Ma
y.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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CT,
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T,Hi
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emi
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om

Ans
wer
s
1.On 5.I
n 9.On
2.To 6.For 10. I
n
3.I
n 7.Wi
th
4.At 8.Fr
om

Ex
erc
ise2
Compl
etet
hes
ent
enc
eswi
tht
hemos
tappr
opr
iat
epr
epos
iti
ons
.

1.Itwasstupi
d…………………he rtogooutwi thoutacoat.
2.Ever
yonewa spl
eas
ed…………………. themarkstheysc
ored.
3.Iambored………………. .
si
ngi
nge verymorni
ng.
4.Areyouinter
est
ed………………..sports?
5.Kenyai
sf a
mous………………he rathlet
es.
6.Iwil
lbehappytoseemarri
ed……………. Gr
e gor
y.
7.Thetowniscrowde
dwi t
hpeople.
8.Youwi
l
lbehe
ldr
espons
ibl
e…………………a
nyt
hingt
hatha
ppe
ns.
9.Shei
ssor
ry……………….
.he
rbe
hav
iorl
astni
ght
.
10. Yous
houl
dbes
orr
y………………….
.
mis
singt
hel
ess
on.
11. J
emi
mahi
sfond………………….
dogs
.
12. Ia
mke
en………….
.l
eav
ethi
ssc
hool
.
13. Wha
tar
eyoue
xci
ted…………….
.
?
14. I
tse
emss
hei
sups
et………………s
ome
thi
ng.
15. Yous
houl
dn’
tbewor
ri
ed…………………a
nyt
hinga
slonga
sIa
m

Nov
els
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a
round.

Ans
wer
s
(
1) Of (
6) To (
11)Of
(
2) Wi
th (
7) Wi
th (
12)On
(
3) Wi
th (
8) For (
13)About
(
4) I
n (
9) About (
14)About
(
5) For (
10)For (
15)About

Nov
els
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CONJ
UNCTI
ONS
COORDI
NATI
NGCONJ
UNCTI
ONS
 Ac
oor
dina
tingc
onj
unc
tionc
onne
ctswor
ds,
phr
ase
s,a
ndc
laus
es.
 And,but
,for
,nor
,or
,so,
andy
eta
ret
hek
nownc
oor
dina
ting
conj
unct
ions
.
Ex
ampl
esi
nSe
nte
nce
s
i
. Thi
sisabe
aut
if
ulg
irl
,butadi
ff
ic
ultonet
oconv
inc
e.
i
i
. I
twa
scol
d,s
oIputonmyj
ack
et.
i
i
i. Thi
ste
aist
hic
kands
wee
t.
i
v. Doy
oul
i
kewhi
ter
ice
,orbr
ownr
ice
?
Func
tionsofCoor
dina
tingConj
unc
tions
Conj
unc
tion Func
tion Ex
ampl
einaSe
nte
nce

And J
oinst
wos
imi
l
ari
dea
s JaneandMa
rya
rei
nfor
m
one.
But J
oinstwoc
ont
ras
ting Hedr
ive
ssl
owl
y,buts
ure
.
i
deas
Or J
oinstwoa
lte
rna
tiv
e WecangotoNa
ivas
ha,or
i
deas s
tayher
eandwat
chnews.
Nov
els
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So Showst
hesec
ondidea Iwa ss
ick
,soIdi
dnotgot
o
i
sthere
sul
tofthef
ir
st school
.
Nor J
oinstwonega
tiv
e Hedoes
n’twa
keupe
arl
y,
a
lter
nati
ves
. nordoI
.
For Gi
vear
eas
on Iwaspuni
she
d,f
orIwa
s
l
ate
.
Ye
t J
oinst
wocont
ras
ting Iwaspuni
she
d,y
etIa
rri
ved
i
deas(
mea
ns“but”
) ear
ly.
Ex
erc
ise
J
oineachpairofs
ent
enc
eswi
tha
nappr
opr
iat
ecoor
dina
ting
c
onjunc
tion.
1.Il
ovet
otr
ave
l.Iha
tet
rav
ell
i
ngbybus
.
2.Yous
houl
dgot
obe
dnow.
Youwi
l
lbet
ir
edt
omor
row.
3.Thebuss
toppe
d.Twopa
sse
nge
rsgotoutofi
t.
4.He
lenwa
sangr
ywi
thJ
ane
.He
lenwe
ntoutt
ocool
down.
5.Ia
rri
veda
tsc
hool
lat
e.Il
efthomee
arl
y.
Ans
wer
s
1.Il
ovet
otr
ave
lbutIha
tet
rav
ell
i
ngbybus
.
2.Yous
houl
dgot
obe
dnow,
ory
ouwi
l
lbet
ir
edt
omor
row.
3.Thebuss
toppe
dandt
wopa
sse
nge
rsgotoutofi
t.
4.He
lenwa
sangr
ywi
thJ
ane
,sos
hewe
ntoutt
ocool
down.
5.Ia
rri
veda
tsc
hool
lat
e,y
etIl
efthomee
arl
y.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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CT,
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emi
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om

PHRASES
 Aphra
sei
sagroupofwordswi
thoutas
ubj
ecta
ndav
erba
nd
whi
chdoe
snotmakesens
eonitsown.
 The
rea
rev
ari
oust
ype
sofphr
ase
s.The
yinc
lude
:
 Nounphr
ase
s
 Ve
rbphr
ase
s
 Adj
ect
ivephr
ase
s
 Adv
erbphr
ase
s
 Pr
epos
iti
ona
lphr
ase
s
 Aty
ourl
eve
l,wewi
l
lonl
yst
udynounphr
ase
s.
NOUNPHRASES
 Anounphra
sei
sagroupofwordst
hatpl
aysr
oleofanouna
ndha
s
anounhast
hehea
dword(mainword)
.
 Looka
tthee
xampl
ebe
low.
 Is
awBi
ngo.
Thewor
dinbol
disanoun
 Isawyourdog.I
nboldf
ace,i
sthenounphr
aset
hatha
sre
pla
ced
thenouni
na bov
esentenc
e.

Ex
ampl
esofNounPhr
ase
s
Thene
wca
r
Myol
dshi
rt
Nov
els
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Thebe
stc
ars
afe
tyde
vic
e
Cons
tit
uent
sofaNounPhr
ase
 Anounphr
asec
ons
ist
sof
:
 Adeter
mine
r,whi
chc
anbea
nar
ti
cl
e,anumbe
r,ora
n
adj
ect
ive
.
 Modif
ier
s,whi
chc
anbea
nadj
ect
ive
,orc
ombi
nat
ionsof
adj
ect
ives
.

 Modif
ier
sca
ne i
the
rbepremodi
fi
erifi
tcomesbe
for
ethema
in
noun,
orpostmodi
fi
eri
fitf
oll
owsthenoun.
 De
ter
mine
rspr
ece
demodi
fi
ers
.
 St
udyt
henounphr
ase
s.
Phr
ase De
ter
mine
r Pr
e Ma
innoun Pos
t
modi
fi
er Modif
ier
Thet
all The Ta
ll Woma
n
woman
The Longe
st Ri
ver
Thelonge
st
Your Si
ste
r
ri
ver
Any Bi
g Supe
rma
rke Ne
arby
Yours
ist
er
t
Anybig
supe
rmark
et
near
by

Nov
els
,Upda
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CT,
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emi
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om

Ex
erc
ise
Unde
rli
net
henounphr
asei
nea
choft
hes
ent
enc
esbe
low.
1.Di
dyous
eet
het
all
man?
2.Hec
all
eda
llt
hes
tubbor
nst
ude
nts
.
3.Hewi
she
stos
eet
hepr
esi
dent
.
4.Heboughthe
rabe
aut
if
ulwhi
tebl
ous
e.
5.Anhor
sepr
efe
rsl
i
vingi
nda
rks
tabl
es.
6.I
tisdi
sgr
ace
ful
towr
it
esuc
hrubbi
sh.
7.Thepe
opl
e’
spr
esi
denti
sinMomba
sa.
8.Thegi
rli
nbl
ues
kir
tismys
ist
er.
9.Thes
oldi
ersa
ret
ruehe
roe
s.
10. Mybe
stf
ri
endi
sTe
ris
.

SI
MPLESENTENCES
As
impl
ese
nte
nceha
sonec
laus
e—i
nde
pende
nt
(
a) SENTENCESTRUCTURE(
SUBJ
ECT,
PREDI
CATE)
 As
impl
ese
nte
nceha
sthef
ormul
a:
Subj
ect+Pr
edi
cat
e
 Looka
tthee
xampl
ebe
low.
Thi
sde
ski
smi
ne.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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CT,
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 Thi
sde
sk–Subj
ect
I
smi
ne–t
hepr
edi
cat
e

 As
ubj
ecti
stheonedoi
ngt
hea
cti
on.
 Predi
cat
eist
hepa
rtoft
hes
ent
enc
ewhi
cht
alk
saboutt
hes
ubj
ect
andwhichha
saver
b.
 Thepredi
cat
emustc
ont
ainaverb.Theothe
rcons
tit
uent
sofa
pre
dic
atecanbea
nadve
rb,adj
ecti
ve,pr
onoun,
etc
.
 Canyoui
dent
if
ythes
ubj
ecta
ndpr
edi
cat
eine
achoft
hes
ent
enc
es
be
low?
 Shec
amet
ose
eme
.
 Nj
orogewa
she
re.
 Is
awt
hemda
nci
ng.
 Thi
sist
hec
hea
pes
tdr
essi
ntown.
 Youa
reabi
gfool
.

(
b) TYPESOFSENTENCES
I
NTERROGATI
VESENTENCES
 Ani
nte
rroga
tiv
ese
nte
ncei
sus
edt
oas
kque
sti
ons
.
 The
rea
rev
ari
ousque
sti
ont
ype
s:
 Ye
s/noque
sti
ons
 Al
ter
nat
iveque
sti
ons
Nov
els
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 Ta
gque
sti
ons
 w/hque
sti
ons
Ye
s/NoQue
sti
ons
 The
yar
eans
wer
edwi
thy
esornoa
sans
wer
s.
 Ex
ampl
esa
re:
 Di
dyous
cor
eev
ery
thi
ng?
 Ha
vey
ous
eeni
t?
Al
ter
nat
iveQue
sti
ons
 The
rea
reopt
ionst
wot
obec
hos
enf
rom.
 Ex
ampl
esa
re:
 Woul
dyoul
i
ket
ota
ket
ea,
orc
off
ee?
 Doy
ouwa
ntar
edpe
n,orbl
ueone
?
Ta
gQue
sti
ons
 Thereist
hesta
teme
ntpar
t,whi
chi
sfol
l
owe
dbyac
omma
,and
the
nt heque
sti
onpa
rt.
 Ex
ampl
esa
re:
 Shei
sthet
hie
f,i
sn’
tshe
?
I
tdoe
snots
mel
lgood,
doe
sit
?
W/HQue
sti
ons
 Thef
ir
stwor
dst
artwi
tht
het
wol
ett
ers“
wandh”
.
 Thos
ewor
dsus
edf
ora
ski
ngt
hes
eque
sti
onsa
re:
who,
whe
re,

Nov
els
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CT,
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whi
ch,
how,
why
,wha
t
 Ex
ampl
es
 Whos
enty
ou?
 Whe
redoy
oul
i
ve?
Ex
erc
ise
For
mthr
eedi
ff
ere
ntque
sti
ont
ype
sfr
omt
hes
ent
enc
e:
Yous
tol
emyc
ap.
Ans
wer
1.Di
dyous
tea
lmyr
edc
ap?Ye
s/no
2.Whos
tol
emyr
edc
ap?w/h
3.Yous
tol
emer
edc
ap,
didn’
tyou?

I
MPERATI
VESENTENCES
 Ani
mpe
rat
ives
ent
enc
eis
sue
sar
eque
storadi
rec
tcomma
nd.
 Us
ual
l
y,i
mpe
rat
ives
ent
enc
esbe
ginwi
thv
erbs
.
 Dependi
ngonthestr
engt
hoftheemoti
on,a
ndt hefor
cef
ulne
ssof
thecommand,
itca
ne ndi
nei
theraful
lst
op(.)oranexcl
amati
on
ma r
k(!)
.
Ex
ampl
es
i
. Compl
etey
oura
ssi
gnme
ntbya
fte
rnoon!
i
i
. Ki
ndl
yope
nthedoor
.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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CT,
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emi
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om

i
i
i. Tur
nle
fta
tthec
ros
sroa
d.
EndPunc
tua
tionMa
rkswi
thI
mpe
rat
iveSe
nte
nce
s
I
fthec
omma
ndi
sfor
cef
ul,
usea
nex
cla
mat
ionma
rk(
!)
.fore
xampl
e,
Le
avenow!
Ope
nthedoor
!
I
fthec
ommandi
spol
i
te,
ori
nthef
ormofa
dvi
ce,
putape
riod(
.)
.
e
xampl
es,
Pl
eas
ege
tmemybook
.
Le
avet
hedoorope
n.

EXCLAMATORYSENTENCES
 Ane
xcl
ama
tor
yse
nte
ncee
xpr
ess
ese
mot
ion.
 Thee
mot
ionc
anbeofl
ove
,ha
ppi
nes
s,c
onf
usi
on,
ange
r,e
tc.
 Us
ual
l
yendswi
tha
nex
cla
mat
ionma
rk.
 Us
ethewor
d“wha
t”or“
how”
bef
oreanoun.
Ex
ampl
es
 Wha
tada
y!
 Wha
tawf
ulpl
ast
ic!
 Wha
tfunnype
opl
ethe
yar
e!
 Wha
tama
tch!
Ex
erc
ise
Re
wri
tee
achs
ent
enc
ebe
ginni
ngwi
tht
hewor
d“wha
t”or“
how”
.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
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emi
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il
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om)141
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ria
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rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

1.Hei
saf
ool
i
shma
n.
2.Thi
sisapl
eas
antda
y.
3.Tha
tisc
lev
erofy
ou.
4.The
yar
elov
elyf
lowe
rs.
5.Hec
amee
arl
y
Ans
wer
s
1.Wha
taf
ool
i
shma
n!
2.Wha
tapl
eas
antda
y
3.Howc
lev
erofy
ou!
4.Wha
tlov
elyf
lowe
rs!
5.Howe
arl
yhec
ame
!

AFFI
RMATI
VESENTENCES
The
rea
ret
wot
ype
s:
 De
cla
rat
ive
 Ne
gat
ive
DECLARATI
VESENTENCES/
 Us
edt
oma
kes
tat
eme
nts
.
 Endwi
thaf
ull
stoporpe
riod(
.)
.
 He
rea
ree
xampl
esofde
cla
rat
ives
ent
enc
es.
 Myna
mei
sGe
orge
.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
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emi
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il
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om)142
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om

 Hebr
ingsmec
hoc
ola
te.
 Shev
isi
tedl
asty
ear
.
 Iwi
l
lle
avei
nthee
veni
ng.

NEGATI
VESENTENCES
 Ane
gat
ives
ent
enc
est
ate
stha
tsome
thi
ngi
sunt
rue
.
 Ane
gat
ivea
dve
rbi
sadde
dtone
gat
ethev
ali
di
tyoft
hes
ent
enc
e.
 Anegati
ves
tate
me nti
sfor
medbya
ddi
ngt
hewor
d“not
”tot
hef
ir
st
aux
il
ia
ryver
b.Example
s
 Idi
dnota
bus
eyou.
 Thi
snov
eldoe
snotha
veagoode
ndi
ng.
 Youa
renota
mongt
hel
uck
yone
s.
 Da
ndi
dnots
tea
lfr
omme
,itwa
syou.
Ex
erc
ise
Ne
gat
ethef
oll
owi
ngs
ent
enc
es.
1.Sheha
saba
g.
2.Ia
msi
ck.
3.Hes
ell
sfl
owe
rs.
4.The
ywor
kthe
re.
5.Shewr
it
esgoodc
ompos
iti
ons
.
6.I
tisi
nte
res
ting.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
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emi
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il
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om)143
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om

Ans
wer
s
1.Shedoe
snotha
veaba
g.
2.Ia
mnots
ick
.
3.Hedoe
sn’
tse
llf
lowe
rs.
4.The
ydon’
twor
kthe
re.
5.Shedoe
sn’
twr
it
egoodc
ompos
iti
ons
.
6.I
tisnoti
nte
res
ting.
ANSWERS
PARTSOFSPEECH
NOUNS
COMMONNOUNS
1.Thes
tude
ntswe
ret
aught
2.Iha
vev
isi
tedac
ont
ine
nt.
3.Shel
i
vesi
nthec
ity
.
4.Wee
ati
nthehot
el.
5.Ha
vey
oue
vers
wumi
nther
ive
r?
6.Idr
iveac
ar.
7.Ev
ery
onewe
nts
hoppi
nga
tthes
upe
rma
rke
t.
8.As
oldi
eri
sde
ad.
9.Ic
omef
romac
ount
ry.
10. It
eac
hatas
chool
.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
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emi
cah@gma
il
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om)144
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il
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PROPERNOUNS
1.Iwi
l
lta
key
out
oRi
ch’
sPa
lac
e.
2.Sa
rahi
sthegi
rlIt
oldy
oua
bout
.
3.Ofa
llt
hec
ont
ine
nts
,Il
i
keAf
ri
cat
hemos
t.
4.Gr
acyi
sthec
ute
stk
itt
ene
ver
.
5.Ia
mcr
avi
ngOr
eos
.
6.Ius
edTi
l
lyi
ncook
ing.
7.J
upi
teri
soneoft
hepl
ane
ts.
8.Ma
rga
retwa
sagr
eata
uthor
.

CONCRETENOUNSABSTRACTNOUNS
Ex
erc
ise1
1)Ama
nmus
tal
way
sha
vet
hec
our
aget
ofa
cee
ver
ycha
ll
enge
.
Ma
n–c
onc
ret
e
Cour
age–a
bst
rac
t
2)Noma
tte
rwha
tha
ppe
ns,
wemus
tnotl
osehope
.
Hope–a
bst
rac
t
3)Myf
ait
hinGodi
sve
rys
trong.
Fa
ith–a
bst
rac
t
God–c
onc
ret
e
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
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emi
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il
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om)145
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om

4)Ape
rsons
houl
dbuyabe
aut
if
uldr
ess
.
Pe
rson,
dre
ss–c
onc
ret
e
5)Ha
vey
ous
eent
hebl
ackdog?
Dog–c
onc
ret
e
6)Lov
eisbl
i
nd.
Lov
e–a
bst
rac
t
Bl
i
nd–c
onc
ret
e
Ex
erc
ise2
1.Adv
ice
2.Educ
ati
on
3.I
nte
ll
ige
nce
4.I
mpor
tanc
e
5.Ha
ppi
nes
s
6.Conf
ide
nce
7.Pr
ide
8.Ange
r
9.I
magi
nat
ion
10. Lone
li
nes
s

NUMBER
ARTI CLES
(
N1)
ov
els
,UAn
pdat
edCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc (
hool
N2)
ot
e A
s(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)146
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(
3) The
(
4) Noa
rti
cl
e
(
5) A
(
6) The
(
7) The
(
8) Noa
rti
cl
e
(
9) An
(
10)An

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)147
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il
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om

PRONOUNS
PERSONALPRONOUNS
Ex
erc
ise1
1)I
2)I
t
3)Hi
m
4)Me
5)He
r
Ex
erc
ise2
1)Theol
dga
tedoe
sn’
tlookgood.
I
tdoe
sn’
tlookgood.
2)Toma
ndMa
rywe
ntt
osc
hool
.
The
ywe
ntt
osc
hool
.
3)Thedogbi
tthedoc
tora
ndt
hec
hie
f.
I
tbi
tthe
m.
4)Mos
esr
unsf
ast
ert
hanRe
bec
ca.
Her
unsf
ast
ert
hanRe
bec
ca.
5)Phi
onaa
ndRut
hpl
aye
ddoubl
es.
The
ypl
aye
ddoubl
es.
6)Chr
ist
inei
scl
eve
r.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
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emi
cah@gma
il
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om)148
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il
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om

Shei
scl
eve
r.
7)Ibr
oughtt
hedr
ess
.
Ibr
oughti
t.
8)Ant
onydr
oveJ
une
tandme
.
Ant
honydr
oveus
.

POSSESSI
VEPRONOUNS
1)He
r
2)Your
3)Mi
ne
4)The
irs
5)Your
s
6)He
r
7)The
ir
8)Our
9)Hi
s
10) Your
11) I
ts
12) Hi
s

REFLEXI
VEPRONOUNS
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
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emi
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il
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om)149
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om

1)Our
sel
ves
2)The
mse
lve
s
3)Your
sel
f
4)I
tse
lf
5)My
sel
f,
mys
elf
6)I
tse
lf
7)Hi
mse
lf
8)Your
sel
ves
9)The
mse
lve
s
10) He
rse
lf
PHRASES
NOUNPHRASES
1.Di
dyous
eet
het
all
man?
2.Hec
all
eda
llt
hes
tubbor
nst
ude
nts
.
3.Hewi
she
stos
eet
hepr
esi
dent
.
4.Heboughthe
rabe
aut
if
ulwhi
tebl
ous
e.
5.Anhor
sepr
efe
rsl
i
vingi
nda
rks
tabl
es.
6.I
tisdi
sgr
ace
ful
towr
it
esuc
hrubbi
sh.
7.Thepe
opl
e’
spr
esi
denti
sinMomba
sa.
8.Thegi
rli
nbl
ues
kir
tismys
ist
er.
9.Thes
oldi
ersa
ret
ruehe
roe
s.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
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emi
cah@gma
il
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om)150
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il
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om

10. Mybe
stf
ri
endi
sTe
ris
.

WRI
TINGFORFORM1

SPELLI
NG

SPELLI
NGRULES

Thef
oll
owi
ngr
ule
swi
l
lhe
lpy
ous
pel
lwor
dsc
orr
ect
ly.
Rul
e1:
“Ibe
f eEe
or xce
pta
ftrC”
e ;

 a
chieve,
beli
eve
, bie
r,bri
ef,
hygi
ene,
gri
ef,
thie
f,f
ri
end,
gri
eve,c
hief
,
f
iend,pa
tie
nce,pier
ce,pri
est
 c
eili
ng,c
oncei
ve, de
ceiv
e,perc
eiv
e,r
ece
ipt,
recei
ve,
dec
eit
,conce
it

Ex
cept
ions

ne
ighbor,
frei
ght,be
ige,s
lei
gh,we
ight
,vei
n,ndwe
a ighandther
ea r
e
manyexcepti
onstotherule
:ei
the
r,nei
the
r,f
eint
,forei
gn,
forf
eit
,hei
ght
,
l
ei
sure,wei
rd,se
ize,
a ndsei
zur
e.

Rul
e2:
“Dr
oppi
ngFi
naE”
l

Whe
naddi
nga
nendi
ngt
oawor
dtha
tendswi
thas
il
ente
,dr
opt
he
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
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I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
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emi
cah@gma
il
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om)151
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rubo2020@gma
il
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om

f
ina
lei
fthee
ndi
ngbe
ginswi
thav
owe
l:

 a
dvanci
ng
 s
urpri
si
ng

Howe
ver
,ift
hee
ndi
ngbe
ginswi
thac
ons
ona
nt,
kee
pthef
ina
le:

 a
dvanc
eme
nt
 l
i
kenes
s

(
Howev
er,i
fthesi
l
enteispr
ece
dedbyanothe
rvowe
l,dr
opt
heewhe
n
a
ddi
nganyendi
ng:ar
gument
,ar
gued,
trul
y.
)

Excepti
ons:toavoidconf usi
ona ndmi s
pronunc
iat
ion,thef
ina l
eiskept
i
nwor dssucha smileagea ndwor dswherethefi
naleispre
c ededbya
softgorc:changeable,courageous,manageabl
e,manageme nt,
notic
eabl
e.(Thewor dma nageme nt
,forexampl
e,wit
houttha teaft
er
theg,wouldbepr onounc edwithaha rdgsound.
)

Rul
e3:
“Dr
oppi
ngFi
naY”
l

Whenaddi
nganendi
ngt
oawordthate
ndswi
thy
,cha heyt
nget oi
whe
nitispr
ece
dedbyacons
ona
nt.

 suppl
ybecome
ssuppl
ies
 worrybe
comesworr
ied
 me r
rybec
omesmerri
er

Thi
sdoe
snota
ppl
ytot
hee ng-
ndi ing,
howe
ver
.

 c
ryi
ng
 s
tudyi
ng

Nordoe
sita
ppl
ywhe
nthef
ina
lyi
spr
ece
dedbyav
owe
l.

 obeye
d
 say
ing

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
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emi
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il
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om)152
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il
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om

Rul
e4:
“Doubl
i
ngFi
nal
Cons
ona
nts
”

Whe na ddi
ngane ndi
ngtoawordtha
tendsi
naconsonant,
wedoubl
e
tha
tc onsonantinmanysit
uat
ions
.Fi
rst
,weha
vetodete
r mi
net
he
numbe rofsyl
labl
esinthewor
d.

Doubl
ethefi
na l
consonantbe
foreaddi
nganendingthatbe
ginswit
ha
vowel
whent helas
tsyll
abl
eofthewordisa
ccentedandthatsy
ll
abl
e
endsi
nasinglevowelf
oll
owedbyas i
ngl
econsonant
.

 submi ti sa cce nt edont hel asts yllabl

ea ndt hef i
na l c ons ona ntis
pre cede dbyav owe l
,s owedoubl ethetbe f
or ea ddi ng, for
i
ns ta nc e,an- ingor- ed: submi tti
ng, submi t
ted.
 fl
a pc ont ai
nsonl yones yllablewhi chme anst ha titi sa lwa y s
acc ent ed. Aga i
n, thela stc ons ona ntispr e cededbyav owe l
,sowe
doubl eitbe f or ea dding, f
ori ns tanc e,an- ingor- ed: f l
a pping,
fl
a ppe d. Thisr uledoe snota ppl yt ove rbst hate ndwi th" x ,
"" w,
"
"v,"a nd" y,"c ons ona ntst ha tc annotbedoubl ed( suc ha s" box "
[box i
ng]a nd" snow"[ snowi ng] ).
 ope nc ont ainst wos yllablesa ndt hela sts yl
lablei spr ece dedbya
singl ev owe l, butt hea ccentf allsont hef irs
ts yll
a ble, nott helast
syllable ,sowedon' tdoubl et henbe f
or ea ddinga ne ndi ng:
ope ning, ope ne d.
 refe rc ont ai
nst wos yllablesa ndt hea cce ntf a
llsont hel as t
syllablea ndas inglev owe l prece desthef inalcons ona nt ,sowewi l
l
doubl et herbe forea ddinga ne nding, asi nreferring, refe rra
l.The
samewoul da ppl yt obe gin, asinbe gi
nne r,beginni ng.
 rele ntc ont ainst wos y l
lable s,butt hef i
na lconsona nti spr eceded
bya not he rc ons ona nt,notav owe l
,sowedonotdoubl et het
be forea ddinga ne nding: relent ed,relent i
ng.
 de al l
ook sli
k ef lap( abov e) ,butt hes yllablee ndsi nac ons ona nt
pre cede dnotbyas i
ng l
ev owe l,butbyt wov owe ls, sowedonot
doubl et hef ina lla sinde a lera ndde a
ling. Thes amewoul da pply,
the n, tode s
pa ir:despa i
r i
ng, de spa i
red.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
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emi
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il
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om)153
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il
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om

PUNCTUATI
ON

CAPI
TALI
ZATI
ON

Ca
pit
ali
zat
ionRul
es

Capi
tal
iz
ati
onisthewri
ti
ngofawordwit
hit
sfi
rstl
ett
eri
nuppe
rca
se
andthere
maini
nglet
ter
sinl
owerc
ase.

Capi
tal
i
zethef
ir
stwordofadocumenta
ndthefi
rstworda
fteraf
ina
l
punc
tuati
onmark(
ful
lst
op,que
s t
ionmar
k,e
xcl
ama t
ionmar
k).

Ca
pit
ali
zepr
ope
rnouns
—anda
dje
cti
vesde
riv
edf
rompr
ope
rnouns
.

Exa
mpl
es:
hei
sBr
ian’
sfa
the
r
I
nJuj
a
Ca
pit
ali
zat
ionChe
ckl
i
st

 Brandna mes
 Compa nies
 Daysoft heweekandmonthsoftheye
ar
 Holi
day s
 I
nstit
utions
theUniversi
tyofNair
obi
 Naturalandarti
fi
ci
all
andmark
s
theFourteenFal
l,t
heMountKe nya
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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CT,
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T,Hi
ghSc
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Not
es(
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emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)154
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

 Reli
gi
onsandna me sofde
iti
es
Note:Capi
tal
izetheBibl
e(butbi
bl
ica
l).
Donotca
pit
ali
zehe
ave
n,
hel
l,t
hedevil
,sat
a nic
.
 Speci
alocc
asions
theOlympi
cGa me s,t
heCannesFi
lmFesti
val
 Stre
etsandroads

Capi
tal
i
zespe
cif
icge
ogr
aphi
cal
regi
ons
.Donotc
api
tal
i
zepoi
ntsoft
he
compas
s.

FI
NALPUNCTUATI
ONMARKS

ThePe
riod,
Ful
lSt
oporPoi
nt

 Theperi
od( knownasaf ul
lstop)isprobabl
yt hesi
mpl estoft
he
punct
uationma r
k st
ous e.
Youus eitli
keak nifet
oc utthesentenc
es
totherequir
edlength.
 Genera
ll
y ,y
ouc anbreakupthes ente
ncesusingthef ull
stopatthe
endofalogicalandcomplet
et houghttha
tlook sands oundsri
ghtto
you.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)155
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

Ma
rkt
hee
ndofas
ent
enc
ewhi
chi
snotaque
sti
onora
nex
cla
mat
ion
Ex
ampl
es

 Ki
sumui
sthethi
rdlar
ges
tci
tyi
nke
nya
.
 Ia
mwr i
ti
ngyousoon.

I
ndi
cat
eana
bbr
evi
ati
on
Ex
ampl
es

 Iwi
l
larr
ivebetwe
en6a.m.and7a
.m.
 WearecomingonFr
i.
,Jan.
4.

Pe
rioda
fte
ras
ingl
ewor
d

Some t
imesasi
nglewordcanf
ormt hesente
nce
.Inthi
scaseyoupla
cea
ful
ls
topafte
rthewordasyouwouldinanyothe
rsentenc
e.Thisi
soften
thecasewhenthesubj
ecti
sunde
rstooda si
nagree
tingoracomma nd.

Ex
ampl
es

 "
come.
"
 "
Stop.
"

Pe
riodsi
nnumbe
rs

Numbersuseperi
odsinEngli
shtosepa
ratethewhol
enumberfr
omt he
dec
imal.
Ape ri
odusedinanumbe ri
sal
soc a
lle
da"deci
malpoi
nt"a
nd
i
tisre
ad" poi
nt"unl
essitr
efer
stomone y
.

Ex
ampl
es

 Sh.10.
50isi
tspr
ice
.
 Herweighti
s60.
60

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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CT,
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T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
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emi
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il
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om)156
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

TheEx
cla
mat
ionMa
rk

Theexcl
amati
onma r
kisusedtoexpre
ssast
oni
shment,orsur
pri
se,or
toemphasi
seacomme ntorshor
t,s
harpphr
ase
.Inprofe
ssi
onalor
eve
rydaywri
ti
ng,e
xclamati
onma r
ksareuse
dspari
nglyi
fatal
l.

Ex
ampl
es

 Help!
Help!
 That'
sunbel
ie
vabl
e!
 Getout!
 Lookout!

Youcana
lsouseexc
lama
tionma
rkst
oma
rkaphr
asea
shumour
ous
,
i
roni
corsa
rcas
tic
.

Ex
ampl
es

 Whatal
ove
lyday
!(whe
nitobvi
ous
lyi
snotalov
e l
yda
y)
 Tha
twascl
eve
r!(
whensomeoneha
sdonesomethi
ngst
upi
d)

TheQue
sti
onMa
rk

Us
etheque
sti
onma
rka
tthee
ndofa
lldi
rec
tque
sti
ons
.

Ex
ampl
es

 Whatisyourname?
 DoyouspeakIt
ali
an?
 You'
respani
sh,
a r
en'
tyou?

Donotus
eaque
sti
onma
rkf
orr
epor
tedque
sti
ons

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
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CT,
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T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
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emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)157
 ma
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il
.c
om

Ex
ampl
es

 Heaske
dmewha tmynamewas.
 Shea
skedi
fIwasSpani
sh.
 Askt
hemwheretheyar
egoi
ng.

TheComma

Us
ecommat
ose
par
atephr
ase
s,wor
ds,
orc
laus
esi
nli
sts

 As
eri
esofi
nde
pende
ntc
laus
es(
sent
enc
es)
Ex
ampl
e

Icr
iedtohe
r,shea
ske
dmet
ost
opc
ryi
ng,
anda
fte
rwa
rdss
het
ookme
outforl
unc
h..

 As
eri
esofnouns
Ex
amples
 Don’
tfor
gett
obuymi
l
k,i
cec
rea
m,a
ndf
is
h.

 Gr
egor
y,Da
vid,
andChr
ist
inea
rri
vedi
nti
me.
 As
eri
esofa
dje
cti
ves

Ali
stofadj
ect
ive
susual
lyrequi
resc
omma s
.Howev
er,
ifa
na dj
ect
ivei
s
modi
fyi
nganothera
dje
ctiv
ey oudonots
epara
tet
hemwithacomma
(
sente
nce3).

Ex
ampl
es

 Shewasyoung,
beaut
if
ul,
kind,andintel
l
ige
nt.
 Thehous
ewev i
sit
edwasda r
k,drea
r y
,andrun-
down.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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CT,
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T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
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emi
cah@gma
il
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om)158
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

 As
eri
esofv
erbs
Ex
ampl
es

 Tonyra
nt owardsme,f
ell
,ye
ll
e d,
andfa
int
ed.
 Theboyle
a pt
,spun,
twis
ted,anddovei
ntothewa
ter
.

 As
eri
esofphr
ase
s
Ex
ampl
es

 Thecars mashedint
othewa ll
,f
lippedont
oitsroof
,sl
i
dalongthe
road,andfi
nall
ystoppedagains
tat ree
.
 Thedogl ea
ptintotheair
,snatchedtheFri
sbeeini
tsmouth,
l
a nde
d, a
ndra nof
fintotheforest.

Mor
eUs
es

1.Enc
los
ingde
tai
l
s

Useac ommat oencl

osenon-def
ini
ngrel
ati
vec
lausesa
ndothernon-
esse
ntialdeta
il
sandcomme nts
.Thecommaispl
a c
edonei
thersi
deof
theins
e r
tion.

Ex
ampl
es

 China,oneoft
hemostpower
ful
nationsonEa
rth,
hasahuge
populati
on.
 Goa t
s,unl
ikec
ows,
donotli
kegras
s.

2.Pa
rti
ci
pia
lphr
ase
s

Ex
ampl
es

 He
ari
ngthes
adnews
,Fredfa
int
ed.
 Wal
ki
nghomefr
omschool
,Imetmyol
dfr
iend.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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CT,
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T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
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emi
cah@gma
il
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om)159
 ma
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il
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om

3.Ta
gque
sti
ons

Ex
ampl
es

 Sheha
tesyou,
doesn'
tshe?
 Wehavenobusine
sstoge
ther
,ha
vewe
?

STUDYWRI
TING

MAKI
NGNOTES

Howt
oMa
keNot
es
Thef
oll
owi
ngt
ipswi
l
lcomei
nha
ndywhe
nma
kingnot
es:
5.Re
adt
hema
ter
ial
car
eful
l
yandt
hor
oughl
y.
6.Under
li
nethek
eys
ent
enc
esa
syour
ead.
Thi
swi
l
lhe
lpi
nfor
ming
thet
it
le.
7.Ma
kear
oughnot
eoft
hema
inpoi
ntsi
nal
ogi
cal
seque
nce
.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)160
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

8.Wr
it
ethef
ina
lnot
es.
Yous
houl
dha
vei
nmi
ndt
hatanot
e:
6.Shoul
dbes
hor
tandt
othepoi
nt.
7.Cont
aina
llt
hei
mpor
tanta
ndr
ele
vanti
nfor
mat
ion.
8.Shoul
dha
vei
nfor
mat
ions
yst
ema
tic
all
ydi
vi
deda
nds
ubdi
vi
ded.
9.Shoul
dha
veas
hor
tti
tl
e.Av
oidl
ongs
ent
enc
esa
sti
tl
es.
10. Mus
tbewr
it
teni
npoi
ntsonl
y.
Not
esTe
mpl
ate
TI
TLE…………………….
(
f)………………………………………….
(
g) …………………………………………
(
h) ……………………………………….
.
(
i)……………………………………….
.

TAKI
NGNOTES

Howt
oTa
keNot
es

 Therei
snoone"
right"waytota
kenot
es.
Verydif
fer
enta
ppr
oac
hes
canbeequa
ll
yef
fecti
ve,de
pendi
ngont
heconte
xt.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)161
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

 Thek eythi
ngi st
oe nsuretha
tyouremai
na c
tiv
elyengage
dwi t
hthe
ma ter
ialwhi
lsttak
ingnot e
s.
Ifa ll
youdoi scopydownwha tyouhearorre
ad,thenyouwon't
actual
lybelearni
nga nyt
hingatal
l
.Youma ynotevenunders
tand
yournoteswhe nyouc omebacktore
viewthemlate
r!
 Dot hefoll
owing:

(
i)Beconcis
e
(
ii
) bea sne a
taspos si
ble
(
ii
i) useheadi
ngsa ndnumbe r
edpoint
s
(
iv) useabbrevi
ati
ons/short
hand
(
v) Le avespace
sinbe t
we enyournot
esi
nca
seofa
nya
ddi
ti
ons
.

 Av
oidt
hef
oll
owi
ng:

 c
opy
ingouts
entenc
esorpass
age
sv e
rba
tim(
i.
e.wor
dforwor
d)
 c
opy
ingamassoffac
tua
linf
ormat
ion

 Af
tertheles
son,r
ewr
it
ethenot
esi
namor
eor
gani
zedwa
yaddi
ng
de
tai
lslef
tout.
 

1.CREATI
VEWRI
TING
POEMS
Poe
mWr
it
ingTi
ps

Ther
ea r
eafewthingstothi
nkaboutbe
for
eyousta
rtwri
ti
ngyour
poe
m. Thef
oll
owingtipsonwri
ti
ngpoemswil
lhe
lpyougets
tar
ted.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
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Not
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emi
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il
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om)162
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il
.c
om

 Knowy ourpur pose .Knowwhyy oua rewr i

tingapoe ma ndwha t
youwa nti ttodo.
 Pickasubj ect.Poe msc anbewr i
ttenabouta nytopicunde rthe
sun.
 Avoidcli
c hés.The sea resayingst hatha vebe enov erused,li
ke
busyasabe e
, orblinda saba t
.
 Useima ge ry.Pa i
ntwi thyourwor dsandus ec oncr
e t
ewor dstha t
appealtot hes enses .Abstractwor dsca nnotgi vether eadera
goodpictur eofwha ty ouaret ryingtos ay.
 Uses i
mile sandme taphor s
. Similescompa ret wot hi
ngs ,l
ike“y ou
areswee ta shone y”a ndus uall
yus ethewor d“ l
ike”or“a s.
”
Me ta
phor ss tatetha tonet hingi sanothert hing,l
ike“youa rea
pig.
”Thingsbe ingc ompa rediname t
aphorha veatle as
tonet hing
i
nc ommonbuta rev erydif
fe rentinothe rwa ys.
 Youc ana lsoc onsi
de rusingr hy me,all
it
e ra
tion, c
ons onanc e
,etc

I
MAGI
NATI
VECOMPOSI
TIONS
El
eme
ntsofI
magi
nat
iveCompos
iti
ons

I
nor
dert
owr
it
eagoods
tor
y,us
ethe
sei
mpor
tante
leme
nts
:

a)Chara
c t
ers
: 
Refer
stothos
ewhoa c
tinthestor
y.The
yshoul
dbe
peopl
e,ani
malsorobj
ect
sthatt
hinkandt
a l
k.

b)Sett
ing:Des
cri
best
imea
ndpl
aceoft
hes
tor
yfore
xampl
e:c
las
sroom,
l
akes
ide,townetc
.

c
)Plot
: 
Ref
erstot
heseri
esofa
cti
onstha
tthechar
act
ersgot
hrougha
s
t
heytr
ytosolv
eaprobl
em.Int
heplot
,wehavethe
:

1.I
ntroduction:Thisisusual
l
ys hor
t.Itprese
ntsthechar
act
er,t
he
si
tuationort heproblem,andpa rtofthesetti
ng.
2.Developme nt:Thi
ss i
mplys howshowt hesi
tuati
onaff
ect
sthe
chara
c te
rsa ndwha ttheydot ot
rya ndsolvet
heprobl
em.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
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CT,
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emi
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il
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om)163
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il
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om

3.Concl
usi
on:
Thisshowst
hesol
uti
onofapr
obl
em.I
tisus
ual
l
y
shor
t.I
tmayle
a dtoaha
ppy
, s
adorsur
pri
see
ndi
ng.

Whenwriti
ngas tor
y,remembe oor
rt gani
set hefl
owofy ourevent
ss o
t
hatthereade
r’sint
eresti
smaint
aine
dt hroughoutthes t
ory.
The
el
ementofsuspenseshoul
dals
obec r
e a
t e
da ndma i
nt a
inedsothatthe
r
eade
rwi l
lwanttofindoutwhati
smos tlikel
ytoha ppeninyourstor
y.

Youc
anc
rea
tes
uspe
nseby
:

1.I
ncludi
ngmy st e
ry
2.Changingt hes ce
ne
3.Creati
ngune xpect
ede v
ents
4.I
ncludi
ngdi a
logue
5.Giv
ings urpris
ee nding
6.Mov i
ngf r
omonec har
acte
rtoa
not
her

2.PERSONALWRI
TING
(
a) Di
ari
es
 Adi
aryi
sawr
it
tenr
ecor
doft
hingst
hatha
ppe
nea
chda
y.
Iti
sal
soar
ecor
doft
hingsy
oupl
ant
odope
rda
yandt
het
imey
ou
pla
ntodos
o.
 Adi
aryi
sal
sothebooki
nwhi
chy
ouwr
it
edownt
hingst
hatha
ppe
n
t
oyouondai
lybas
is.
Di
ari
est
oRe
cor
dwha
tispl
anne
dtobedone
 He
re,
wer
ecor
dthi
ngswepl
ant
odo.
 Le
tusl
ooka
tthes
ampl
ebe
low:
MYDI
ARY
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
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T,Hi
ghSc
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Not
es(
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emi
cah@gma
il
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om)164
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mke
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il
.c
om

DAY DATE TI
ME EVENT
r
d
Sa
tur
day 23 Apr
il
, 8.
00a
m Wa
kingup
2015
8.
15a
m Ta
kings
howe
r
8.
30a
m Br
eak
fas
t
8.
40-
10.
30 Re
adi
ngHi
stor
y
10.
35am– Goi
ngf
ors
kat
ing
12.
30pm
Lunc
h
1.
00pm
Re
adi
ngt
heBi
bl
e
2.
00pm
Suppe
r
7.
30pm

Sunda
y 24thApr
il
, 7.
00a
m Br
eak
fas
t
2015
8.
00a
m At
tendi
ngma
ss
11.
00a
m Rea
dingCRE(
St
Luk
e’sGos
pel
)
1.
00pm
Ta
kingl
unc
h
2.
30pm
Pl
ayi
ngv
ide
oga
mes
4.
00pm
Wa
tchi
ngmov
ies
6.
00pm
Wr
it
ingnot
es
8.
00pm
Suppe
r

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
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CT,
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emi
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il
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om)165
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il
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om

Monda
y 25thApr
il
, 7.
30a
m Wa
king
2015
8.
00a
m Showe
r
8.
30a
m Br
eak
fas
t
9.
30a
m Wa
shi
ngc
lot
hes
11.
30a
m Pl
ayi
ngv
ide
oga
mes
12.
30pm Lunc
h
3.
00pm Re
adi
ngChe
mis
try
5.
00pm Wa
tchi
ngmov
ies
8.
30pm Suppe
r

Di
ari
esf
orRe
cor
dingt
heDa
il
yObs
erv
ati
on

MYDI
ARY

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
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emi
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il
.c
om)166
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ria
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il
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om

Ca
lenda
r

Apr
il
,2016

SunMonTueWe
dThurFr
idSa
t

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 1819

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31

ENTRY

De
arDi
ary
,

Today, Ist
arte
dwr iti
ngmyf i
rstpoem. Ithoughtofwhattowri
teandbyl unchti
me,an
i
deac rossedmymi nd.Ideci
dedt owr i
teaboutcorrupt
ion.
Ienti
tl
edit“
Anot herBond-
Eurobond”.Iha dal ottowri
tea boutit.AsIwrit
enow, mydear,
Ihavecompleted
writ
ingi t
.Hope full
y,Iwil
lwri
tea notheronebe f
oretheweekends.
Iwil
linformyou
aboutitonc etha ti
sdone .
Bye

(
b) ADDRESSES
 Anaddr
essi
sasupe
rsc
ript
ionofal
ett
erdi
rec
tingwhot
hel
ett
eri
s
mea
nttorea
ch.
 Thewri
tera
lsowr
it
est
hei
raddr
essi
nthel
ett
ert
oal
l
owf
ort
he
re
ply
.
 Ana
ddr
essi
swr
it
tenona
nenv
elop,
let
ter
,orpa
cka
ge.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
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.c
om)167
 ma
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om


Addr
ess
esi
nLe
tte
rs
 Addr
essf
orma
tva
rya
ccor
dingt
othet
ypeofl
ett
erwr
it
ten.
 Event
hought
heya
rewr
it
tendi
ff
ere
ntl
y,t
her
ear
ecommonf
eat
ure
s
suc
has:

 Thepos
tof
fi
ceboxnumbe
r

 Thepos
tcode

 Thes
tre
et,
roa
d,orbui
l
dingwhe
ret
hepos
tof
fi
cei
sloc
ate
d

 Thec
ityort
own

 Thec
ount
ry
 The
rea
ret
wof
orma
tsofwr
it
inga
ddr
ess
es:

 Bl
ockf
orma
t;a
nd

I
nde
nte
dfor
mat
Bl
ockFor
mat
 Addr
esswr
it
teni
nabl
ock
.
 Pa
ragr
aphsa
lsobl
ock
ed.
 Ane
xampl
eis
KI
LIMAMBOGOFOODAND
BEVERAGE,
P.
O.BOX555-
35400,
KI
LIMAMBOGO–KENYA.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)168
 ma
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om

I
nde
nte
dFor
mat
 Wr
it
tenonas
lant
.
 Thepa
ragr
aphsi
nthel
ett
era
rea
lsoi
nde
nte
d.
 Ane
xampl
eis
:
KILI
MAMBOGOFOODAND
BEVERAGES,
P.
O.BOX555-
35400,
KI
LIMAMBOGO–KENYA.
Ex
erc
ise
Writ
ee a
choft
hea
ddr
ess
esbe
lowa
sthe
ywoul
dappe
arony
our
env
elope:
(
a) MigoriPol
yte
chni
c-40400-P.
O.Box654-ThePr
inc
ipa
l-
Ke
nya
-Mi gori
(
b) Keny
aLa
bour
-TheDi
rec
tor
-30210-P.
O.Box90100-Ke
nya
-
Na
irobi

(
c) PACKI
NGLI
STS
 Atti
mesy
ouf
indy
our
sel
ffor
get
ti
ngs
ome
thi
ngwhe
npa
cki
ngf
ora
tr
ip.
I
tisi
mpor
tantt
oge
tor
gani
zed.
Wri
ti
ngapa
cki
ngl
i
stwi
l
lbek
eyi
n

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)169
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

e
nsur
ingnoi
temi
nte
nde
dtobec
arr
ieddur
ingat
ri
pisf
orgot
ten.
 Apac
kingl
i
sti
sthe
ref
oreac
hec
kli
stf
orwha
ttobr
inga
longwi
th
t
hem.
 Toma
ket
hemos
toutofy
ourt
ri
pyouha
vet
opa
ckt
her
ighti
tems
.
 Wha
tyoupa
ckwi
l
lhi
ghl
yde
pendonf
act
orss
ucha
s:
(
a) Thepla
ceyouarevi
si
ti
ng.I
ffore
xample
,youarev
isi
ti
nga
pl
acewherei
tishot
,the
rewil
lbenoneedofcar
ryi
ngheav
y
cl
othe
s.
(
b) Meansoftra
nsport
.The
rei
sal
i
mitt
owha
tones
houl
dca
rry
de
pendi
ngont heweight
.
(
c) Numbe
rofda
ys.
(
d) There
asonforv
isi
ti
ng.
Fore
xampl
eifgoi
ngonac
amp,
you
ne
edca
rryca
mpinggear
.
Howt
oSt
art
(
i) Getapi
eceofpape
ra ndapenandwri
te“
PACKINGLI
ST”.Thi
s
for
mspartoft
hetit
le.Theot
herpa
rti
sthepl
acet
ovi
sit
.
(
ii
) Wr i
tenumberofda
ys.Iti
sa dvi
sabletodothi
sa si
twill
help
youtel
lhowma nycl
othesyouwi l
lneed.I
tmightnotsound
goodtocarr
yonlyt
wounde r pa
nts,fore
xample,i
fthetri
pwil
l
l
astawe ek
.
(
ii
i) Dra
wat ablewi
thc
olumnscont
ainingi
temc
ate
gor
y,it
em,
qua
nti
ty,
a ndde
scr
ipti
on.
Thevariousi
temc
ate
gor
iesare
:

 Ent
ert
ainme
ntl
i
st,
fore
xampl
e,CDs
,Ra
dio,
etc
.

 Cl
othi
ngLi
st,
fore
xampl
e,unde
rpa
nts
,sk
irt
s,e
tc.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)170
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
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om

 Ca
mpi
ngGe
ar,
fore
xampl
e,s
lee
pingba
g,

 Toi
l
etr
ies
,fore
xampl
e,t
oot
hpa
ste
,soa
p,e
tc.
(
iv)I
ntha
tta
blef
il
lal
lthei
temsa
nda
lli
tsc
olumnsa
ppr
opr
iat
ely
.

Sa
mpl
ePa
cki
ngLi
st
TRI
PTOMACHAKOSPACKI
NGLI
ST

DAYS:
3Da
ys
NO.I
TEMCATEGORY I
TEM QUANTI
TY DESCRI
PTI
ON
1. CLOTHI
NGLI
ST Tr
ous
ers 3 Pur
pleone
2whi
teone
s

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)171
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

Shi
rt
s 3 Thepi
nkone
Theone
pri
nte
d
“Newyor
k”.
Thenewly
Unde
rpa
nt 4 boughtone
.
s
Theblac
k,
yel
l
ow,redand
i
ndigoones
.

2. ENTERTAI
NMENT CDs 3 Ni
geri
an
LI
ST movi
es
Lapt
op 1
Theone
Ea
rphone 1
rec
entl
y
bought
.
Pur
pleone
.

3. TOI
LETRI
ES Bathi
ng 1-
250gm FaBat
hing
soa
p soa
p.
½ ba
r
Was
hing J
ama
a
50gm
s
oap
Col
gat
e
Toot
hpa
st
e
4. DRI
NKS Af
ya 2-
500ml Gua
va

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)172
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

Soda 2-
500ml f
lav
ore
d.
Fa
nta

Ex
erc
ise
Youa r
eMa nchest
erCit
yFootbal
lcl
ubPlayer.
Duri
ngoneofthe
summe rhol
idays
,yourcl
ubgofora5da ycamptoav er
yhotpl
acei
n
Unite
dAr abEmirat
es.Her
e,nobeddi
ngsa r
eprovi
ded.Wri
teapack
ing
l
istofall
theite
msy ouwoul
dc a
rrywit
hy outothi
stri
p.

3.SOCI
ALWRI
TING
I
nfor
mal
Let
ter
s
 Usual
l
ywr i
tt
entope opl
eknowntope
opl
eyouk
nowf
air
lywe
ll
.
Thes
ec a
nbef r
iendsandre
lat
ive
s.
 Al
sor
efe
rre
dtoa
sfr
iendl
yle
tte
rs.
 The
yar
eme
antt
o:
(
i) Gi
vene
ws;
(
ii
) Re
que
sti
nfor
mat
ion;
(
ii
i) Congr
atul
atepe
opl
e;
(
iv) As
kque
sti
ons
;or
(
v) Gi
vea
dvi
ce.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)173
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

Howt
oWr
it
eInf
orma
lLe
tte
rs
 Ani
nfor
mal
let
terha
ssuc
hel
eme
ntsa
s:
(
a) Se
nde
r’sa
ddr
ess
.Wr
it
eyoura
ddr
esshe
re.
Exa
mpl
e,
MAALI
KAHMED
P.
O.BOX6454-
90800
KI
TALE
(
b) Da
tewhe
nthel
ett
eri
swr
it
ten.
(
c) Sa
lut
ati
on.
Exa
mpl
e,
De
arTi
mot
hy,
(
d) Body
.Wr i
tet
hebodyoft
het
ext
.Inc
ludegr
eet
ings
,ne
ws,
ot
herques
tions
,et
c.
(
e) Cl
osi
ng.
Signofwi
thy
ourna
me.
exa
mpl
e,
Se
eyous
oon,
De
nis

 Theta
bletha
tfol
lowsi
sofaf
orma
tofa
ninf
orma
lle
tte
rbl
ende
d
wit
hexpl
anati
ons
:
TheFor
mat Ex
pla
nat
ion
Addr
ess Atthetopr
ightha
ndc
orne
r,wr
it
eyoura
ddr
ess
.
Forexa
mple,
Ke
icyKi
mit
o

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)174
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

P.
O.Box567
RONGO
Da
te Be
lowt
hewr
it
er’
saddr
ess
,ist
heda
te.
Fore
xampl
e,
13thDe
cembe
r,2015
Sa
lut
ati
on Wri
tt
enont
hel
eftha
nds
ideoft
hel
ett
er.
Sta
rt
wi
th:

 De
ar……….
,
e
.g.
Dea
rDr
ink
wat
er,

 Dea
rest
………,orMyDe a
r…….,
(forc
los
e
f
ri
endsandr
ela
tiv
es)Exampl
e,
De
are
stDr
ink
wat
er,
Or
MyDe
arDr
ink
wat
er,
Openi
ng Youma
yaska
boutt
her
eci
pi
ent
’she
alt
h.For
Par
agraph exa
mpl
e,

 Howi
syourf
ami
l
y?

 Howa r
eyouNjuguna?Ihopet
haty
oua
nd
yourf
amil
yar
eint hepi
nk.

 Ia
mfi
nea
ndIhopey
oua
rea
sfi
tasaf
iddl
e.
Content Thi
siswhe
re:
Para
gr a
phs
 Youmenti
onyourma
inr
eas
onf
orwr
it
ing
(pa
ragr
aph2)

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)175
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

 Gi
vet
hene
ws

 As
kque
sti
ons
Youc
ans
tar
twi
th:

 Ia
mwr
it
ingt
hisl
ett
ert
o…

Cl
osi
ng I
tisprope
rtoinf
ormyourr
eci
pie
ntthaty
ouar
e
Pa
ragr
aph e
ndingthele
tter
.Somephr
ase
sy ouca
nusea
re:

 Dowr
it
emes
oon.

 Pl
eas
econv
eymywa
rmr
ega
rdst
o…

 Al
l
owmet
ope
nof
fhe
re.

 Hopet
ore
cei
vear
epl
yfr
omy
ou.

 By
e/Goodby
e
Cl
osi
ng Si
gnof
fwi
thy
ourna
me.y
ouc
ans
ignof
fus
ing:

 Yourl
ovi
ngf
ri
end,

 Your
slov
ingl
y,

 Your
saf
fec
tiona
tel
y,

 Yourne
phe
w,

 Your
ssi
nce
rel
y,

 Ke
epi
ntouc
h,
Yournameshoul
dfol
l
ow.
Yourf
ir
stna
mei
s
pre
fer
red.
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)176
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

TheLa
ngua
geofI
nfor
mal
Let
ter
s
 Thel
angua
geus
edi
ssi
mpl
easwe
lla
sfr
iendl
y.
 Youc
anus
econt
rac
tionss
ucha
sI’
m,won’
t,
you’
re,
etc
.
Sa
mpl
eFr
iendl
yLe
tte
r

Br
igi
tAnna
bel

P.
OBOX454—40400

SUNA-MI
GORI

5TH Se
pte
mbe
r,2015

De
arJ
ame
s,

HiJa
mes!
Hopeyoua
ref
ineba
ckt
her
einRongo.
Mys
ist
era
ndIa
re
ve
rymuc
hfine
.

I’
mjustwri
ti
ngtole
tyouk
nowIqui
tmyol
djoba
ndf
ounds
ome
thi
ng
newinMigori
town.

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)177
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

Iwasreal
lyf
edupwithwork
ingatBananaAcademyastherewasl
it
tl
e
workenoughtochal
l
engemeanymore.
Youk nowme;ifthe
reisno
enough,
Igetbor
e dt
ooeasi
l
ya ndha
vet of
indsomet
hingnew.

I’
mnowt eachingatSuns uninMi gori
andthekindofworkIdosuit
s
met otheground.Iteachtwoc andidat
ecl
asses
. Theworkherei
snot
onlychal
le
nging,butitisrewardi
nga swel
l.Ik
nowy ouwi
llf
indi
thard
tobeli
eve…buty oujusthaveto.

Thatisnota l
lfornow!I’
mge tti
ngma rri
edinac oupl
eofwe ek
s.Heis
worki
ngint hene i
ghbouri
ngs c
hool.Soma nypromisesIhopehewill
ful
fi
ll
heha snots toppedtogive
.Ialsofi
ndhimt hebestamongt he
many.Whe nthet i
mec ome sIbel
ie
vey ouwill
comea ndc e
lebr
atewith
us.

Ke
epi
ntouc
h,
Br
igi
t

Ex
erc
ise
Youhavere
cent
lyj
oi
neda
not
hers
chool
.Wr
it
eal
ett
ert
oyourf
ri
end.
In
yourl
ett
er

 Ex
pla
inwhyy
ouc
hang
eds
chool

 De
scr
ibey
ourne
wsc
hool
Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)178
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

 Te
llhi
m/he
ryourot
herne
ws

4.I
NSTI
TUTI
ONALWRI
TING
(
a) PUBLI
CNOTI
CES
 Apubli
cnoti
ceisanot
icegive
nt oprov
idei
nfor
mati
onfort
hepubl
i
c
t
hatiswide
spre
a di
nawi degeogra
phic
alar
eaviamedi
a.
 Theyar
emostl
ypl
ace
dinnewspape
rsbybus
ine
sse
s,c
ount
yand
nat
iona
lgov
ernme
nt,a
ndindi
vi
dual
s.
 The
yinc
lude
:
(
i) Unc
lai
medpr
ope
rty
(
ii
) Wa
nte
dpe
rson
(
ii
i) Da
nge
rouspe
rson
(
iv) Gov
ernme
ntc
ont
rac
ts
(
v) Aunc
tion
(
vi) For
ecl
osur
es,
etc
.

Publ
i
cNot
iceFor
mat
 Thepa
rtsofapubl
i
cnot
icei
ncl
udea
mongot
her
s:
i
. Na
meoft
heor
gani
zat
ion/i
nst
it
uti
on.
Let
ter
hea
dispr
efe
rre
d.
i
i
. The
nwr
it
e/t
ype“
PUBLI
CNOTI
CE”
.
i
i
i. Thet
opi
c/t
heme
/subj
ect
.Le
tthepubl
i
cknowwha
tyouwa
nt

Nov
els
,Upda
tedCPA,
CIFA,
CICT,
CPS,
I
CT,
I
T,Hi
ghSc
hool
Not
es(
isa
bok
emi
cah@gma
il
.c
om)179
 ma
ria
mke
rubo2020@gma
il
.c
om

t
oinf
ormt
hema
bout
.
i
v. Da
te,
time
,andv
enue
(ifne
edbe
).
v
. Pi
ctur
etor
einf
orc
etheme
ssa
ge.
v
i. Nameofthewri
terofthenot
icea
ndt hej
obpos
iti
on(
and
si
gna
tur
e,fort
hemor efor
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