طيبة .. النساء والتاريخ

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 148

pbna



:
 

3
7

  

17

())* +,

24

4
3&  5

41

2)AB ?@

23$!
(.!/
0'
1 #&$'

o
o
o

:


? #E
#F
C'

?
 

?
F08
 ", = *
P NO

WY WXY

:!S&" ,K)U"" , V"

48 J!
K$L :H$

82

 !
" #"$%
" #&$'

(*89:
;
< = >8'

  $  &

59

  
 
   

$+* #@ :H$

Z
["& "$3Y"

N%* 2)AB N%* :H$

:  
108 a " [   :`$*

118 d
3& # : `$*
129 ijV #F :`$*

#&$'
#F ]] # \E
" #&$'

c* +, *   '
#&$'

(^_
8
1

K+e
1 A)
#&$'

"[&

19651950 K8
f
"& 28g

ybnna

 3 p8q S


F0
P K*o'
$%& = ;o' n.ml = [!

k `$!8

[!
"S , 8 3 
U^* ;o " ,S K!+8X'
 =*o"&"
 [B8U_
" 
t"$<
" )8u'
q 8
drE
"[ g s& =* 39_

vY So_3 ,wE
xU
 
V 4y/  drE
z  *89:
"
] 8
A
 o$!8 i$5& + K*o
| :  
 
   l :N
!3 U " [!
{88)

| A/
+8
%3
P
P n  l ~r S" ,nBuL  } #$
k
" #&$'

P o$*
x
" ,8.! ik
FAe
"
vY x8)8
%3 & | 2" ,n#$
k
" #&$'
l
*"  |'
xU  ]=
"[&" 
V 4y/  q 8
38y
,.!

 
3 8 i'
8 38 #[*3 ,nl r = {\8  ,)8u'

4+! 

k |'
~r" ]

"[& c* t$!8
 q 8


k "["


g3 4 3 2*" 4y/ vY So_3 , 8  3  } r vY t 2
]4.r8'
" wE

i < = 2^_
8
38y $5 ;"' o$*
P na " [  l ~r 

8
 #&$'
l N
* x n# \E
" #&$'
l  [
*& = [* `$* ^5 =
3" #$ 8 #  vY So_3 ,K:r'
= F. [* c* i8 [* " ,n2^_

  .
\E
c* K:r'
$ `$!
^5 = {\8 " ]F" 2r 0"

k 4% .&" i$5& drg  \E



k 9
$" 2^_
8
= )8 drg
#&$'
l  4!8 & [
 H c* [!

k o * k5 =y " ]9

"& "j

)8 AU&  K'



W3 KS^85:
4X8 n
$9l r $A3 n+'

/'
d

[
'
k S 4X8 ik
) xU
 ,g

$Ar
45
[ g&"
P
]J!
 = =F" K'

W3

C'l :N
* x n $  &l  i$< r c* \ &
P [!
i8
P
.y
~r8S #E
#F " 8

 $5 ^5
.y
~r S" n?#g #F

[$)
#g #F j8! g ,frS 3[&
P  " 2q  ; #E
#F 38 g  }
#F = n $l ku8" ]!+8  *89:
" 
;o" y!

#g #F ~
u8
=  Y * ' 9C+
nN N l y $
@'
. #g
P
8'
+8X'
>U' k #E
#F ^5 = .y
|" ] 2q  B+ [$)

U^5
>U
'
!3 +8X'
4.r8 .S ,)r%'
" .y
#&$'
 [$S o
8y
U" 43 ,#&$
= B * ) KS8
 L
\PS "
F.
i. ; k

P
P
P
[/
  % )r%'
 8+8 3Y )V i& yY vY +8X'

k  9 [ 8
.
~$y
K)V * $y 3  .'
F" nU
l # B3 ~r 28
nNl  g
]9" "   '
[
'
#
[Y c* #F.y
# r
" NE
"
$)
 +
c* i
F08
 ", = *
P NOl ,r ~r 
P
$S   
$E
K:\" [ ^B)
q 
o$*
P ,ni
 . l ne

4%+8" ]o'
*
P W+e
i c*  
rE
=   8
49& =
=Urg c* 
BE 
"r'
i Y  [!

k  r'
&
.
W3 #
"'
" ! 3 #
[+ 4r! & c* #[*  Y $<
8  "[  28g 

) r 3 8+8 : i$5& N


3  

g&  48
=  '
vY !S  ,!H
P
]" F[  r
k N _
=
 A)
#&$'

"[& 8y l ijV #F `$! g ,WAS vY $S ="

nA)
#&$+ 
'
:1965 1950 K8
f
"& 28g K+e


 
[ ni[
.*l ~r S" ,ni[
.* Sl A)
%g.
" AL
drg & = .rg  KA)

\  g K "
$
" #
"$
K
[/

3 xU ik

$
"
8  ni[
.*l |" ]c
_
23$!
;


 $y!
" *89:
" 
# !

"[
" ;
 )8u'
4g
$'
  

] 8

k  
0'
 #&$'
l :N
* x n4
3&  5l r 28
+r
U 
^5 ="

8
d
9 & g [!

k ~r nNg NA
3
 
:23$!
2.!/

)/
.!/
#F
)8g
i {\8 g , 3 8U^*" 2.!/
8
"
] ^
#F
 Ng NA
3
n 
l 3 .

k  % #&$'3 "'
"
,23$!
+8X'
 
y c* 8 :["  X 3_

"[
c* .
$ "
] y!

2.!/
0'
! 28

P
   } n2)AB i@ l ~r n2*89:
;
< = >8'
l r 


]n>8'
l " q 8
Sr%
d
9 & = d
P  >8'
Ny 
F%yS
P
P
x) " ]\ &
P W! ;o g >r%8
" S$!+ B y ,frS 8 )L &"
S V5 ,>8'
Sr0 = F5
d

k Y vY r  $<
n2)AB i@ l
 
" UrE
K<'
n2)ABl * " ,2*89:
;
 \U"  3 p8q
&X8 : X 2*89:
;
 \U  >8+ FAe
"

k ~8^ V5 )B3
]3 ~r ik
2y+8
/
=
g ,[!

k  
dB c* 4BS F  "&   2%!
8
&

g +!'
%3 2)S ]2%!
8
mY   " [
 ^0 c* [!
4+8/
WYl = 4 ~r n%!
.A
  '

K. :!S&" ,K)U"" , V"l
W$r
W3 %!
N'
 
8.! ik
" 
[ nZ
["& "$3
l" nWY
c* 
Bg  2*89
"[ " ,=SU"& ^5 = * 8
" * e

n>U
l N& .
| " ]%!
 "
 Km
+ = "[ *[ "    

"[ #
[& \ &
P {.B z C i!8 Y" frS j
;
& = *
P  c* 8r :

c* t$!8
" *
'
" W
r
 4!8
" >8
4% )8 *89

\r ^
S
$'3 [
Y" N'
fA  '
" 3X8:
" +8X'
K9g
] K9g
!
    !
" #"$%
" #&$'
l g n2))* +,l U " | ,4%'3"

^5 = %!
  ~!
\)
 
y *[  n>U
l "[ n2%!

#[r
K
 = F" `")8
c* # r
= z C +\8 3 =SU"& #
[Y
N$g  g&
>U
^8
 4%+8'
$5
9
\ &
P
P $< N NY" ,#
[_
"
#S" !3 28g =9
"& "& = 3 4.U = =.r8  y8
 "&
F'
= 

]
"
:|
#[L ~r S nd
3& # l `$! ik
" nc* +,  l 8 &

*  )8 *89


Kr.m = 

g& g nW SVl  X_
 g$
c* t$!8
" 4r8
  $g =  XY #&$ 3 x!8  $m =* z C" ,c* +,
K!+8 vY 5
^5 = +E
r.A
 =S =+3 e
= \S  

F%
P 8
y
~rS ,) NA
U  n $E
l
P >8 !

k    #$<
]9$
=  g$
#$< =*
= '
;o'

k " 
F%
P $5 U & r8! ik
[!

k 4%+ N& 9$


$r
*" ,
K
[  3$!
.8y+ SoY , 
K

K*o
"& # 
#&$'
|' 2"y _
 j
^5 = [!
[
  4*)8
vY
[
P
][!

k $ $  $

@ @Z@@ba@bm@a@w@dm@
@ @@@@aa@ca@

 
(Joan Scott, Gender and the Politics n 8
K" 
l =* 8 

l ~)' pBu'


"
4B)
nKy N
9l 8) | 48 ,of History)
#$y)'
" . [
8 = %
4B)
= .8U3 (Womens History) n

(Woolf, A Room of Ones Own) n V5 #$Xgl > "" 9FS #


$
 

n> "" 9FSl x K


w, *+ = K/ 28
K:r'
=
[* \ ik
"
" ]'
N$r
K
3  A $3  K8)

 ij K. m  c* r
P

#E 8
= U^A

n 8
38 #[*Yl vY K
K. A
S * 4BS
U Ny 3 28
=
= F"  y
K^X  
8 .r K! c* 3
#*[ 2" ](Woolf, 45) ]KA j
 
#E
4V) = " S 
]BBr
38" :r" 
w,  g$m > "" 9FS xV
"

 38   $< |8 nKy N


9l  
5 |'

[ K9 U"
"8 # * [9 j* 
 Kk5& 28
# 
S$!'
= f+
z C S .8 ,

r!8'
nK
$8
l" K yL_
 .y
"8" ] "" %3 " 

+!
F !'
W3" ,(+ [
.
" +!
K
W3 l 
 
3
= i$<^
>U'
W3" ,5
8'
KBBu8 .
K

F0 W3" u
$

Ky N
9 * y$ 28
2U^8
Ar & ]nF<8 i
$y)
9g" 8

K3 r'
z H * +8 ik
n/'
!.
l  4%+88S K yL_
z "X8
: S * j!  " ,K98
"

 / !3 z S ,*" K*o'


 N   &
:& ,
 t^85
c* W%g.
" K%g.
:| ;"
P
 ^*S"
 y *o"
,.
$ 
4!9 "
P


g P^X  [@
z x 
  [@

P:" "& ,]]] 


K$E
" ]]]
K "& K 
P
9 " ]]]](*89:
F8
K
 = "& A
 
$E
t^&  A3 =* C
.
"X8
 :
 u
$
F !'
r #[*Y vY A ,#!'

8g$m 28
s
*+  " C . 9 S ]q 8

N& 
c*  =y+ 4 :[)" > "" 9FS
38 #[*Yl .gB N& N"[ n 8
vY r >\ l
\8r ik
 :S z C "X8 ik

|
& ?n 8
(Scott, 17) ? 8
38 #[*Y +*
[9 "& CY ,n 8
" 
l \r pBu'
" nl  = [!

k "
,  
 
    1995 ~* k #$
k
" #&$'
|
 $< #*U N^%  .8*3 nKy N
9l " n> "" 9FSl K38 = A& S
g = ,#$
k
" #&$+ K|'
K%g.  $y)
)e3 4B8 S & 
&
, 
Sr%
" q 8
" 3[
K

K:  + [
=.& K
8
.
:" ]#!'
  i
$y)
# 3" 2 
4+!
g  =
j5 vY SoY
*
)) BuL  }  Y  o$*&  N& c* 8


k  2)

C W3 + & 2*[&  } 2" ,#$
k
" #&$'
*+ 4+* xyL U 
& 28

c*" 
3 k #$
k
" #&$'
;" = +E
23$U g = ,!.
*o" $r

 S ["'
2m
$u
 48
S = 2$< 0 ,v"
!



][/ A"  = #F5
+e
K

^5 XY

@ @ba@bb@bna@a
r3 2g88S
r+3 1998 ~* [B
n#$
k
4  l # = 2. $X8
[!
&.
23$!
r%
8
#
$U #[*Y c* 

C'l :8

|
S $A n#B
il
S 39_
2" n?+8X'
 !o3 `
" #!'
#&$'
 \U "8 45+
=
"$+3 K[& [!.8
" BUY K+! 
`$! 1 : 8
r
 HY =y+
 $& " ,$!
8
V" $g  

"[& 2 ,*
#$
k
/ vY
2" ,) xU
 2" 2+ [& t 8

[ NY 3 ,Br" /+
 4 ,(*89
" r0 F
gY c* 4+!
" S$!'
vY 2!
W3 + 
[
[9" ~*" ,3$!
rA'
 
< = 23$!
" i'
8

3 ~8:

#&$'
2. n#B
il 9$
F5&"
]X'

k  3$!
 3 K
[" 3&
P
V&  vY ,(!
/
mY  : r8 %3 *+X+ ,;"'

k #$
k
"
_
~!
 [
2+!
.
 
" ~* 4y/3 9
$ =  '
K!

j* 

"[& g Sr0 #[ 8Y  #$
k
" #&$'
[9 9  ]*89:
"
4  l ,#B
i n#&$'
\ N"[  28
K.r!

Y  + l 8

]21 ,n#$
k

P
>U& N& ["& ,/ k #$
k
" #&$'
[9 * xU 28
t

= U^A
"
P  $yS
,  
 
    A8

k5

X
j8*&  ~&
P
P
K%g.
*+ 8X8& 28
K

V_
" A/
K: ^5 =  =y+ ik
"
,yL& #* k
4+!

k 8 N& X" ]#$
k
" #&$'
| < x K^!

t$!8
" i
2q 8
.
mY  " BBu8 + [& K3 8  
 " ,! 4*)8
"  > $!8
" 3$
 
K $<
" K '
" )'
c*
r8 !
P WBBu8'
" KBBu8'
F = KsS vY  
" q 8
S$!'3 r
*
'
)" , 8
j* 23$!
" i'
+8X'
 
U N/3 U[ $%& # V
]?
2*
# 0Y c* 4+!
vY SoY ,=
U" 

"[3 !8 S !9$

3& *+ \ 8y3 



VY #$
k
" #&$'
48 N& 2rA'
= N U"
$m mY   n .
#$
k
" 
=l g 23$* 2%3 2r8 =* 98 K9
A
" #$
k
" = 3 8U^*  
 > $! g = 8 3 
U^*
4 i
<'
2 " ]V5 `
$& r8 ! V  $y  y8 28

[9" J! +m  "[" i k


$y)
A K!oe

 
# |3
,/+'
Ks)

[ & X
i
<'
|  , 8
 

P
]+$
F 8
yL&" ,(+$
8
 Ky_
" Ky
Kg"

@ @CNNNnD
K

$yS gY  #$
k
" #&$'
K%g3 *+ * xV$g  "& = N
= K '

= [* *&  #[*3 z C" ,?'
8
 2 
4+!

S$!'
 #XS = 
z C .. " ,[r* k .A
=  
=38 Kk)
$| UY z 
#[*Y +* dgV U" ]K '

#g" $yS N/3 q 8

 r%
X #
$U" ,(q 8
U  !o"  Bu/ 3 Fk8
t8 2%3
2)g z := 4 ~^U3 d8  #[*Y x  =" ]~* 2*89
2 r0 mY
8 4 r c* $E
 U" ]Wg  U" , + / *" ,2  ." ,>V
xU U" ,8 S V U N ik

" .y
c* 
o& 2r r+3 
xSF" ,  " =$
.* 
" ,#B
i = 4 d
c* r 38y3
 
:|   .
X/8 K
$| r*  z k ]$y3 3& +&" ,g
 [
*& \ 
VY \ &   ]r8 d8  K
[ = * 8  
 8.gB nyS 3[& q  +* # $9l 2*$)

* F/  2" ,n#8)
l
  * 2%
[!
"B3 x)U 0 ,1892 j+S   "
[!
$ ,4S
]1894 
10

@ @Cba@pacD
P
8
 
K 0 c* #$
k
" #&$'
 K%g.
4+* = U^A

8
3  c* r

K
V& >L &   ,?$y)
" r%

  KBu/ )/



k
F
vY [
K)8 :
3 *U c* 3 2)/

= [*  Bu/
K^3r'
= K
!
4X  m_

k " ]#!  
N$r
= "
>B
k ~!
4+!
  g 4/ =rA
2^
K

$


BuL
F g& "8 ,n
K
V&l   W38
VY  U" ,= !

'* #
$
#g #F $5
`$! 3 ,K
! K   2% #9 )L

VY  # $S *.A n
K
V&l  \  ]ve
+ 2r'

ijV H # Bu/


K
$k'
c* i8 ,n?jV H K
$l N
!3

j5 c* <g^ =+\8 K
$ . # V  8.8 U x 19621887
F q  r0" z k3 4%+8 ,1948 ~* =
3
P  "  Kk5& 28
" ,Bu/

]?'
2*89:
" 2
8
= d
9 c* 
o& 2r +

@ @@pbm@kn

11

=y+ K

V_
= W* #$
k
" #&$'
2.8 
83 S$!'
 vY !
P
] 
KH
" # B'
d8y
 " ,+! .V N^+  .8*

"&
VY c* 4+! 3 K%g.
= #F. *+ xL
,# B'
d8y 3 !8 S"
K

W3 2U^8
Ar3 Ve
 '
)'
~r 3$!
 3 B 8
]n V" A  #&$'
 \U vY 45l 8  z C" , 
K

" q 8

 i!
i" i
.
& xL
n V" A  tU"
l 8 .r*& U"
 V"  [" +! K5 r  "[" >U
8 [
$SY 8 ,) 
8 [
*3 i!
i" N #F xU z k ]^_
" 3$!
K!+8X'

= Ky/ KS ~r ,n V" A  E


i'
=)
K

l 
* 0
]= !
N$r
K
3 k  '
)
$E
K


K
[ H3 !'
n  KH$l  = "
[!

$5|
V z k
P
8
" 
~!
" ,)8u'
KBBu8
j* i
.
' |
[!
N
*" ]i
23[
r
" 3[
K

" )
*" *89:
~!
"
H$" g xSF r" $ $ = " ,n
~!
 ;

[ l "

Sr%
S$!'
gYl c* #$
k
" #&$'
$g $ B8
+  9 U" ,J!
K$L
 > $!8
t 3$!

vY r ^5 = 3$
+ [
K|'
 # [B

yY c* 8
 ,n)8
" .A8
" r
" ) 3 ! i$y)
4*)8
X/"
.
 =+o i
.
 5[_ 2
[ 9$+ 
u8

c* 8r : H
+* N3 *U = A   KH$ ;" N&  ]+ [

.
 $ A vY 2!  ,3$!
 3 S$!+ 8Y 43 ,S$!+ 4r [$
]X'

k  3$
+
"r v8 3" ,3$!
rA'
 i

@ @Caa@acD
  3
X/83 xU 43 ,d8y

VY c* #$
k
" #&$'
[9 8r J
 %3 U "  [* 4 \ 28
n#$
k

"&l 
V3 8
j* 

K!+8X'
 
=* K

= [*  c* z k3 x!XL U" ]W! ;o
 dA
" 
l : 8
K*o'
\" ,2A
B!
k ^_

i[B8U:
/
l" ,n2A
B!
  
#E
" #&$'
l" ,n^_
K!+8X'

i" $y33& +& W3  /'3 x K


[ 2" ,n^_
   iE

8
N$r
     #&$'
" N
l ;o+3 e
[!
o Wg  ,?!

#&$'
c* F0" N
~) Fl 
gY  i!
i "8 ,W8U " n*
c* %
U 
 ve
N\ $ 3 n* 8
N$r
     +8X'
"
!.8 
"
k & 4%+8" ]n* 8
N$r
 Nr
" N
W3 
l
K|'
 =8y" ,? X8
4+!
" ='3 4B8 S ,~!
E
 
A/
 g = q 

!3
P
"
z 4+ z k ,'
" ^_
 

P
2" ]*
" %*
.3 0
E
" \
* A "" , 8
+*  K9 [

12

!
#E
 

"[& g = j8S ,^_
Sr%
 
f+ 9
 v8 3
,? !8:
23$
;"'3 ~!
4+! 
"$5 f3$ 28
!9$


)"
](^_
" 23$!
8
 i
.
*
U $"

@ @bqa@kn@aa@ca@
\ ik
0
" d8y #$
k
" #&$'
$  #F5
K

KL r
FS" 8U
vY $'
2! CY ] 8
" 
 \U  BBu8'
0
= *+
^5 =  3 g8'
F" 23$!
J!
 K V 28
"
8
#[", K3[

# [
>B
" d8y
= *+ c* i8 z k ]# 
8
" 
4 "
U$ c* 4+!
" ,$)
  "
*
r
" F !'
;.
 ,$!
J!
 # [B

d8y #$
k
" #&$'
$ {8  ]"
8
 "y Y #[ vY  " K8r'
4
.8y'
^5 = g8'
+ [
"y _
[
'
H c* ;^m:
yY 0
"
] '
K!
K.8y [: +U$

*+  0
" d8y #$
k
" #&$'
$ 8 28
KSo_
& = 4! "
i [
[" #C83 Ve

"
*+  g
\ 28
" ,nVe

"
l
P
*+X'
z i8" ]#$
k
" #&$+ 
3 & xU 28
" ,20071927
 ^
$ z k" ,!

[L"  V" Bu/

$k K
$ c*
Bu/
8+U d9 vY" ]SB
= *8 KVBU" ,*8 K<" K9
, q  #) {^ m  Bu/

"
4+ ,8.gB uL 8
,? [
[ 8
= y  r.S , 8
   
P 3 4% 2S
P .9
 38" #
$r # 9 o & s83 4) Ve

"
K*+ = [* $S NS
]K '


13

@ @bn@pby
   #$
k
" #&$'
K%g3 3 ~r ik
X `$!

k   "
]8e
K<g^'
!3 vY FL& N& ["& 2S ,K3$!
" K '

 

vY :[
" 8
W3 U^!
g :} "[ 2C  q 8
K

F% ,
S ["E
45
 | 3[
 $<
x
CY" ?  [
" ,[& 8
g i&
 ]q 8
38y 3 3[
38y
U^*  4%'3 .A $
NS ,3[
;

W3

C g  3[
*
N&" , 8
yL& = 4yL [
N& 3[
 $<
+!
S 4 2)U8 
F%
P q 8
B
#
$U N& :Y , 4y/3 q  *& 2
 
g
U"l 23[
+ / * p #
$U * 8<E  " ,3[
38y
{^
NB
N
k $S CY ,n 
 48
#$l 8 r d9 vY .9
P n!S
" 
U

3[
38y
KS  45
  +8X'
 
;o" q 8
#
$r g
d
c* $ =  Pg #$
k
" #&$'
 %.
[
/  " ] H"
& 2+ g $ A8 g K

V_
" [
z 
$  {'& 2S ,(q 8

]?
23[
r
 2" :& BuL
t
3 !8 S" ,K '
 8
 $!'


#$yS c* 3" ,
;"  {'& N& 2) ^S ,~!
4+! 3  $<
S$!'
[  #$
k
" #&$'
|
i
2*
3 vY 2! #

 
    #$
k
" #&$'

2*"l vY F/ .8*3 $F


[F9 > $! o 
& ik
2*
z C ,~* 4y/3
N&" , 3 *+X+ = Y #_
= W* =&" , 0 sS vY W+8 =3 


L:
=* N&" ,*89

#[, Y" !.m x i%


o

k .&
P
~<  3  } $m =yY " =* N& !"
,K
_
z ^! K $5& 
#
 " ](Lerner, 14) n
$r
C
"  ^r8:3 9$
" 
S 8+8 2*89:

l #$
k
" #&$'
!L vY .8:
x) S ["& 28
" #F5
28<g^ vY 2[r
S$!'
" 8Y" 0 3
[Y" 2*" = !/

k ! " ,n 3 S$!
P  n#$
k
" #&$'
l 4+* 4! 3 ,
83
]n
l 
 S[
$

14

@ @Zba
]2007 ,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r
,4\)
3& 4& [
*Y" $ $ ,$%&
'&

,1 () *  ,n^_
K!+8X'
 dA
" 
l ,?!
i" $y3 3& +&
]1999 ,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r

,n$
" ~^_
W3 2A
B!
  
#E
" #&$'
l ,?!
i" $y3 3& +&
]2002 ,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r
,2 () * 
]2006 ,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r
, '& '/ + ,-. ,?!
i" i
.
&

2r8 :#$r
,$y33& +& ,N\ + ,#B
i $ $ ,01% () $23 456

]2007 ,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r
, X
 r ,;1  () :7'8 9:

]1998 ,#$
k
" #&$'

,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r
,g xSF r ,1892 '5. + <5= (>5 , + / *
]2002

i r ,4S  8.gB ,18941892 B C  @  :0 (%1A :(?
]2007 ,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r
,#B

#&$'
:#$r
,$y3 3& +& r ,1924 J5F G HI + $23
!DE ,Wg  U
]2004 ,#$
k
"

,E

[ [
*Y ,  V r ,#B
i t
Y ,KL& 0
 
]2007 ,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r

,#$
k
" #&$'
,#$r
,K $5&" #B
i $ $ , '& '/ + (M 1N- OP <"%5
]2002

,#$
k
" #&$'
2r8 :#$r
,#B
i r ,1910
Q23 ,>V 2)g z

,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r
, '& '/ + SRM 4?
%Q ,?!
i" N #F
]2007

]1998

15

#&$'
2r8 :#$r
,  " =$
.* 
r ,1937 J:0TC J@  ,2  .
]1999 ,#$
k
"

KH$  ,J!


K$L H$ ,g xSF $ $ , 2 V'0I + U'3   '9
]2010 ,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r
, 

*  ,n^_
   iE
i[B8U:
/
l ,$y3 3& +&" i!
i
]2007 ,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r
,4 ()

*  ,n* 8
N$r
     #&$'
" N
l ,e
N\ " i!
i
]2005 ,#$
k
" #&$'
:#$r
,3 ()
]1998 $  ,$)V [!
,() <Q ,n#$
k
" #&$'
2r8l ,#B
i

Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness, New York and Oxford: Oxford
Unviersity Press, 1993.

Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History, New York: Columbia University
Press, 1999.

http://www.wmf.org.eg/ar/

16

@ @ba@ra@ca
@ @bra@a@@@

J?? %:W
X #F%'
r
$%& = ^_
K!+8X'
1 #&$'
;o j8!

q 8
K3[
1 #&$'
" F.y
a+8
vY z C 9$ " ,N
E
"

S =y J ?k
8

k ,
8 3 K38y
k ~8
y3 3$!

P  r F
L #&$+
"
z C vY >o& ](*89:
" ?[B8U:
8 3 
. N

CY ,%!
!
1 : ,#&$'
g WU8'
K38 8.! ?k
F.y

K38y
k xU  ]n "  > &l J!3 #/3 K38y
k K$0

4y/
3" ,$
r
!U8  U
#&$+ # V 3 "
K!+8X+
]
1 #&$'
;o"& g r.'
3$
)'
|

$k CY ,N/

k 1 
1   #[L n FS 
" 3

l ~r"

"! Ny [y 3$!


K!+8X'
1 #&$'
#g =* K!'
x >
:$
1 r
i

1 
N& = .'
"  g$
K38 1 &$U  c* #+8! $yS xl

xU
 =y ,K. K^9 K.X, K
.!8 K*+r rA'
z

]1nK!8
:| $  c* (& (8%g U" ,K
L K
F% )

d9 = \
P &" ,WU8'
d9 = P r8
N $
N&  FS i$"
17

,
k #&$'
x)B& (8
K38y
=  !
)
 CY ,) $
r

(" ,1762 1688 n8 " ?F ?


l %'
4. c* "

XE
= $ 3 #&$'
N3 xS*
(8
" ,.A
1 A j
F)
9"

 N  ?
C' ,%!
 "
1 #$E
#g
s)
x 3 ,z+/
"
:Y  X_
#&$'
* 4B J g " ,Ky8+'
0
"" #
[Y" z 1 E

]2= !
N$r
1

g #F%" + K!


tU"
" *
'
0"  ~r"

?[B8U:
8 3 !8 S : ,%!
!
1 #&$'
;o"&
8.! ?k
"
& i c* tU"
Xg   g ]*(*89:
"

)B (8
,|'
k  1 ,!
" 2A
W8r.A
 : ,

#
x)U"& %'
4. c!S ]
k '
+8X'
3%+3 x 3 !.

,z '
* k #$r
vY 4r8
?k
,.!
)e
#)g ,B)g

x)U"& 1538 ~* ()S ] & 1 *





= #F. Kg

P S ,!B 3  ".
1 #g
" !AU 

*
pBg =* ^\
P S 776
g

 ]3#$r
  (g
o !3" ,3$
" S'
1 g'
#[, F

,!B
1 4
f" 1 #$ 9 1530 ~* 1
.* x3 +mS #
x)U"&
]4#$ 
k 1 *



g r0
[
J"

SB
r $A
L #)g X ,tU"
1 > 
8 . 3 28g"

P 11 # < g  Y "| /y

(+'
NA
#)g x   ]5)U"
!l X  ]6%!
!
1 9 >U" c* # <
)" n Yl .

 >U" c* # <


dB nv8 N & =3 9l F
x3 n'

]7?

n$+Ul #
x  CY ,2A
r.A
 . 3
F%
o
>8q J"
P

1 !
K^ * = #FL  * (" ,n?$y.
"@
& +,l 9"
 g  9" ?k
) o
" ;8
" >U" c* #$ )",

]9
" >U" # < x  (8
n

.* x3 )Vl 9E

18

v8 n(gA
*
E
x3  $0l # B'
1 X  U
1 28g"

)U" K
r* = W83 F9 +!3 ~r" ,)U" c* #$
)" )3
]10
$
g

,tU"
  [B8U
K^! 
$9Y 1 
& %83 #&$'
xU 

=3 & x3 = l # S ;/


z C g %
=  !
0
 ~r"
N83 = >B
Bg tU"
g& = $98 ?"B 3 t"$!'
n
.*

3 ,N8.
Bg
& c* #U r* >U
$  \
P & r!" ,
S
N& N"[ ,e
E 8*
3 ~r =+3 W!88
>U
>y
]11sL
P

 U"  " Xs83 n.E3 F/


*
=3 = 
^V x3 +mSl ~r"
 #' L3 yY >U" = nl
230
g ?
_
+U ."
]12
 [
P

3%+3 rrE
  ik
8
= ;  {.V& 2%!
!
"

CY ;tU"
> " N
 #&$'
x5[  =" ]tU"
> "  # 
,tU"
g& c* # <
)" 0 1 E
n~F3 =3 & x3 ~l KL

c* # <
)" 4  "| 8 .S ,)
%0 4.U =  N '"

K
F ,>U
|  K^!8
N
 #&$'
5[ c* d$"]13>U

1 5
= 3 N$ W)U

!3 X CY ;*89:
*o"& 1 +
A


F& z3 & FS ]>U
1 r8:

[:"& c* >U

 * vY +
" 8 * = #"$%
r8
/5 z C" ,14_
N"[ k

= $8 >U
!.
48
 ]83
"  * x  28g ,i$5&

$k \S
(A!

k N  28g ,3 x.
0
3 !

=3 = 
Ll r
~$g ) 
c*" ]nW%
g 4% $k l

19

 U N NY" ,)U" 1 r8:


1 5
= 3 ndAe

=y
= =9"$5  ,4
& "& K3* =" )U" K
r!3 =y
8 C =

]15n
9" "& /gS W&l
CY

{ B >U
~< ~u8 3
!3 9"  z C = y!
c*"

Xg 1 W)U

!3 p
CY ;t"$!'

F'
~< = "$ " ,3
1 r8:
9 [ 1" ,>U
1 
 2%
" $k
" N& c* SU"&
= 
(,  g 4%  %8
i$5& K:g " ]16">U
c* # <

]17ijy
83: )U" # <   4\) c* p
?k
?$ $E
&

; !
=g
$r8
e >U
| 
!3 x8
"
P x)U"& 
$3Y =3 +, +/
3

49 # S
y ,9" c* )U"

CY z C = ~$"
, 9"
P N 'm >U
$3 "

k 8+8 N& xmL

,K "& " "& rm ?& ,z C g


CY" ]K "& ,rm "& * "

]18[:"& vY >U
"|

,>U
= 9" 9"
~$ !

$r8:
~* K:g !3 1"

"@5 ( 
l 9" n\.

.*l 3
n  gl x9$5& %'
4. c!S
,$5 49 , 4 ,)U" c* # <
)" = n
.* =3

9"
4!"
]19nB'
" E
= z C 1 ) x+* 'l z C

"
g& X ,9" "
dg" !

$r8:
K:g 1 \
P &"


,)U" $ Wr8'
= W0
$q
49 = 89" 3
" ,89" y 45
]20$5

/ S ,#&$'
g c* ? k
Ae
KV v!8 i$5& K:g
1"

1 .B 8 & 8 S" !3 & / .8:


& .!
&

"
~*   $
ky" ]21dB

k * Ar !3 x9"
CS ,)U"

!8"
P g
P +
c* 2r.8 ,S" !3

20

>U
!
r.A
 x8
3$!
[^.
!3 1" "& A c*"

1 4V'
+8 =* 8
[ 1 n? 5  [l ~r CY ; 8
1 = & u8

* =%
N$r
 #)V xS$* CY ]z C g %
!3 %!
!

3
1 
& = =r)& 3 
K. [
8 W
x3 = 4V'3
S ,=F/!3 z C 1 =A.
U" ,!

 ", 1 #F/!
9 [ c* N@

1 9"
 = N80
KL
g ] '
1 # 9 U
 /Y

x5& !3
xUS ; '
1 
" y
$+8
m 5 m

?k

$!
3 (g t$m 1 8 * $r' O8
!9"
  4V'
g
P
P

{.V&" , '


1 
" ?[B8U:
/
$ * =%
N$r
28g N

22
c*
X"
  ~yE
g& ~& / * KL
P
 ] !3
(g 2+ (E

rA 1 L
U" , ~& x !L ,| !
x X (.!L { w

]23 '
= Ny
U

1 8
N& i$ CY ;N/

k 1 + #$ 
()A t)* V$"

4\S& V$S
P &" ,4\S& V  * #&$+ $S" 3 = !
N$r
A
P \
P
N
rS =* ^\S
, [B8U:
#E
1 #&$'
c* .
0 x =y ,!8

 / N z C" ,243 x (8


*



c* #$A
#&$'

1 # .
8 / = >!o& x = !
N$r
1 ?'
[B8U:
1 #&$'

] 8
4.U  N"$U

21

@ @Z@aa
8
1 ^A
W
U" #
" 
" 8y  FS 
" 3

r 9
1
,Sr% c*
X'
,H (r
;"'
,4. ?$
#F& :$ $ ,"(^_

]6 ,1999 ,#$r

]) 2

tU"
:())* +, ,9
,S #&$'
"[" )" >U
g K!'
=  ' *
]1991 ,#$r
,8y !
 '
s
,%!
!
1  1  [B8U:
#E
"
]205 U " ,4632 9  ".
 :" S[ : 0

[ 3

]tU"& 82 U ,$
+mS >U" Xg :tU"
#
" >L & 4

]($ ,"
N$)
,/
K$)
*+ 5

]440 r0" ,80 ,85 4X ,!


.
+y, :? r!
$/
>L & 6

]363 r0" ,122 ,315 4X ,{ B


+y, :? r!
$/
>L & 7

]1700 r0" ,458 ,106 4X ,!


.
+y, :? r!
$/
>L & 8
]1574 r0" ,462 ,4X
" ) +y'
9

]83 r0" ,40 ,1 4X ,# B'


+y, : 0

[ 10

r0" ,393 ,474 4X ,+X


EB
+y, :? r!
$/
>L & 11
]15933
]44 r0" ,14 ,315 4X ,{ B
+y, :? r!
$/
>L & 12

]813 r0" ,156 ,43 4X ,!


.
+y, :? r!
$/
>L & 13

]24 ,Wm^" 
$& 361 U ,& ["
[ >U" X3  : 0

[ 14

][
$S& 4894 ,dAe
= 
L r
>U" Xg : 0

[ 15

]1104 r0" ,327 ,5 4X , $y!


+r
+y, :? r!
$/
>L & 16

]Wm^" 
$& 319 U ,?$ $E
& = 
(, >U" Xg : 0

[ 17

]360 r0" ,130 ,14 4X ,!


.
+y, :? r!
$/
>L & 18

]99 r0" ,47 ,18 4X , $y!


+r
+y, :? r!
$/
>L & 19

]274 r0" ,14 ,9 4X , $y!


+r
+y, :? r!
$/
>L & 20

]Wm^" 
$& 296 U .8:
& .!
& /
>U" Xg : 0

[ 21

22

:H$ ,%!

$!
1 Ny'
" 
:=
 " ["E
$ :? 5  [ 22
,"(^_
8
1 ^A
W
U" #
" 
" 8 =+o ,2)AB N%*
]190 189 ,3 9$

]190 ,) 9$'


23

:H$ , r #[*Y , 8


" #&$'
:
()A t)* 
[ 9
;o'

k g 24
9$ ,"(^_
8
1 ^A
W
U" #
" 
" 8 =+o ,$* &
]61 49 ,3

23

@ @Zia@ja@qda@@ca
@ @Hby@ba@ia@baI

<0 'C X0Y % %"


x #S k ,(r* c* k5& +m" uo ;"' P:y8
U 
k !

,3$!
.!/
K
0'
 3$!
#&$'
# V c* t$!8
 ;"'

k 4%+8 ]U

t8 ;" " ]* i"$ 28


z "& ,) =* )3 "$ 28
z 

2.!/
[
C
4.U = ik
,\r
k g& ik
.

Y z C d9 vY

 
[ :"E
" #&$'
l 238  z k xo$! ]3$!
#&$'
=  [! )U 23$!

= 28
,rg^
3
= [*  0 ,n2008  '
#&$+ 23$!
2.!/
;
3_

:(.!/
;
3_
"  '
#&$'
l" ,n2009 .!/
F
 3$!
#&$'
# Vl 4.U

t" ]n2010 .!/


K
0'
o  3$!
#&$+ *89:

"[ 
[
= [* pB  4%+8 ,)8  "
= ;"'

k P:y8
U 
k Ny

4% 28
,3$!
.!/
 
KBu/
= [* " `$!8 28
%.

"

.! 28
,
"[
k c* \
r Y t z C" ]* >U8
2*8 + C

9 = N& , $& z C vY 2*8


" ]$!
2.!/
0'
 KBu/
k

,S i"$ 28
Sr%
" *89:
U3 K
0'
k f3$ J 23$!
2.!/
[

X 
F%yS
]* i" " ,3$!
.!/
 
C
k vY
8)8 J & z k
P
"& , [  "
= #&$'
o" =* E
* , [ KBuL vY B) K
LY

P i"
$!L i" 2  . 4% , 
;
< = *89
KBuL
F ]^%
2.!/
" '
c*
[r8

.V 43 ,.!/
 
C
k )U8 J
g& N&

 A ik
 
A'
]$< 9" = ,3$!
#&$+ i[!'
)U  23$!

24

= # 8   C c* \


r _ %.

"
= [* pB  U 
k

BuL * >U8 3 U 


k ^5 = 
.
Ny8" ]$!
2.!/
" '

o  *89:
" 

"[&"  V 
[" ,Ng NA
3
 

= Bu/
k E ik
F8
i c* \
r _ ;)/
" "'
K
"$

V$)
v { N& 2&" ]S a! 28
Sr%
" *89:
t"$<
F 
$9

2
3
#! :4% ,.!/
 
KBu/
r3   
A'

k y8:
 [ 3
)m" ,)
#5 ,^
 23& 3
L ,$* 29)e
3
3
"[ ,)5

]
" =E
x ,+
K
C #F
, =3

@ @ H 1I

[9" #&$+ N&  "'


3$!
.!/
F
 3$!
#&$'
# B 48'
NY

P

= ku8 .!L 3$* #F X N& = z C c* [& :" ]S ^*S

\g"

F.
P
P

* n
$3Y .l xU 28
" ,n+
K
C #F
l #F 2 , 
* 3$* #&$

N3 ) |'
S $r 28
" ,n1968  r 
[ :+
K
C #F
#Fl #
$
8
[

"E ! )e



 x 8.U t)V g t8 x +
K
C BuL
!
B'
N& K&
CY )e
=* &$3 4r8 ]]] nN& "&l]]] K3
$Ao:
" =8)

,~
U_
" *X/
" {9
 r
 8 W8)V z8 ]]] x 0 ]]] z C 8r

4
* N&  S , 
  8+yg z C vY )o&
CS ]Bu/
#U"

vY $< *" ]1^ 23 a # U Ny N +


K
k s x X

 ^
#F
BU& F
k $L& = #g
 )/
K
"$
 #&$'
# V

L 2*89
F =* >/y A " ]F. A #&$'
V& U & 
] ^
#F 2.!/
;
3_
 .A 3 y!
" ,$!
+8X'
/ "


"[
[!8  ,8y'
" 2)/
!3   ^
#F
 #&$'
# V ;8

25

"  2.!/
;.'
*o =* >/y ;" [! " ,S #&$'
.! 28

2)/
WU
 2.!/
[
4 ~* =* >/y  ,!+8X'
 \r

23$!
2.!/
[
N3 r 3 !.
 Y dk  z k3 )  ,#&$'
c* N"'
"

*o'
k i.8" ]#&$'
c* " ,49$  /
8 ;*
i C
& .8*:
 !o"
CY V5 ,K
"$
k  #&$+ 23_
"
cX8 " , [E
"


= g'
k 2A! ) xU
" ,
"$
i C 2.!L 23[& ; ~&

 ,#&$'
= )U  2.!/
[
=* ;S
  t
 " ]#&$+ tB_
"

!8 :  '
NS # B
k x   &  ,2. "& U 3Y  V x

[S ,[

k $S& ik
,S"$" 23$!
+8X'3 !8 Y" 2.!/
[3
3A5 9
) =* 3 j! ,)3 d!/

k $S& CY ;+8X'

k =3
 2.!/

P
]) vY

@ @H2I@
@ @Zba@a@i@a@a@@ca@
28
,)/
K
"$
 F<" "'
 ^
#F
B W3  r'
>/y

P
28
r $A
 S^85

+0 N& =* ,$!


=m
= $* ;AU  P)L i"$ 
 :

B
0" 2.!/
p
N& vY z C [$" ] 0  3$!
#&$'
V "  8

ik
 /
F8
vY
$<"
] mY  [[$ ik
,? \E
" r%
" 2*89:
 3
P

U z C NS , E
" r
W3  ,$!
+8X'
 r!
" *89:
.
V&
]zL ^3 2.!/
p

V $

 ,S #&$+ & #* )U88 "'


 ^
#F
 #&$'
B 48'
NY

#&$'
C+" ,4r!
9
$
#&$'
C+" ,rL!
#&$'
C+" ,~
#&$'
C+

#F
N& i& ]n

l A+/
X!
#&$'
C+" ,#8)
x.
C+" ,9"

= 3 : ik

" ]#[!8'
g 4g
$ 4  #&$'
C 4y xo$!  ^

 830 C 2  Y # L_


x 28
C
k <! N& ,

k   Y # L_

C Y CY ; A'
Sr%
" *89:
t"$<
F83 $08 : ,$!
2.!/
E

26

* r r
{B : S 0 =" ; B!
4 " KU
4  * )8
P

+8X'
 K'
=  ;S i"$ ik
!
t^853 V& ik
F8
i

x)85
 ~
#&$'
C+ NY ,%'
4. c!S ]+
* )8 28
,$!

$ r 4y3  ^
#F
 2< 4<" 2< C+  t"$<
" B!

]()/
 N"'
v^
p
S 2r8  " ,$!
+8X'
3& = FU" ~
g
"

28
 
B
= V$3 ~y, ,( 
3A
* d ik
,$!
+8X'S
K
~
U& x 
l 4.U = 28
" ,C&  ~ # B
z $ c* %

,& 2 [$)
.gB+3 
g& N& W++ $
V" 0 ,n> g

 g fm V
z c* $y
N$r
 z k" ,K
$ ^0 
$y"

 ^
#F
" `_]^ 1\ :[T ( ' Z lpo n m l k j i h

,3
49& = 8!S " )
#5 4% ,#[!8   KBuL ~
"[  K$3
$Sl BU  $
[ =3 L
3
 2
 "[" n+l z k" ,nLl 83
0

z ,N!
z'
+* =  Y 0 Y #[*Y = xy 28g 3
 x CY ;n$39 cr!

]~!
` &

#F
 =)V 2 ^

4yS ,X!
#&$'
C+ vY . 3 ) $
"

=&  ,e
"
re
" ,
" .e
" $y'
)B3 Nr  .  , X* =3
c* +
 Y 4+ : = "& 
*
W! , $ "& U 5 K
U =y8+  . 
P
v^
p
\ & >8q :
k " ]=  r c* 8.!L $5 t$m g

#F  n.
l BuL z C | 28
KBu/
=" ]()/
F< =* N"'

2
x5& ,n$
xl BuL" ,d  $y3 .U x!U"& 28
nJ $ 
l

BuL z k" ,!.


\!3  ^ 23 A3& x!U"& 28
, ^
#F
 )5

]3!.
\!3  ^ 23 U N& K[ 28
,n=g NA
* 3
+ l

27

= +8X' *89:
" r!
. 3  ik
A8
i r N& [ &
CY Y

,K.%
= r

k 8 : 28
C
z  :Y + =
k NS ,K!+8X'

K k" xu$ 28
z8 ,g +8X'
3& 4.U = t)8 :
43 ):
"

K.0 = r

k N
CY" ]y
" B!
$ c* 3$!
K!+8X'
  V

 NS ,A+/
X!
#&$'
" ~
2 V g $ U #&$'
pq S # B

"& 23$!
+8X'
A i * r r * =y+ 28
,#&$'
C !3 z k


Y +8X'
y : CY ;9"
#&$'
" ,#8)
#&$'
29C+  4%+8  " ])
28
,! .m" +8X'
t"$<3 Ny,  43 ,830 A+ V W9C+
= k
#&$'
o" =* j!  V& N& zL :" ]Ny vY Ny =" ,* vY * = >8

z C $S& ik
,(.!/
3[&  ,_
K!+8X'
= +8  r%
" 2*89:

]) vY 3A5 9" ,) =*


j!
P ,)3 +8X'

N& :"
]W.. z C" ;\ &
P 9"
#&$'
C+ * >U8 = 

N& F

)/
K
"$
  V =*
F% >8 : "'
B
 9"
# V

P:% k5 " ] ^


 #&$'
# V  F8
r
! {B : 2S 0 =" ; ^

,#r3 9" . 28


9"
2S ,^
 23& 9" ,r!
* BuL z C c*
z k" , $ :  ;#[ $
 $S : 2 fA" ,9"
9 vY >r 28
2"

#[ $
 $)
=  23& Cr_ 8g !9
$ =y+ " ]!.
\!3 =* 3$
,(

 9" n9l 9"


"[  $3  ])/
K
"$
 z k" ,68 .

z k" ,dB8'
y K[
28g , $'
9"
9 vY SU"" X!

4.U S #8)


N& :%
] z'
9" n#3l " , 23& 9" nN)9
*l

,A'

c* g   = ! 28
, r8
" K
[! 3 .y Ny
"

 9"8'
#
t ,F. g vY > [r
" A
k NS 9
" [$X+3 =y "
]4 
~
g
" #F% 
+3 8+8 2S ,
#8)
= & j8! x

NA
3
 
l C+  ,#F
  $S C+ = ku88 k 28
[ NY

"
"
g$l !
P W8r3
W8g$'
W3 + C+ Y g n^
Ng

V K N& z C  d.


" ]U 
k  
 : #F
 n
"
4.U

28

 >L &  ,F" +8X'


A i =* >L $& ,W9C+
= k  #&$'

P
 \r3 * 2.!/
[
" V5
 ^
#F
.
i =* ) xU

 
C
NY U   ; \E
" 
" *89:
" Sr%
S"$" +8X'

]3$!
k
 g 2*89:
<'
K.% ,K.% 3 8 i$5

@ @H4I@
@ @Zba@a@i@ba
3$!
#&$+ 3Y $%& 9C+ ,"'
 ^
B
 n 
l BuL 4%

c* U
P ,"'
 ^
  
KBu/
r3 =* "& ,K8

F< =*

 88g
28

"& +y
g'
g = 
 ,ks8U" 23$!
+8X'
 !o"
,^ 23  #F
 3_
)U
  2S ]S $ B !.m g = "& ,#F

  c* ,9"

Bu/
8)m* c* !
B+ S 8 28

 y  r.
\S
,$
vY ^ 23 8.U  4g$  85
z C |

9""  c* K9 28


 Br
4! " ]n+,l 3
" ,>
$yL F
9"

;

| ,8r  N"5 =3

9
P [ "& ik
" WE
" i$k
" ;
[


+ !3 $yL >


S r 28
#Br
z8 ,n 
l 8L* ik
2)

:8.U   
4g ju3

29

F!8 2*  * $*"

"[L" 4g$ 3 i['


i["

F $r  "  =  & c*

 =3  [ [
 L"

3$
Ng =3 =g U"

F)  & N NY ;X



SL"

* .VS ,3$!


#&$'
* Ny N& 2. ' P: 9C+
n 
l x% r
P
P
, ^
S i"$ x ik
!
 S 
=y J *89

!o"
"'
 ^
i"

P
P
o
z C i.8 " ]%!
z k" 2+'
!
" .B
"$E
* BU&

23_
"
z C i.8 Br
k 2)S ]~8
BU  )U  '
2*89:

 3 A3
K !3 V5 ,A3
4+L J" v^
;B
&   X

23& B3 4+!8S ] =3  [  c* n^


 3&l" nNg =3 =g NA
l

` & vY $" ~8


B
A3
k5" K'
K
$y  " 

~r" ] [
23& '
$ 
#* vY
$< ;.r8
= ik
,N!+L i[

+* [$X+.S ,g" ~8


:| J 3 [
P N& F ,o &  W ^
A3
33

 J
CY ,$E3 N!+L S [ 3A5
4$ ,N!+L i[
vY  
X3
P
c* r ik
,[
23& $ 
  Ae
r " ] Y ^ 23 A3&" n 
l
P
i[
c* :[  N& !

k  #&$'
=* S 
N   c* n 
l

" * vY  

$  [ 9"  >rS ,! )m! F%8 28g ,N!+L
#&$'
3Y  S$ y , 6 y8r : z C *" 
  U
" Y t$*& &" *

> 29"" '


4 = + x3 + #&$
& : U ,#$E
+'
3$!

) [
3& $ 
~S ]367 . $8
%  g
" c* U >yS d

* N& !3" ] $%&  [ ~$y + #&$


U g c* S i$ CY ;
k c*

"" ]AA5 N"k) " ,fA ^ 23 A3 # U  vY [! [
3&

 = k
^ 23 A3& %3 k5
c* " ,#r3 SS ,! N[8 N&  [

: U  U  $3 * [$" , [

369 . $8

N
5Y 2 3 F&  y 

[ 4$ F&   [

N  $
[*"  S

F3  [ 3& `*


"

; B" ,N$)
i i$" ,N
'
 r8" A3
n 
l dB 0

=* B) ,N
'
 8U" , [ #U^ c* " ,\!3  48r" ,3
A3&
F
r V" =g F
x5&  
& ."
.g
z $%& & : U ,) rrg
P
P

2r 0 ,\S 8r c*  y " ]7 z %


k5 xs9 U"  23&

30

N" , c* ^8:


"  [ 48U = $
  ~8
=y+8 " , c* )8g

] 
vY z C  [! 4\)

i"
$
NS , X "'
 ^
8+ 28
 '
3_
# B
k "

$< !.m" ,$!


+8X'
t"$ =  pu8
A8 J N"'
p
 2.!/

8. vY V
 8" N&  ,9" 85
 E
  2%& )V3 #&$'
vY

,'
)A $<'
H 3 >V  S ]r* g9  " ,80&" H 

" ]]] r'


gBS" 
8*:
" r
" y
" =E
 %'
+ * ,
! 3

 +8 VB5 S x " ,= 2.!/


pBr
K^A3 c* .A ~* ~^

N&  ]9>
$yL = 9
" $&  n 
l 8 J
g&
P NS z k ] 8  

XS ,$!
+8X'
 #&$'
o" c* F0 = i

80g& 3 $0 v^
+8X'

  " ,N
U:
`$3 = Y ~r8 = c* =)& =o$! ^ K3
  3& 8L
!S ]K8) 2 
`$!'

k =  
 J" ]?
X

 " # "3 ^ 23 . $U& ,* !.


" 3$
s" , !
89" vY . $8

) xo$* = W3 = N" ,* =)& `


$!83 ^ 23 K8S xrS , 23&

%
=g3 = " .r

$& K3
!H ^ 23 . NY g ;n 
l *
W3 =)U"&" * =o$*" ]]] # _
K3 = 83
P N0 =8H = N" +

 
xr 0 ]]] * `* z 9" K.
k = #g
" z 5

 U" 

CY ;  $
.A
=  
pu8 J z k ]10 * ) xo$*"  W3 vY

, .g i  x 28
" , !
= 9"8
N ik
, 3& i x Y
P

rrE  23& t/8


: ,z C  {X N& K[" ,3 ;r _
vY x! k *

z C 4!) N& [" ,8U $r  3& 4!9  ,.r


$& x8/ N& K[ 28
,! e

 N&  {X ik


,$ 3 r 3  
# X8
: =g NA
5& 

31

11
r8 ;803 48
x.U U \ &
P  
N&  ]  23& = * {)B

K+8*
CY ;# * =3 B
.
 )U z C c* / " ]* " { B

23&  $3[ 28
! e
 z k" , 5[ = =y+8 2y 0
" :
c*

BuL  
 i& ]  U_
c* * 2y ,~^!
;
e v^

i"
U g c* 2%& & U
" = ! 4!8
N Y" ,r!
d
c* n 
l

]n.
H = 3.," $<'
Hl . $8

:?d Fe
1 + CI (:0 <5B bc':3 _16aZ
  c* ,n 
l BuL  23_
3A
K
C K
|'
k [9"

 #&$'
o" !.m > q ik

c*" ,"'
 ^
B
 #
"$
U

B
 K8)
KBuL r3 " =* >8  c* 43 ,
k 23$!
+8X'

2.
$5
9 + r  !+8 t"$< X8
U ) i"
$
z C NS ,"'

L*
[[$
P n 
l BuL  t"$<
z  2L8 ik
#&$+
P +0 NY ]\ &

,3$!
#&$'
U
 dX8 #  CY ;n 
l Bu/ $ B  2.!/
i"
$
z C

,49$
e xr5 , 9 "& ! & c*" t)u8
" 
[
#$< #&$'
vY $< ik

P Ny8 "
,#&$+ a+'
o
z C F 8 ",  8. i.8 i$5& # " , y

i"
$
L* ik
[[

k 9C+
n 
l x r ]*   # V r83
P

+8X'
t"$< 83X8
* x. NY" ,W8 }$
W3 "'
B
 2.!/

]H" 80& c* [8*:


z k" , 
# V c* /+8
*
K$AS ,$!

,3$!
K!+8X'
 #&$+  9 o" [9"" ,*89:
t"$<
F vY
$<"
P


 /'
c*  r3" , '
 "3 ~r
= #&$'
^5 = xy

F
+0 NS ,F = 23$!
+8X'
 K8)
! )o& '
$<"
,*89:
"
P
P
,* [
 .A 3 $0& x$ ,3$!
K!+8X'
 #&$'
!o" V&

; ^
#F
 3$!
#&$+  
o

k y!
r " ]V5 2.!/
[
"

vY . 3 & ]"'



F< =* )8 % E
)/
K
"$
k 4! ik
$

23$!
i"
$
 Y 8
28
,K
|'
z c* P x.
 # V xg rS  

, E
23$!
+8X'
KA!" 2L8 ik

c*  AS ,)/
 r

32

BuL  K % E
)/
 ^
K "
$
NY ]K
"$
k 4.r8 ik

]r* g9 c*  

!3 & c* )/


 ^
K "$
  
# V =* % g  $ t"

S 8 ,8BuL c* 2.!/


i"
$
)o& ik
8
i {o , >U


k 4%+8" ]rrE
z | 28
[!" >U
'
#$% z C" ,r* g9 c*

 
>U 2 ]^
+
 # /'
0 c*  
Bg 1 : S >U
'

,. $8
  
>U 3 ] ` & ["$ 2 ; 23  85
" ,#[ $

>U 4 ]y  >
$yL 9" C c* x & ,^ 23  g "

d. 4! " ] [ = %
k5 ;~8
3$ c* S  ik
,~8
N
 [   

, 
4r* g9 | 28
>U
'
#$% r3
!3
>U
+  85

= g$ 4   >U 85


\S & , Y E
2.!/
i"
$
#$< F"


k" ] ^ *L
$%
,(y^y
r8
dg ,!3
 ^
#F
4g
$
P

F5

 i X J  X 23_
" S ,"'
=* )/
 ^
+

/+ x CY ; .y


^ 23 A3& 4 4g N& !3 i& ,~8
N
 [  z C" ,

 r * N"'


n~8
l   23_
"

k NY 43 ]g& F/8 : ,g 

 ^
 & ]{\8   c* ,4+8y F BU
P
"[
P X ,()/
F<3

d9 vY ,8  vY 3& #g  "& = #F


 A  
X NS )/

,N =3 N
 " ,=g NA
" , =3  [" ,^
 3& , .y
^ 23 A3&

] S =3 $ 3 r
" ,z  =3 im"

>r8 ,^ 23  # /'


0 x rS :( 'dM f0 g 16a 'h :

  c* {'

k d." ]=g NA
" v^
 23& = 4  #
"'
~U c*

0  N 28
,n+L
l #F
& =* 80 " & , )/
K
"$
!3 dk
33

= 9
" !3  vY # /'

k .B c* x<Sg 0 ,=+
 ,U  # /'

4B J & vY i$5
)/
K
"$
!3 dk" ] 

" ,Ng NA

n# /'
0l  U v^
+8X'
NY 43 ,& =* 0
 3 # /'
 %

k c*

!o" ik
2r

k) =* ~r
X* !3 ,Ng NA
3& #g 
 
" ,  0[g !3 ,X vY #[! 3  {+ " ,^ 23 =* {)B  3&

L
g ]N^g
3 =3 4\S z'
So  K^!
` & vY g " ,S

28g K^!
` & = d m$
$ $g & 4H ~&
L$) N& ^ 23 c*  3&

N& [ {B


NS , 23& .8 $ $E
= 2)y  [9" ~!
$<"
,X ` &
P
$ $E
 9 $) N& .!
c* xgU
28
,n 
l 4r* g9 : ,4/)

4B 28g ,H ~& [$S #[*Y 0 ,4+



" = +3
.!
!3 ~r 0 ,4+
~&

+8X'
{  = ] 23& dA' r
k " ,X ` & +X3 )
#5

23& 2$" NA


2$
9 vY % 0 $  dB" ,# /'
0  
v^

]^ 23  # /'


" i&$
.gV x.V& WE
z C k" ]"
.r
S ,

: r3  3& * j*  " , Y S ;9$


8 " :Y ,S x.
8 $& = S
9 $!
f" i& 2y "
(
S i$+*" 2g" "

N& 2. S ,V5  


BuL" ,*  ^
V& ik
F8
i S$!'"

puL ,"'
 ^
 .r i /8:
"

k ~r N ik
N& vY F/

3l 3
!3 = "[
 0 ,n?&$
Ul +
" ,r* g9$3 3 t"$!

"[ N& vY # L_


2.  ]1r%
" 2*89:
i8'
c* 8 :[ F " ]n() 

3  N 
$ c* 8.r # /8
 [$ " U )/
 ^
  

)/

"$
 #!  N   c*"& ,"'
B
 
" "& 2) 

$*/
U g c* n $
" z'
.gVl 2S ]^ 2. c!)
E
{.B8

]^

34

g9 j 28
>U
'
=+S :%16 JC.  " ,( 1 + 16a i-'5 :
#

~r ik
pu/
85
$&  Y K& ^ 23 N& ,.r
  "[" , 
4r*

:8

c* #F
B  " , #[ $3
4
$ 3 & X
8!3
.V  z'
x3

45^e
N$ K9

" .V W!

***


x5[ 

" 
*"

=^3 
y
5&  
i[
v! =g  ]]c* 3

:U
4 5
++!
. t
W . z 

3


 ~ =
35

 '
t w  z.m

?z .m 3w 
:E
U" c* =g

?3
x3  2!+
:U
$
 gY = "*

~
U " 
"
 ` &  ["$

~^!

 )5 t/
:r3 , 85:
$& +g ,^ 23 c* [S
++8 :" 8 :"
=g 

|
t
!? 3
F $
W
N.
# * c

ik
, 

$U c*  3& ! " , 

$r 3X8:
:Y .r
= N S

*l .U ..g" &" 8.U =* $8 CY ;* $


z C 3!V , o
: r3 !S ,nr!

36

9 
z 
3 dr
28 
9  25
 i
12
u8 z
&
 8 $&  
vY  ` & ["$ ik
pu/
85
[Y   NY

$& " ,"'


B
 9$
vY
[
N S ,)/
 ^
K
"$

P
#[ $ 3 ~r
c* 
U& N&  x  .r S ](*89:
i8'
c* 8 :[
, Y je
4r A8 =+S \r
x%" ,z k3 ~r
F A8 = CY ; 3& 

 [[

k + =" ]z C c* }$ 28
, 
i .r
~& =y S
,.
#[ $
 2) 
3 *" ,. $8
 ^ 23 . * "'
B

9
'
vY  
X Wg  , 23& vY je
4r 8g:
vY 9$
H XS
^ 23 / vY $

k & n. $8
l 8 2)S ]je
4r  g B'
"

& c* *HY !3 , ` & ["F  23& 85


c*
!H& = k
, ."
N& ,  3& dA z C !3 ]+
+'
z83 ~r
c* [r
g
pu/

8 n.
#[ $
l 8 " ] 13.r
K
[ !3  A
g$
k  rS
$

" ,n2) 
3l vY .r
#[* $m =* , ` & ["$ ik
pu/
 

4%+ CY ; FB'


$U   Y ;9$
c* .r
K[8*
U" ,r* g9$3 8 49

4+!3 ~r
$U S ,$

k  x.  Y .r
K *" ]n
/8
l . 3
P

N&  E
x% U" ]#[ $ 3 ~r ^ 23 N$S U& *
[8*

8q ,g
P
P
N"[ $+8
4& = =y+8 ik
pu/
" ,$+8 3

Y
[$)
P
P A"  \ " m3
;r3'
k = 2rrE
t
=* BS_
N"[ #Sy c* 4B ,.
^

k * n.
#[ $
l >U8" ]U/
+'
k ~r * .r
85
r 0 ="

37

N& *
]]] : r CY ;n=g NA
l vY n() 
3l g ^5 = ,>U'

$+8
= N^ > A"  fg" [$SS W!3 &  W!3 & N$9 z'
9 3

k5 .
c* " J" $+8
4& = 4 $!
 i["  [ > & .9 vY o"
"

N& F ]1 ]]] ik
 & *S " J" 4& = 4yS  z* 2+8 "  [ >

U N" , .85:

k 89
 frS  3& {X " ,N/) ^ 23 N$S H

]89:
 {X =' A
=* 8 =g NA
4!9 N& .

 [& , ` & vY #$X


^ 3 $U !S :1l + 16a i-'5 :k

xU
z C   
N& F ]g$
k   
.gB vY 9E
L&  &
, 
^ 3
S ]+, 3
 x.X&" ,>
$yL F
= 9"8 x

3  0 ].r8
n 
l z k" ,$yL F
=gS , vY r $m  "

 x* B8S ,#$X
 8.gB # "w = ,* N" S  
 ^

,r
)m!
 
 K8
" ,r
8)m*  9"
" 
)m*

]&  r.
=*  vY ^ 23 .U  4g$
#$0| ,9"" 3
xS
)/

"$
2r8
k " ]z C !3 .r
c* 23_
$0& % _

k N r "
  
8.! ik
"
!.m  )/
 t^85:
4% NY" ,"'
  ^

2)8
28
" , ^
t

r8 8!o" 28
fAe
4.U = ,g$
0& 4 ^

,N"'

$0&
P % _

k X J Wg  ]* 3 F/  k) [$X+3 ! ^ 3
N c* iy/
" dE
" ;
 BU = q 8
"&  ^
B
8U  i

W3 r $)8 ^ 23 c* ~ 3 +


2r & N& !3 ,>
$yL 9""  

]3
" ~
W3" ,W..E

  
4r* g9 | 28
>U
'
= :V1. m5 16a i-'5 :IC
#

 !3 ,^ 23 


*&  & n.
[+,l ` &  ~8 83$ )/
 ^

+8,  Y K Y &" , [ [ = k



= )m
" 3 * x 8g

k5 , vY #[!
=
y+8 " ,[* 8/ 28g ~8
3$ t z C N" ]3

2
8U !3 , c* ^8
!3 n [l 8U
= k
4 ^
" =g NA
%3
N& vY K
"$
igY dk" ]z C r = ~8
  
xy r " ])5

38

=3 r $3  c*  " ,)3 =g NA


5& %3 k5 N& c* K& U  

!3 CY ;?" / j* z C N" ]"'


. $8
x.C   c* ,=g NA

# L x i$5
" ,+<
# L 
gY ,W8U Kg& ,3
c* ~8
B8

2U igY xA3 " ,!m


i$5
g
" , W8g
igY  x!o"" ,;

W:
 W8U
x9" 0 ,%
U
 i$5
xA3 " ,
gY   [

N& vY dk 28
,"'
 ^
t^5 c* ]?"'
FB  [ 2r ;Wy!

S Y g ; [  c* )8g xr y , [ = % 3 k5


c* K&  

8 `
c* x!US ; C& 8 NBE
=* !S * #r3 .9 c* w" 9

K *  
N&  2)/
" N"'
W3 t^85:
i.8  ]377 ,. $8

)m
dAB N3   23& B c* 3 z C x!S ,?[
N!+L ` & vY
X
vY 
 ik
  
Fy) N& vY dk )/
K
"$
N& Wg  , Y
NY ]g& = B N"[ ,^ 2.
* ,* 8" ,.
[+, ` & vY

BuL ]]] >A


.* 2+S +, r   
N& | F" >U'

k 4%

;9$
N"[ $&  NB) $!
N S ,#kS
8+"  !
8y   U
] 15 ]]] Y

3$!
#&$'
U
" )/
 ^
#F
 #&$+ 3_

"[
k  y!"

+8X'
 #&$'
3 ~r ik
"
rrE  i x  ^
 #&$'S ]'


[ 0&  "g = 4 * & "[ " ]3 ~r N& 4 28
"& ,$!

ik
"
" #&$'
# B y!
i x  
N& \!3 |
CY ;
'

 r'
k" ]nx.
yl 2 \!3 U g c* #&$'S ]$!
x.
 .!

S ,'
 ! ik
,#&$+ 2.
" $ & c* +S =y+  r3

,nx.
yl #&$'S ]1r%
" 2*89:
U 4  ,+*&  c* +S =y+
39

P
8 " ,'
p  FB K

$r
k5&"
,9"
#
[Y
,x. c!)
E
& 2!+3
P
P

2S ]9" vY ;9$


N"[

$U
P N"k5 :
"
=
F%
P X CY ;9 5 k)

49$
B 28
2 ,frS +8X'
$ $A3 N& F ;sL" x.
{ B 9 28

2 n 
l NY ]
$r
 Y 28
* j!'
 {.BS ,#
B
" r'
 !\"

,*89:
Urg 8 '
A 5 9"$u3 ,3$!
#&$+ '
C+

28

"$
=* C5'
,n
l 4  n.! +mSl BuL 
[
9  
P

](.L iF5 dy ) :


4+

@ @Z@aa
,1994 ,v"
!.A
,+ [
.8y'
, r 
[ :+
K
C #F
#F :
$3Y . 1
]96 ,95

c* W8)B
igY )oY NY CY ;"X8
4. c*  2." 23Y 2[$) g.
~u8 2
ik
2*89:

5 = 2  , U[ F" +*
 >V"  r
"& K
[!

P
]  28
.!/
*
45
[ =  " ,K
[!
"& r
k 

]!3 " ,21 ,N. ,K"F3 ,3


.8y
[ : 3& F i$9 S ,.
#[ $
3

]33 ,1980 %


!.A
,K"F3 ,W ^+ !

[ ,$!
+8X'
 s X8
:y ^'
 4
] 604 , 2003 , 1 , 8
" 
" *.A $y)

[ ,r'
:N"5 =3
5

[
E
= i$9 " ,)5 2
 "$g" $
[^3 vY g " ^ 23 . $ 6
]367 ,[:"&" {.V c* +, !.A" .8y ,)u'
"$E
"

]377 :3
B'
7

K

.8y ,Sr%
Br !
s
,(.!/
[
" 8
  ^
: +E
.* ][ 8
]307 ,2003,.!/

]48 44 ,.
#[ $
:1 4B)8 3 n 
" >
$yL
"l BU !9
$ =y+ 9

]198 :. $8
10

]!3 " ,192 :. $8


  Br
9
11

!+
 ! 4X8
 ,U <S," $ ,# [  $U ,=g 2y  
" ,n#[ $
BUl 12
]2004 8 20

] 7 5 ,n. $8
l 9
13
67
(  14)

,%
!.A
,K"F3 ,
" *.A t !'
| ,^
 3& :>A
.* 2+S +, 15
] 87 , 1983

40

@ @bnua@a@@@zna

J?/h5 Sn1
>g8'
 " pBu8
 L ;o  pBu8 F r3 r'

k 2

pBu8
9 [  " ]4.r8" wg" ` S a! ik
8 $<3 8U^*"

k 28
0& " ]2*89:
;
< = >8'
g ;o'
Ny *


+< =* B 28
" nv"
>8'
l  [
*& g& c* 2*^m
 ;o'

r%


l N
!3 [!

k V U" ,y
,Sr%
" ~!
" 3 #8'

o
8
= F%y3 r'

k "8 ik
;o'
" ,nW
< = >g8'
"

45
[ ;o'

k # 0Y  .$
["g "X8 : U r'
t" ]pBu8
= 4U"
t
$m
3 " , 
K*+X'
"  
K<'
V5" 2'
+8X'
"&

]\ &
P   Sr%
K 3 !'

K
=+o 2S , [B8U
" " Sr0 #[!8 `
$ >g8'
/

]
$
Sr%
'* 4  V5 '* Sr0 +r3 2< .  y " ,  " Sr%

Nu+ F" ,K  N Ny8 i$5&" ,


 N Ny8 >g8 K/ rS


 K
\S" ,)r%" +! K
"[& x3 , A j* ,>g8'
=y " ]#$
k

,% E
r
 "
>  >g8'
= F%y
K/ U" ] 8
V #[*Y"

g = 2" ]9  


 "
#9& = Ng
= F%  &X8 :
9
P xyS

x3 '!
4 " ]/+ U$* "& Sr0 K*H   )" #$
C 4% U i$5&

>g8'
x.V& ,'!
*  / 28
K
A8
= F%y" ]3C9 $%& >g8'

41

iU ~& J!


8)
N&  c
{o

]]]l =+S 28 r0  c* g8)
P 
$%&

 X8
Sr%
" >g8'3 =)
^85
S [
[ + Sr0 8Y c* XL 

P
P
S x 28
Sr%
K:X'
W3 3 r / ~
.V& r 28g ,^
m^85

P:B)
B) 
!3 
P
P ijy
>g8'
[
[
ky" ]!.
\!3 =* o
"

4% # 
>g8'
k" ]>g8'3  X8
` !'
" , X8
` !'3 .L
P ~

E
  g&   9 = /
" #E
!.8 ~u8  X8
`$!
K*U
= * $g =*" Kr!
 i k9 F =* !
P xX8 #$<
k" ]$X "
Sr0 xX8&  F
Sr% '!
k ]2'!
i8'
c* r%
X+ BuBe

]1n` :
d ~
8 g

K<'
" *89:
K$E
~& !
"
X'
'!
x8S rS ,43r'
 =y "
P

!3
P >8'
~) =y J" ,#
"'
" N_
r3  ['
K
V
" yE
F

< =

 $<
[! N3 d A K
[. K$<S ]# 
K 
k =*

'
#[!8
8+  >g8'
= # 9 &  Fy)8
" ,N_
rg" #&$'

 VE
# %
" '!
* N&  ]4.r8'
*V" wE
^VY  ~_
Y"

=! : >g8'S ,>g8'


J*  
V  N K!'
9 y" K:B:


\S
K3 
C x_
=y " ,x_
,8r " % E
f 
= frS ) =*
P
r yS ny
$S Nl 3 #&$+ v"
>8'
#$yS 2 k" ,o
S
>g8'
P
K
5   [ L& j ,
$A
U )8
 l  
[Y   N\*

z k" ,o
S:
Kr8
igY ^5 = 8r `$! z C = P:3 Y ,99

 >8'
4 " ]~!
+
W3 *
3_

j
" ` !'
^5 =" ,x_

#&$+ v"
>8'
= 4!X 2 ,n>8l ~)+3 Ve
K
['
V #[*Y
c* W /'
" \*
= FH $ z k" ,)r%
,
y [

$
P
P
P
P

 c* $S
8 28
" ,.'
fe
c* /U" o !+3 B:3" ]J!
i8

,*
3_
 F.!8
. &" ,BBr
3 z C  *  H NS ,*

#&$+ v"
>8'
fA5 =+\8" ]4.r8+ >L  ~u88 28
,<g^"

g A/&" +y U


 /Yl \ &
P X/ &  ,ny
$S Nl 3  [ !U

 c*)8
"
S:
>8'
i& ,# 9 )8 #$ [B3 =S
ky" ]2 nJ!

42

)8'
8A/& NYl :W89 3 la Mujer F9: >8 #$  r yS ]
C xU

,8
" #&$'
rg =* ;S
4+/" ,+!
" .!/
Sr%
=* ;S
*[ /

= $y)'
$m =* Sr%
r
" C)Y" ,
!.8
" ,"['
+r
"r"

f.$'
" ,Sr% 2r
E
p53" ,H& J!
" ^
y $& 3  W)
"

ik
 
>g8'
* * + 8\U NY ,,
P #[ '
!/
r3 z+8 3

+\ & Wg  , +U : )8 Ar #


$
Nu'
~) 
"  vY 
P 8+

vY frS t : >g8'
kS ]3" $C" j5 = !8
" ,!8'
" ,4*)8
48
]>8'
=* ir8
~)'
F =y " ,2*89:
;
 #
"'
 !

,J!
i8 c* #&$+ )8 50  +%S ,4#&$'
>g8 y.L $ r S""

W3 =" ]0 $ "& `$!' $U&  " ,


S
   ,*8 >g8 2"

P
!X3 08
$' 3 g
" >8 :Y 3$!
rA'
 9 : ,)8
W+e

]5N
[ 3 [)g

8 N& d Sr%


K:X'
2U3 NL L >g8'
NS ,#&$'
rg < ="

  r%


 NS .A 3" ]+8
~*" #
"'
 ! 3Y )S vY
P  r%


= x!9 ,
 m Sr0" *89
"  K  8
0
$

ni['
F r%


l # .!3 Br , "
U):
S"" ]i[ F "& + F
AU" K: =  f.$ " K
'
" t !'
" F.!8
yL&" K
B8
" K '

9
,K*+X'
" K*
j8! 28
Sr0 =&" K*B"
P
P ,[
$S
g&"

P
K*
*. ,49 =* ^9

8'
i['
F r%



k" ]1r%
0
$ =

,q " !.A


 ^*)" 8s3  )8 3 #$+8 # B3  9 = K*+X'
"

;8
~
g
0 = ! " ,8
$+83 !/
" 8  g_
 2+ "

i U):
k `
$ N.E
 k5| :" ] .
*
3_
# r
" r%

43

,N_
r3 r!8'
+ r
 "
yB
 )8 ik
i['
F r%

]
8'
+8
" [
$S
" K*+X'
" K*
W3 [.8'
~
g:
K\8r "

: 8
K:X'
 V5 )B3 ni['
F r%


l cX8 "


=* F.!8 A
 
z C  3 ,()/
F.!8
yL&"  r8
]&
;?['
F r%

;`"$!

[&  r" NS ]

;K:)8g:
" rA
" *89:
K '
]
;Ny
" !.A 3 r!8'
K '
" t !'
][

] r8
S$E
N) 3 A.$'
K
'
]

3 ,?['
F r%



8
No vY 
$
F3
8
nNB
l # .!3 Br "

 !" 8 " * <S'


" /3 .

$9Y" r0"


k   z C 

k d
9 >8 gY" ,(<
F" 2<
!8
$m =*  : ,r"
$3Y"

# 

k <S ,V5 + [& + ! J k N& ".  c*" ]6

]+'
F


k
$3Y  <" 2X 4y/3  >g8'
=

"[ 2" 2*89:


; 3 >g8'
U^!3 !8 i$5&   +0 i$5& g ="

=y " , 29 .


[9
2! : $
" ,4!) 3 + r
>g8'
#
[Y  

K%g.
igY r" ]>g8'
#
[Y"
$r
*V K+*   
i}$
4%

>g8+ =y+ l :,f"



 >g8+ 8
[ mY  ,>g8'
 KBBu8'

8
F) #[*Y" ,>8
^5 = :# * $A3 Wy+8
c* # U" V$S $S N&

8!V 28
L
`"$* #[ ^5 =" ,." K*+X+ iA
i3

^5 =" ]#&$'


q  !8 >g8'
S
$ ~
u8
^5 =" , !8 "& #&$'

]=)
" >8'3 A.$'
 
K*.A'
3 =  [B8U
S FS83" ,Sr%

$3

#&$'
  c* * C #&$+ 23_
"
C $S N& >g8'
c* d"

*+ = 
N&
[Y" 49$ 3 8U^*  [9" [$  " 8 [$S" 3_

44

P
P
P
P
 "
, ["
,U$*"
,9"
,r.m"
,
P =+/ =y " ,*)8 F  X8
P
P
P
P
]7n .8
 [B8U

" Sr0

! 2*89:
;
 \r3 >g8'
U^* \U N& *& ,c'
U

vY r8

CY"

=y " ,>g8'3 !'


K|'
"  "
4.U = frS  ,+'
" . 
 \r
=
]\ &
P  
K*+X'
" , 
2'
+8X'
K< 4.U =

$<  . S
,F. g vY #[", >g8'3 28S$! NS ,W '
Wm
'
g
P

K3"  $0
U
'
!3 N& = $
c*" ] 0 Nu+ "& ,g =  Y

 Y $<
8 : ~* 4y/3 >g8'
=y ,  A/& c* g8)
$%& x3 N)

d* "&  BU [$  o



k N& rrE
" ]'
P :Y S$!'
" !8 K:X+

= 3 3 : [* +%S ]  >g8'3 A.$'


Sr%
K
U
" 4!) 3
kS ,S
,U
 >g8" ,BBu8 >g8  ,ijy
0

>g8'
d9 vS ,>g8'

]>g8 vY # 3 Sr0 KBuL K8r "& q   4   U"

2S z C " ,
$% 3 8 \!3" ;8 3 8   >g8'
N3 r
=y+ "

i$ U" ,4X8
"  o$*  F%y
N&  ,o
" )S "&  ^3 4<

4<
 .r >g8'
=  !
+%S ,
ky" ]g +U  N& W. 
CY \!3 CrY

$3& g& r " ]8  "& g +U ^3  2+ F "& 2+ ~8
i& N"[


  >g8'
!l :
g 2
8
,  0
=* W s'

P  r
P

x+U& U" ]$ A g rrg X



"& )S 9 : N
28g" ] $0
Ar

=" , 8
4.U  B* #S  # [
Ar
i8 [^.
& H  >g8'

% E
 =" ,^_
" ,A.r
B!
" ,2"$
" ,2
" ,2*$)
!

,K" .
 )8 & Y +\ 28
)
K8r'
=y ]c* +, yg #S 28g

$r8) z k ] +
.5Y "& ;8Y  xr)5& d 3" ,o
8 4y/3 o"$! "&
45

& = i& ~r J z k ]!


+!8

j
vY ~+!
9" c*  '
>g8'

i"k 
$3 "& ,)m 
$3 "& ,
' BS "
,Sr0 
$ UY c* >g8'

]9 nVe
K98g:

#$<" < / t "& /  N3 ,


C r'
 n
g 2
l F/ "

>g8'
k =  !
#  c* 
X/ ]]l 
S
& g& # 9 )8

4B !\ 28
Sr%
+8

$3 ^5 =" ] =* j5 !8 28
# 

["" ,o
S$! 2 ,# 9 V$S"
# 9 d & Wr ,Wm
'
H vY
P

r0 j+ )g8 +U ir A/


k 4 ]4.r8+ # 9 K
" , 9 43

P U 88q" ]n8& 3  *" ,2+!"


)
r
 ! 49& = 4+! =Sl :^

NCY ]nW '



"
" ,d9
 2 :  Wr ,)g8'  .5_
"

Ny B" ,= $

" d9 9$S"
 N >g8'
S Ny U
" W3 =S
] .5Y" +!" Sr0 $3 >g8'
S

i$X 4S ,2*89:


;
< vY $r8) >g8'
U
" N
CS 0 ="

=y+ ]  >g8+ )S"  } o"  ;"


mY  \r
k vY K)8 :

 2*89_
;
< [_ K
| i&  ,!  ["g  4U
c* ,r

K
V c* W+ r
*& "9 c* x  }$
kS ]  2)8'
<8


" ,>g8'
NY r
=y+ ~* 4y/3 ]2'
+8X'
K< 28g :" ,Sr%

8
i. 28
z z C  3 ,N_
rg K*H ~8
4, 
P =y J r%

>g8'3 ~8:
N& [$ 
k ~8:
~* 4! " ]Sr%
rE
" 3
" Sr% 3

Sr0 !
" g  N& ,$
rrg  ,[$ =y " ,r%
t
= * Ny U
U^!3 frS !8 :  '
" ]UrE
K*+X'
~8
 5 2 S$!" S"

 \ &
P i$5& S$! ;"$)3 =y " , 8
"& r%


 \r3 K*+X'
k

KX
: 
= ij 9 [ c* 2 28
" _
" *89:
~!
K:

N&" 4 3 2*" *V   & * K*+X' =y+ >yS ]N_
rg  !

?Sr%
K
*V =* #!3 Ny

46

 
"  
K*+X'
i. N3 ,V8
S ,r'

k t +0
CY"

] E
Sr%
r
F83 !8  r3 r%

3 !8 28
" \r
k 8
P

r 28
X8
 4*)8
" = #[)8:
:P:"& :W 8 c* z C 8 N& =y+ "
Sr%
r8
Ar" *)
\S
FB ik
" ,>8'
#$y)  9 <+ #&$'
>g8
P
P

49& = 4+* X



"  } o" :0
P ;)8u'
yL3 N)
" !
" .!/

= )g8  2*89:
;
< [Y" ,+ r
Sr%
K
*V  F08

] 3$" ,)r%"  $yS A/& ^5

@ @Zaa
,t !'
4 !9 ,$3V [+, NL$ H$ ?$
y ).  ~& J!
)8 :.9 1
536517 , ,Sr% c*
X'
,[


,236 [!
,y
,v"
>8'
,#&$+ v"
>8'
:N8  ] 3
 Y" WS"& W  2
2519 ,2008  
http://www.imow.org 2"y _
U'
#  =y+

  ,236 [!
,y
,v"
>8'
,?#&$+ >8 /Y N
C' :2 X ^
$9 3
6963 ,2008

(4) http://www.womeninmuseum.net
(5) www.ahfad.org

i['
F r%


  U)
p 6

http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=ar&pg=00006

>8'
,r $S& L" f

N
3  Kg^V " #&$'
" >g8'
:x  "  7
6153 ,2008   ,236 [!
,y
,v"

4842 ,3
B'
,  +'
>g8'
:=g # S ,[B

k  9
8
  ,226 ,225 = [!
,y
,v"
>8'
,  >g8+  9 * :
g 2
10
237 ,2005

47

@ @Z_ba@@ab

HJI
@ @ a@bna@a@bn@n@b@@a
p**r

o1  02 o :X0TC


HI
DE :

j
q 8
K+!
=* 8 N& =y+ [$)
#g N& #$yS K
 x"U

 Br
[
vY $U& #E
#F NY ) xU" ]S/y83 +8 x (8

Katherine 3 = $0 3[


#U
F/  ,r #E
#F d8yS ] 8
vY
1

]~!
+
5 1" K.8y'
>S & c* #. Br
[
d8 !3 ,Parke

:g 4\S& 1 28g y ,;8_


" >r%8
vY [r N& d [$)
#g N& r8*& x

[$)
z C N (8
 \r
1 . 3 S$! N& =y+ ?k
F%y
U c* r :
P
 [$)
#E3 A.$'
rE
l "83 8 (8
" , 
#E
F 28g ]S m$u

1  )5 )V3 8


> vY 4 x ,n 8
1 #&$'
t"$
k" #&$+

F% 38 r $A3 !8 S  3 sA x (& N


r8*& (y ]2\
r Y
]838 * #E
#F 1 |'
9  N& =y+  g Y" ,#E
F =

> "" 9F) P:r K&$U * #$ " & vY 48 y/
K&3 r

 ,=) #F
NY ]The Art of Biography n#F
=Sl N
!3 Virginia Woolf

,n> ""l >\  ,


"$
=S t^5 c*" ]> |'
5 g (. ,n> ""l r
3

]n^m_
c*
r
N)
$%&l j8! 8 3" ,n ~8" , rE
1 #F
=yl
P

Alice Kessler Harris. "AHR Roundtable: Why Biography?" in American Historical


Review. June 2009.

48

] $
  #F
d 4+*" (
"$
4+* W3  8

k N& > "" K9" r

x 3 :
$k 1 r x.8  ,n rE
=* ) 4B) N& $+ =y+ >l

  rE
U8 gl ,Roger Fry ?
$S $9" #F 38 c* >y!

[r
z %83 ,[U i& N"[ *
3Y ?$l ,n> ""l |  ,
"$ S 4]n $<

]n> |'
 } V 1 =+yl #F
 V& =y ]n Y 4%8+ N& ]]] N)
8q (8

]N)
 " 1$E
"[ #F
d {+ n~ B
 8
l
k N& vY > "" dk"

P
: |'
i S 

$&
P ! B
=* .
" rE
.! W3 r
$8
NY

$
!8  r3" ] $ " # 9 n rgl 
" (!
1 =+y 
8++S
1 
 c* ~r S =y ]3 ( rE
{.B ,(*89
* 8
N&  B83
XXg
P ZB # 
" + r
rE
 ="  c8 (8
y
c*" ,F)8

?k
J!
g 
$U ) F c* XE

z *
CY" ];8U:
c* !.

NS ,(
" vY 8 ?k
#F
d t^5 c*" ]
F%
P 4\S&
k NS ,S a!
vY i$g3 4+ Y 43 ]* d8
d K   .8*3 rE
i$ 
[
P |'

AE
"& F)8 
$Xg ?& ;BBU  B (8
#['
3%+3 rE
.8*

: y ,~
u8^ 3U "& . rg 4y/  g [X Y ]g
A ^

] Y 89g i g [X

4  Y" ,
C g 1 
 ;o+  ,[$S #g 4u8 & NCY `) "
P


$A N& =y+
<!
A j
|'
$m  ,`) " ]'
45
[ )8
P

& ,William Blake z3 ~ " #g #F 8r 1 E. P. Thompson Nm

k * [9 [r8 ]g 


[ 1 d$ ?k
[$)
nU  l ( 8+ j8!
*o W3 + r
K
$8
?& :n.
;

rl Nm & * .
vY

o"  ,S =+y ]89


"9
" (8
yS
J* ,
(*89:
J!
"
49

[$)
8 6]nJ!
 r* r8
r $ml t/y8
1 ,*
j3 $
Nm

c* \
r Y c* # [U y , rE
d& =
r!
$%& rrg nrrgl vY k *
P
]#F%" # 9 $A3 '

(8
% E
(q 8
48
yL& vY  9 9$ r $A
k Fy)8
kX
NY
P #je
= x!9" ,
k
$<
K9" c* xU)
#$
C x g  ,t/y8^ S

vY xV * ,9 1 = $5


= F% 4%" ]q  [B vY !+
[
$S

?k
<'
  1 &3" n*o'
l $<
K9" * A N& 8*
 ["g

'  ?[$)
4*)
3

8
8
P
P
x "& ,38y
" E
1 
"C  A

= F% 4%" ]J!


 *
" 8 " , yS& * >/y ' Y" ,3 K~U

(y ,'
1 [Y =y+ nrrgl  x
CY  1 zy/& (S ,W5 |'

x!o" U" ]


"$
38y
= e
yL 1 d.

k $u & #$yS x"U
x l ,r x.8  ,#F
d rg NY :8

c* $
n> "" 9FSl


" ,?&$
1 F8 o$* Y ](  P
[ 4< ,>/8y N&  !
rg 4%

A
4% &
!U
#F
d ku8 N& d ,8 3" ]]]] 
F  F8

=* i$8 " ,'


j8q #F
dyS 

r .85: 9'
* u8 (8

N& d rrE3 gY NY ] 3  r [9" i =*" ,(!U


" F" >    4
7

]n+"
g
Ny
P

4& (Y ]A+


#F
8 9 (8
s
F ["& (S ,"$
k"

#Fl 9

!
 3 "& ,n#[\ #Fl 8+ 4\S
= 3 sL
P d8& )
(8
"& (8
n rE
l (" 5

K\U8
" K
$8
.85
= 1 NY ]n:

P  =* 4r .
3 j N& =y+  t/y8: S
* BuL K
j5 xX8&
 8 + r "& ,)5 8
.8*
= P:3" ](y $
'
g K
je
k

>"  [$)
#E
z g }8
["& (S ,!3  <E 1 W! [$S o
+*&  NY ]#E
^5 =  }$
["& (Y ]q 8
+!
= 9 S c* *

45
[ frS  , }$
c* * N& =y+ [$)
#g N& r8*& :u\ 3 8

50

1 ,j

28g" ,*89:
" Sr%
K+!
45
[ \ &
P Y" ,!
g&

]!  <E

*o
Lillian Hellman N N #F K9" ,.
k 4y "
P

P
F3 
$S g 38y
? 85
~* g 
| 9  #[*" ]^k

P gX
= [ 1 U S
xrrg" \g K
C * BuL ?& "& Frances Perkins
P

x 3 ,z C x!S  (& c* ]8


[ 1 g d& xr)& (8
!
r.A

& vY 9$ nNl ? 85


N& r8*& (y ]'
= $5 9 1 N
3&

W
W
" W*89:
! =  *  ?g"
[
g 1 K$+8

9 )  $
!U
48 K: !3 & vY C)
{8 (S ]\)
g F%
k "

;

"[&" 
#E
S 1 ? %
8
:= !
N$r
1 (y $
+8X'

P
=* ^\S
,*/
" 
L:
=* 

"

K
8
" ;(*89:

;

u8
"   * B8'
" 9 8'
!.A
" ;#[ .
$E
K
$

]#E3 \3
% E
n#$/
Sr0l F0"

vY #C5 ) K9" ,nNl ' [!8


* ,d8&" 3& x *


g 45
[ $S8
(V ]g g xX (8

V
" K*


,#
c* y$ ,39 ) =* 8 }  \U" K
k
 ! ,KB
;)

,
[
8 
F%
P
P ,J!  } W3 K  (8
K*

z = x.X!  ]S"
d A'
z j8! (8
!
K
B8
W3" ,& t *89:

! 3 d A

nNl x (8
 r8
  49& = (!
1" ]) i ~ :" o$
4!) 3 o

 r8
z d
9 !3 1 i$5& #$ $<
?&  mY 1 4+!

N UV& vY . 3  , r8


k = )5
4  Xg 1 3& ) K9"
.! ?k
r!'
"
S$! vY U (Y ]) N vY . 3 Y" ,
*&"

51

S m3 Y  c* 4 8 =y J NY" ,g 1 $*/'


" >m
!
" g

= xV (& r8*& ]


K
8 :
 ! 1" (*89:

.3 !8

,!3 " = !
N$r
KO K 4+8y = $%& S vY nNl ^5

=m
+ '!
i}$
4y/ 1 F.y
K
z "[ =*  sL
P x [& 3 "

"& ,>" d\ x


CY  g
F%
P (8s& " : ]

c* >r%'
" ?[!


u8
" ,8+" ,.\ = $5
F) N/3 8/5 "& 8*XL i g

ir
= sL
P i & N& ,N ^5 = $< 3 ,y3 N& r8*& ] `
$

xmg& (8
K
$8
=" ,#[ .
$E
 y $& >U xyL (8
9   _

.!B
s
d 1 d & : (& c* ]!3" g 0& 9 e
" '
93

c* 
"g& (y ,t^u F%'
!3m" nN N l BuL 3 g$A (8

1r0" (*89
f" 
E
^5 = y/ ) g 3  .5Y c*  U
P
9
]S A/
P x "
= $r  "$ !.S ][
K3 
 
nNl K5
rS NCY
P
P
P *o

(S ; , 4y/3 "$k8 = k


 NU : U $A 
 : ,g c* N$U 3
P 
 :
N& N > ]#UE

$y
g vY Ng
!3 1 4B F. d\ S
9
4!S [ 9
C' ?y $
u'
1 F.y
r

k #FB
#&$'
k $

Y ?+!
" 9 
k .U "j8*

C' ;!):

k  Wy $
= .U!8'

1 KS^5 K 0& U" .," ,r V" , AL" ,K


$k ." ,@ .

K^8
= F%" S^e
F
=  ! *o
x  ]K
X8
z 4
P
k dg & (Y

]#[!8'
83C9 d
9" 8BuL 1 A5& x)/ ,3[

,&" ,[^ g 4!) 3 S$!  3 #[*3 ~


8 :
= ( $g (8
K38y

# 0Y  ,x)/8
U3 g p) 1 K&3 * (& z C ]E \ $!
Ae
"

: = !
N$r
1 (y $

" $y)
* & x (8
N N& ,#*B8
y
" 
K
$8
" K\U8

[ 1 =+y 5 |+ NCY (8+ ]

P 


N$r
1 y $
Sr%
1
/8

$%
K*B8
!3 " ,g x (8

P
=* ^ 3
"& ,~!
U
p) *o
K\U8
k  x!9 r ]= !

P
>V
!
z 4%
" 0& N"F% 9 : ]~!
X*_
"& 
$y
m 
C
P ,z C

52

28g" ,d\
,
[:
" X*_
, )
" dE
:>m
!
= * B8'
 

y+ r8*& ,~<83 X8 x (8


$*/'
K
 = sL
P ) N& y&
CY ]te

](y $
= !
N$r
=* sL
P ) N& k *

B) % {o 3 " ]!8



k (838 
3" (%3 ^5  \r
k (8:

] " #&$ )U (*&" ,?Br

&  = !
N$r
y $ (*89:
8
1 9 : & ,
X F%'
="

 9 *
F8
N '" ]
#E
+ N& 8*
S g ?k
8
=
P
r8 #g a! $+8'
#&$'
\ \ N rS ,8_
" ^8:
& F83
,

" (*89:
;
KU^* 1 +* F "g c* #"^* , [B8U

] 98
P &" ..
P \
P x (8
"

 "&  1 nNl K " ]8



k c* P:% N #g x , 4y/3"

#* x & = $


c* ,    +3 xU
d& 1 x.L" ,1905 ~*

#) y 3 xr8
] U&   r
U^* c* x<Sg" ,
1 ~* 4 L
x!8+8
g ,W! $+8
!m 
3 4+! 1924 ~* 1 x.C" ,#[",

e
= 1 (" 9" x$" ,= !
= 1 x9" ]# A8 3L #&$ #E3

Dashiell x 4L


[  .
K
"$
d  8U^* K&3 0 ,= !
"
["  1 g #g L* ] m" #r! U^* x.V& (8
" ,Hammett

P
,
[ =  9 $%& N x g&
$5 y
ku8  4 N" ,  "
P

xy" ,g@'
38y
1 N *& K$[
]8U^!3 8
c* P
[ <Sg y
@'
1 *&"  
38y #$/
J* vY 5
1 xX  ,#"$0 r =

N* ,0 y'


K+e
.\ $[ N& !3" ])m*"

/ x (8

x!9 K
$k ^0 = 3 K!.
1 <
K["*" ,8!+ 3 K[*& 

53

$y N&" ,9   Y


!3m
* ()\  
= %
9'
= $V
4

$m . $r"
,+* (" ,1984 ~* N x ]
[
+ Kk5& <S, $g
P
P
] Y 9'
ky 3 K:
o ) =* S
" ,
$)

 vY e
u/
X'
=  "$5 ,# * $A3 ,Br
k .8

Sr0 8u8
(8
$A
!3 =* >/y d% =* 

N& c* ]~!
4+!

49 = K $5& 4%" ]


=  |' A8 4  !.
kg # 
0
E

K8
,K 
= v"
9'3 $+!
= #$58 #S 1 =++\
^


J!

k ()S ]!3 " v"
'!
$E
K
 ^5 g"$A'
$)
nNl
]^r8:
" 
 $E3 P:9 8
z C 1 K.
$

"r+3 N , 

Nr x (8

rE3 . A'
,4!) 3 z k3 xU" ,nNl "r+3 N"

 8U^* c* r3_
" ;!8'
& c* 
KU^!
Y" UY :9$ 3 "[
P
* =!" d" ,\ &
P =5 N x ] g F y & U^! nxl

N =y J ] ?& 4.U : 3 d A" ,


"!3" )$ KB3 8" ,$X

!9 =
F  F8 !
\S =y ,d 
k = ?& 1  [* F N
]oS$

K
 1 $ !
J ,K !
1 = F%y
X*Y x  (8

 $E
NY

x
CY" ]K!3
1 +y
2! 4y3 m" F x.V& 0 ,K0^%
1 [y

P
N $U ,^U
=
1 Nj "& =
j* F8
d$3 =rE = ,[$+8'
9  !3

K r ]F8 N& x\S N NS .U!8 K 1 28g


"
1
$r8:

8BuL c* 8<S,"  j " ])  U[V  r.3 Sr%


t
$*
N

0  mL 1 g&
 * {. x " ]9$
.L ~8
c* K$A ,

!
L" ] ) 28g 43  $u vY X*_

k  , = $r 3 [ S


j

kg 2+ N  vY 
= $V& 49 2! :K8
1 i$5& K
F

P ! #E % =* .


K $C  0&  " ,


Y NY ]8.$ rS"

54

X*_
i$5& #$ 0& ^5 e
U  U[V r.
c* nNl

]F =
=y ,N F8 J z C " ]~
g:
"

]$%&" 43 49 = dA N& =y+  4 4+!3 ,g #S ^5 ,N xU

z C" ,49$
N
 1" ,49$
rr ?k
X
2!  "
= X
xrrg r

Kg@" ,y^ ~^S& vY K[U K  x.8 ].'


" /
4+!
#r3
A\
K*o'
$%& !3 *& x "" ]?
"["$3 Kg@ $L& = x.V&

]
~
8 :
" ,#
#g"" ,'
" r.A
z C 1 3 ,K!3
" K0^%
1

xy r ]~<83 `$! 


 :  ,#$+8 *
z !3 
V& 
 :"
#$r8"  #g vY ,S" !3 nxl K
XY" ,K
X_
k 4  = nNl
#) $ #E f+ r 1 xX ,
X_  X8
d
3 8
X8" ] 

x+*[" ,
%8
K
[&" ,8*3" ^
KL
r ]Xo (" g =  m
]) *[ c* [U F {.V& *  
x


3 / x , k
rr * % 3 #$ 9 j8! (8
K
X_
=y

e ~!
" e
nNl u 4X = $
c*" ]
rr * .

# V ".  [y 3  V NS ,E
 = N! ?k
UV
" #
t


*
4V)83 ~8:
m$)  .8*
/ i$g3 x 43 ]~$y
" t

 c* 3 " ,\ &


P r xo$!  ]$r)
=* S
" ,[r c* S" , X8

(8r" ,W++B'
g& i *B 3^ ?$" ,S #g a!  ,$5
g " ]z'

$S = *B'
>m!'
. 1 `$!8" ,K!.r
g&

 F%" )V 


u8

tV"
$%& x ,g = #$58 #S 1 ,K!.

P

vY F/ * . N! K
C Ky
= *+ \
[9

V 
 :
P

[)" ,
" ,+A 3 8 x rS ,.!/
u'
1 & ]9$
c*  $%&
55

nNl >B8 zL N"[" ]gU


" ,KB
;)
" ,#$
*
" ,+ !
" ,jB

^5 = * ;S


85
N& (y+ #F . ()V3 (y ,tV"
z 4y3

4.U ,x Y }UV& r ]8BuL \ &


P [ (8
3_
K)B 3 [/8:

xUS NCY
C' ]g$  4 S" ,+ $" ,S"" ,Ng" ,+" ,S , ?&

W3 = 28g = F% 4!9" nNl 8 ?k


$
 ?K3_

3 K.

,jr =* !8. !.
4!9 ?k
 ? pr8 (8
tV"3 8!  UV&
?* )& [!3Y ,* d 43 ,N!A8 +3 & = r8!

= 8/ #F
1
F%
P 4U&"  ?& 1 ()m!
B
N& W5 |+ t$! Y

F "& N V


N o yE
4X N& 1 zy/8
vY N"[r S
k " ,wE

= !
N$r
1 28g ,#&$
X Br (*89:
2!'
=* sL
P $A {V

i ?& vY" ?F/ )5 K


?& =*" ?K)B
k K$ 28 ]?$ 8

z C  / 4 ?K $5&  o \ &


P 
u8
c* #"^* ,
u8

!3 F) =+y 8 3 ?$5   ~& ,K9



o 9'
e
rE

\ = J
C' ]g 4V) 1 y $
u'
c* #$+8'
nNl K
F0

!
KU^5
 8  F" ,U. 3 8 =
1 jy" ,*89:

? .r'

,[!
# L 8BuL x" ,9 
k vY U
= $5
c* +yg N 4

> .U
$ vY N"* W5 |+ & ~& ?~X
= $+8'
" x3%
8

k @) 3
(*89:
'
F  F8 r8
= )8 $m vY N! >/y #g ?& \
K<" ,F8 '
L
CY sL
P !8 t & r8*& (Y ?
'
"

49& = \ 1 y3/8'


#E
dU$ =" ?& :9
" ~r8 )V!
" ,8 r

]
 c* )E

vY i! N& =y+ nNl #g 1 K\U8


H N& r8*& ( 3 x (Y

NY ](*89:
;  .r'
["E
z8 g x!9 $m = 8y " 2%& 

dA8 $%&" L


z 4 3
 "k9" ,8)"" ,8" ,8 g

=  1
$u:
! ,\ &
P nNl  g 1 ,#E
N&  ]r8
" .

56

K\U" , 
)"" ,d C
2!" ,#$
k
K
u8
=+\8 K8:

 3 $!L& (Y ](*89:


;
Sr0" ,#&$'
 $g [!3&" ,? 


r ].8&  $y8 =y J ,#F
#$yS 8"r = $
c* ,nNl N& ?[r8*:

8r V #F 38 1 d$ N /   N"!8


~ K
C nNl x\S

[$S ?& #g NYl ,r x.8  ,n#8 x l ]Dorothy Parker $ 3 (0" "[
#g a! .& NY ? 
1 0 ?k
)
 ] *& =*  ?&  {o

X\
= ; ]++
[+* yL& = 4yL Y ]g i& c* KS[B'

]n E

C ?u/
d
[$ = $%&   \ #F
;o N NY
C ,=y "

>/y N& 2!+3 #E


^5 =  }$
1 {X N& |'
.8y (8
#F =y& NY

?q 8
+!
"8" q 8
t"$<
45
[ = #E
1 K
$8
 ) =*

, rE
[U N"[ 38y
1 n> "" 9FSl . $ : U ;

k = #F NY
xyL (8
*89:
" 
K*

g sL
P +! N& =y+ 8 3 y

](y $
'

@ @Za@@y
J (8
,Judith Babbitts 833 [9 vY ,o
8
k8*
 ,i r'

k

N8:
" $y/ 3 9&" ]+<* #F Ny N& =y+ N  38 c* ~ K
C !XL&

:= 4 vY

Susan Ware, Nancy Chodorow, Nancy Cott, the Schlesinger Library,


the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study

]r'
;o g ?Fy) # 3 1 
U (8
+'

"[
57

@ @Z@aa
ny $
q 8
X'
l 8+< Why Biography N
!3 #$ 8 #  *
](American History Association) "y $
8
A3
"  B (8
Review Journal)

(American History

;
" 
l K*o   v8 :(Alice Kessler-Harris)  $  & **
:) | g& =" ].  !X3 .
!" 8
U 1 n(*89:

In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in
Twentieth Century America (Oxford University Press, 2001) and Gendering Labor
History (University of Illinois Press, 2007).

](Lillian Hellman) N N g S


$93 
[ [
*Y 1 E
*" 4%+8 "
Catherine Parke, Biography: Writing Lives (New York), xv :$<
1

]90 V ,3
9$'
2
Virginia Woolf, Collected Essays (1925; repr., New York, 1967), 221 :$<
3
:$<
4
Leonard Woolf, ed., A Writers Diary: Being Extracts from the Diary of Virginia Woolf
(New York, 1973), 281.
Woolf, Collected Essays, 221, 225, 221 :$<
5

:$<
6

E. P. Thompson, Witness against the Beast: William Blake and the Moral Law (New
York, 1993), xii, xix.
Woolf, Collected Essays, 226 :$<
7

:* d8  4\S& = 8

Carl Rollyson, Lillian Hellman: Her Legend and Her Legacy (New York, 1988), and
Deborah Martinson, Lillian Hellman: A Life with Foxes and Scoundrels (New York,
2006).

:$<
9
Lillian Hellman to William Maxwell, 1971, Folder 5, Box 45, Lillian Hellman
Collection, Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin.

58

@ @a@qdna@b@@bb@
@ @ba@a@a@

$+* (n5 :

S '5 '31

]e
$)
 +X 
!
K|'
o 
) = *
P NO

rS 1 $
yE
~<"  [!
 $%
u8
~< :4%
!
= $ 3"

 F.y
F8

g U" ]
g
 #
8 dy
$gY 
x*A8

$m =* K.5 .'
98
# S $ r  
&3 * K!.
r*

#
" "& 5[Y 
L:
K%
Kyg KL" ]`9_
Wr 4% K

 !.S z C " ]


{ B 23_
+8
g '$3 KLr "&" ,

=+8 
x
 z k" .u
i8 c* 8

4% 
 *
P
P = *
;
< #*
$ = $ 3" ] '
K.9

"  *$
= sSy8 F Bg

 $
3u8:
+E
z k" #
"'
NU 4yL  m
'3 !8 S 2*89:

v+/
t$! 3
r+*  <)8, x
 $S =y  " W X #+8'
# .

]2m
+3
w_
 $+8  C  r c* 2.'

@ @a@a@@b b@
g # +8 $S x e
$)
 +
S x ik
xU


2U F `9_
N ]
[",

   [9" N"  k
 r8

P
C+   
C+
N g .
P so 4+!
  
 / x"

59

Rainbow Murray, "Fifty Years of Feminising France's Fifth Repuoblic" Modern and
Contemporary France. Vol. 16. November 2008, pp. 469-482.


N&" ,&  *_ '
d 9$
c* N& `
S
c* 2.'
4!'
49$

=y *
P WO ^5
F%
P KF U 
N& = $ 3" ] '
~'
=* K:s

 2[& 
 
4%+8S ]2008  9$ . 3
9
P $58 o"  =  

 * "  '
* ne
X'
l  =Y  c*&" . $r
A
U
 4
P
 r 9
\)u > "  2 9 ~
"3 
4+* K:8g
 " )m

]9$ 3

Wy+8  "
K:
.
' ,#[!8 d
9  ,$S xS rS 4!) 3"

c*" ] # "X'
[^. 3  r >!o o'
*
P W+e
j* ~!
X =y 

i[B8U:
/
=  * K 8+3 Sy_
N
.
 
2< %'
4.

,%41.8 f8+3 N'j


 4%+8
= c*& K 8+3" (INSEE 2004, p. 75)

!3  r K9 "C 2y 0 3 " .Y  28g" ]( http://www.ipu.org

c* N

"
[r* p" %36]3 vY N'j
 
4% 4B 
 2/

; http://news.bbc.co.uk "$
 '
*
" ~+ i"8'
r8

]http://www.guardian.co.uk

N3 _
NS .
>!\
$S 
[& Bu3 K
$ k8
z = $ 3"
P

Ny t o'


*
P W+e
^5 
49& = + K
A5 i& k5 J $S

P
d

= \!3
P r'

k r
]g U F. ~r +0 y!
c* ]^\

$&
P

:4% e
 +
^5 * i 3m )o3 $S xU 28


!'
K

   " 3   K| /Y" K3u8:
K  
\g
28
" z C =* xX8 28
!
K
"  3
$A3 
#g W8 x5[&
3 28
4
!
  
{ B r ik
~r8
i r 8 t" ]#[!8

i +
t$!

Kg^V_
=  '
5[Y x! U Ny
& c*" , !)

t
*:
$S S 4+* r ]
#
" o ! >U" ~
[ ik
" +/

t$* y ]2*89:
;
c* 2.'
#
"'
~*  $y c* 
KS^85:3

60

=8  =* ^*Y


K 
$%& NY 28g 2$)
2
$y)
 4V8" "$
P

] +/
&. $ & & c* #
"'
r83 r!8'
K

$9_
!3 =o *
4% x
 28
d

" *
#
"'
~&
!
c* d8
i r'

k aU

]
49& = +8'
.r8'
K98
/U+3 88q 0 #$+8 K yLY

@ @b@ba@rna
J" ]
=9
 K 8' ='
>!\
q 
K$)

2!
P

!3 i& 1944 28g !


dV'
4/ 
" x B8
g $)
#&$'
{+

xU" !3" dV'


4L" x B8
g " W$)
9$
$ $ = N$U 

N& !3 28g" ]i$5


3" "
"
<!  Km
+ x B8
g { = 4 m

0 %5 g

  
\g N" !
dV+ {L 3
#&$+ {+

1 U "9 {o " ]e


 +
/Y !3 $
U
"  `)u:
 ;

!3
$
 +3 3(.8
4%+8
~< x =u8
 2^

d
NS
) 4%+8
9 [ 
!8 J"  [!
 $%
u8
~< 5[Y !3 )u

]1981  2
L:
B8:
!3 :Y 1958 4.U  W<g 28

p1r X- %A
258 1 'D:a F" t'3 o0u + $23 'N 2

v3Mw $23 2

Cv ;1 

%5]6

*1945 $38&

%5]1
%5]7

61

%3]5
%3]2
%1]5
%1]7
%2]1

*1946 
*1946 j+S
*1951 
*1956 $ 
1958 j+S
1962 j+S
1967 


v3Mw $23 2

Cv ;1 

%1]6
%1]6
%3]7
%5]3

1968 
1973 
1978 
1981 

%12]3
%18]5

2002 
2007 

%5]9
%5]7
%6]1
%10]9

1986 
1988 
1993 
1997  

: %hM

Opello 2006, p. 16; Allwood & Wadia, 2000, p. 28; http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr

](.8
4%+8
~< x !3
$
 +
 K3u8:
k x+<  *

 $%
u8
~< z C  3 e
 +X 
K|'
NS 4!) 3"


BUY c* !H
U 3nKA

$l ~<"  $
yE

P x+*
~<"  [!

2.8
4%+8
~< N& vY F/ A
!
" 4 :[ " ]
A
=

] [!
 $%
u8
~< =  4\S&  23u8:

(Rule 1987; Rule & Zimmerman 1994; Norris & Lovenduski 1995;
Matland 2002; McAllister & Studlar 2002; Dahlerup 2006)

u !3
$
 +
= N
j* 
 $S  8 3 z C x.0 U"

(.8
4%+8
~< K3u8
 4\S& $)3 
x<g g Ny'
j*"
u8
~< = y!
c* " "& i8 c* ~r 28
z" '
K3u8:

$S  KS^85:
z $08" 
[_
" ! 8
K3u8:  [!
 $%

X
i @) ik
g
4!
 " u8:
~<
!.A3 
X d"

]4 

[& 

62

W|'
l ~) c* 83 z k 2. F0 N 2 $
yE
~< N& 

 $
dB W3 /
f3$
NY ]
[ .L 4y/3
C

 = k
" n $
dB'
P

P 9 {L$'
N W3"
c* = Y $< : g 
   2'
~r8 3 w& ^

U KA

$ ~< NS
F5&"
]c*
dV+ V S8
c* K
[U =&
P

 c*& '

 
\g N& = $ 3" ] k
.u
 &  #r


!
'
dV'
c* . 
P = $A'


: 9$
=y r


]r
dV'
vY  "3 [r 28
" !

[_
 X'
 " K<S'
 $

$)
 Nr\ S N'j
 \*& " dV'
k W3 9$
+ *

k  n [
" " [" &l r " ]
[X8
"g N"[ N " 
c* # 

:27 2000 [B

P
n
"$e
l" =
 e
 +
 N& CY /
 l

z C !3 K$+8
28
"  " 2! 8
" ik)8
Wr/
^ = 
3A
)oY K+*" K

$9_ #* "r  .
P d $U xU" 28g

]ni

)*\
~U & vY N'j
 
d

4B J 1 U "9 {o  ,4!) 3"

4%+8 v"
>B8
 $S d$ N& :Y F5
~r8
= $ 3" 1997 28g

) 8r J" ]http://www.ipu.org frS N!.


" %
 N'j
 

z C = "& y/'
x 43 ,dS m
!+
i8 c* =%  

,= !
" g

N$r
g $rS ]F%y3
 \*& = %5]9 
xyL

K<S'
} = frS %7]6" '
 X'
\*& = %22]5" /

Allwood & Wadia 2000, p. 28; Helft-Malz & Lvy 2000, p. 88; Fabre

]2001

63


 k)8
A
K

[Y" K| =* \ &
P #F. 9 3 
x3 

!3 $S / S ] $


$' W|'
l i k
4\)8
= 3 2L "
" ]$)
yE
45
[  0
"[3 ~r 
  #[*"  H 

" #. 
"  s+ 
 \U "8 .r8 * S ,8
r
{o

j
P ) xU
 N" 
  
rg S #9 V$S N ik
$


U +*
j8! 
$ vY K
*

K
$ 
 g_ 

} u8
P

]yE
dV'
3

8!o" 28

!
" ,
 
4% . 2 49& m vY $< 3"

P
 x & CY /
Ny : 
4% 4.  e
 +
K|

  
\g #[ vY t K

$9Y 5[_ W
j* # * K:",

2
L:
E
45
[ .
BE
"& ny
l  K

$9_
k v"& x% ]

xy8L
U" ]X
= )8 K9 [ xr " ,^ " K!.
r* $5
"& k

F0" +Xg 4r j* ny


l  !S /S_ #$y.'
K:"'
= E
 

* 8  " 1996 28g  F0 


$9_

k =y J" ]Roudy 1995, pp. 2021

NS ,z C vY So_3" ]! 8
1997 K3u8
 N'j
K.  .  #F. #[

]1982 ~* dV i 8[ f 3 xAV


ny
l =r  5 K:",

xr U (
L:
E3 U^* c* r8 .  2" n(+g 4 9l x

vY !3 S r " % 30


BE 2[& E
Ny N3 S d A NU ;"+3
x B8
 ]Mossuz-Lavau 1998, p. 31 W
= i U&  %75

;H_3
N& 4!) 3 N+!


N& = $
c*" ;Nr
;" { B . $r
P
!
KU^!
  = ; " & y i 8[ F j8!
P Nr
;"
 . 

"& ny
l N& i 8
X'
=*&" ]NU
vY    U[V . =*  "

8r = [
#['
" 2$)
8
= % %
#['
 ` !8 .
BE

nK3u8^ {L
& = "& WL$+
 sS   i& S l :c* p 28
"

64

i& 5[Y yY ! x &" Nr


= 
z C  Y 
ky" ]3
B'

8

ky" ] 8
4 !  g  :Y 
+$
ny
l = ;
#
"'
xu
o #
"'
~*
$+8
c* ) 8
* p 28
Wm
'
W3 +$

]

 =8 / i8 `)u3 !8 S 


 K$!L 28
4
.5 K[&


  W
|Sy83 d A $g 2 vY 

|Sy8
$g K ""

Gaspard n|Sy8
#
"'
 $E
:!Km
'
& #r
l 8
VY  "Parit"
k x+o"
et al. 1992 Au pouvoir, citoyennes!: Libert, galit, parit

Wg  ;|Sy8
\U g
 
\!3 Ny ,K^+E
= )8 K*+ $E

^5   ,~* 4y/3 


rg 49& = K^ i$5& K*+ x+<

xX"

8
O
P
P $E
x.8
 4y/3" ]|Sy8
\U c* 
vY K!8

9
'
F08
" f\
d & = N" ]
c* #$+8" + o   

!" ~^*_
4 "   /g" 1995 K3u8
^5  $
2L$  !

|Sy8
.U
$' s /3 *3 1995 K3u8
!3 n
FLl ~8
" ]~!
i&$

P s
k
9
^&
P U [
 pB  .
 &  " Observatoire de la Parit
(Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin, ] !S ^3 i "[ [$ vY  "[ pr 

founding director of the Observatoire, Assemble nationale 2005)

[9" i8 S 49& = 4+! x 28


F08
" f\
K*+   r'3"

\U 49& = N+! = k


zs " 2 $
SE
N ~* 4y/3 
  

= *
P  |Sy8
N3 #
['
j* ,? 8
!
c* d8
  8 3 |Sy8

N" ]W
W3 W$)
Ny 2!.A
r8 3 t
*
m.3 y " ny
l

8
 * B'
 +/
&.  ` !8 = 4y/

k dA'
N& &

65

d A i S .gV ik
"  *
P >!\
" i$<
*[:
z C =y ]$)

 +/
&. =* W!S
'
4.U =  L r `$!
i$5& /+ K*+ i& 4%+83

Amar nt""& l " n [3 3


 Yl :4% KAL
K 
!3 S =+3

n [3 KF3" l :4% 


 g c* W+
" W 

= z k" 1999

49& = [:
g .  nW3 W8 $l " (
L:
/
 \*

2*[
" ]5N'j 3 Union pour la Dmocratie Franaise $)
m
$U+ 

i& "& 
=* $<
3 Nr
~& N""8 W$)
Wm
'
N& v+/
>U'

) A
"  #FA5 #A5 3%+3 Ny8 |Sy8
  N&" i$5& K

& c* |Sy8
#$yS Kj8*
z k" ]KsS vY +8X'
r "& "communautarisme
#)y N$r8) KL$ 85
#$m c* iA &"   6n
$9l #$yS

 +L 2 $S  +L NY :W U


"[$S
|Sy8
$g " | & ] =& [$X' frS

Y i& N
"  3
w_
vY P
[ i[& ik
$k
=m
'
C+ c* . )

= 2X'
BU_
3  r sPL i" : |Sy8
 ' *9 Y =y+ #&$+

$&
P Ny U i$<
i8'
c* S $ F   N3
 [9  ]
X'

  [!
4%+8
" :& +!
i8'
c* S $   r8  P "w

]|Sy8
$g " | 8
, 
" ]


i"8'
4%+8
&.  !8 W$rS =+\8 1999  2$)
8
4 ! 

 rS n|Sy8
l ) & ]&.'

k .A83 

g
~
 Y" 
" 9$

  ik
 8
43r  ~ U  " })5Y =y+ : 4y/3 4 !8
=*

S" |Sy8
Nr3 t"$! 4B)
 2000   z C ." ]\ c* /

]Nr
.A )y \ $!
Ae
K[g
[* 
3
g
4 Nr
~ "


" 9$
= "8
 #9  !S

$9Y " ]K3u8:
4  WL$'

Nr 3 ~8 : 28

r
S 8 g
g

U c* i8 28
K3u8:

 & ]7
r
 !

$'
 
o" N\ SoY K)V
 "
#
 8 g ;F%y3  !S 4U& Nr
NS  [!
 $%
~<3 + r
K3u8:

N"[    $%



g
A8   
$3 K)V
'
3A : 28

g

c* .A Nr
N&  ]d*

N& 2!  " z k *r'
 " frS WL$'

66

z C X8 ] )
=y+ : *r c* S8 Sy8 F 4y/3 =!S[ 8  #[*

4. c* K3u8:
 #[, K 8 *  #F. dy vY |Sy8
NU i[&

.A 8 g K'
K3u8
 *r'
= %47]5 3 
KS 2001  %'

c*& xr3 ,5 4y/3" ]i$5& K 8 c*  ~r vY [| J y ,Nr

K
!.8 
x
 K'
K3u8
 28g" ] k
#$A x A

$
K3u8
!.S ;+'
K<S'
 $ = K"$," '
 k)8
A
=
K3u8
K $" ]Bird

2003 9$
= K<S'
} = %93 N 2001

g ) Br
'
2008
= %83]5" N'
2<S, = %91]5 9$
4yL

 K3u8
" ]Zimmerman 2008 '
 X'
= %86]9" + r
}

rS $
"
k  28g" frS #F.y
3u8:
$
"
 Nr
.A 8 /

{L$
"! N *r c* )  8 d & 8 :" 8'
9$
~u8

NU  !S F vY z C 4 i[&"


]i$5& 3g
U }$ "& Wr8+ )&

g |Sy8

$S8 http://www.senat.fr /


 = frS %21]8 
xyL
i8'
c* Nr F0  =y J
F5&"
]2008 $
jS = 
83

rU
K!'

P
P

1997  %10]9 =

  
. x!)
g 5 4y/3 2! 8

g 
%
#$+ Nr
.A L 2007 " ]2002  frS %12]3 vY
P r
P

=* !.
4

P !3 
 :
k =y %18]5 vY 
= N'j
\*& . x!)

]

g
3 K*" 3  r >!o 
[& 4%+ " ,|Sy8


$ N& z C  !U8
N  r  4/S U |Sy8
NU N&  ~!
;.A:

dg
= $ 3" ]F. 4y/3 9$
 &  x
 $S   $

A

 #/3 3$'

$'
N& VB5
S F Kj8*
rS ,Nr
.9 28
K8 3
P

28
|Sy8
$g NY ]Nr
F0 =* #!3 #F. 9 3 x r
" '


67


" 4y/3 xyy)" O KrS v"
K
F8

gY  3$E
& 3%+3 x
J g i3 =y ]i$5&  \U { B
Nr 3 Kg^VY 5[Y  rS ]2L 4 r)

Kg^V_
k !3 $ $ " ])!o d
9 !3 !'  ",   !S $%& !

P
i.
W 8'
c*  k)8
A
= y  m
|Sy8
{.B 2007 $  31 
W0
4 W3 = #g
" #&$
 Ny N3 r ~< .A" '
"
= P:3 WL$

$
#[ " 
. 4+8'
2[
["[$'
= z C = g 8 4y 0^0

http://www.observatoire- ! 8
K3u8:
 |Sy8
.A ~!  '

p 28
W
r
c* i S 4y/3 Kg^V_
k $0| t" ]parite.gouv.fr
g 45 =S ! 8
K3u8:
p 28
W
r
&  .
" '
K3u8:

2A8 Sy
#r
 Ny = g
[",
F0 Ny N& U8'
" 2012 28g k)8

P
85

g i$5
K  "
c*
S
F5&"
]Murray 2007 WL$'

P
]?
[_
i8'
c* Nr
 r8 K:"
'
 "m c* "$A  9   g
P

W
 L y |Sy8
83 $08 J  k)8
A
 N& = $ 3"

N&$
K!V !3
$
 +
4 2)S ]
{ B  K
F #F5

WF9l x" 9 e


#
" " dB vY $3~ W9" S i &

Helft-Malz & Lvy 2000, #$ " dB x  28


#g
#&$'
2 n3L 3

 +
= v"
g$'
  [", $%& yE
 
 / x" ]p. 52

1973 " 1959 W3 yg dV N^/ W&$


i  =y J g ;e

Helft- 1974 1968 a [ W [? " 19621959   ) 

z C N 3 " ]Malz & Lvy 2000, p. 57; Pionchon & Derville 2004, p. 47
W3 =[9" K.0Y 49& = =o 
x g 9   & .& X8 P 9

$E
  [ F
g
x rS !3
$
 +
 & ]8 [
g&

 ! c* 4+* = 2 9 !

 2$)
;$)

g&" .!/
 +

yg 0& :Y #F.y
v"
#)r

/ S e
 +
 & ]

28g   yg 4   ." 3 & W3 =+\ ik


" 8!'
nN8 [ y9l

]2[
#

" $ =* o*
P #&$
#$  2%
W!8
z k =+\" 1993

68

;
 \U =* s 2yg dB "& /Y z k nN8 [ y9l yg L"

]8
r
 4V)8
=  +3 z C /U 8 t"

]
  nN $  Yl W!83 nN


$Sl  $
~U 1991 "

 e
 # U& x\U 28


 8!9 \)3 8 xU
"

.
=y J ik
$
" dB'
 frS 
P 323 x\U g e
 +

!
yE
dV'
vY 
[!B .r8'
K!U8 3 !8 S Fe3

`)u
1992  nN $  Yl r ." ]Allwood & Wadia 2000, p. 38

1993 v
n "[:3
"[Yl 

 yg  frS ^0 vY 
[*
280
W* g
F.
rS n2.9 N:&l " v8


 & ]1995
P ~U
P o$*
W > $ " Juppettes nW8.

l )3 
k x.r
]8yg  #&$
#*
vY 8H$ =y+ " #  "& .9 2! 28
" n9l +" 

 n(.9l :
280:
= 20  UY x rS dS Fr8
* $
>r J" ]n#FBr
K
8
l

]=.V =  = L 8 "$ !3 #&$


#*

1997 n2.9 4 l 



 yg 0& 4\S& gX

xrrg"
P

F KyE
 [
[ ~r8
 
$S N& vY
[
F/  " 2002
P
= %30 = $%& =yL g dg" yE
 
[
*& >*\8 S ] 

P ! 3
 x \ &
y
P  dV   #* W!  =y yE
vHY
P
n/
j  l z C !3 0 nX9 3
 Yl W! z C =+\"
]9$ ^

4r ^VY .gV 2" *89:


Ns/ #$  ni$3"& W l " ! K
$ 

N ik
" ;.
 * 35 vY 4+!
K* [*
x\)u
" ]10 X
F%
P

g  N & :Y 2002  A


vY W+
#[* !3 >)m 4y/3 
 /

= #&$
:8 J  " ;S
$ " dB' ni K Y 4/l W! " :& 

69

yg | S ,



CY & ni  :yl *" 2007  0 ]4.U
P du8

P %

xyL g *3 ~
8 :
 4/S & = $ 3" ]n|Syl
>B = :3

4%  * K 8 c*  + K!  x =y 8 0& KyE

4/l W!  U"   #$ " n[ 9: W8 $l " ! #$ " n2
[ #L l

]4.U = #&$
8 J $5 dB " ?r
5

$ " dB' ni K Y

4r8
c*  !
KA
K
C yE
dV'
 
8'

[9" *"
A
 
/8
#$ K8
" ]9$
c* $yg  k)8
A
N3 ;.A:
=

88 28
" n " W Xl  $
3u8:
+E

$ $m =*  k)8

P
2+ i  ! 3" ]rg^
ni l >U
 $m =*" ,rg:
8/U

P Ny N 2! & :Y mU 4y/3


3g  r  28g" '
 n!Ar l ^%
$%& & ~* 4y/3 ni l x.0&" ]
~& 0

9g

k

P
P  r
P
P 


8'
:
NS g 4 c*" ]*89:
g
= W 
S^& = r

yY N& z C ] 9 3  yLY


j8! N'j
 * yE
 j& 4y/3 
4%+8
P


J* =5 
x  . "
3u8

\ )
dA8 : yE
 W!8

P
P
P
* = 2[& =8* 4!  " ;u8:
 " W!8
$m =* v"
#$+

o"  
4! W!8
N&  ]'j
t)B
= N"!B = k
k
= ^

 "& A 3 =* ! N& y+ ik


" = Y =g& ik
$k
~& >!o

Helft-Malz & /)8 fait du prince" nyE


$&l y/ 
 :" ]/ )

c* 4 4y/3  E
yE
K
\* =  !
! g Lvy 2000, p. 57

)8
)y 28
 $E
N"[ =+S ]
2'
=r c* )E
49& =  $

y/'
k = [
" ] $
$ 2[ =& c* 
zs " $<
4 4r8'

~& 3u8:
$)
 [","  $
$ #U ! 28
e
 +
K|

]

A

$  
[9" .  F.y
;) :
= $ .S z C vY So_3"

$k 3 $ 9" %35 !8 J yg i&  =8. NS e


 +
4   k)8

K3u8:
 KL$ [9" = $ 3" ]fU  $
$ #&$
8 J & z k

70

Force Ouvrire n!


#Ul [
= n29: x &l 4% K!.
k  $

KS N& vY )
 rrg V$S i& = r% 3 K
$ 9 KL$  =y S

x ] $
2007 K3u8
`u8  2
L:
E
{L3 n " W Xl
4y/3   3u8:
n " W Xl 
= 4 c* #&$
 t x " *

"[
P d! U 9 N& {9$'
=" ]Murray 2008 g^
/S" v"
gX
$%!  frS
[",
> K$& &  8$ Y & Ny 3 =y ]u8:
<g
P
4!) 3
F0
z C g& U" n $
$' K
9 KL$l =y N& =y+ 
N&
P

yY NS 0 =" ]yE


c* i
F08
 4%  !3 S K

c*

]F%y3 4\S& N
{.V& 4.r8'
 #j5 $%& i$5& L$ 

@ @a@
yE
 = \g . K[
g  F. ~r "& K!.
r* L

 KL rS 2


L 4  z C =y J =y 

X+3 #&$
"& W! "
9 WE
z C k" ] BB yg dV "& /Y nN8 [ y9l

+Xg = . NY"  P 9 4U


c* BBu'


d rE
= )8 yL&

= "& 2 n"F9

$Sl x" ]$5 xU" = [9" 28g" 43 " ,8&"

Allwood & Wadia 


Ns/  "
#$ " 2+ x 1974 
k .B
v8
P

P
]1978  
>8  "
#$ " vY 1978 ~* rg:
!  " ,2000, p. 40
28
" 
r3 4y 3 ! #
" "& /Y  1981  nN
l u8
!3"

2
X'
x ~ #F. #A5 3%+3
k N" ]n?[" x) Yl 8&
x+* 28
K

$8/" ]
" .rg" ,

rg" K98g:
P
P !o"
2007 n " 2&l N&  " $)
 "
  +U
4% 3 ni[" x) Yl ^5
 28
K|'
N
" #F. 9 3   x #)
k Kg^VY !3 N& 2*

71

=y J 
rg  !8 }/Y
$+8 J U

" ]1y
4y/ 3  !S"
+<

= $ 3 0 K[* 0 1988 1986 +


n
FL 9l yg 0& #


W
L:
S !3 

 =
9
P Ny N& N"[  "[ #
 i$5& #$ \)5
1993  W+
" 
W3 ~r:
$+8
" ]1988  i$5& #$
S !3 dB'
rS"

* n(.9 N:&l 



 yg = v"
8
$L
0& 28g" ]W+

dB ! J" ]


#$ " dB gY 8 J yE
 #&$
#* 80
 x

A3  1997  A W


L:
#[!8
!3 :Y 
rE  "
#$ "

dB'
/Y 8 J S ,xU

k  28g" ]n?F3 yl vY &" ,2'
d 8 3

49& = i8'
v* 2yg dB i&  K 
X8g
!3 1998  43
S
P
]Mazur 2007 

 #$'
k )u8

rg 49& = $5 2yg dB /Y  2002 "
P

S 9 28
v"
#$'
2 z x" '
#
"'
" |Sy8
#
" " 4yL

i
X8g:
= $L& #* $
dA i$5& #$" ]+ yg 
k dB

 nW+ Y yl xX" ] 3 r!8'


K s /Y" yE
4y/ W3

2006 
[
)5 
:Y 2004  & #$ " vY #
" " = dB'
U$
P

Mazur 2007; =\8


" *89:
KU^!
" 4+!
#
"  WE
z C k [ "

j* 
{ B 4% N KU"
4 " ]http://www.femmes-egalite.gouv.fr

;{9 8" $r8 F i$5


yE
d rE
 
[9" 43r  [, 4yL

#[!8:
"  _
" 9

" U
W3  3 r!8'


.rE
o"
"$ 

dB'

k [9" N  . 3" ]5
[ N3"k
"& ,i$5
K


 
"
+' $y yg s [9" N g =+S ;
C g  \! 4y/ yE
45
[

)E
" 
rg  \U # 0_
)
P yE
 #\* [r" W
W3 #
"'

x) Yl %83" i$5& g = =y ]*


"9 c* #
"'
 
$+8
c*

2[& d
$ vY =g& U" =) dB'

k =* K:s'
<! K9" n?["

A
"& o
z8 :   #&$
yE
  Ny
ky" [
'
#[","

WA.$'

S" ] Y 9 e
"& 5

$ " 4% n k
l 

d rE3  r
P

72

S !S$
yE
dV vY V
$m =* 
8 4y/3 98

k 
@y

#
"'
4.  =+! 2^
"
*
P g
=^  " 
:| vY $<

]yE
45
[ 
=%+ = =& c* *

A/  s
x.V& U"  "
  = $5 .9
P |Sy8
.U
$ s 4%+"

#
[& # !
$ r x" |Sy8
NU  ! 0
8
49& = K^+E
<8

 4e
=m
 {\S" |Sy8
Bu3 KV8
" 3
" r8 +0

N& = $ 3" ]+ r


y r
9 z C =+\
* 28g 
$
K '

= K
 !
 + J z C NS y 

pu/ ! x s

]
g
 W
W3 #
"'
K^  [. "[ d!

$E
"  "
K  W3 U^!
"  "
  ;o  $5  $C "

x.." r!   $S   


$E
NS ,~* 4y/3 ]"
 

S
& r  9 4y/3  
$E
xX ]$+8'
)!o  5

r

|Sy8
" `9_
Wr 4% g [:
= K 
xy 28
# [
 \r


KAL
K  x" ]i$5& # * K:   .8" )!o x y ;2*

]$E
x)!o  
d A+  "
9 
8g
[
"  " 3 3$A\ U^*

"
4, c!S 4y/3 ni[" x) Yl  0& 
#
" xg %'
4. c!S
;8A/& 45
[ #

N & 2^


8g
 g  
$E
.! x ik

r
= $5 =y+ " ]S
& =o * 2^
zs "&  
~^<
 x)85
Wg 
P


"  "
45
[ =%+ = FS 2  
K$E
Ky_ r $m 4\S& N3

= K^+E
+< ik
/8'
" $0|'
KB
 4    Kg^V3
ky

#$ 4 N&  "


  =y+ yE
   E
#r
4  ]+*& F 49&

[9" NS t"u'
k = $ 3" ]KAL

K$g 4, i$5&

73


rg 49& = \ #) " !  "
45
[ A

$  K 

K!'
FS" 3
4+! [
'
gY"  !S
K
$m =*
]^P% x_
y.L c* U
 $m =* e
" ~!
W*Ar

@ @pbba@wbn
c* i 3m )oY  "[  N 28
4
!
r'

k " N
vY

["[$   +!


k  8 F5
r

k "8 " ]e
 +


83

K:X'
=  !
 *
#
"+ +*
[ K [8*
 rS ]K

P
= .  N & = $ 3 ;4+!
  *
#
"'
#[ vY `9_
Wr =
]r.A8 ^
K

$9_
C: [
!8:
" W
r
z #U 

r" ] . 3 #F. & x.8


28
W
r
"& = `9_
 N

  
K$E
 xU 28
r8'
A/
= *+ $m =* Nr

k


=*  s x" e
 +
 #$ " "& 2" n4S N+l K
[

=y `9_
=r & 23u8:
3  *" U nN8 [ y9l N" ]B

 [" #&$
) x & z C yg

5
P
P N Nr
r8 n4S N+l 5

N& =y+ N A5 2. = )V


K
k 8y U" x 
= 9
P
4. c*" ]SA*"
g

3 ! & :Y $5 $ " u8



CY  P3&" P !8 ".
P

8 28
c.E
#&$'
 $!/ = k
ie
" J
=* $0| 4y/3 x0 rS %'

P
P
* U" ]F+o ^3  o$*

5
)m `9Y
P k5 ^
P  &
k o
<! S =+3 W+
= F. U o ! N NU $ $+8 $A
 c* Ae

k
t"$!'
Nr
 _ K:", [9" = $ 3" ] +
49& = +X8
g

]~
vY
V

 y $ $ k n4Sl Nr3
P

#
"'
 2 4y/3 " ,j& K
A i$5
K
K: KL"

yL&  )u8
+ r
8'

v+/
&.'
y/ i$5& !3 #$  K$" ]'

= & 49$
d
" )" N& >" 4!'
$k
C+ =* u
$
 yS3 # *

sA3 +*  >U'



k F NY ](!+
" i[$)
W 8'
= 4 c* F%y3 #&$'

74

#A5 "& K9" ]F8



k Xg X'

k  8 ik
8
y! " #$+8"

n "l j8! ik
"  "8'
d
"$
^VY NU 4yL  1972  F8

.A 
[_
Ks
" 

dy'
x .S : $9
 "  P
F
P
P

Nr
~
u8
 $u J" *  s'
2 & `)'
= ik
"  
Nr

P
K*H i 2*89:
;
< = U^A

9
 tB8:
X/8  

 "8'
!'
NU ,1975 ~* z C ." ]Mazur 1995, p. 101 n+8X'3 U
ik
"
0& Nr

V3 N8 [ y9 *" *r
=* o*
P  8:
=  "
"9 c* K.5
K^\* S $0| 28
v"
#$'
2 z x" ,3u8:
8

,4+!
   4\S& rg FS 49& = Nr

k +V"
]
*&
P 4+E
d.3 +8
= =8 E"
g Nr
"
$ 4
= N g i& c* ]^%
o + ^ K3r* =+\8 J" K)'
o +8
;
& 4 .U! =+\8 J Y

#
"'
Nr iU& NU
VY 8 J & c* ]Mazur 1995, p. 139 K) u'

 r" 4 ! i$ 1983 k" ]  U #


" [9" 4  ,1983 ~* :Y ,'


=y Wg 4 <8 4y/3 '
rE
" d
"$
 i"8 3 Ve
W
r

#XS  x
S ]$S & 4  4+!
  /8:

"

P =9
 = 

9$
= o$* $%& S K 8'
c* 
x
" d
"$
 !
" *
+r
8" 9
\)u K*Ar
 S%y3" 2 9 4y/3 4+! "&  A.

gU
  Kg^V_
=  m   A g& N" ]INSEE 2004

2*89:
;
d.3 9
 "$)
r c* K
~ Y = ni l

]K)+ \)u 9& S[  g  K


k .U!"

; yLY
*o

 : x NY" ,+'

 8
= 4)A
 * !"
P
P
=+! N& i 5 i&  :  " S F  "
$S 28
4)A
 *$S
75

P
^
P  
P N" : )m
N& 2" $)3 V5 y/ " ]( 9 4y/3

= 

g& c* o
z C `$) i$5& g i&  4 " !3
~

P
 
K$E
K:", = $ 3" ]!3
~ $)8
Ny N& ~
P
[ . $r
P

x! 4)A
 *   "
"3 A.$'
!)$'
)y8
NS

$
P ;o'

k # 0_
]!

Kg^V_
5[Y

P k'
|Sy8
NU NS
$5
J Nr $5 %  r'

k  r3
P  "
F5&"
P


[& c* )!\
3r*" 
$0 K* g v"
#$+ r.A 0& F%y
r

=y Nr
 r vY rg^
Kg^V_
K[&
r ]! 8
K3u8:
 o
8'

P
N3 4 r
n "l i& = z C ! " ](.  :!S
! ik
r 3 

$S
;v"
g$'
   Ny  #[* 2*89:
; 3 A.$'
Kg^V_

P S"
P

 #[*" ]
K.5
vY [[8 2! "  $
 4 {L$ 3 ~8
23u8
*3

 
;V o
" W.5
H o Y t8 4y/3 
8
+B

  =
$
o
$+8 Wg  F8 3 C ;.A
A*Y $m =* xU
K
C

^*& # k'
#
8'
K
F8 .8*:
W!3 $< 3" g 4 c* =y ]* )B3 *
]xU
  r8
" ^V 43U 3  . 3%+3 Ny N& i Nr 28g =y+

c* f\
NS xU
  "
K " 
K$g #U" dy x") %"

#U KL 28
K
)
2)S ]")8
N 
{ B  U K o 

P
K! 8
"  ! =y+'
= N  "
9 5 "& 45
[ 
 K 

 "
K! 8
k ~u8 J  rr d!B N r $A3" 4!) 3 #[9'

[.' | & z C 


P Nr
 = 4\S&  N& ^3 NU NY ]
3 Ar

]!3
" % 0" 0 K9  !3 S N3  " =y+ U 3
"

@ @b
+* 2" 2*89
 #S e
 +
= v"
*
P N+e
x

]
#
"'
49& = =g) ^5 &
* !3 & =9
" r ] . 3
 $%
u8
~< =y frS 2 9 4y/3 23u8:
~<
y/ |Sy8
NU >)5

 23u8:
~<
^VY N& ". " ]
= 
BUY 
$+8

  [!

76


~<
^VY vY i[| = |Sy8
 N3 nW.9 4 l *" g 4+8,
F $&

n " W Xl = 4 d m g i& c* ])e



3
$m =* 23u8:

 2.8
4%+8
=  4yL 5[3  $
2007 K3u8
 n"F3

$Sl "

#. Ny U [  H ~r yY i& N& vY F/  " ! 8
K3u8:

c* * ik
" ndV'
[!l ~<  Y \ &
P n " l U
 ] . 3

c*
" X/8 ni l K:", K3 >
 =y ]%
.r!
2A

) c* B +<! 2! g 4/) 3 dS 



. rg c* 

Sr%
 +!3 # kX8 x
 y/'
z N& vY F/  " ;z C d9 vY 23u8

$ 3 \ &
P presidentialisation 2 $
yE
~< y/ z k" ]$)


0 4r  =y 
C g  2 $
yE
~<  Y  =+y :  i8
N& =

" "fait du prince nyE


$&l ~< =  g
P 
)8 ]
c* .

4. c*  " W X $m =* 2


W 8'
c* $k
 $
~)' 
P r%
" %'

2006  `$* ik
n$
 "[l 2 )8
4'
$m =* ^%

&.  4%+8'
" F5
!
& ] H  S  $
Bu/
x ik
"

vY #F. #A5 3%+3 |Sy8


NU ! "
]3!V $%
 A Ny rS  +/

 ]Lovecy 2000 m


'
c* 2*89:
;
3m .& g $!'
k  ~

Ae
"  $!
\U z k"  BU_
F"  [!8

K98
K&3
=' u
$
# B

 :" f.3 F8 >U
'
NS z C 4 = $ 3 =y ,2

]3
49$
# V 2 $S   3 4+!

!Ar ( 8

8
C+ . S A8
" F8
NS K
Bu3"
P S A8
k5 N
 r $3* 4y/3
n4Sl NU 4%  y [
$%&" i'
!3 ^yL
= Kg^V_
S  kS
 {8S c* 
8'
F8
+8*
" ]`9_
Wr8

77

 x8.0& 28
 
K$E
#*+3 kS

k x8S Ng
!3 " ^5

= !
P 4+! * #$0| Ny N& c* # [U Y K!8
$5
"&" K!.
K
3

F%y3 A3& F8
N rS #/8'
 
K$E
 4  & ]/ t 49&

49& = #[!8 
" 
$  =+! 2^
 "
K  V = #F. 9 3 N"

;
g
 ~r   K
LY [$ Kg^V_
=  !
x" ]
rg

r3 +8"  [*"  *


g ) r t !
KU^!
  =

9 3  x rS  !S K!  vY  $


W
r
k 4    & ]N_

$A
 K 
Km
$U"F.
"  "
K  " g 
y
>5 #F.

] !S $%&  

N"F = A3& W3 = 



g
!" f.3 =y F8 $S  >U
'
NY

o" S 3 #[!8 > 3 ~r


g
N" ]Opello 2006 
 )U


dV+ 5
K3
3 c* \ &
P N+ r
" ,K
V" * "9

r  +g #A5 



g
c* i
F08
c* 4+!
Ny 

Wy #
[& 3%+3 Ny N& |Sy8
Nr =y+ " ]W
W3 #
"'
= "& K9 [

 "
45
[  g
P 
F8
iU r 0
k " ]X'

k   g

K$E
=y+8 J " ]"
2'
+8X'
 " |Sy8
.U
$ s" K
$ 

4s\
y
c* K$)

+8! tS i$5& #$ g8
" [/8g:
=  

F08
vY $< 3" ]x30 4y/3 =y " f.3  "
K  $S 28
Kg^V_
=

WO d N"[ $
dA8 rS $5 ^VY 4y U

" |Sy8
Nr A.

"  " ,m


' EV e
 +
Ny N& 4.U $%& "& i$5& *
P

]3 =| ! N&  +/



*[

78

@ @Zaa
N"[ K
V
= [* j& 2 =' A
{+ 23u8
~<  : [!
 $%
u8
~< 1
 :2 $
yE
~<" ]?$5&  K "&
g& "& [
$S #A!'
K
V
. $<

 [ [ "& #' 2m


$U"F.
" 2yE

#
[Y  !
A
 "
 {+ ~<
 n

 l = r%
d g N'j
{+ ik
2'j
yE
~< 43r  8

9'
](m
$U"F.
" 2yE

4+* c* `
*:
" B8
A" xU" i&

 4y
2[& g pB $m =* 
Ky
4 4% # "3 2! 23u8
~<  2
K*
" KU
" 
 / N\ ~<

k ~u8 ]Xg&  d8 4y/3"
9'
])8u'
 
" U$!

$) 3 cumul des mandats 3


, )8 K 8 c* #[!8 yg dV 4L yY $S  
{+ ~< "
N'j 3 .P " <S,  Ny N& g
" pu/ =y+S g
" N  3" "&" U"  3"
9'
] Y " "
N'j 3
\*"
2U   "
P

4%+8
4  x $9& 28
" ,1986 ! 8
K3u8:
N #*r
k g
%8:
4
[*  #F.y
#[ 
,K.u8'

.  4so ;)
[$ KL y ](.8

 {8 J
9
P $58 4y/3 g 23u8:
~<
F N& d.3 z C g ]KL$'


 $%
~< vY 23u8:
~<
#[*" ,E

U c* #9 U
 W" /E PS 8U"
P
]1988 K3u8
 23u8:
 [!

xV 28
#g
. 
x W3 W8 $ ] [3 3
 Y S)
"   [3 K$3" 5
]|Sy8
 o

; j8! #$< 2 ())


=* !+3 2
2*89:
X'
 Essentialism 
$
6
W3 ;8
" KS^85:
j8!" #[,"
830 p Bu i$5& *H K)V i& "& $!
"& 

9'
]/ $<+ #g

s)
"& *+X'
\*&

P 7
/
 K3u8
%'
4. c* ,WL$ 4 = #g
" #&$

,2E
XE rS"
 .
K3u8:
WL$ 8 4y  0^0 "&
3m " n9 i[  Ll g K/ $S  9   & 2 Gaullisme  
8
9'
]* )B3 *
+ j8!" )8 2*89

Mouvement Rpublicain Populaire (MRP) 9

9'
Section Franaise de l'Internationale Ouvrire (SFIO)

79

N3Y dB'

k x8g
& vY So_3 ,dB'

k  i [" 2%
W!8
 z C N 10
]19931991 
L:
KyE

@ @uaa
Allwood, G. & Wadia, K. (2000) Women and Politics in France 19582000, Routledge,
London.
Amar, M. (ed.) (1999) Le pie`ge de la parit: arguments pour un dbat, Hachette
Littratures, Paris.
Assemble nationale (2005) Minuted report (actes du colloque) of the conference, in Cinq
ans apre`s
la loi: parit . . . mais Presque, July Boutique de lAssemble, Paris.
Bird, K. (2003) Who are the women? Where are the women? And what difference can they
make?
Effects of gender parity in French municipal elections, French Politics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 5
38.
Dahlerup, D. (ed.) (2006) Women, Quotas and Politics, Routledge, Oxford.
Fabre, C. (2001) Quatre femmes administrent des villes de plus de 100,000 habitants, Le
Monde, 27 March.
Gaspard, F., Servan-Schreiber, C. & Le Gall, A. (1992) Au pouvoir citoyennes! Libert,
galit, parit, Seuil, Paris.
Helft-Malz, V. & Lvy, P. (2000) Les femmes et la vie politique francaise, Que sais-je?,
PUF, Paris.
INSEE (2004) Femmes et Hommesregards sur la parit, Statistique Publique, Paris.
Modern & Contemporary France 481
Lovecy, J. (2000) Citoyennes a` part entie`re? The constitutionalisation of a gendered
citizenship in France and the parity reforms of 19992000, Government
and Opposition, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 439462.
McAllister, I. & Studlar, D. (2002) Electoral systems and womens representation: a longterm perspective, Representation, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 314.
Matland, R. (2002) Enhancing womens political participation: legislative recruitment and
electoral systems, in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, ed. A.
Karam, 2nd edn, Stockholm, International IDEA.
Mazur, A. (1995) Gender Bias and the State: Symbolic Reform at Work in Fifth Republic
France, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.
Mazur, A. (2007) Womens policy agencies, womens movements and a shifting political
context: toward a gendered republic in France?, in Changing State
Feminism, eds J. Outshoorn & J. Kantola, Palgrave Macmillan,
Basingstoke.
Mossuz-Lavau, J. (1998) Femmes/Hommes pour la parit, Presses de Sciences-Po, Paris.

80

Murray, R. (2007) How parties evaluate compulsory quotas: a study of the implementation
of the parity law in France, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 60, no. 4, pp.
568584.
Murray, R. (2008) Is the mere presence of a strong female candidate enough to increase
the substantive representation of women?, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 61,
no. 3, pp. 476489.
Norris,P. & Lovenduski, J. (1995) Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the
British Parliament, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Opello, K. (2006) Gender Quotas, Parity Reform and Political Parties in France, Lexington
Books, Oxford.
Pionchon, S. & Derville, G. (2004) Les femmes et la politique, Presses universitaires de
Grenoble, Grenoble.
Roudy, Y. (1995) Mais de quoi ont-ils peur? Un vent de misogynie souffle sur la politique,
Editions Albin Michel, Paris.
Rule, W. (1987) Electoral systems, contextual factors and womens opportunity for
election to parliament in twenty-three democracies, Western Political
Quarterly, vol. 34, pp. 477498.
Rule, W. & Zimmerman, J. (1994) Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective: Their
Impact on Women and Minorities, Greenwood Press, Westport, CN.
Zimmerman, M. (2008) Elections municipales et cantonales 2008: les parties politiques
rsistent encore a` la parit, Observatoire de la Parit entre les femmes et
les hommes, Paris.

81

@ @Zbc@Lpb@Lbb
@ @bra@ja@@a@ba@pbj
z '  C x P xyP :X0TC
N%* J?/h5 [k : 
P
V5
%!
tU"
x.V&" , F5 `
$ ^_
tU"
x

x.! U" ]=\8


= !3
.
K  = * =%
" * e
W$r
W3
P
"[
tU"
z x ]K)U
" =)V3 ,8V" tU"
z /Y  A/
P 

28
K

#$% = $
c*" ]*   K5 ,?g .L 4y/3 ,$S

#[*
28
" >U  $<
S
"

"  vY C)
 {8 ,tU"
" 
x "
P

N& K.0_ 2! N& nr8


+'
l "& n# *
$
l #&$'
"[  z3/8 
P
3 xS$* +< Kg+ xs/& 28
z V5
,j
*& = )V3 ,tU"

" )  2*$ N& ^5 = 


x*A8
K| x.V& ,nKy
l

 Km
 =)V3 2 '
=\8 )8 9"& =* j! N&" , '
 
= $5

m
 )V3  V V !   .
" )V3 #&$+ # B
k ]=

P
].A
V5
,%!
N'
 A/

@ @
P
W3 ,
= 3%'
83
 F5 `
$ x SU"&
%!
tU"
x

[!3
 [g 2^_
r)
N& " ]& 4y/3 * 8
" * e
W$r

Engin Isin and Ebru Ustundag. "Wills, Deeds, Acts: Women's Civic Gift-Giving in
Ottman Istanbul. In Gerder, Place and Culture, Vol. 15, No. 5, October 2008, 519-532.

82

  K.   )V3 +<" V5 K %!


tU"
x.8
rS , $

P \S
k ](Isin and Lefebvre 2005)
 $

{.V& >U
/Y N& =* ^
*89:
Ke
~
+  , r r $m =* 8 ik
4.
" ,N'
/_

S x 28
#)
m ,.A
m
 [)8
U" ]%!
n=m
+ l ,Sr%
"

P
, r
a U ]tU"
z = ,1922" 1453 W3  " +V*
 '
z

r
 "
# " ". % E
m
'S ]n%!
=m
'
l {AB = ,v"


z 4+/" ]! K


8
" rg , "
z A x ,[$) S {.V& 28


" ,Nr
#[" ,$E
" F.!8
 $g '
rE


P  rE

, A.
W" ,S$
*89:
" ,3
K3u8:
 {L 2!
" ,x B8

,i$5&"  "[ W3 r+* i" rE


z W3 '
4V) >8 ]B
 *$
"

z = *+ ~ N& % g m


$r+ [  "[ i& = P
[ $<8 =y " ,E
!.A3
,W%!
 *$
>V" =y+ : ,43r'
" ]m
'3 r!8'
K
8 :
" rE

)V"  m
'S ]{AB+ E
2!'3 ,Nm
 3 ,rg = N 
 = F%y3 m& q 
,~* 4y/3 , NS ,.
P
P g q  N& 8

N
K vY ,t"$!   , 8

k ~
N

9$ " ]r
 "

m
'
,
 g c* ,N"$
" N
K xr.m U" ]"$
Nr
" + r

P
P
m
'
["3
!S[ W%g.
NY 43 ]3 S KS^85
[9" ,
 
)V3

K9" 28
" ,= $
[^3  m
'
!.
S ;!3& KS' S
$
" q 8

$m z k ](Springborg 1992) N"$r3 2"$


Nr
" N
K 4.U

,+ r
WB
 m
'
N 
"}.S ,m
'
nd $l g K:}8
N


,K

z 4  ]W+'
" W'
" [
* r


" ,+ r

"

$ |+ 43 ,U  "[   \!


=* z , :"   \! : m
'
K$

83

4!8 3 {+  , K  .


= 4! |" K " ~* W" vY
(Isin 2002a; )!
4 
= P:3 
4 
^5 = !.
\!3 

`")8
!S& 3 m
'
> $! =y+ z C c*" ]Keyman and Iduygu 2005)
4% c* \r $5 t$m 4 , = P:3 ,)* F 4 " j* KS^85:
g
 ,# [U y " rg  K  )& N"$
3
P 23$ m
'
]KS^85:
z
dA8 
 
z 4% 3$ ]= $5
r3 t
*:
c* ,) xU

 c* ,
8 4y/3 ,m
+ ) $! dB z k ;K
[*" ,rm"
,K 
P

: ,U o ,m


'
N& z C 2! : ]* 8 28
 E
z k" ,K '
z

2r
o

k 4! 28
2 m
'
K  N& c*  [$ y " , &

4!) : 2r
o
N"3" ,m
'
[9" 48 K '
N".S ]y
P

]m
+

>U
/Y  $< P ^ )
nm
'
l x
CY 3 !8'

|
2r. =y "
P


C' ,=y " ](Isin and Lefebvre 2005) 2 
$<'
K
C j
!S& = )V3

.Vl 
[  83 r 2r8  ?j
*& = 4+* >V"  m
'
~
u8
c*

rS ]#!'
   
9'
$g =* Saba Mahmoods (2005) n[+,

KU^5&" 4 \S K
!'
K'
!8 l $E
2! > n.Vl x [

n?[!
'
#3  U^* : "& y F x.V& & Nr8'
i$ Fy) d &"

 NS ,!'
t$<
c* .B
N %g.
~8
N& " ](Mahmood 2005, 4)
P


[ B
)y
+'
! frS  l 2! K '
z N& =  Y x.C
8 3 2
 < > 
" 43 ,K
[.!
"  
K.9


P P:B
4B8 n^_
4 \)
" j
[. 
>U
/_ q 8
8
3 r0"

dU  
n[+, .Vl \ ](Mahmood 2005, 4) j
*& = )V3
'!
r8'
K
k
 ,z C  r, 2" ,zy/" ,
U^5
K '

Mahmood ) i$ 2S z k ]c%'



K
k
)V3 F !'
" W
r n"r'
l

P !S =y+'
= N
CY * 8 N& 2
=l & (2005, 9
'* * t$!
N& ^

28

" U^5
t"$<
5 r 28
"r'
!S& 4% !S
=

= N& vY Mahmood (2005, 9) n.Vl dk" ]ne


! !S
z  x.8

84

# " 3 "8 : 28
,4!)
" [9
yL& c* t$!8
 3!V q N& z C NL

= ,+'
K
"$
$k  N& vY \ &
P = dk ,) A'3" ]+'
K
"$

W%!
 *$
yg & =* U  "[   \* )V3 m
'
rg 
rE
X =S ]r ,+o
N NY" ,{o
" ~)  # " 3 2! :
P

= * 4+8/ 3 j
*& = )V3 >U
 !S&  *
j!
P K
8 :
"
)V3 k j
!S& " N3 t! = ] W
= $5" rE3 = )8

P \S ,#F
+'3  m
 !S&
 y " ]y3$'
 \r
= [!  0Y =* ^

!+3 ,i$5& r3 KSr0  K9" & t$!  ,m


'
~
u8
c*  z C

[B3 = 28
j
!S& ](Springborg 1987, 1992)  Y & N& . ik
"

+) ik
2!'3 4U
c* ,rE3 . A "& "r !S& .A 3 x , )V"
,F !'
~"r 28
!S3 frS Nr :l 4!)
  c* # r
=y " ]WAB'
=

(Mahmood 2005, nF !'


 $'
=y 28
4.
=  ! 3 \ & r y "

+!
" *o'
t"$<

[l N&  n[+, .Vl  )8 =S z C c*" ]15)

;" 2U^5
4!)
 # r
" .$
yL& >8 2+ N& S #&$'
x*A8
28

: r0 x+ vY ;\e


 .$
9$ ik
2U
8:
;"'
=* 
P >8
Be
9" c* . V   4%+  " ](Mahmood 2005, 15) n8!.A3 2q 

P )V3 m
'

3B
 8[
rg
x .S ]>U s/ )V3 #&$'
$m 
P
P

K '
 E
x  *
z 4%' =8& 
=* ; y+ 3
#&$'
x ,= !
N$r
 x B8
 #&$'
3 . A'
K$g  28g 3$

,z C c*" ]r

~*   ,tU"  /3 8m
  %!

> {o t ,r [r8S3 9X8g

%!
#&$'
U K.0Y = P:.S
P
P
P
*&  }$ 2! t ]
*S
{.B8 #$<
 
F !'
=y N& x*A8

85

3 ) ik
i'
 ,) xU
 ,zy/ t" ,m
 *& )V3 j

]n
l j8!  z k" ,*S" m
'

 & " ]%!


N'
 tU" 
/Y  t )e
k c*

,N'
 x+U& + " tU"
x ,3

Ke
^5 = xU"
tU"
2. x ]nW%* Wm
l * A N& =y+ = vY Sr%
" *89:

>U
4. c* /& * 8
" * e
W$r
W.S ,>% ; c* 5"
,.
" ,K

.
" ,Ke
" ,[)
" ,9'
" ,K.8y'
" ,
'
= t:

,gw
" ,='
" ,
$r)
9^" , Fe
*A'
" ,K)/8'
" , 
"

>U
0" 8<)g 28
%!
tU"

[ ~r :" ]$mr
" ,KE
"

)V3 tU"
z =* A3 ' :Y ,.A
 %!
K)L
 )'

" ](Hoexter 2002) W%!


Wm
'
vY W%!
Wm
'
= . K 

K)U
= t:
S xX 28
,%!
*
'
K^X = t:
P \ &

>U
0" = t:
 ,z C vY So_3 ](Agmon 2004; Zeevi 1998)

K)U
" K^X
z 4 c* ]#$r3 tU"
 $    Ve
K^X
"

,!
P N  ,U KS"  V" K)U
z x ]>U
K
[ K+8*

* 8
vY 8 y " ,
F%
P xU rrg " ]WAB+ 2r
2!'3

o$
P ~q N& 3 Br =y J >U S ]#3|  V" x K)U
z N& 2" ,

N& vY So_3
k ] N&  [ A i  " ,3
vY =y " ,#FBU #) !
P

~q N& =y " ,  #S  ! *89


*H { B 5 =y J  `$

]m
'3  '
f3  '*" + #*U 4% K
k 3  
z" ]3
vY +

Nr
* ^Y U iF5 A* | r vY
k  r  t

Ke
49 r x  & 9 [ vY +<" r " ,(Hennigan 2004) 2%!

(izaka 2000; Gil * 8


N$r
  [B8U:
" , 
" ,Sr%
" ,*89:

;
" ,g'
 "
= * $ t y " ,r!8
 L 8

k ]1998)
,*S :" >U
& =y J ](Isin 2002b, 2005)
8:
!3 4!)
" ,(*89:

,z C " ]N"$r
j* 83%
"& r8'
"& #$r8'
3 8)" :" , /Y W
U :"
P 
$y" / = +u\
[
*
xr5 rS
]!
" m&

86

U" ].
49 >5
P r+* K
3 x<g 2%!
>U !


z

N%*" , (mer Ltf Barkan, 1942) N 3 2)A $+* %& = W5 |'
= .&

, (Fuad Kprl, 1938, 1942) c $3 [


|S" , (Osman Ergin, 1936, 1944) W9 Y

M. Hamdi ) c '
i ]~" , (Ali Himmet Berki, 1946) 2$3 x c*"

= 
 %& = W5 |'
=  9 4 #
K3[& (Elmalili (ztrk 1995 a)

Nazif ztrk, 1995b, ) "& ><" ,(Bahaeddin Yediyldiz, 2003)   

(Murat izaka, X


9 [
$" ,(Hasan Yksel, 1998) 4 =g" ,(2003

(Miram y  ~ F" ,(Amy Singer, 2000, 2002) $X 2" ,1995, 2000)

z +!
*A8
(Ahmet Akgndz) "X& &" ,Hoexter, 1998, 2002)

A!
" iFe
A!
K*o+3 ~8:
[ ,
$5|"
]US3 ;:
" K


P
](zbek 2005 ; Powers 1999; Powers and Peled 1989; Singer 2002) 2_

3 J (Hoexter 1998) z8


= ;3 2%!
>U
K
[ x<g z C X8"

,z C " ] X_
" $) 3 # /'
i$5
2^_
>U
K
[ =  !

P
](*89:
;
 "
= m
'
V5
,m
'
" 2%!
>U
W3 f3$
 S
NrS
 >U
2
[ 4 N& "& ,4/'
= 5
f3$

k N& ,.A 3 ,z C 2! :

j* # * K5 xU ,k 4% iF5 A* | N& <g^'3 $ 


=y " ]*
$%& * iA 28
rE
x!9 g vY" ,!Ar F 
$+8
" , m N"$U
P
$< J z C " ,S zy/ i& N"[ ,m
'
rg = 3 )B 28
z = r+*
(Baer 1997; Gerber 1983;

U
"& 3$
K

 
 ,m
'
mY   Y

P \S
k ]Hoexter 2002; Peri 1992)
N& r8! !
8:
K
[ N& =* ^
0
" KS8
F) N3 ~ ;8U
c* =" ]frS $
 K9" nm
'
l

~r
zy)  frS  = m
+   )V3  3 Ve
tU" |'

87

]
C g  m
+ +S = +!" 43 ,$" & *  W3 i$9

P ^
P 9 N& (Hoexter, 1998) y  x8.0& r
2%!
>U W

= r3

d

vY .8:
,
$5|
,x8) # 9 K
[ =y " ]|'
.
9 c* 
P

P
# 9 ^.
z k3 x8)S ,>U 
" , [B8U:
" ,*89:
" , 

y  K L& U" ] :
# L %!
" ^_
|'
k F)8

 2^_
>U
| K
[ A8 4g
$ ^0 [9" vY (Hoexter, 1998)

3 ,>U r


d

c* v"
g$'
K
[ K g ;= !
N$r

z8 "
K::
t/y8
vY ,%
g$'
 W

=  !
t

0" \!3 ~u8


" ,) |'
 ! d
9 c* \!3  " ,|'

= %
g$'
z 8A 28
K*o'
xg"
$" ]i$5&  \U 
 >U

P
vY ,%!
8
  V5
,
A #
[&
P >U ~yE
~
u8
)

;
d
9"
F'

[  c
>U
&" ,K :
c* ~^_
#$A 
]y'3 r!8'
2*89:

x3 & i$ 28


% %
g$'
c* (Hoexter 1998, 484) y  K U"
=+o >U
x5[&l # 9 K
[ 
3 xyS ,%
" v"
W8g$'
K
[ c*

,
k  r  i8 ,

k  ]nSr0" 9 " 9   & * ) mY
P $A N&
 !
= /3 K%!

N& vY dk t" ]m
'
" N'
W3 A3

 N$0& ,.A
 K
!
3 4V
 t$! x tU"& K!+ Ky
=

,~!
<
" ,8:3
!L
W &" 43 ,yL"
!
 E
yL
" Kg'

N'
W3 U^* [9" x.% t" ].A
 m
'
#&$+ 2 '

$u:
"

>8 
3 z C" ,frS 3$
m
'
  i 9 J & * N ,m
'
"
].A
 K%*  /& 28
Ky

@ @@pbyb@bi@pba
*& )V3 tU"
 $<
* 4!)
" 2*89:
;
d
9 3
  "

;! 2.+ / N 


[
P >U
N& vY F/ N& '
=+S ,g'3 !8 S & ]$3

88

P
!+8
4% 28
tU"
= [! r! < =
9
P ,Ng
<!  ,N g

P \S
k ] [B8U
" *89
y.L
Ky./
z / N& \ &
P /
= N & =* ^

~u8
U" ]"" +<'
g'
z c* A N ]
.
= +< Kg+
P
z  )8 K5 = $S ' ,N'
. "
tU"
N%!
N)U


 ^5 = ku8 N'


x 28
" ,K
!
"& Ky
<8
#
K
g

Ky
z x.! U" ](Inalcik 1973; Singer 2002; van Leeuwen 1999)  

*89:
" 
K 
^5 = xy/ 28

 '
Sr%
 <*

"[
P
P
,K

.
" ,Ke
" ,[)
" ,9'
" ,K.8y'
" ,
'
<!+S ]Wm
+

,='
" ,
$r)
9^"  Fe
*A'
" ,K)/8'
" , 
" ,.
"

Kg'
k ]Ky
z =+o 
9 x+U& $mr
" ,KE
" ,gw
"

\ &
P / y " ,%!
# ! 
$A
"  .
d

c* frS / : +<'

U" ] ['
" *89:
Ke
>8 = W%!
Wm
'
= 9& #[)8
c*

P
 ) !
\ &
P tU"
x+L
P  28
) $


4% i$5&  r F ^&
P
]i$5
+r
L
" ,d8y
" ,r
4%  r ^&
z k" , g ^& c*
tU"
[* (Nazif ztrk, 2003) "& >< " ,>U
2
[ g& U
U"

 !
\  4 N ,>U" 35]000 = $%3 %!
 "
$+* ^5 xs/& 28

x3 N'
" %!
# !
= 2+<!
. 
N& 2!  " ;K/'
z 4% =
P
[
*3 tU"
z x rS (ztrk, 1995b) "& [ "&  dg" ]SU"&

 '3 16  4%  x ik


45
" u8 x = k
W)'
=  

16 " ,* =%
N$r
  '3 27" ,* 3
N$r
 2%!
[B8U:
=

N& nX
9 [
$l " ,tU" $5
[ r z k ]* 8
N$r
  '3
N$r
$5
"&  %!
 "
 4+!
$S =  '3 8 = $%& $S x tU"

89

](izaka, 2000) * 8

"&  $ +* =y J /Y N& 2" ,>U 3 r!8 + i$5& V5 

Ky8 >U" 2! >U


/Y N rS ](Inalcik et al. 1994)  "
[r +*

>U
/Y r0"  #[, > " i[|8 ,3
vY  F5 `
$& c* nV5l
>U"" ? C
c& >U" :W* c* >U
N" ]S #[

"
S"" ,)U

) [ >U
r0" x z k ]* > " i[| ,W8 E
 ,N y " ]?F5

+y'
 `U
 c* +
r0
4X 8 N" ]8V" >U
^& #
[Y
P

P
28
[.'
x%" ] $'
A
= rS
 "& r B
dA8 =y J y " ,*

[B =   8V" >U


#
[Y rA'
#[
:1 #[!
 )U
* ~r

>U
/Y [$X+3 38
" ,i$5& tU"& =  Y [$ [B "&" ) >U
 

N$r
 &.'

k ~ B
z+8
= >)u8
,A i& 4.U
= } Y =y+ :
A!
" ,5
[
L
P 
[Y" S y8
{.B /Y [$X+3 ^r8:
" ,* 8

Wm^
. >U
2s/ W3 = N ]* 5 >U
~r N& d iFe

du" +E
%!
.u

"$3
P 4U
r.A
3& z k" ,K
L.
" 9""

=  [* 3 = N tU"


2s/ N& ,j& K::[ 4+ " ] X8

K
8 :
" rE
g = 

vY 8 d9 " ,W+'
F =" 

](Fay 1997; Meriwether 1997)


P
"[
P ,+< Kg )V3 ,Ky
x.! > {o N& ,NCY ,?E
=
 r8
& c* \
W

=  !
2r & ,[B

k " ]%!
N'
3 
Goodwin 1987; Kuban 1994; zer Ky
4y/  %!
Sr%
"  !'

= #[)8
j& , "
+V* ,.A
K[)8
U" ]1987; Yerasimos 2005)

  /8
 "
&  i$5&   i&  Ky
z 8 J CY ;Ky
/Y

X

2%
+, 2. ,1453 .A
{8S !.S ](Kuban 1994) .A

, [B8U:
" *89:
[
 KrS  !3 Ny 3  '
*Y #[*Y  x% 
P
K/'
= *+ "& x+U&
 
P `$

k" ](Unan 2003) BE
^5 V5

U" ]1970 1463 {S" 1458 NA  Y 8 8+o" ,!


" +!8

90

x" , '


4 #[*Y  ,\ &,%!

.A
 ,r3
Ky
xu8

P
x+U& ](Kuban 1994, 166)  '
= )8 &  # 9 g& /Y  A"

W)B x !+X N& A8 y " ,# * `


$& e .A
 Ky

*+X'
](Kuban 1994)  + r x 28
!
Ke
& c* ,= F.

,{S K 4% ,3  '


e x+U&" x++V 28
Ky
z 2 v"

U" ]::" ,%* " ,NA z*" ,


" ,[
L" ,(yV5" ,  3"

,K.8y'
" ,.
" ,9'
" ,
'
4% # * S
$ c* Ky
z x+8L

& ]!
KE
" ,x
E
" ,9^'
" , Fe
.!/
*A'
" ,K)/8'
"

,3 A'
rA'
" 98g
." S xs/& ik
2E
e x+US %
*+X'

K x ]NA $" ,L3 ["


[" ,L3 c* z*" ,L3 [
$ K 4%

,{
" ,X'
:( K
g" ^0 = xy  #[*"
,Xg
$V& %
*+X'

P
P
gY #[*Y "& # 9 g& 3   $9 
Ke
z x U" ] '
"
](zkoak 1999) + U i$5&


$3Y" ,(Osman Nouri Ergin 1936, 1944) W9 Y i  N%* t
*
"

(Bahaeddin Yediyildiz    = 
" ,(Ibrahim Ates 1982, 1987) a

!A *& N& c* ] [ K!+


P S
"& rS ,>U '
>  3 2003)
!H
A x!S[  K| )V3  "[ x.! >" Ky
z / 4V) c*
4*)8 8 3 = $S" 3" ,N&" * V K5 = $S" 3 # 9 g&

P \S
k ](*89:

4 dk CY ; '


  '
 
x* Ky
N& =* ^

x ,%!
 "
 x3 28
tU"
= %70  N& vY (Yksel, 1998, 160)
x rS ,N'
 =y J 28
tU" . 3 28g & \ &
P r
=y+ =y " ]N'

 3 45
S S8 , ~: 2 [B8U
$m =* N'
 28
z83 A.$

91

S S 23$

$A
c*  3 #
[Y ,1856 28g ,%!
 + =y J ]W:

2 tU"
x =y " , '
r 28
Ke
43r d
w"
9&
=m
'

 
P
"[
P tU"
x.! z k ] '
 !
" *89:
Ke
>8 ~r 28


"[& 0^0 d! >U
N& (Yksel, 1998, 160) 4 | CY ; E
#
4y/

 " r3


tU"
$ :(" ,%!
N+ iE

4y/  
P
KU$A
" )V
V5
,>U
f, W" , '
  E
Ke

$+8

S
$9+ 
p Be
=* B) K! FS" , E
Ke
vY C)

] + 2q 8
>L
)g >U
0"  X , +  ['
"

a'
=y " ] Sr0 3  8&" Ky
=* U =y+ ik
 '


,+ K::[ 4+ " ]+<  Kg )V3 * 4U frS 4r
N& $

U" ]Ky
2| $3& W3 = = 
N&
=)V3 = U K3[
= xS$*
y " ](Bates 1978, 1993) #"$%
" y'
W3 5 4y/3 xA3  ]# ! K*


* Ny  #[*  )8'
NS ,[$S s/ N& ,>U
N& \ &
P !
rrg c* Ky
" tU"
= F%y 
/Y / 3 " ](Hoexter 2002, 14)

K
[$) = i$5& d
9  N* = ,Wm^ K9"" K& =)V3 ,=&
P * Ky
= 4!  " ]"
"  "
" $E
F ,yE

d
9
$3Y  
P ^

]o
"

$3Y
P 4!)
" ,(*89:
;
" ,g'

@ @aa@bc@a@bc

(Hoexter 1998, >U


/Y   "[ #&$+ 2*89:
;
K
[ xS$*

=A  "
= ,#[*
P ,
 ~r x 28
j
*& N

@S U" ]481)
#&$'
^8
N& t"$!'
=" ]
KU^! 3 "& y'3 r!8'

" *89:

=  !
W3 = \ &
P N 43 ,#
 !o" W c* frS * : ^

,8
$+8
" ,#
z 2*$ N& ^5 = #&$'
x*A8
2 8
4 

](Fay 1997, 41) 


$r8
"

>8 = ,
8.! ik
'
"
c* K

=  !
K U"

c* 3 ,K

z  K$S"" ]#
" y'
KU^* 4y/  ,Kr.A

92

,*89
| )V3 >U
) 
,%!
 "
 )8 m
P
B
P

%& =" ]N'


4y/  K K^*S 
x >" , [B8U
" ,"
= !
N$r
^r
 )g" S  
c* x $9& 28
z K

z

!
$5
"& /[  tU"
K
$ " Ks/ 
" ,(Agmon 1998)
* =%
N$r
A  r/
K^ !
" ,(Deguilhem 2003)%!

* =%
N$r
 +'
#
 
"[" ,(Establet and Pascual 2002)

* =%
N$r
 V 3   [B8U:
" *89:

;o"&" ,(Fay 1997)

23
!
2S /[   
# !
K*

" ,(Gerber

1980)

* 8
N$r
 %!
dg  =SU"&" 
" ,(Humphrey 1994)
](Zeevi 1995)* 3
N$r
 r
" ,(Meriwether 1997)

P
S[
=$A Ky.L  !8 X


,\ &
P ,tU" 
/Y  2 U"

F3 K L& U" ]0


F c* )E
" 
$+8
" ,=^ *
$r8
c* )E
vY

 *" BuL KU^* c* m/  +8! x +E


r.A
N& vY (Pierce 1993)

Ky./
4y/  +

"[&
,
 g c* ,
" 9$
S d! ,#r!  &"
P
tU"& 8%& =" ,.A
 * 3
" * [
W$r
^5 *89:

.!/
*A'
=* n$X 2l 
[ x8.0& z k ]r
 nNA 2yV5l

; 
`
$
2Au8 S tU"
& Ottoman public kitchen (2005) %!

,*89
"& ,g" S
"[ 
" >rl U >U
/Y +* N& K& g

n\ &
P +m "& BuL B c* iA 3 " , "& , [B8U
"&

L % % g 
[ xo"& z k ](Singer 2005, 481)
tU"
3  =!8 = %!
+E
r.A
 N& (Thys-enocak2006)

]* K*" )V3

93

/Y 
" S
"
c* ~U
K3[
K)V c* K
[ 28
KLr
K

 " =y8 c* ) tU"


/_ NX = 
NY 4U 
F%"
]tU"

$ 3 i$ " ]8 * "& "


c* #$A z k" ,
F =* L 45[ = =

43 ,^8:
"& # [B'
= frS + =y J ,^ )U3 ,#&$'
N& (Baer 1983)

>U" N  #[*"


]^
z #
[Y  rg c* S" g 0& ! $3 8+8"
P
= 
N& x8.0& % E
K

N& 3 ,frS K $%
" .u
 vY d ^

,*89:
" ,
t"$<
>8 4  tU"
=)U = Kr.A
4
^8
=!A8
,A8'
r.A
K^ * = ,)g" S S ]Sr%
" , [B8U:
"
* /_ * 8
N$r
$5
"& L ik
i[B8U:
[:

3 3 : [
2*& y =." 2*89:

 =& r
 x ,tU"
=

 $<
S
"
c* K

z $ N rS ,$
N  &P ](Agmon 1998)
]tU"
/_

* F.!8
>U
Ks/ x*A8

 #.'
S
"

" $<  & c*
P
= =&" ,*"   K
g = x 
N& , 4y3 ,g^S ,: ~& g

P
,83  ., .

C
P #&$'
=y S ](*89
" ,?[B8U
" ,(  [9" K.gV

N& x*A8
 , U
" N
F
" UV
" , '
9 &  $8 x 43
P
yS ]K. 
) = x!XS ,tU"
K/& *  
C
P ) = 4!
*89:
" '
#E
 S%y3  / #&$'
x ,(Gerber 1980, 233) $3$9 F/

x z k ]* 3
N$r
 V . 
#E
 + U
 x8g
" , +

,
N& vY dk N&  " ]98g
z k" ,/"  '3 ~ 2*" c* 

S
"
 
85
=y+ : ,)8 . tU"
N/& , '
 Km
 =)V3
P
>U 
/Y & | N&  [" ]g

* F.!8
8 J "&  U 28

tU"
z 8.! ik
"
c* $ N&" , '
 '
 s'
=*
F.!
)V3
P

 xU 28
j
*& N& c* 8
[ z k ]8V" 8V"  '
3 

P
*89

W/+'
V5
,m
"  '
c* $E
=*  *& & c* 8 } =y+
P

\*& c* $E
r3 3$
c* $E
=*  *
z x rS ]S "
P

,frS *89:
=y.L c*
Br
N =V$g N& =< N& Ae
=" ,#

94

KB $g" K:s Km


 =)V3 ,
:| x rS ] K*
=)V3
,.!
S =+3 , '
 *89

/+'
" #Br'
K*
W*$ ,&"  '
c*
P

P \S ,
$r)
"
K
E
" 43 ,~8
" 4

 * " ,K
Fr) '
FS =* ^
P
]r
m" ,fAr
" ,^y
" , A
V5

    5  x% +'


2%!
>U
> " igY N3  $U& 

P

x / rS ])
z8 u

S
P #&$+ `) N& * W!8S ,* "

8:3 !/
 ! v8 3" ,!
Kg'
4y/  ,^& >U3 ,9$
"
<" , `$
  2! >U
/Y N& z C" ](Hoexter 2002, 121)  +

r0" ) )U


$ $ 0 ,r
  '
" r
.
9" ,S t8
" 
[Y

4 ]S t8
" 
[Y )" >U
/Y = `$
c* p 28
[
+3 ,>U

t
$m
4  `")8
c* # U" , 3 : Sr0" *89
K
 dA8 z C

,\ &
P 
K* U" ]#
[_
" ,.
4   BuL #j5 \ &
P dA8  ;!'


$g \ &
P 
 = k
" ,>U
i$  K)V > $!  ,tU"& = /& 3

,^5_
4% 4 \)
!3 c* $ K)B
z x  #[*"
;& 4y/3
P
!" ,# '
" ,

" ,S<
" , 
" , s'3 g_
" ,! 3 

"

"[
P 
x.! 28
" ,'
4 \)
S i$ N& =y+ !+8 Be
z ]KU^!

] *$ 3 !" r5  


P

@ @c@l@pbyb@bi@pba
K| & c* \
,
#E
=*
$5|
K V 28
,K

xr &
P

](Faroqhi 2000; Humphrey 1994) %!


N'
Sr0" K
[$) V  j

S  V5 & ,1922 28g" 1453 k %!


 "
+V* )V3 ,.A:"

95

P . & {8) SU"& 


[ N& =* ^
P \S ,
#E
"  E
Sr%

# 9 ^

$u
Wm
+ N  & vY dk =" ]m
'
" N'
W3 U^!
t/y8:

F.! %!
.A
 , N rS , +  [B8U:
" *89:
Ns/
 f/
[
N$r
>B8 .S ]tU"
=  !
/Y ^5 = , '
 
=*

Faroqhi ) 
= K)U
 .A
 +
P X'
tU"
= %37 x *

P . 128 N& = !


N$r
K0^0  x $9& 
[ x8.0& z k ](2000, 118
= ^

P
P . 491 W3
Kr.A
>8 =  8)U"& SU"&
x ,.A
 x+U& ^

]K = 
9& )V3 xs/& tU"
z = F%" ](Can 1999, 28) *89:


#E
4y/  +<'
Kg'
z 3 Ky 8'


2/"

.U
$ c* ,Km
 =)V3 ,
$g i+3 z k" ,.A
  E

J = k
" W E
,=m
+3 =83 
NY ]S W98'
" =8  K98g

x!9 U" ]W/+'


" WBr'
 %8:3" 43 ,N'
.3 frS =+r J ,!3
" 
]=.  g V& = )8'
= x!9" K.
" j
*& =


x.V& > >U
" #&$'
=* (Baer 1983) +'
$ 3 
[ xo"&

N 3  >U" r0" 500  = * c* 8


[  n$ 3l +8*
U" ]*S K
"C

  [B8U:
;o"
c* S  " ,(Barkan and Ayverdi 1970) i[$) &"

]!3 P
[ ! ik
%!
#&$+ ~*'
"
i" ,^& K.gV =)V3

x .A
 * [
N$r
 
/& 28
tU"
N& n$ 3l x.0& U"
N  Ks/'

x" , g ^& c* 4+8/" ,#FV x : 8


K 3 8

Ks/ N& g: U" ]z C !3 9$


/ U" ,"
~r'
 =)3 tU"

x.0& y " ]
[Y" /& 28
tU"
B .
tU"

P so . =BB q

]!
`
$
c* 9$
)U"&  j& [
 =)U"& , 8
K
)
 ,
N& \ &
P

,frS >U  [B8U:


d

c* .B
$ N rS ,n$ 3l  & "
P
j
*& d! ) =* .P  K

x" ] Sr%
" *89:
d

^+

0 dk " ]  s = !3


" =\8
r vY 
$
.
*& "

 tU" +E
r.A
 /Y N& vY (Thys- enocak 1998, 2006) L

96

c* ,* 3
N$r
" * [
N$r
$5
"&  = +   "& {.V& .A

]K :
 .
c* S 
N 28
" .
K
)
t^5

z x" ] & x 28


#F/
Ky
=  !
.A
 xs/&

rS ]=)3 


8)U"& $5
" ,
"
"& 3
/& >V :W)V c* Ky

4 /Ul ,
" 3 {S  nNA 4 /Ul  %'
4. c* ,%
+, /&

& 

[y"&  n#
" 2 l  n %
&l ~U& z k ]1919  nNA
 
P
"[
P n#
" 2 l  x.! U" ]1710 " 1708 2* W3 nNA  9l

Wm
'
/! t"$ W [
& * n %
&l  ~U 28
g^V_
$E

,
/& 28
Ky
c* $ t & c* ] '
K X3 r :
z k"

]= 3 xs/& 28


z NL = 4r z C  Ny N& N"[

2yV5l  3 = N" ].A


 +'
Ky
=  !

KL

k)" ++B v" ,1550" 1538 2* W3 4g


$ #* c* x+U& 28
n~$5

,
X
x+o g ,K
g" #* c* x+8L
U" ]nNl ,F/
2%!
i !'

P
P
~ .3 n~$5 2yV5l K$& z k ] 2)/8" ,P.!L !A"
, "
P

# .* ~E
N U" ]y3m U = $r 3 ,?
@U 2g  
" 9$ ,"[

~E
4yL U" ] $5
" 9$ g& S
$'
= = $<8 Wr3A8 = 9 =*

Ke
= 5 = $S" 3 ,rA'
z  y
S%y
v* 2g +
k "['

5 i$5
K/'
=  !
.3 n2yV5l K$& z k ] '
 

P \S ;y" , [&" ,#$r&" ,r


 ,.A

K
Fr)
c* #F. . = 8)U"& * ^

2^
r3 t^5 c*" ,&  SU"&  '
d
N& c* ].!
" XE
"

N'
 K/'
=  !
x)U"& ,o
 +U_
V
!
c* =*& K8U

vY (Pierce 2000) F3 dk " ](Pierce 2000: 58)  "


9 &  i$5
+'

97

K.
* + g .A
= x!9 28
2 n~$5 2yV5l tU"& N&

2yV5l tU"& N& vY = dk ,\ &


P (Pierce 2000, 60) F3 dC " ]'

]n#&$'3 ~8:
*& = 4+*l & c* 8 } =y+ n~$5

" ].A
 W8 .3 K$S ,
" 2A5 c* nNA $l K  U"

3" "
"  


mr * ,
[y"& 2g  r" ,1538  :"& 3
3:
k" ~
z *& 2/" ]  [& 2g  xyS %
& ] m
j

[$ : / = 4!9  " ,Wm


+ Sr%
"  ['
Ke
FS 3 *3
P >U
~
u8
) c* 4 [" 43 ,%!
# ! + C
= 2*$
y r
](Hoexter 2002) '
 
^5

n#
" z*l  ,1583  , %
[
$ NA
#
" ,n3 l K/& z k

,3
 &  ,xyS ,(Kuran 1984)
[y"& 2g  ,\ &
P .A

P
{S 28 4% z C  % ,+  EB' 5"  '
K98g: 3X8

 +" NA8
/ X/8 t x g ,(X

U  F85
U" ]  3"

 
y

$
rA'
x.V& , /Y !3" ] g "
[y"&
P
P  "
P
P

!A" ,  " , + e


S
$'
=  !
y
z K$S" U" ].A

* *
,1856  ,#$58 #S " ]
$r) 2.!L
P 2)/8 y
xu8

4% K 8U 28


5" tU"
S
$ K$S" r ] '

F y
K8

FS ^5 = =y " ,frS  [B8U:


g
=  ,Wm
+ *[
P ,n#
" z*l

K 
\ &
P x*  ;K.8y'
" ,9'
" ,!
KE
 2*89:
4*)8 V$S
P
P \S ](Kuran 1996) '
K) $!8
"

$ c* n#
" z*l x<Sg rS ,z C =* ^

]nL3 2)AB #$Ul 9 3 K[*& * z C" , s m
 )V3 , '

iU !/

\g
K%!

 xU 28
j
!S&  i$ N& A8
P

#
" J* ~3l tU"& ,%'
4. c* , [ S ]'
K.9
 3 gY"
 '3
P

 '
 \8 ) B > i$ t ,X'
.* NA
#
" nNA
,.A
g S
$'
=  !
>U" / N& ,
$% ,x*A8
rS ]m
"

98

,1840 L3 U  28


z 4% ,.A
 .
=  !
xU& g

 g 5 FS 2! .


UY x ]1841 i$)" ,1843 23y3m"

28
S
$'
" Ke
x rS ](Can 1999) KE
 E
x  
P ,(

2E
 Ny
+ i    + 4
* ,KE
" .
4% ,>U
$S


F.

"[
P nNA #
" J* ~3l x.! r ](Faroqhi 2000)  '
 9
"
P

2)/8 x)U"& g ;S
$ = L 3 .A
g& =  ! iE
+

K/&  ,
P B
Ke
S Nr8 .A
m
 N 28
1845 3$

k8 P:% Ny  83


" 3
E3 X'
.* NA
~U" 1850 #

 


4+ x.V& g ,N
28g 4+!  '
k 
 :" ] '
 N"$5

 U$ #&$
nNA #
" J* ~3l xo& r ] %
o& "&   

m
 c* $g = 3 K$8L
" ,~8
" 
$r) K5 = 8U 3 .A

\ &
P nJ* ~3l xV$g ,nNA #
" z*l x!S " ]
g  K"

 ,L3 2)AB #$U X 3 K[*S , '


 q 8
K/'
c* )E
c*
]?+ Y  F/
m:9 @9 .3 K$&

 x ,
[y"& 2g nNA #
" z*l tU"& >8 xyL Wg "

'A " ]A, z k" ,g vY g =  Y 2g x 3 28


2 nNA #
" L$l
xS$* U" ]g " .A
 
#E
4y/  
P
"[
P 2E

k d!

.8 8 /3 K$S ,Sr%


"  
8& 2E

k nNA #
" L$l
P

3X8
,
X"
,.8y"
,.!L
!A
x+o 28
" ,rA'
z8 #
8'
K98g:

P
P
P
Ke
=+o = .8y'
x" ]!

+
P
P / N ik
2E
K98g: !H
P

P X 38
 x ,S ^
P 540 c* i8 x g ,y
8U 28
)%y

.8y'
z K 8+3  g
P 
.8y'
)8" ]W [* Wm
 = K.

99


 CY ;L$ y +'

9
= 2.!/
!A'
N z k ](Gltekin 1994)
!A'

k N& " ].A
Ny = =m
 1500 = $% ~!A
~
28g ~r

]d8 " ,
[y"&" ,L3 3" ,N% 4+/ i$5& g& ~q S , Y  r

K5" Kg 5  '


 "[" K|'
z 
$+8
 | N& ["

xV$g 28
+<'

$+8:
z ~r'

k  <g^'3 $ 
= ].A
 

$  z k3 8 N"$U m ,.!/


*A'
4% ,+ *89
K5 *

] '
  '
Sr%
" 2*89:
=\8

k  Y 2g 2S P
"[
P ,3
 &  ,NCY L$  x.!

z < +S ]( 2 " i+ Y 2g c* ) $


r N& A8 ] /Y

P i+ Y 2g 2o& g'

z k" ,.A
 + *89
"  [B8U
" Sr0 .U

2S =
f/& g& ,g'
z =+o /& ik
,?'

.
{.V&

)V 8& CY ;W 


9"P
8U" y
z K)8
U" ] g $%&" .A

P
,NA #
"  N   c* 1663  :Y 4+8y J" ,1597  NA #
"

tU" Ks/'

4 W3 
8
"
9
W3 \
S i$ N& =y+  "
P
P

](Bates 1993; Thys-enocak 1998)

A8 y " ,.u


=  2 Y N
28g [ "& 28
%
4 NY r U

=" ]\ &


P i$5& *89
Kr.m =  8)U"& .A
 tU"& [9" g^ N&

P % z C
,W [!
W%!
 *$
g& , 3
,N5  >U" r0" * xB  ,^

,
[y"&  !U

2.L 2)AB   k^ N& = ,1587  X'
"
vY So_3" ] 
[*
= * 4  # 9 3^ c* ,)U
d9+3 ,NB
P
K
Fr)
V5
,= !'
" 
$r { X& 1000 \ & x)U"& ,k^8
c* 8)U"& 

d 2*"
,K%!
 *$
igY K/& z k ](Ayanolu 1963) 4

"

"& nN5 28l   x" ]!o


8 [
+3  Y   "
X
,N5
P

   nN5 ~) 9l x)U"& z k ].A


 %* #&$
+r  

& = N" ] S    nN[U  +U&l x)U"& 1768  " ]
[y"&

X
>U

k o U" ]nN5 y v
$S i l >U" .A
 tU"

100

P ."
E

k c* $+8
" ,~
 K
$ . 
$r) ~!A
~r X'

k N" ]^

  x ]1965  y8 c*  +


yE
x 8
28g ,N"$U !3 & 
P \S , U "&  $0 $
"[ vY W+8 = 
z N& x.%  [&
,N5 =r & N& =* ^

= =y J =& , [!
*89:
r.A
K3 = = =& vY F/ 3
,~5

]E
!.A3 K
Fr)

3" ,KU$A
.! S 3 ,!
L
 
P ,j
*& x.! U"
P
"[
P ,\ &

g ,$mr
3 = 
!3 3 xU  z C =" ]'
  <" , 

23" "
d
c* ,1732  i3  $mU 3 nNA #
" EVl xrm&
]3" ,m:9" ,NSm e $mU 3 nL $l x  1788 " ] ).
=

$X" (Pierce 2000) F3" (Hoexter 1998) y  xo"& r


[ vY
[8
"
]%!
N'
 
/& 28
tU"
& (Singer 2005)
P
 Kr.A
>8 = ,
N& vY dk N& A8 ,SU"&" Ky
S
$ >8

3  g "[  N 28


Ke
" S
$'
=)U"& K)U
" Wo& ,%!
 "

tU"
K/ 
N& x.% N& ,r'

k  , "g r ]m
'
" 2 '
=\8

 ! = y+  " ]


$u:
" rE
2! 28
, '
 
4y/  =

c* ,
tU"& K3[& K r ]m
'
*&" j
*& W3 U^! 3 r!8'
8Xg

,
$%
" ,*89:
y'
W3" 3 xA3 " ,# ! =8 * c* ,Be
9"
 xU 28
j
*&  N rS ,8.0& " ,=y " ;K:E
<!  = 
z k"

2! )V3 ! N& d  " , m N"$r K8


,\ &


P , '
Sr%  *

8 S K%!

i N r ]r8'
"& ,Ve
"& , [$)
 V

= +*&

,.r'
~
 W[r
" = !'
=m
" = c* $g"
; '
= s'

] =+U 28
*
" ,$ 28
K)U
z C c* / 

101

@ @a
x 3 ,nWU
 *$
=l )V3 ,%!
#&$+ +'
# B
2/

K
'
=   , <
=* x.Xg"
,9" XE
2A U"  B  ,.

%!
 '
# V 2/ z k ](Yeenolu 1998) dB i& K
r
"& !

P BS )V3 ,+'

K|'
"  '
 
vY $r8) 3 ,nU
 '
l = ^

,=\8 3 2/ . )V3 ,>U


N& c* ](Weber 1978, 1223-4, 1233) *

" ]W B
8 2) 8V" tU"
/Y  
8.! ik
f/
"
"

>U  $<
S
"

"  vY  
 {8 ,tU"
" #&$'
=*   #$%

,tU"
N& K.0_ 2! N& # *
$
#&$'
"[  z3/8  #[*
P 28
"
P
x*A8
K| x.V& ,Ky xs/& 28
z V5
,j
*& = )V3
)8 9"& =* j! N&" , '
 
= $5
" )  2*$ N& ^5 = #&$'

,)U"& 28
tU"
2/" ] N/! ="  '
2m
 = )V3 =\8

=.B N& c* 


=!3 ,K)U" U

F.!
)V3 z k" $3 *& )V3
P
P

=rr8 N&  =8. =*


F.!
P )V3 !S
" K)U
z @S U" ] s K
"C
3 ) ik

c* ,Km
 = 
N& 2! : z C =y " ]Km
 =)V3
z C 2)S ]% E
 '
3 r8 ik

c* K  = =& :" ;% E
m
'

P
 :Y ,m

K '
!3 = j8! F z k3 " & 2!+3 ,y*
8

N& c* # [U x %!


#&$'
NY  r3 2! y " ]#$r8'
3$
F !'
 xr

P
,)8 m

*& & c* j
*& F) y_ S/y8

m
 )V3 t8

+ U ik
2!'
c* \
2r N& =y+ t^85:

k N NY S Fy)8
v8 3"
]#!'
K!+8X'
  '
 
" % E
m
'

@ @
!9 ,ijy
K
F. 3 %!
4+!
L "  r'

k = ~U& u r 

8yS" N& 9FS vY $y/ 3 98 N& [" ]2006  1917 8 

102

= k
4+!
L "  W /'
\ &
P $y/ N&" ,L 
z vY * /38"&

=* $!" ]r'
c* + K 5[Y = 8y  ," r+* s&
g$m

L " !3 !9


$ u rU

$U c* n9"& 2y & l , \ &
P ,8

0^0 U 28
Kr!8
x z k ]
F%
P  )8
28
+'
r!8 " ,4+!

 +g Kr! ,x$9 W3" $'


" , . 3 
2! F ,W+y,
]Kgr'
z c* NS$! 3 =  =" ,8Xg c* U
=  '
)oY

@ @Z@uaa
Agmon, Iris. 1998. Women, class, and gender: Muslim Jaffa and Haifa at the turn of the
20th century. International Journal of Middle East 30, no. 4: 477500.
Agmon, Iris. 2004. Womens history and Ottoman Sharia court records: Shifting
perspectives in social history. Hawwa 2: 172209.
Akgunduz, Ahmet. 1996. Islam hukukunda ve Osmanli tatbikatinda vakif miiessesesi
[The institution of Waqf in Islamic law and Ottoman practice]. Istanbul:
Osmanl Arastrmalar Merkezi.
Ates, Ibrahim. 1982. Hayri ve sosyal hizmetler acisindan vakiflar [The institution of
Waqf from the perspective of social services]. Vakflar Dergisi 15: 5588.
. 1987. Kanuni Sultan Suleymann su vakfiyesi [The water waqf of Suleiman the
Lawgiver]. Ankara: Kultu r ve Turizm Bakanlg Yaynlar.
Ayanoglu, Fazl. 1963. Vakf yapan Turk kadnlar [Turkish women as pious endowers].
Istanbul Universitesi Hukuk Faku ltesi Mecmuas 29, nos. 12: 39.
Baer, Gabriel. 1983. Women and waqf: An analysis of the Istanbul tahrir of 1546. Asian
and African Studies 17: 927.
. 1997. The waqf as a prop for the social system: Sixteenth-twentieth centuries.
Islamic Law and Society 4, no. 3: 26497.
Gender, Place and Culture 529
Barkan, O mer Lutfi. 1942. Osmanl imparatorlugunda bir iskan ve kolonizasyon metodu
olarak vakiflar ve temlikler 1: Istila devirlerinin kolonizator Turk
dervisleri ve zaviyeler [Awqaf and trust as methods of colonization and
settlement in Ottoman empire]. Vakflar Dergisi 2: 279304.

103

Barkan, O mer Lutfi, and Ekrem Hakk Ayverdi. 1970. Istanbul vakiflari tahrir defteri:
953 (1546) tarihli [An analysis of the Istanbul awqaf registers (1546)].
Istanbul: Baha Matbaas.

Bates,U lku . 1978. Women as patrons of architecture in Turkey. In Women in the


Muslim world, ed. L. Beck and N. Keddie. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
. 1993. The architectural patronage of Ottoman women. Asian Art 2: 5165.
Berki, Ali Himmet. 1946. Vakflar [awqaf]. Istanbul: Aydnlk Basmevi.
Can, Sevim. 1999. Osmanl devletinde vakif kuran kadinlar [Women as waqf founders in
Ottoman state]. Kadn ve Aile 108. Also available at
http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/turkish/DIYANET/ara99/kadin.htm.
C izakca, Murat. 1995. Cash waqfs of Bursa, 15551823. Journal of Economic and Social
History of the Orient 38, no. 3: 31354.
. 2000. A history of philanthropic foundations: The Islamic world from the seventh
century to the present. Istanbul: Bogazici University Press.
Deguilhem, Randi. 2003. Gender blindless and societal influence in late Ottoman
Damascus: Women as the creators and managers of endowments. Hawwa
1, no. 3: 32950.
Ergin, Osman. 1936. Turkiyede sehirciligin tarih-i inkisafi [Historical evolution of
Turkish urbanism]. Istanbul: Cumhuriyet Matbaas.
. 1944. Turk imar tarihinde vakiflar, belediyeler, patrikhaneler [Awqaf,
municipalities and patriarchates in the history of Turkish public facilities].
Istanbul: Turkiye Basmevi.
Establet, Colette, and Jean Paul Pascual. 2002. Women in Damascene families around
1700. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 45: 301
19.
Faroqhi, Suraiya. 2000. Subjects of the sultan: Culture and daily life in the Ottoman empire.
London: I.B. Tauris.
Fay, Mary Ann. 1997. Women and waqf: Toward a reconsideration of womens place in
the Mamluk household. International Journal of Middle East 29, no. 1:
3351.
Gerber, Haim. 1980. Social and economic position of women in an Ottoman city, Bursa,
16001700. International Journal of Middle East 12, no. 3: 23144.
. 1983. The waqf institution in early Ottoman Edirne. Asian and African Studies 17:
2945.
Gil, Moshe. 1998. The earliest waqf foundations. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 57: 125
40.
Goodwin, Godfrey. 1987. A history of Ottoman architecture. New York: Thames and
Hudson.
Gultekin, Gulbin. 1994. Mihrisah Valide Sultan Kulliyesi [Kulliye of Mihrisah Valide
Sultan]. Istanbul Ansiklopedisi 5: 45961.

104

Hennigan, Peter C. 2004. The birth of a legal institution: The formation of the waqf in
third-century
A.H. Hanafi legal discourse. Leiden: Brill.
Hoexter, Miriam. 1998. Waqf studies in the twentieth century: The state of the art. Journal
of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 41, no. 4: 47494.
. 2002. The waqf and the public sphere. In The public sphere in Muslim societies,
ed. M. Hoexter, S.N. Eisenstadt, and N. Levtzion, 11938. Albany: State
University of New York Press.
Humphrey, Stephen S. 1994. Women as patrons of religious architecture in Ayyubid
Damascus. Muqarnas 11: 3554.
Inalcik, Halil. 1973. The Ottoman empire: The classical age, 13001600. Praeger History
of Civilization. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Inalcik, Halil, et al., eds. 1994. An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire,
13001914.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Isin, Engin F. 2002a. Being political: Genealogies of citizenship. Minneapolis: University
of Minnesota Press.
. 2002b. Citizenship after orientalism. In Handbook of Citizenship Studies, ed. E.F.
Isin and B.S. Turner, 11728. London: Sage.
. 2005. Citizenship after orientalism: Ottoman citizenship. In Citizenship in a
globalizing world:
European questions and Turkish experiences, ed. F. Keyman and A. Icduygu, 3151.
London: Routledge.
Isin, Engin F., and Alexandre Lefebvre. 2005. The gift of law: Greek euergetism and
Ottoman waqf. European Journal of Social Theory 8, no. 1: 523.
Keyman, Emin Fuat, and Ahmet Icduygu. 2005. Citizenship in a global world: European
questions and Turkish experiences. London: Routledge. 530 E. Isin and E.
U stundag
Koprulu , Fuad. 1938. Vakf muessesesi ve vakif vesikalarinin tarihi ehemmiyeti [The
institution of waqf and the historical significance of waqf deeds]. Vakflar
Umum Mudurlugu Nesriyat 1: 16.
. 1942. Vakf muessesesinin hukuki mahiyeti ve tarihi tekamulu [The legal
character and the historical evolution of the institution of waqf ]. Vakflar
Dergisi 2: 135.
Kuban, Dogan. 1994. Istanbul: Bir kent tarihi [Istanbul: A history of the city]. Istanbul:
Tarih Vakf.

105

Kuran, Aptullah. 1984. U skudar Atik Valide Kulliyesinin yerlesme duzeni ve yapim
tarihi U zerine [On the history of the construction and layout of Atik

Valide Kulliye in U skudar]. In Suut Kemal Yetkine Armagan.


Ankara: Hacettepe U niversitesi.
. 1996. A spatial study of three Ottoman capitals: Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul. Muqarnas
13: 11431.
Mahmood, Saba. 2005. Politics of piety: The Islamic revival and the feminist subject.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Meriwether, Margaret. 1997. Women and waqf revisited: The case of Aleppo, 17701840.
In Women in the Ottoman empire: Middle Eastern women in early
modern era, ed. M. Zilfi, 128152. London: Brill.
zbek, Nadir. 2005. Philantrophic activity, Ottoman patriotism, and the Hamidian regime.
International Journal of Middle East Studies 37, no. 1: 5981.
zer, Filiz. 1987. The complexes built by Sinan. Journal of the Islamic Environmental
Design Research Centre 12: 198205.
zkocak, Selma Akyazc. 1999. The reasons for building: The cases of Rustem Pasa and
Yeni Valide
Mosques. In Essays in honour of Aptullah Kuran, ed. C . Kafescioglu and L. ThysSenocak, 26576. Istanbul: Yap Kredi Yaynlar.
zturk, Nazif. 1995a. Elmall M. Hamdi Yazr gozuyle vakiflar [Awqaf according to
Elmall M. Hamdi Yazr]. Ankara: Turkiye Diyanet Vakf.
. 1995b. Turk yenilesme tarihi cercevesinde vakif muessesesi [The institution of
waqf within the context of Turkish modernization]. Ankara: Turkiye
Diyanet Vakf.
. 2003. Aznlk Vakflar [Minority awqaf ]. Ankara: Altnkure.
Peri, Oded. 1992. Waqf and Ottoman welfare policy: The poor kitchen of Hasseki Sultan in
eighteenthcentury Jerusalem. Journal of the Economic and Social History
of the Orient 35: 16786.
Pierce, Leslie P. 1993. The imperial harem: Women and sovereignty in the Ottoman
empire. Oxford: Oxford Unversty Press.
. 2000. Gender and sexual propriety in Ottoman royal womens patronage. In
Women, patronage, and self-representation in Islamic societies, ed. D.
Fairchild Ruggles. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Powers, David S. 1999. The Islamic family endowment (waqf ). Vanderbilt Journal of
Transnational Law 32: 116790.
Powers, David S., and Alisa-Rubin Peled. 1989. Orientalism, colonialism, and legal history:
The attack on Muslim family endowments in Algeria and India.
Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 3: 53571.
Singer, Amy. 2000. A note on land and identity: From zeamet to waqf. In New
perspectives on property and land in the Middle East, ed. R. Owen and
M.P. Bunton, 16173. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

106

. 2002. Constructing Ottoman beneficence: An imperial soup kitchen in Jerusalem.


SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany: State University of New
York Press.
. 2005. Serving up charity: The Ottoman public kitchen. Journal of Interdisciplinary
History 35, no. 3: 481500.
Springborg, Patricia. 1987. The contractual state: Reflections on orientalism and despotism.
History of Political Thought 8, no. 3: 395433.
. 1992. Western republicanism and the Oriental prince. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Thys-Senocak, Lucienne. 2006. Ottoman women builders: The architectural patronage of
Hadice Turhan Sultan. Women and gender in the early modern world.
Burlington: VT, Ashgate.
. 1998. The Yeni Valide mosque complex at Eminonu . Muqarnas 15: 5870.
Unan, Fahri. 2003. Kurulusundan Gunumuze Fatih Kulliyesi [Fatih Kulliye from its
origins to the present]. Ankara: Turk Tarih Vakf.
van Leeuwen, Richard. 1999. Waqfs and urban structures: The case of Ottoman Damascus.
Studies in Islamic Law and Society vol. 11. Leiden: Brill.
Weber, Max. 1978 [1921]. Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology, ed.
G. Roth and C. Wittich. Trans. G. Roth and C. Wittich. 2 vols. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Yediyldz, Bahaeddin. 2003. Onsekizinci Yuzylda Turkiyede Vakf Muessesesi: Bir
Sosyal Tarih Incelemesi [The institution of waqf in 18th century Turkey:
A social history]. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu.
Yegenoglu, Meyda. 1998. Colonial fantasies: Towards a feminist reading of orientalism.
Cultural Social Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yerasimos, Stephane. 2005. Constantinople: Istanbuls historical heritage. Paris:
Konemann.
Yuksel, Hasan. 1998. Osmanl sosyal ve ekonomik hayatinda vakiflarin rolu (15851683)
[The role of awqaf in Ottoman social and economic life]. Sivas: Dilek
Matbaas.
Zeevi, Dror. 1995. Women in the 17th-century Jerusalem: Western and indigenous
perspectives. International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 2: 157
73.
. 1998. The use of Ottoman Sharia court records as a source for Middle Eastern
social history: A reappraisal. Islamic Law and Society 5, no. 1: 3556.

107

@ @Z@ba@ca
@ @a@bna@@ca@

{1 ' : 


#&$'
K
[ !H =* # [V n# \E
" #&$'
l 3  $<  ~
`$!

  vY SoY SBY" #&$'


U
" ^VY vY tl   +< 2" ,# \E
"

45
 = 2& 45 #&$'
N& &. !+
2.8 g ;(*89:
.
" #

 BBu8 #l & vY X'


t^ F/  ]n+8
" 2*89:
^V_
" F8

vY 3$!
 3 )V 196 = X'
= [!

k Ny8 ]n+'
#&$'
K
[

,
k ] X_
 3 X'
 9  !. KBu =* # .* K)V x d9

,%.

"
= *+ 2^_
8
 #&$'
#F g " ik
[!
\ "
Pr 0" 33
,#$ 8 # "
P z k o" nK3
U
l N
!3 33"
P ,[!
> c* .r!"
P

,K !S 0 K!38  ,d8 `"$* =* # .* e


.
]n

=l N
!3

i& ,X+ v"


0^%

3
c*
k o$*  $ t ][& =
F5&"
P
. 3 r!8'
K3
U:
c*" ,* dr! = 9 " Lr
rE
" ,.

]F
 2q 8

g "
r'
] 8
A
 3 "8 t %3
"&  

)B3 W+'
* 9

" F
& > $!83 &. n(^_
8
 #&$'
#Fl

$<"
](^_
8
 rg Kk5& & | g 
#F vY 4r8 0 *
P
][!
K:r  9  & B853 `$! S ,[!
# $, 2 r'

k . N
]2001 ]2%
[!
]+'
#&$'
K
[  BBu8 # :# \E
" #&$'

108

n~^_
V  #&$+ 
#F
 8
Ar :
!3l r "8

~^_
4.U x.! #&$'
N& vY %g.
dk CY ;~^_
!3" 4.U  2
"

*)
"& 4!) $'
#&$'
& ]*S "&  !) "& ,4!) $, Y :
"[& 0^0 g&

9 * ]d!/


* =  !)'
#&$'
3 ,~r
* = xyS ,U Ng& 
  +'
 $
= v"
K

^5  i&  "
 !3" ,~^_

k
y " 2 
2!'
c* 8r : ik
,n%'
" !
l 2!+3 !.
&.  Y

N& vY .y
F/ ]^_
 "
"& 2
~< 3 ~
8 :
i& ; 2!

!.
k p   ]
!.3 t$*  & = K!.
=  *  = L
0 ,g8 3 !.
&.8S :    !.
 #[

[.
N& %g.
i$ ,#F5

~U ~* 3 !.


@) ik
N8.
" [:"
48U" ,2
" ,U@
d /

F)8
& ,ky
3 $5
!.
 Y F/ " ,[:"& F =9
" d3 

g *A
2 0 ;+y 

2!'3 0Y i& y
~* S %g.
8 ik

W3 #
"'
c*  & i$ ,
!. 
K:: 
$U * ]!.
N &
!. N
CY  . 0 !
dm c* =%g" ,
3 t
*:
" ,#&$'
" 49$

ik
Nr
" )
3%+3]]l x & X8S ,
.! ik
2
"
c* $0&

]n~^_
 #&$+ 2
" ;

%g.
i$ S" ,n& 23  c* K^5

K9 e
l N
!3 v8
.

z C 9$" ; 
 "
4  #)
k  +X g  . K$0 #&$'
N&
= k
W3 F. g vY  ".
Sr%
+ 2" , 
 "
= !3& q  V& vY

J 28
Sr%
2" ,(.
#S" !3 $%& +!  " ,v"
B* k ~^_

5[
g c* 
" 9$
c* .A r!
k ;!
#E
 Ny S #&$+ =y

 = L rS ,= L
$
)e
*  !

"[

x  ,z C  ;


109

c* A
~) 4y/ rS ,W 
* & ]#
[_
 4U& r3"
$r
*V
A
f3 " ,E
A5&" [
.8:
$ j8 85:
3 r
" j
: 8
!

vY  
A
= 8+ ++!   " !
= :3 *A
" jB
" ^83:3

$_
$m =*  \
& = 
x E
!.A3" ,+8X'
2U3 K 

r U 
N& .8^ xS^
= ]
c* ~_
 V"" ,i /
a+" ,>!
"
2.
K9" # 3  %83 2^_
8
 y8 #F #&$+ X 
[
P l

g& 2L^8" ." g 8 !Ar ". =F NS 


:| 28g =y ]]3"
Y" , k
B 8
N& i$ ik
i
F)8
S$ 2S ,z C " ]ni$5&

r8:
* 28
" "
~r'
 #3 A.$'
gl vY $< 9" = [!

c* B8U
" 
=* d8  # 
$< ,+*" ;ne
" ~!
= "
W3 $+8'

^3 H 2!+3 K^.


4%  0 [B vY ;9$
 N rS ,#F.y

g

K+8'
i& nK9 e
l 
"[ "8
F5&"
] B'

k f.$'
Br
4 
P

9 : & " ,NB!


c* Ko$+ *XL" +

"
P [& =.! rS ;
e
vY

 = L U =y N& 2rA'
= & $!/8 %g.
NS ,N/

k  o
" B
]\ &
P 8r

H =  =Y vY F/ g ,Kr)

g 2 % %
%.
U 

0^0 "8 K!'


 xr8
28
[B+ o$* ~r N& !3 ]r)
> "
= N 28
"  7 vY 2
$!
 K

$
49 "& "
4
:Kr)
= 9&

, 8
" ,8S_3 =+*  ,d
k+ W|'
+
K9 = =3

"& / S  10 vY 6 ~/


" +3 f.$'
2%
4
& ]* 3 =8L
"

,
" 2*89:
" 2+!
X'
 =+*" =r3 =rS g r) 3 #&$'
8L

]=) "" =r &" =BBu83 * 8  " ,!


+8 = & :
9
P ="

,r) 3 4+! +3 & K8


rS ,Kr)

5  3
$r
U^* x"

=r) J i
=8
=y " ,
z 9 4% !
=0
8 
x"

=yS ,+
. i & c* Kr)
Kk+8 z k ]dk'
85
  ^r8:

,+!
d8y
> 83 Ng
= F%  =+U" ,) xU
 K
C8&" K
k+

*89
> "   V$S = r)
N8
&  ;! .m
P = 4
= "

110

1311 Kr)
= %
4
" ] 8
d9 2 Y 8S_
" *


W)8S , [B'
= 
$C 2)8q g r) 3 
8L
X S& / 

]tU"
>U"" > 8 3

. vY F/ n(^_
8
 KSB8'
#Fl N
!3 r z C !3 (

:  c* i8 #[!8 ", g 



"" ,?$X
2%
N$r
 tB8

* K.%
= *
P %g.
K9" g ,2^_
8
j* SB8'
A :P:"&

 i$X
3
N$r
"& 2%
N$r
K38  z C N 
 SB8+ `$!8

C' .y
8 :0
P ;SB8'
Bu/ 
" *89:
" +!
[!3
4
vY "& W5 |'
4 vY z C [! 4S ,  SV
 vY 2^_
8
$r8S


= KSB8'
k^ .& N 4 8  ]KSB8'
:| k^ *r

P ?*89
" Sr0 .
  N"[ g U
#E
 r'
. :% 0
P
=!U
" =* 28
=!A8
=& X8S ,&"
,+ #&$ SB8+ *89:

P 9"
]8 [

pBr
2)S ;3$!
Fm
" .!/
pBr
 #&$'
#F "8 v8
.

NY" !

"[
P 
P
P d! ,N/
 * #&$'
o" X ,(q 8
4V
K
C  e

*  ,z C " ;K


F
"& Ky'
:| c*
)oY Fm
!3 x "g

!3  j z C = $
c*" ]3 =* *S[
P # 5 *3 U" #&$'
o

pBr
& ]9$ 3 =8!8
" =[$)+3 yE
& 
v 3!V Fm

k c* r3_
2 
S Ny g 49$ 3 #&$'
U^* c* $ 2S  e

k
N& #$yS pBr
k y!  ,=85" 
 #$yS $y8 z k ;U^!

 853 28 #&$'


#F NS pBr
k #[! =y "l ,9" C: ! !
"

4. c* rS "& '! J!



k   5 U $ A c* #&$'
4+! ^S ,9"
111

$C S 8 28
[B'
$%& = Fm
" pBr
Ny 3 & vY dk" ]n%'

 $< vA.
i k
2!'3 #&$'
N& <g^  *H "&  [$S r $A3 
 

 r "& )!\8 #&$


 e
pBr
 Ny 3 q 8
V
K
C Fm

3$!
Fm
W3 3/8
!3  N& g^  ]S
& r 49& = $y+ X

c* )E
9"" t
" 
" $y'
:4% )" #&$'
W3 f3$ 28
3$!
F"

] k!

,=)3 
2*" N > i& ,n r
23$!
2 
$!/
 49$
l

vY U 
k 2!   *89:
 r8
= =!U" ,9$ 3 =8U^!3 =*""

$!/
= +uo Bg [9" vY %g.
F/ dE
" 
$!L  2)S ]* 39_

z C " ;$5 = K9"8 = NY" 28g L! =.g 


=! g 2 

 N&   ;^*Y" dE


 E
 N"
 $!
N3 [r8*:
=  k

= K
$*/
" rrg dg  =/* 2^
K3$!
K
$*/
W3 #F. KS^85

)$ i%& 2*" "$3 vY F/" ]49$ " d =$< x)85
2^
i


K
$*/
W3 K9"  ]K 
K
$*/
i 9$
  " ) 3 [
8*
"

$!L K
$*/
x) & rS ,X
" 

* S & ;"
"& d.E
xX =

]E
[
[
49& = 9$
c* 3 8g^

 xA.
CY ,n =* $!
K yg  #&$'
$Cl =* S ,8
.
&

#F `$!8
>/y ]e3 U

K yE
 f85S ,? A& !.3 $!
=C 

$! 3  xA3 28
g$
V =* $!
N5 |'
)V"     

 $! nP:
5&l W '
4!9  " $9 # 3 " g 
$3Y  k

= Y d 28
pBr
z 
F.
P 48 Ky'
F X  ](.!/
~)'

P
g

 2
$+!
" S ,+ 
$+*" +!

"[&
=.! z k ]K
X_
=
F%
P
P
 } "&
B
z8 28
# !
.gV 4.U = 9"

[,

"[
P
P +!
P
P
P y! 8 l

]n!3

d
k >8u' <
.Ul N
!3 3 "8 ,
$
x3 d #F ^5 =

" >   vY 2! S ;d #


#F  0& ik
i '
~8:
n~^_

112

N0'
N5 |'
~u8
> 0 ;F !/
" *
" 
4& = N5 |'

J .!
 "
25 | NS ,"

| 3 !8 S ]"  [ t
 F
 & ;
= \
d.3 38  2.  d #
#F " c*
"&$X8

$%& N5 |'


N g F nd l #
K[!8
rS ,.!
 "
>!o

,~/
"   +'
 "
yg 0& o3 $3  " , "
A =
$
P

^_

 xo$! 28
.B
"  8
KX
x 3 & vY %g.
F/"
*  x & vY p" ][
" [+B $ d #
#F #[! !S
[

 8.A5" ^3$ !U


"  8 / x g ,W5 |'
d& * #F
k  830

"& i$5
!
!3 4  3 ,83%
!
= ~/
 8.A5" Sy

8
rS ,W0'
W5 |'3 !8 S & ]8 )m " [^ 4% , 83

"k
" 


P  ku8 ,d #
#F ;93 $!
!/
= N5 |'

P


P !9 K38y
z xS8
 ]g   , Ar ^3$ !U !H
P

, !3 # V  vY
!  #"U !9 4. " ,K!/

3 i8

] '
  0"
$! XE
= $) 4% ,g d
9 !3 4 dA 

4% 28
nE
#l +U 4!)8 #F
k > !/
[B'
xS8
z k

.!/
+8
L ~& x8g
rS , N*  & ]!/
))
 & #*U

"&  [
P x 2" ,
 g c* .u
" !
U  !S y 
P
P


= 4 
y
U 
 >/y ]j
" =  B 3 2 Y"  Y . 3

)V 4\)3 g


[ ik
~8:
i" d
k'
H = g x.8 28
K38y

]!. P
 "
,(g"$
~
B
" #+E

P
P

28
" nq 8
VBe
:+'
#&$'
#Fl N
!3 Lr
rE
vY 4r8

113

* = #F
o 1 :(  \r
=
[*
P xg$m )5 U " c* 3 Kr*
[8*:
c* K%g.
xr)
g ,5 93 +'
#&$'
" ,~* 93 8

P
i&  \! " t = "8 #g H
" #F
c* ^
Ny [y 4y/3

#&X'
F
frS 4B g ,
K*) #[$X'

g
+ #&$'
8 = "

 =y+ & vY rE


xV U" ;(*
" u/
W)'
W3 #F
2 ]=

,[g3 Ve
#F
, .
#F
 r8

u8
K: = r" #F
~)

cy
m_3 *
U^* V$3 A3  !3 Ks) *
#F
vY .!/
#F

q 8
[B'
U
B /U x " ;e
" rrE
Kg" #F
3 ]"

#* # 3 x U" ;* Ky'


" r'
"& ,S 2rrE
F" 2rrE
g"

pu/
#F g [B'
[!  ,(q 8
F.!8
U
B f.\3 V5 Kgr

* )8  4 # " 3 S ,#$y)


k  K%g.
igY x)85
S g


 $C 258 ik


|'
N& K
wE
igY K&  , [V N5 |'

4 ]=8'
U
B r ~& $A
{8) ik
 #F
=8 $C 4.U 
"& 
"$

$5 d9 2 g^'
" .!/
#F S ; 2!U

8
= .!/
#F
U

 N"8 " * N"j!'


[!8 ik
~!
e
=* F.! y " ,e
Kg =

 | $S :Wr $S vY K
wE
x+r
U"
k ;VuL t$! ^S ) xU

 u3 45 NY" .!/


#F
> | N& .8*
c* 8
 .!/
#F
W+\

2%
$)
S 3 ;rrg U" = 5 +  F%y
+8
y #F
38
i 8 ^S +!
U
258 N&" 3 :  8
+* N& i& " 98

k
2q 8
[9
p B5 5 ]U
B'3 8  c* X+'
q 8
[B+

* #* = . q 8


g
c* +'
#&$'
[9" VB5 N& i& ,#&$+

43r  g  e
"
 ," ,
C #&$+ 2*89:
[9
VB5 &
)" "& BuL "&  K
.8*: #&$+ ~!
4*)8
" ~8:
g" 4r0 = .

 4!8
" t
& g KV^5" *
U Lr
rE
x "
F5&
]S$"
P

3 NY : 8


K$3 " ;(^_
8
  "[ #
$U #[*Y" #&$'



KrA'
" !9$'
$m
vY 8 N& 3 : 2^_
8
 #&$'
o"

[ = * %. " 

!+3 ;
" ,^_
~!
 A 28

U r8 3 ~r Y r i& 9 ,4+!



k ~r
= t
g" ]["g"

114

=y'
=* >/y
=+\8 4L ~) E
" ,nE
l +U & c*" ~^_
$U&

$3Y =+\8 t
N& i$5&  / xSo&  ;
 g c* >!\
" #r q 8

t
N& i$ i& 9 43 ;$C 8
4" \ &
P +'
#&$'
8.! +
"[&

zy)8
" r S ,~
+  W+'
U
"" $yS +3 r!8 4+L& \r3 !8


K^*)8
x.
> t/y8:  ^ ^5 Ny U 2q 8

! x)85
S ,~
W+'
U
" c* 2.
C) 8 r)
" *89:
"

]


115

1 : 8
"'
vY L& rS ,Lr
rE
c*" [!
> c* dr!8
&
8 28
!9$'
N& dr!8

k j8! g ,+'
#&$'
K
[  i \E
<'

+r
8<" 
[,   g !9$" $! mY 2 *+X'
4+*  Y
ik
$!'
<'
 4  z C" ,# 
 ['
<'
=*  28
F !"
$!'
m_
+8 " ]1r%
8'
" 2*89:
U

 Sy8'
4!8
= =y+
8
2 ]N$r
" ~[r8 3 fr :" F8 : x30 4V& [93 [B  ig8

g^  38y'
~
 N ~^_
4.U $!
i 8
:? \g < =
 * r x0g 0 ;S #[9'
4 .r
zy)8 yy) ~ & 2" , A  $!L
N5 |'
8
* 28g" ;(!H 2*" "$3  &  FB 8
*  ~^_

 }$
 ]
C g  [
$S
X t z C =y J [
$S
9
$" F = "83
,E
" , [B8U:
" ,Sr%
" ,*89:
 ,#[!8 [!3& 8
, \E

 g8
<'
3 ]!.
 [g&"  X8
" 
85:
= $uS 
" ,
$+!
"
;+'
#&$'
 3 #[*Y 49& = )'
V #[*Y i& :)'
V #[*Y"
 i$ ~)  4!8
 r+* K::[  28
$r
)'
= [* S
#F #
$U *l & *+X'
i$ CY ,
" ~
W3  +'
#&$'
4 ]?
$y)

!U

4!)
2 48
#g"" $<
# |3 Ny  g8
S$!'
mY  #&$'


~)  8 Wg 
k
Bu/
K<E igY  4!) S , "
E

]n*X 8:
4!) K<E "& ,5
[ wE

:" r. K39Y r8 2! : #&$'


#F " N& vY dr!8
pq ,
F5&"
P

'
" $!'
m_
g ij s& F%  r3  
 8
4V)8
 !

] [B'
"

`$* ^5 = 


F" 9
$ #
$r ^'

U:
"8 nK3
U
l 3

+8X'
 !
N& " ;(^_
8

 " d9& 8 gU
K3 r

H  . $r
sS mr8 43 ,!3 )" sS "& !3 r.m N%+ : 2^_

P
c* \
r Y !
F" 9
$ 
[ ^5 = =y+ v8 3" ;r.A
K^y/8

!8 #F% K3 g 4V)8


# 
$<"
]S 4*)8
&" +3 2*89:
~<

 vY X
=y+ ,%'
4. c* <)g 28
d8y
"& ,   4% ,! 3
& 48/ 28
K^ !
 .883 {+ 28
" J!
d3 Ve
K.
1 :

3 ;!
2r8  $
=
t$! c* * !
UY =& { 2 ;! 3
 
KU^!
Ky.L c* t$!8 3 {+ H
dgB3 WA'
y.L S$!

 83 {+ #$S


8'
#S
" [^'

 4 ;*89:
KU^!
&" 
"
 ]!

k  Sr%
"  
#E
=* >/y K) |'
= "* 5 ;q 8
.rE

*

[ Y" [$) i$y)
" u/
A8
.8 t8 : >8 $5
U

"& H
p N& j8! ik
r%
i
45'
 0 ][$)

k  Y 2+8 28

F" 9
$  .
N&" . =C  0'
Sr%
K
B8
y! #F

2. = .U!8'
9
N& =* >/y !
= !3 sS i = .
uL

]*8" )8
F
P ) pu/ Nr N"$r
j* H

!3   x NY" n# \E


" #&$'
l  = [!

k +\8  [ 

> N
* W. yS ;*+X'
 xrA
ik

"& N+\'
c* K<g^'

,.
[
8
c* #&$'
+ !8

$y" n(^_
8
 #&$'
#Fl ,[!

CS ;r3A8" X8 ,#g


" 8 = .8*3 K'

vY $<
8 "  ".

i8 c* frS  ,K'



 U
" = $%& X ,~
 g $< 

116

 +*& N 3 >8u'


U


k N& =<
d&" ;g

.
45
[ Y" rA'

&" , yS
" ,KS'
d $r83 {+ 28
# A8'
B:
4 " / J K
S

d8  $ 2 K:r'


g&  #$3* r $A3 $C 9 28
" %
Ar
]#E

*V N&  , e


= \S )Y  !
#E
 = c* 
=*

U K'

N& \ & g^ ]e
" ~!
i& ,W*)8 = * = 8 8

rE
= F% N&" , +'
 $
= v"
K

 E
= AU Nk5&

g 4V)8
=   S$!' S +!8
 $& " ;$
#S" !3 S xBr8

 K'

a+ >8q : ,
F5&
]#$<
k 4 c* # r
8:
P
vY K 
=  * S[  " ;J!
[
8
c* 
= =F a+ =* 8

$%& A 2'!


i
=\8
NS ,8 3" ;? < = 8
38 #[*Y

 C K!+8     =+y 8VBuS ;S . r3 VBe
^*Y =

Ny 3 Y" , F"  W3  K


k 3 Ar
k  $S : ,J!
[
8
c*
!J!
9 <! * )
28
# [
r
igY k

117

@ @@@@@a@ca

% 'C (% :


"& n#$r
= 3 W SV 4  c* +, *   '
#&$'
l

272  r ,f8'
XE
= 8  ,n   X_
#&$'
l 8

K  V& ,K '



 & g K$
= *+X+3 ["" ,)V

~*  v"
!.A
,*89:
" _
.
" K
 nW*l
[

28
! #

$< i$5
[B'
= F c* )8 8y
" ,2009
Wg ,?X_
r
.U c*S ,Bu/
.y
K
/ X8 x!H

!.A
k  n#
$ #*l xX U" ]1884 ~* N  v"
#$+ .m

8
= 9  ,S, H jV" >L" 3 3 ` N&  # 

J g ,$0 N& zL"& 9 " ,* 8


N$r
 i'
2*89:

  r83 [Br'


" ,\ &
P r83 43 , 8y 8H3 n#
$ #*l >8y

Xl vY SV # LY 4% ,SV  8r


g3" i [$) 4y3 8

n#
$l KXS ,WE
" =E
 WE
N& vY LE
 F/" , nWE

xg$m 0 ,nWE
Xl vY 
P
[ N
F/ = k
? $r'
" 2j
vY

vY ;9$
" ,
E3 x+8
rS ,
ky" ,WBBu8'
c* } n#
$l

c*" 
3 [/8
" ,8y 3 #[V$'

#) = ! W5 |

8 ", =* ^\S ,.rE


z83 N+8'
z k" ,? $r'
" ,j
&

g 4y3  8

, Y $)
" n3 SVl #& = #*'
dm
P
]n3 SVl 4  8 "

118

,*
" , V5 n $E
l 
" N * 8
N$r
K
3 

ik
,nW [
"[
l t"$!'
8'
%& = ,W3" "
 g$
~8
f,

.
= $r8
c* *  , U^A3  '
!
" 3$!
!

= F 8S$! =* X*  S$!" ,A8'


" !
r.A
9 " v!

]*89:
g =*
.8" ,
"
= k
, WU8'

,[ SF  ,1801 ~*  " & ,nW ~ " [


"[
l =* t"$!'
=

,3  
 ig3 1814 ~* 8
,= 
9 = 3& N ,
XY

,N  [ /8 5&  a! 4r8


0 ,x
[" ,Ko $
 )

+/
=* . ,1825 v":
#$+  vY $SS ,8V x8*
0

f85
" ,#$r
"  y_
 * ,~!
>B" W* #' 4" ,sS["

 r" K
[* N"[ ,?"AA
[* [+, /
 c* 3$!
!" ,W '3
8& 4 x" ,1828 ~*
XY 3 vY 9 " ,<g:  4" ,W '

N& !3" , = * $)


+E
* .8 ik
,n >V"l 8 

BS g&  8 N3 nW l {B" 9


$ ,n?
 N9l 
S
"

=   +  vY [*" g
U3 nW l k5S , * [" " ,8y

,n
[*" = !'
W '
^5&l 38  ,1836 ~* " ,K!'

P S BB" nW [
"[
l K38 "
"   #&$'
#g =* 38 = ^B

= F = #r8 l ,S
" F x ! NS ,8 " ,3^

u8'
,n!
$E
l N rS ,4 nBu/

/ x " 9$

v8 3" ,$r


i"C =  49 28g "& 2.9& i& c*
<,
KS'
 3
P

 vY % %
8g " ,nW l ~&
5:
.!V"  * $E

& x

89" vY So_3 ; "" nSVl 85& ! dAV


,1842 ~* 

119

g&  Y 
&   K/ ,l# '
l $g  . =  9 2" ,n )l

$ ik
Z
$)
2y ,X'
$E
J*
53 85& vY *" , UV&

,z$E
53  {+ #$ 4  * * r  4 4X" ,38 
]
& 
" #F
K y
z83 ^85:
"

rS ,)
38y
= ;

k [!8 J" S, F . nSVl x '"

  r V vY BuL K3A5 d8y ) 4u8 N& 5& * U

z$g = !+ =&    #g" ,#$r


  g  >B
XY

K&3" nSVl =* 38y


. x
Wg" ,tS
K^)g" ,* K"
K
/ nW l  n"l r V vY 4 $
=   
/ N"

]n#$r
= 4  :   XY #l N
* x 85&
43 ,* =.8"
vY W& 2^
K:g$

v"& n3 SVl =y J

xm 28
n X8
" l =%" =!+8 c* K
$ %
= ,K
F%y
r.

iX_
+8X'
 $0 " ,?jy
*B
# %
 23 "
+8X'
c*
"
n#l 3 J  [
Y
P P:^r8
n!
#&$'
l x.8
Wg ,*89
P

y
. N& 43r  ! 49 4  a!
i   28
,!

" [
#
$U 43 ,3 o  28g "& 4+! N& *  , $ ik

= dS 9" ;Ve


y'
 E
 =y J & 28g ,K B
# 

= s)
z  2!.A
= NyS ,0
F " S A'
t8
g

>8q J ik
=!+8 Nr8S ,!.8
" ,S$
#g c* K
$ %
K:g$

xyS ,=
"C =* .
= "g" ,n(U
$E
l  * 
o" S
2
*89:
" 2
[B8U:3 38  x+8
2 8
,n  x l .y

N&" ,#&$'

$y W K9"
[! N&" , [.!
= *
P ,n $E
l  i$l

 Sl" ,9]nr!
" 2
4y
c* !. #E
k 4%

,
k #$r8'
'
z NL = S$
" $+8 g x$ 28
n4X8 
P  '
0
 K& rS ,n[
"[
+
l .y
&
 xX" , . 0
$
S , n3 SVl & ]A $3  K '
*  8 2$ "& 
>B
 , [!
 X_
#&$+ P:% 43 ,
= *
k = =y

120

c* +8X'
o$) 28
U
V&l !o5 ,* 8
N$r
= "

10 ]nEB
3k'
#&$'

8  n!
$E
l "  =* 
/ 38 !3 nSVl K+8*

x5&l r3 & t^


c* K$C Wg 5& 
c* ,n   XY #l

   4 g^" V$ N& 5& = nSVl x+! ]nW [


"[&

$< : 28
,nF 8
l 3 )8 ,  S #$r
tA ,dX*" > $m"

vY    , 
c* 0 $
C  4X" V$ ,* i 

= * 8
N$r
K!3 &  #$r
nSVl x)VS ,
8r V

,N8 '
" ,9'
" ,

, 8 3 ;
/
,3$ #&$
$< 9"
&" ,+V! 3 tA 28
Ve
" !
d
'
" ,$3r'
28g ,!r
"
]4+'
d

P
:= . $
&  4 g dr" V$ ,nSVl xrA
#$r

P ) $m
. ,=& , r ,K
[*
43 ,X" ,E
V$3 >8y J ,K:)8g
" ,N

8 c* #+8! ,K yE


" ,
g
4V&" ,.
" 4!
 x%3

 i$ 2 S ,?$5& #  ,r%


4& K
" r" ,#  ,nW [
"[
l 5&

= # 9 # :" A : ,n2L c* i8 :" ,z+



P l 4+'
d

 E
\ $S 
[3 xU ,n 
#$XLl N&  , yE
4V& N&" ,.!y
49&

E
SU S
$ ve
9[ N z C !3 ~
*& #! "l ,4H + [

$ [
 Y , " 
$& z C !3 !." ,63 n " $
]A

2.'
" ;
/
>B8 ,  nSVl xA8
rS ,#$r
;
L  &

K[
28
,(r'
2 :" ," 
" K^V
'
4 "" , X8
'
"

121

,.A
" 9$
! [
"$
" ,#r
i  ~r :" ,>
c*

P S
rS ,K.
= "$e
* =3^" ,
V5 ,
$g =* ^\
"& =Ar
= ;B'


.
l 
"& 9$

 
$r)
i

 S ,$e


K.g" K^+! 3  g&
  
P , [
Uj
" ,n48

P
=* ^\S ,#$5)
W)
S $ $E
= o)\S

O
= $ ,U
$
r.A

P
P

$U vY W!
= 4B ik
,3:
U$
r
= Uj
" , #jE

]~
U
c*
F
P X8
3!B F+E
KA8 ,Wr

x " , .9& #&$&  ,9'


#  $m nSVl K

;/5" , ! >B ,#$r


9+3 xSm" ,5 U V #*+3

" ,N""^U NA
z k" ,N m =3
" ,WE
X , WB'

.m = F" ,W '


.A
= [
"$
W3 ,U"
W3  X8 ,$

+
4
E
#$%  $yS& gl ,$u) 3 #$*L ,`
;r3 28L = !

X'

k 5 '
#
K
k 3" ,('
pu/
43r 28

# '
8U" & W3 4+8'
X8
#+3 x!8 2 $u) 3 $!L& ,F/

]nk& i & c* 
Nr8 " 9
>8 = 8.m <g^"

& 28
,()/8'
i& ,N8    x nSVl K
$ =

683 ~* X" ,{ w = Ny 20^0 + =+o ,N""^U NA

z k" $'
^! 2)/8'
N ]* 

= F%y
>U" " , $X
U$S  x 4 m xU3 SV #  . S" ,Wr!
$'
X8g:
]r
" s8:3 W3B'
" $+ pBr
#
" = *+" ,r

,
Kr.A
 V5 W '
;.m V$3 SV x+8


'
Nor ,tS
K^)g UY * }C cX8 " ,N" k. S $rS
]= "*'

 =  [   4& c* , :
N+r "

8& " ,?jy



$ 2 , $E
#  x nSVl . 3

P !S 2 Yl ,\)'

]101 n.

k K
  <g^+3

P 9 +8 ^

122

#$r
g, iS& d.g #& $g #   r V * 4!) 3"
]3

,(*89
#g ~< $E
pq  4 V  "
nSVl t N

 
8
P &" ,!.8  r"
P
nSVl x8
8+ XY 8 28g" ]4/ \

,S$!'
49& = k )8
43 ,r  : ,)\  r83  V
P

^5 ] XY # ,Urg  f $)8


N"[ ,)\8 $*/' #*
$"
ik
2
= P:3 2X$S
i
i$ SV x v!
$  
[U = $8" ,n$%& ~
g3 2<l 28g ,9 5" '
 #[* $

W." , g$
= F <g: #$ 2" ,! )8 : K
[! %8:

 ,d9 . 3 ,?'


+8X'
c* K&$m 2 8
#$<
 o
"
F

;$
c* 8)
= ,9 e
8" nc* +,l $< 9" y! &

c* ,3 "& 3^+3 n!


$E
l K
g 3 ~
g3 nSVl x<S
$S ,
  nSVl S
$ : 2S nW [
"[
l 9" n)l y*

  i/" ;. 28
r3
 
Ny N& "! : ,
k ,8y

][
  N& ^
F =+S
k c*" ,.!

~<  g
=* nSVl Kj* , $E
 
 *" 

# [ K:g [93 S


*
 ,3 KU

o = 9" ' $E

,m N
CY 9"  9 vY 9"
4 83 {+
"
K| 
%8
N"3 =9&" ,Ko
KU
K

N& =
& ' g$ 2y l

! =! =& v |  B


Kg ,Kg$ ,1 ! A  g
"

= N"$k8 ,(A
r.A

"&" 3 N& {V ,111 ng

,~E
vY k
"  [.8'
K
 
  $E
A = =y 8 =9"$5

123

"$ " BE


z k3 W .8 2 ^
,!
r.A
 c* nL& BE
l N&"
] dE
c* ^ [

!'
=* , $E
 !.8'
 r8
=*   igY  nSVl 0

, !
=

P 9  .8*
" ,[& = i

" .!
r8 2 8
E

9"  8q  4! , 


 =g N& * t !8'
= N"

 ~r $E
" ]N8
"  X $uS #*
"

k Ny " ,,

K'
$98  ,* F8 F+/y 3 z$E
` &  $)" ,tS

]113 n A!
N$% " $5.'
=+ K8S "$! 3 f"l ,KBU
$
"

,#$g"  9 W3 $S :
"
 N&" ,^A
"
"
=* SV i"$ 

 x3  g 
m 2 3$" ," * #8)
i& k5| : Kr.A
4 "

 % #8)
N&  ,4.U = S$! =y J ik
9" vY 3& + N& <8

2)8
" ,0 9" ku8 49$
=y J Ng
!3 " , 85:

k

 =/! 2^
K9"
= 4\S& i

g i$ SV =y !!K<'3

CY" ,  r o c* ^ [
j8! " , 
3 !
=+S ,^A
=
[ t5

K^y/'
!3 =* nSVl K"  ,Nr
y3 !3  ^S x.X&

[
$S& W3 V5 ,?

"& K9"
 #r
" >!
4% *89:

/g 3 #[* 8 , i

" K9"
! NSl ,
" 2A
Kr.A


i[| U 3 ,j'
 K9"
`$!8 
F
P %yS ,8'

P S ]149 n! 
K vY ,r 3 x K:g

"
" =* ^\

Ny * V5 K^y/ = .. " ,


Kr.A
[
$S& W3 V5 $y.'

]= .8 #m vY
"
8S ,!L
W9"
W3 =
 )

c*
B
P r  
K&" XE3 nSVl x+8
z C vY So_3

Sr% 3 f.$ & c*   ,\


P & K'
43 ,dS K'


`$S  $%& )!


=  *
P XE
 i$ 2 8
,
k ,# 
*89:

N&  23$r
i"C" ~e
~& =9" A83 =++8 : ".
S ,( [

g ,178 nXg N"[ 3$


3r = =9$8 :l = K
F%
$E
 = '
3 "&  F%y3 *& K))!

l SV K&

124

 *^e
vY 4'
" , 
k83:
/8
$E
c* x3*" ,178 n(U

 ". E
 & ~
u8
=3 S N[! =y "l ,z'
"& )'

=  i[r8*

k" ,9$
#g  m3 4y3 +!8 
k83:
  
]178 n $E
~< 0 &&

=8U" 4/ W! =S , $E
  S$
" 4y
#g

, $A8
" , .A'
" ~e
c* t
_
4% ,S$
3 = *
!.3

= )8 ;
&" $y
= ;B'
,

= )8 ;
& V =* ^\S

, 3 =++8
43 ,38y
" #
$r
=+! =\!3 N&  , 
" [" 

nc* +,l W3 U^!


"& ,%!
NA
" " m
j
W3 $

;

"

]$S"
XY"

#
+y #FB
 " 3 ,nSVl 8.L $E
~< )V" 

2" ,"
# 3 &. ,.
$ A  ,K)" ,K
*  28
,"

P S ,9"
"& , x5
Ny , #S8 x N
" ,#
~&
d$ =* ^\

K
* vY =)B =yS i

& ,n= "
% Yl dg K9"

=+r [
i

xyS ,$!
" N
dg ,#m" K[5" ,K)"

~< K
FB
K8)
x!\5  , V .U
$ ~< 4  ,
*3

 r =* "$e
.U*  d 
 K'
" ,#$ [
~< = 
L&

]+/E

,# 3"
U  "& !r
 
 v!
$E
 nSVl x  N& !3

[$)+3  {+" ,* +, K $ i$V nd l tS3 )8g:


vY x*[

k d. & ,"$! x & 28


+%
>8
" K
$X'
48 N&

N" ,* d8y #* K


$ L.
43U ik
F.y
dy
x5& S ,#<E

125

[
$< #$. # B3 $
W*&  ". N& c* $ nc* +,l
P

P + L.
# )V" Ny N& c* nSVl xV$g Wg  , 
N"[ ^
P *"
8" c* +, 4\)3 P
[ /  ,U
V #*
$ z C" ,U[ 4B)

N& nW SVl #


g L ]8 :" x =
.88
" 2 
,

, "
~ & 0 K$+8
28
,n d l 3 i$V $* K:)8g
/

2" K:)8g:
. *'
= W 4.U $!
vY #*
nSVl xr rS

 " ,n  l 8r V .B3 x98S 1845 j+ [ = * =%

# 
99
K 
= g : [!3 x U" !r
vY $A


45 vY xV"" 48
K!V
CY 28g ]S " XL
;"$S  r!'

]!r
 i 49 i& Au8 : ik
$E
$  K9" :r

= 3
P K9" x) [ S ,[
i

" K

= a9 .r8
"

 9 "$!
x gF.y
i!
N B
vY .V .
i


c* +, F
5& 
X3" ]dk 3 #$A'
 
= *+ S
#F
85& x)U"   =*" ,#* %
=  2 " L.
[:"& $V&
P
K^+!
= ^3
"
k. 2" ,

K3 j&" ,
[S
z3 +, 9" n<l

#
g
" ][E
W*   F!/
" {'
K.3 mu'
\)
" .k

= $ 3 r% N B
"$!
K [ !3" ,.k
K^+!
r8 :

x<g:" ] 
KV" tS 3 i

8.gV" ]K
$" dC
c* x+ & Y 4U" ,"$!
9" y +!
NE
=  nSVl

 pB5 U" ,

F$y nL3 4 &l " S$! : 49 =
"

]k.
" !8'
4 " 4y3 [" N& !3  y
Ny y3
U

P
]#F
) = NE
 J z C 4 =y "

28
K
$X'
y )V"  tS
=* SV $ r 8+\  & NY
)\
z >/3 $!/ x "$!
~& N& ". " ] d vY x &
, $!
* =  Y xU 28

3 K&3" ,83
K
$  }$ .9

3^" K
$ = ,H" ) #F% L& SV K& # " S$ "

126

<l NY  4U ,)




k X*Y SV K3& N& !3" ]\S rm&"
 )'
Bu/
"$!
K8r  } t  Ny N3 K$& U n
ik
2'
~
E
 $<
=!"   y N& y& g ,?$5& S$
 Y A L
H r  = .8 i

xl ]83: L.

&
  4 N" ]n
C xB) 4"l " n?
k x & 4l :P
[ 
|
N"
x9 28
 <3 =A =9""l ]n!A $%& ) 9 3 !P
U


8!." + xU 4U !3" 


$'
c* =+ i!
N
 
>B8 
28  ' /!
~!m "8 $5 N V vY [U" 8S 4 C N^+ N8 9
,'
0 i 3  (  S  " , 3 "& r $A3 puL
45
 3 ,3 "
r $A
c* r # '
 S" Wy
" /
" .mS
^ ]n#[ 3 K.9" = Ny8 /!
N" ,3 "&  4!)  .e
 4
= BU
$
`"$!
=
[* NL 0 ,g$'
K*Ar'
" 2r'
/!

N
j8!" K '
nJ
!
l = N&$
x5[ 0 ,K3 "&" K$ K8S
=y " +
3$!
NE
!3 U
xS*" ]]  W83$A =g&
J* $E
NYl ]3$!
r $A
c* pU$ 3 8U 43 , 3 .gB J W8'!

@ Y ,= )& ! k =g K


F%y
S r 
= FV
"& $5 J* =* #$yS =  " ,=" =[! ,=
g& " =g
$S
]123 ]n=9
"& $g vY r8:
i =!U8 :" 9 5

127

8 x& & )y ,n   XY #l  )85


"& r)


>B8  i'
+8X'

g N* L &" ,Bu/

/ c*
 !" ,Ng
!3  8*o 3 t
*:
 * 8
N$r

2'
F/.8
 4E
i$ x" ,* 2U
+8X'
" n $E
l  c*
4% % ,>u8 3 8+
" ,W '
W'
Kr8
Y g , "

,
 i$5& !L vY t$!8
 8.
A3 = k
 g$
= F
k
 g$
= F% y* c* x y ,!/
k !8
# "w"

%3 ,3 "


3A'
c* 38 K$+
= k
" * 8
N$r
K
3 
rA'3 W3 "
49 ^8
" ,
$y8
" 8:
4
= NyS #$/
=*
XE3 y'
,n "  > &l #,  "," , r" 
[*" 3$!

E
" ]KX

" , $E
"
XE
c* 3 ,W3$
 g$
N&
=/* 2

V5 ,KU

#g 9"& S 
r)5&  . 
P , $E
"
4+!
.*& = $S
" fr3 =\ =" ,$r)
= W*" ,) m 
4+!
vY 
= F% S $Ao
28
N'
c* \ &
 " ,(*


P {B

= N3$
 g$

oS
 NS ,0
=" ] !
45[ #[  '
3

."
[Ao

L&
# " 3 =

P
 $E
 K
[9'
" K.X'

N&
P 9"
,
$SY"  . c* iA 
U& vY # " 3 S& U ,K
$S
= ^
= 3 "&  
3 8+8
3 U
P KX 3 .L& KU

N& [)
L :" ]4 $
[Ao:
= W! =
 W!+8X'
^  
N& .A 3 z
;o"& * iA     N&  g$

KS  =y ,pr "&   r3


Ko
S
= U^A: z C" ,3/8
"w = W!+8X'
= k  

]# " 3 2U & &  23$


#E
& N& [) r.
x$" ,5& t x   x!o" & n3 SVl c* !
BuL = *
!.8

k =y J N
" ,   =  E
P
P V
$   
=< N& 2/5&" 85
= r'
K3Ae
= *+X'
k"l ,n3 SVl
25 ]n+yg  K$0& U i 8)m* N& r

128

@ @pbna@ac@ny@pba@@a@ca@ac
@ @1965M1950
@ @a@c@ba@ba

( L& (!35 : 


%g. WA)3 n08
" 3 A)
#&$'
$l
VY = 8y

k

: W33 vY r " )V 720  8y


r " ni[
.* Sl

K "
$
" #
"$
K
[L c* 2.'
) .
=8  "
.
-

 }
$9Y  28
 )/
K "
$
K
[L !3 B  2%
.
"



: BS !3 & vY "


.
r "

28g '
N$r
= K!3
  k A)
#&$'
"[ =* "
4B)
]K+e
f
"&

f
"& 28g K+e
>B8 k A)
#&$'
"[ =* 2%
4B)
" ]K8

>B8 28g K!3


  = #&$'
\U A =* %
4B)
" ]K8

:.!/
#$
k
  =* S 3
$
4B)
& 129


[Ao
. +*  } 2. .
NY :%3 r  %g.
r"

2q 8
[Ao:
.& F) c* +8!" , %
!.A
#$yS k.  } ,q 8

9k+
=* !8. N& 
K
V& ; ^5 = .
"g  , 3 E ik

P
[" o$) #g
"
 }
= dA" ,#9 /8 d
U vY 
4 28

^5 = U

` & c* K
X8" K
[9 
{.B ]?3
+8X'
A5

]=8 yg

S& = A)
#&$+ 2
i)/
8
+ #[9  ",  .
"

#
"$
" K "
$
N& X
k" ,0
g& 
" = L = k
"
g
K
?!

= # V i3 ~!
2m
4+!
 x L *l 
/* K* x " #r8 K*

 #[9'
pr
d
9 y8:  "+ n[, < vY 8:
^5 = "& B

.
!3 %
rE
 .

k j8! " ]

 / =* N"'
8

]nK0^%
 A)
#&$+ 2
i)/
8
l =* "

/3 WAS 45
[ m #* = #
"$
" K "
$
=  )L
+
 U"
P
K!+X8
g WAS 5 = \ &
P " ,48 WAS" # ;AU" A"" 9"
.
# 8
x "" ]" N. "  " N[
23$!
=m 3 A)

g
=* [, 4y/3 =
|" K "
$
" #
"$
 K^3r'

$9Y ) =* K!
 K /'
& =*" ;S 

"[& =*" ;A)
\r
 K$ 28

)" 
=
8
=*" ,=8 / .& =*" ,[, 4y/3 q 8

g

]~!
2m
4+!
 #&$'
 / =* =$
C kL
28g '
N$r
= K!3
  k A)
#&$'
"[ "
4B)
"

# B3 2
4+! 3 2*89:
4+!
.
%g.
VS ,K+e
f
"&
 S ,r0"
k ir8
~)'3 2*89:
4+!
+ o" 3 F.
45

k <'
2
4+!
+ o" 0 ,K+e
>B8 28g K!3
 

#
"$

U& ^5 = %g.
`$!8" ,K8
f
"& 28g K+e
f
"&

K98g
W : & = N 28
" #)
k  
K / & K "
$
"

130

 $A8
" me
!" ,
," ,=m
5 i"" ." 4 = = $X'

]=5[ #[   "+ KA)




.A'
K
$<'
V5 ,1948 ~* k *)3 K
$<'
 
x L 

1951 ~* WA) 4+!


" .e
W83 K[ 28
U
WA
#$< 4%

o c* 9X8g
1950 3 #$<" ,#&$
500 = $%3 
S x L 28
"

K
$<+ +<" # r #&$'
"[ #)
z ^5 \ & $3" ,N[ 3$
)\

]K+e

3  N[ 3 <'
23^A
4+!
  /'
^5 =

2*
4+! 3 xA.
28
K
/'
   /'
= dB  N "

]

g
^5 =" K|'
" K!+
^5 =" ,.A
^5 = <'

K
$<'3 ~r
4% 
Km/
c* $8
K
/'
k !3 "8"

'
c* K
/'
 8 N" ,t

" Ny'
" *'
[8S K3
w_
"

4 $
4r  "[  NyS B
r 4+!
& ]
'
" K.
"  X8

r  
 / \ &
P %g.
`$!8" ]

g
/ =+o  @

c* U8
4
= =y J '" ,<'
4+! 3 f.$ 2g) 2.A \
$!



X3 KB.
k5&  
x rS 9$
" 
W3 
/8:
$!

]K!U'
" W!U'

K
"
" 
*8 3 ~r
c* \ &
P #)
z ^5 
xV$g"

<'
4+! 3 A.$ x 28
" 

KrE
" )r%8
K
"
" K
w'
"

Ku'
#  3 
!3 ~U z C dA U" ,
g
vY 
!3 8
!3
K
w, vY So_3 ,K
$<'3 ~r
c* E
" ,WA) #[!
 4
# 0Y"
]*89:
"& B
3 *

131

 \r
= Kj8*
28
"  
c* )E
49& = 4+!
 
x"

J = k V5 [9" \U xyL" ,1948 ~* !3 V5 WA) 


K
C

 
f.$ g 
c* <S'
\U d9 vY ]8'
`
45
[
r3"
"$X

,3$!

x.% 49& = =o 2^

8 [& 
k" ] 3 r0" m.

d
K:",  r
x.%" ,A)

3$!
 
x.% 2! 28
"


c* ) # K
"[& =
u8
=* =[L  
Kj* U" ,
"
k ! N"
k ,m
2
" L
! 4% 2m
g_
+!"

]=
 = K '
!3 4B) ..
'
45
[ L

=m
vY 48
4yL rS ,=m
vY 48
 
 / %g.
V$"

,(U$!
FA8
" 4g
o [+V" = $X'
\    $! $X'

c*
"& = k
2A)
d!/
[
$S U[V # V K "
$
!3 #[L $"

2y" ,[* d.3


.U*" nW8l dr * mS =m
vY #[!

BE
49& =" r.
49& = =\" 8'
`
45
[ = =* K "
$

P" P:9 2A)


d!/ | ik
$
,=X =o$*    c*
]FX8
K
$
| o

#)
z =* #
"$
" K "
$
K
[L ^5 = V z C !3 %g.
4r8

83 A.$" U !8


t"$ x g 2+ [
4rE3 
 /

N& Nj8*
2^
K!+ 
"[
 N U" ,= $X+  [B8U:
;o"

2 : 28g #$


k
kL"  
c* )E
 !8
dX3 2
= "[

xyL z k ]#[!
g r c* #9 4+!" ,m"" q  # 
9

\
dX3  [B8U

A)

#*'   
P
P r
!8
;o"&

"[" , 2*89


/ = NyS , ik8 C K!'

xU U" ]

=* K "
$
!3 j!" ,=
k+ i 2
2*
" i$ 8
$y)
4y/ 

\r
 " c* =V$g )" 1948 .y
!3 K + = " =8 }
A3
vY K. A
!3 ~\
d9 vY
k ] 8 3 =U ^5 A)

132

xyg" ,#$r 3 W

K. A
" .A
= y/  28
WA)
^A

]A3
$
k
L:3 2
=*" A i =* K "
$

!3 K
[L ^5 = %g.
KV rS ,1r%
4rE
  /'
=* &

:  4% "

k" , $ 3m r0 "3 =U K "
$

Sr%
K!+
^5 = 4+!
-

38 2
$!/
d8y
>  3Ae
:\ $ Sr0 *& )B
38y
Kg@'

]y/8
=) #[",   .5
# #
$r3 *
C_3 4+!
,
i$y!
4rE3 f.
ik
2.A
4rE
 
\ & x L"

 "
KS!_
c* d 8
c* :.UY K "
$
K
[L = %g.
KV "

4.U S z C g U" ,$g [


3 S
  * V5 2'
;S
K
"["

,2g$X  "
KS!_
r  
"[ 
U" ,#. !3" 1948 .y

c* =.U& 2^

[
*& K
 K+e
4
"&" K!3
   =y "
y/3 2
4+!
 28
 
K!+
^5 =  "
KS!_
!

dgV g ,(*89:
~r8 3 #)
z  
"$5 f.
U" ,.'
F
 ' 9
=* XE
; vY 9g 2
2_
4+!
N
 vY #&$'
"$5

]
*89:
~'

k 3$!


g
=+o  2+< "[ "$3 V %g.
3 4r8"
!.
g "& ,$!
Wr
$E x+\
= =+S ,K!3
$5
"&

133

!3 K& U" ,[
2*/
E
"& ,? 
2r
E
"& ,(
L:

!3  %g.
\ & g^" ,K<8
k  f8u'
<8
!.m c* K "
$

2.  !3 g =5[ c* S



"
g
!3 vY =8
f3 c* K "
$

!3 $0 \ & %g.


g^  ,`
$ $ c* 4+!
" m
\r E

] 3$!
r
#$y) =.  +3 1952 # %3 K "
$

i 
E
4% 3E
K 8'
^85
c* 
3
g
!3 xU U"

#&$'3 V5  $  4+* 2  23g i8 4+* vY #S !3 $Ao


0 2r

=* =[L  K "
$
2y  ,xU

k  #&$+ 2*89:
o #*
$


K V" c
_
"& 2[
"& 2A)
*/

g
vY =\

!.3 xU
z C   
K!+
!3 xA.
U" ]]] #F. 5 5
[


3  5

g
N& %g.
g^  , 
\
!H 4%
g

]K "
$
i $y. 2 2*" + c* K* K+e

VS ,  


x L rS K
[:
" f3
"$
" K!+
=* &

 K+e
4
"&" K!3
  k <'
2*89:

4+* [
8
%g.

P
K< =+o <'

4+*  rS

,(m
4+! 2
3A c*& "$3


4+* <83 2! 28
K
[:
" K!+
" f3
"$
=S ,3g 

 
\
!H 4% :
 F  $+8
  ,(*89:
r%
2

!3 >U  " ,Km


$r+ 

$g vY +
F 28
1948 m 

4+!
 $+8
 "  & r
#&$'
rg =* ;S
A3
4% $<g
KV " ]N. 2A)
2 
[:
4% N
28g ) :
u8

# "3 
xg& Wg 1948 .y !3  
\
!H  \ &
P %g.

{8S" ,
K
w'
c* =+!S ,
4+!
= =y+ < 4+* 


$g vY !+

F 0 ] $A" m5 4/ {8S" ,
, BS

 t

"  }$
 =/ K [  x+o * Km
$r+ 

=&" Kr8

!H =8!H 
K [

KF z k" ,K3$!

A3
l  \ &
P %g.
V$ z C d9 vY ]nKm
$r+ 

$gl !
P

134

 
8 K/ r   | 2" n  &r
#&$'
rg =* ;S

 n 
<r
l  K V& 28
" 1951 ~* 2[
2*/
E


4y/3 .A x 28


" 1951 n~^
B&l 
VY  x L  ,S
&

    3 KA)
K

A3
!H x
k vY So_3]?

#)
z  x  ,?3
" iFe
W
'
 +* $ 28
" ,K!3

r%
W
'
 +* $ 28
" K+e
4
"&  3 A)
 
!+

vY So_3 KS!_
" 2'
;S
c*
'
K. m d 83 xU g ,2.A
"

K+e
4
"& 4e
K
 !H x rS 4e
rA  & ]1r%
/

[:
 \ &
P %g.
V$" ]. F 2 3m K
C *89
A/& ~r8

]" 2*89
/3 ~U ik
" 1952 ~* 2A)
23$!
2 

f
"& 28g K+e
>B8 k A)
#&$'
"[ n2%
4B)
l ""

2
#&$'
2*" [ [
W3 K "
$
K
[L ^5 = %g.
f3S ,K8

  K
[
=+o =+<8
2^

[
*& [ [
" K+e
>B8 k

$ A  F0  "[" 3$*" , K


$|  =
L: N >" ,
g&"
]
A
"
g rS" 
4+* yL&  \ &
P " ,K|'
k

K
[:
K " , 
 /'
= "
g'
48 2
d
jS

P
rS
g
& ,#. F  S
&
~ 28
*89:
Km/
c*  

P 2
+*" *89:
4 
W3 xA3
K
[:
d& N& V5 ,Po
" A3

K!+
x9
" 28
 \r
& = N" ,
g
vY $53 "& 4y/3 !3 x

W s'
;UY  =! =* K "
$
2y " ,
, \U : #)
z   


 = P:3 = $X'
4/ \U" ,
,  
u8:
'
=*

%
V VB5
 $A8
" me

!83 N&.S ,!
"  '
K
*'3
P
135

S
K^)g <" . ` ! 4+!3 =+U" , 
c* )E
= ; 2A)

\U c* K
[:
" f3
"$
" K!+
k x+*  ]2g$
vY ! dk 28

K<8
k  \ &
P %g.
V$" ,
" *89:
 \r 3 
*

xU  ]
*83 ~r
" A)
#
vY 5  "+ )m
` $

K*j8
H !3 2A)
$ $8
a   
 r83 K<'
k 
!3

3  !
c* #)
z ^5 \ &
P K<8
k x+* " ]`$

k

~'
" 3E
~'
W3 f3$ 3 K3E

xU U"
k ,Wr8!'
" 
/

]A)
\r 3 *8 K. 98 3 =+U" *89:

K+e
>B8 k #)
z ^5 K
$<'
 
 / =* &

~* [
3 >g rY #$< 2" K
$<'
k $L&  WAS  xL
rS

o 9 NA)
j8*
ik
" $"
$!
" N
$ Y" N83" A $3 W3 1955

,K
$<'
k #g 4!L&  AS #L K
$<'
k  xAr U" ,8\U
\ &
P " ,1956  c* 20^%
N
"! 3  8
K
$<  
x L z k

 #r3 

L
.88
U" , "  W3 B):3 [ K
$<  = L
]=
 = =\!3 4BS vY
'
K. m W3 V5 K
$<'
k

[* [ [
g^8S #)
z ^5 2

4+* V  %g.
$+8"

j8*
U" ,\ &
P 838  =8 43 ! " K
/'
4r  = 2^


$!
Wr
$g  #+'

K = K
/'
 N& %'
4. c*

8 28g K
/'
)5Y  
;
3Y =* K "
$
#[L 2y" ]#"   
] Ny g&
28
" 3E
>B
$ $  
x L  ,N3 ! 
P

3$* "[ #*  


*8
  /'3 ~r
#)
z ^5 \ &
P $+8
"
x!8
rS Ku'
" i$r
 & ,N'
 3^A
K<8
t)V i V5
S
& k)8 i$r
4& = r0 K
"C 3 "&  $r
3 "&  Fe
K!+3 $E

]
>r%8
" *8
" 
, = =
k 
=S 
 9
\ $
3P3 
xU$m 2
4+!
 
 / [ [
"
P
P
3Ae
=S .
vY #
"$
" K "
$
K
[L ^5 = %g.
4V8" ,3Ae

136


!3 KB U" ,
$8
" 
K
$<'3 
!3 i
K
$<   /'
0& V5 E
dAe
r Y "

k ~r KA)

][
3 >g o
 "
" 3$!
" '
K
$|'
  /'
vY xU
z C  
x! 

% 3!V N N& N"[  /'


k =* =0 K "
$
=  !
N& %g.
VS

 ; [9" "l ]K!3


" K0^%
#S  =8 / ^5 N9"
N& K "
$
!3 j8!" ,n* d 
N 2
3A
=y K
$|'
K*o

\r 2 ^*_
4+!
" 2
\
= 9 K
$|'
k  =8 /

].!/ ~^
" #
"'
" +8
r  .
$
A)
#&$'
"[ x.%" ,A)

 K
$|" :
~* K
$|" 3$!
K
$|'
 K "
$
!3 x L U"

#&$'3 5 3  N 28


" #&$'
;o"&  K
$|  x L" ,#8'

N9$ " ,1956 ./ 


" $|  AS 3L x L  ,A)

[
#&$+ "
$|'
 
!3 x L" ,y+3 1957 2'!
^A

S ,WA)3 A)


K
$|+ . 3 & ][
2*/
E
+< ik

r
 A)
#&$+ ~!
[^ 28
$|'
[r!
c* K "
$
K
[L
ik
" +<'
*
U = #*r A)
$ $8
+<  = ~* !3 1965

]3$* "[ #* = KAS  S x L

#&$'
4+* #
"$
" K "
$
K
[L ^5 = V z C !3 %g.
4r8

~!
2
4+!
 

$u
[ [
=* >/y" ,#)
z ^5 2+ [

$< !'
NyS , 3 !8
f.
U" ,K!8'

[
*& [ [: X8
2 "[ $3 U" ,^A
c* F08
" $E
c* # U" $yS"   dgB )
"& ,(m
E
+  

'
= rA K+e
>B8 k  

137

[
!8
%g.
x<g: U" ]K
$<'
< vY ,3g $m& =+o K. A
<

2
4+! ^5_
4.  u/
=&" =
$r83 \8 K!'


 
x9
" = =" ,()
x9
" = =+S , =)& N k ik
,(m

/
 K+e
>B8 k K!'
 %g.
V$  ]!8
= !+3

/
 
x L  ,#)
z 
<,
23r
4+!
N" ,W+!+ 23r

P
]x y
 W+!+ 23r

 
 / x!
#)
z  2
4+!
 
 / x!
"

*89:
Sr%
i[

45
[ 
/ %g.
V$ g ,\ &
P r%
4rE

W!3A
K
C Sr%
NX
=+o 
x+*  ]9 5 "& WAS 45
[ 


r%
4+!
 
 / K$+8
rS K!3
$5
"&  " ][
" 2+!

A  ,(g@'
> 8
"& 
38y
"& $!/
 
 $8
3A
iC

,9 5 "& WAS 45


[ 
 )V = $%&  
x L" 2)B

4+*
=)
 
 vY . 3" ]+ [&
)B
=
U = 
!3 K m"
P

x!
 ,X'

k  
[ { c* B 2! =\!3 K&3 rS cy/8

KAL
!3 x" ,BB
$%& x.V&" 2*
C_
4+!
 
 /
P

]\ $ ^*Y  ,2 : 2 / *


C_
 K


.UY [ [
g^8S 2.A
4rE
 
 / V %g.
3 4r8

4+! 3 m.
 V5 K+e
>B8 k  "
KS!_
c* d 8
c*

d 8
=
 U"
k ,
K!+
^5 = z C" ,?$y!
4+!
" 2*89:

#&$'
x 
 ^
c* d 8
 K "
$
!3 *  "
KS!_
c*

2
4rE3 f.
rS i$y!
4rE3 2.A
4rE
f.
" ] 3 8 "& 3 
]
2*
+ c* i$y!
d 8
$0
g \ &
P

 /'
2" KA)

#g  + Ar pB vY %g.
4r8 "

rS ,1964 ~* A)


$ $8
+<  dgV ik
i$y!
4rE


,.$" yS" ^
4 c* 8
" d 8
" K
$X)8'
*V  
x L
4y/3 8 ^
c* .  N" ]Ku'
=* *S[
P 8r
"  $
c* d 8
"

138

z C 43r" ,)
=* ;S
 8r #&$'
"[ N& *3 "r'
K< 45
[ [",

U"
k ]9$
"[ =* 4r : 28
=
U K.0_  3"[ K:",  N
]N.3 # %
^5"  
$g ^5  $y!

 / xo"

k ^5 2+<8

"[ V "
4B)
  %g.
4r8 0

=+o XS ,3$!




g
=+o +< 
xV
" g ,#)

8 / K$3" ,(


L:
23$!
!.
g" ,[
2*/
E
t)V
$ $8
+<  !3" ]K+e
>B8 k $!
Wr
$g =+o
 ,(m
$ $8
. 2 
<8
 A)
#&$'
x L ,1964 A)

~* 2A)
2m
$ $8
$g   rS
 ,n{8Sl 3 #&$'
 x

rg^'
= d!V =+0  =8 / N&
g K+8'

xS$* U" ,1965

,r8*^ */

g K+8'

xo$! rS ,= V /" r8*:
"


.* W3  t^e
!3 23$!
J!
 W*/
c* 
+X
^5 V5

$!
Wr
$g vY K\'

x9
" ,
$!
 U $y
.*"  


U&  %g.
x<g: U" ] *  [U d
$ vY =8 $%& 4B J" ,\ &
P K3!V
K3E
K
KAL
W3  & KU^* [9" N"| & 9$
#
"$

8
=*
!3
P 
g i$y)
=8
N& K "
$
| 3 ,W
9$
"

N& N&" , !


mY  aU x 28
yS3 =$0 W) N& N"[ ,= U&

] =9
"& c* =S$! 0
g \
=\!3

 .
"
=* K "
$
" #
"$

U3 9  V z C !3 %g.
4r8

"& ,K!3
  k K$+8
28

 K
[:
" f3
"$
" K!+
 
P
4+* !.m  S^85

#)
k KL rS ,K+e
>B8  x 28

/
N& %g.
{o" ,$m
k =+o K3E


$u
#[  ,

139

P 2*89
2 /  $m
k =+o
~)'
" .
. ik
~)+ r.m

e
W3 f3$ ik
" ,(*89:
" 2
W3 4B) : ik
2
4+! 


Y ,A/
 8
$u8: 2+y
48
 [8*
.
A8 J
k" ,~!
"

"& ,!3 mY =* E


pB N"[ $m
k A/& 4+ =*
0 #
"$
N

4+!
" 2
4+!
W3 NB)
yS ,#
"$
* 2
4+!
r t^85:

:  K!+
" f3
"$
" K
[:
k 4%+8" ,$5 g
P 3 NA3$ " g
P 2*89:

N.  
"
/
N ik
: N. 2A)
23$!
2 
[:

4+* #
"$
$%& dg N" ,A)
Ku'3 ~8:3 !
P N"

]?F
4+!
=*
!3
P i.u

4+!" ,K8
4
"&     /  N" :   K
 !
!H -

dX.S ,1r0 2*89


2 /  N NY" , Fe
K
*'
r 

K
\! x ,K*j8
H" , $A8
" me
" ,
, 
$ {8S
]n )3l *" o #$<  K /

vY K
*'
r c* 4+! x" :     Fe
!+
]
P " P:9 A8 !H x" ,A)

2  > [$ 1962 ~* xy/ 28


:   A)
 
!+
$5
"& 4y/ ik
nA)
$ $8
.9l 2A)
<8 2 *

c* d 8
" 
," Ku'
#  S
& = N" ,K+e

]A)

W3 2
4+!
d9 vY $+8

[
= *$S
P x.V&" , [9"  N" : #$r
A)
#&$'
A3

]K"F3 vY 4r 0 ,1967 28g r


$r" 1965 ~* k A)
#&$'

49& = 4+!
" <8
" +X8
2 3r

A3
$
t
& x"

[
*Y" ,W
) K*j H" ,
[ BS ^5 = z C" ,WAS $ $

]
K
"
" K
w'
<" K3

140

"[ 4!) S
&" ,1963 ~* " : x y
2A)
2 
<8

A)
 
" 2A)


c* )E3 z C" A)
\r 3 #&$'

]g 4<8 A)


\r
c* <S'
v8 3"

P
r
 k

$r
k)
1963 ~*  :
$!
A)
#&$'
[
-

K!+  28
[^. 3   K
[
4+!3 K"F3  ig8
2 

]AS

8A/& = N" ,1964 ~* Ny ik


": # 2A)
2 
[:
](*89:
" r%
/ 3 98+'

*8 3 ~r

/ K
C x" 1960 1959 x : rU  Fe
KA3
$'
!H ]
/
" Wr8!'
K*j8
H 4% 2 2*89

#*r" 
[
g

mY
P
P j8! ik
" : A)
#&$+ ~!
[:
-

<! N& %g.


x<g: U" ,A)
$ $8
+< *
U = .!L
3$!
*89:
Ns/
K

" =+o +
X  K
[:
" f3
"$

ik
A)
#&$+ ~!
[^ ;"$) x+* 
C xU
 ,=m
5

$ $8
+<' .!/
S
"$
=
S

P N" ,K8/
" =m
 #&$'
4%+

P " ,A)

4y/3 [:
4y/  U" ]A)
#&$+ *
^%
P

%g.
V$" ] k)8
X " i
[_
X+ #$g K3u83 2m
$r+ [
=S N g = "  r
=8 } " [:
45
[ K3E



U"
k ]v"
9  3 2 4+* vY 2*89:
i
4+!
 dU

d9 vY ,AS K!+  28


3$!
[^.
4  [:
;"$S K8

]A)
Ku'3 +*

141

K!3
  k #&$'
\U " ) n %
4B)
l  %g.
`$!8"

d!B # B3 x5


 U q 8
4g
$'
N& %g.
i$" ,K8
>B8 28g

c* K
L = K "
$
<!" ,.
"8 W8
W8
W8g$'
vY BS
]^5

"[ =.! " ,#&$'
\U A

8
" , 
$E
K

i / U %g.
g^  "
J" ,v"
9  3 
 \
m"
#&$'
\ / rS ,=+*  
  "& c*
P
P
P
 
[r8*:
N" , 
=. A =* t$A

x\" ,P  "& .A
/
P
;
8
$m  2
\
N&" ,N_
" #&$+ $ $  =m
$ $ \U N& 
c* BE
49& = K^o = WAS  N& V5 ,*89:
#&$'
rg
 
\U 2 
 /'
N3 ,
+* j* #&$'
x8.0& U" ]=m

]9$

k & >U
 `$!88S ,#&$'
\U =
g
>U vY %g.
$A8 0
: \r
z =
g

dg #&$+ V5 \U [93 =| S i 


2r
E
vY . 3 ](  23g i8 4+!  U N NY" K "
$
!3
>U g K "
$

x* rS $!
Wr
$g >U' . 3 " $E
 
 / = $ 3 & =.& K& U" ,#&$'
\U = $E

F \U  =y J" ,!$E


$m& 45
[ fU $A J #&$'
\U =y
 \U" !
 \r3 ~8
{^ $< K&3 #S !3 N NY" ,m
\r

28
*89:
K3!B
9
 pq S V5 ,#&$'
 \U" ^A

]*89
\r g$m 8 J =y " ,(m
\ 3 +! #&$'
9

 "[ 49$
 /  ^5 =+o 4+!
c* #&$'

_ N"
]#&$'
\r3 2*
A 
g K "
$

x* rS 2
L:
23$!
!.
g >U =* & -

49$
W3 #
"'3 E
N Y N& !.
j8*
" ,#&$'
\U = E
>U

3 ,E
45
[ #&$'
\r3 ~8:
c*  g
" 9 2gX #&$'
"

142

vY z C W. !o
8 N E
45
[ #&$'
"[ N& K $5& K "
Kj8*

]#)
z83 # 
*89:
3
" Sr%

2[
" # 2A)
*/

g
>U
 %g.
`$!8 0 N3  U W3  , Y W+8
2 ^
K "
$
W3  .
P \ &
P V$" c
_
"

J #&$'
\U N3  U W3" ,
g
k   g$m  \r
k
P 4%+  [, 4y/3 $A
\U"
g
k  
 / W3 A5

k  K /'

N& %g.
V$"
k] 
C g  \r #&$'

g^ =y " ]#)


z  # 
*89:
)'
c* N[$ U
g

  k
$y. f3 ik
,
_
2*/
E
45
[ S^85
%g.

 Y K+8'

x. m g ,
rg" 2
4+!
W3 K!3

]#
"+ W
U =3 xy
" yE

& vY %g.
8S ,*
.!/
#$
k
  =* n3
$
4B)
l 8 "

^5 2
4+!
 = L  
!3 $C U N"'
8
N& = $ 3

=  !
& to& i)/
8
NS ,K8
f
"& 28g" K+e
#S

 !
%g.
xo$!8
U" 4*S 4y/3 2
4+!
 = L 2 ^


](A)
2
4+!
 
"[
= N" 
k =

2^

&  U  9$
#
"$
3r ^5 = %g.
8<g: "

N g
NY 43 , !

"& "
3 ="$k8
" $
C  
=A/
P
 r'3 z C" ,8rrL & {\
0 +
$C ~* +!" #&$:  "[ =* 8

=$
C" , + =+*  3 #$5
C 2S ,K "
$
#$
C  & = $r8
 

A)
\r
c* +B3 =$" ,#)
z   #
 [U
"[& $C  g
] ^ ik
4
\ 
=\ 2 &" ,K8
f
"& 28g

143


K
" B `$!8 ik
8y
= 2%
. z C !3 4r8
\!3
P ,
$r
i & W3 \ &  

k & NY %g.
r" , )/
K^3r'

P
P
4 `
$!8
8 J" ,q 
!9$
Ny8 .
 xu8

28
0
=

28
.rE
4% K^3r'
= *+ r8
# "
= N 43 !H  28
K
[/

,.
m' % Ny N& K^3r'
k r8
 %g.
x*
U" ,.
"8

g
=+o 2+<8

"[ =* x)/ 28
K
[/
" K^3r'
K 85

8UY 4," [^ 4,"  "
$

#[L 4 N"" ,q 8
#)
z  3$!

]
'
%g.

" f

Z$)" 4X8
U$8
ik
=
" #[/
H Ny"
#&$'
 /" 8 i)/
+
& =  & S 8y

k & =+y"
 xU +
"[& $C =* N"'
8
4) g ,*89:
"& 


!/  )/
#$
k S ,8
c* z C NyS =\!3 $k3 ~U  28g" ,

P
28S 2+$
8 2&" 4+y 4+* " , 8
$g ) 
j8!
P ^*
\ &
P i)/
8
[B = j8! %
" .!/
F
" g^'
" .!/
2

,#)B
 frS  8 S , 0
c* frS [8*:
" ,a+8
x9
" 28

4.U = d8  {B8 V$S Ny i)/


8
" ,\ &
P W.!/
  43
P nK"["Fl u8
" ~r
k #[9 8 " 2" ,W5 |'

 "  ^%
3 "&  %
'!
$E
!3 V5  ~8:
&3 '
N$r
k =y " , 8
Ny
 = "8 #8'
K :
 
u8
" ,A $3  p53"
i!
+8
 Y !3 r $S& 9  \ &"
P ,$+E
[
y $ WV

0:3 #['
rE
= F%y
+ V$S " ]U S3 e
8
{B8
#[* 
 / =* +$
8
d8y3 [$ "]
g
z
/ * = 4g$3
,="[  4+" ,
= .u
3 xU  frS $k S 4 F ^X Ny 
P 
 / N& %.3 KV %g. S
A/& 4+*"  Fe
K!+
4+*  ^%
4% A)
 
c* x<Sg U S
K^)g 4+*"  $A8
" me
4/+
[ =m A)
.!/
KBU$
" 2
" 2A)
%
c* )E

A/
   r
 /'
vY $<
x) = = c* [ "  F
k ,;\ 3

144

"&

Y 8
d8y3 $k J 
"[& =* =  S *89:
" 

P
P
 .8*3
"[
k 4% 4+ i k
8 S , /'
k NL = ^r
"&
+*
P
P
k
 +
d8  =y " ,!S
"  0


"[&
P
P 
3 xU  $%& S ,/
P
]F

$E 8 3 f.$'
 
Ae
N& %g.
V 28
+'
K*o'
="
 \r
  /'3 5 A5  xU
z C  !
=8 /" 

P  N&" , 3 V5 \U $A N& N"[ 


" m

 /'
k W3 A5
43 WAS   frS g"$A  fe

k"  3 V5 \U  Ny N&"
]23$!
=m
N
3 d&  [9 
= =y+8 J 
 / KU!" # 
!+8X'
Sr%
N& .
W. 
) c* * \ &
P " ,=[^3  V  *)3 =8 /" 
$g >U"
=* 2y  . 
43 ,N 3 #[ q  4V) H
P
P  S ,$ "8 3 g&
i
<'
pq 3 8 . S , /'
k = "8 2! N& N"[ 8 /
8
W3  rrg #XS " ]2*89:
;
483 f.$ < " , 8
=* 2rrE
8
W3" #["," / 
 / N& i$ ik
i k
2+$

] 8
*V  =8" =8 /

145

=+S ,*89:
" 
 '
#&$'

"[& V$ #/3 8    ="
~r
 
 / 4% , 8
d8y3 X F   K:A3 =* + J 
  8U * "& ,1956 ! 3 $g 0& 2.!/
23$E
[X'
  /'3
=* "& ,$38& $g !3 1973  
^8g
0& "& 1967 !3 ^8g:
#S ^5
 / \ &"
P , @
"& !

 !'
" E
8
 

 /
2 ^
" ,Br
" $E3 . A'
" 1967 .y
c* 9X8g:
K$E
 

c* 4+! 3 K. A K  =" ]=8


[ "& =*& =* =}BUY" =r8*

^3 &l NS ]N
"
K
S 4.U
g
k  = L 2^
 E
K
[/
H
]n  ^3 & 2 #$
C

@ @Z@ba@pbba
!9 ,
[
 ,3$!

r3 2.!/
[
 :<0 'C %"
]#$r

# 
#&$'
|+3 2"y _
U'
4+* $)3 #\* :% 'C (%
]9$"
`H :HI
DE
9 :[k J?/h5 [k
!9 ,
[
y3 8
U  " E
8
C8& :J?? %:W
]#$r

#&$'
|+3 #\*" Sr%
BU s #&$'
Sr0 #
[Y #$  :SL& (!35
]# 

] 
 \r3 8" 9 :: (n5
]# 
#&$'
|+3 | #\* :{1 '
#\*" #$r
!9 ,
[
, X_

r3   : 
]#$
k
" #&$'
|+3 |
,2'
2)
N"!8
 3 #&$'
rg *[ $3 $  :J?/h5 Sn1
]N_
rg   g3"

146

CB0 ('
} ~ 2 %I
- -
N"[ g = N
"
"& . m ;o  5
_Z = [!

k "
j8!  #[!S ,m
'
" ) A
)+3 
U^* ;o " ,8U
c* # r

f.$ : & !.
=< , [" *89
"  K*o m
'
" ) A
 \U
 ]=<

k k | .U!8'
) A
U
" E
U
" =y ]
 \r3 #.
+U 4U& .8*3 ,2   ' a+8
+!8 #. X8 g&
>U'

k 2
P
N"[ frS  3 5 NL  
pq N" ,n~!
N/
l 2+  &"
yS
k ~[r
[!
`$!8 " ]+X & K
C 2S =F NsL & , =F
: , ", #* ^5 = F" )'
"
]2) A
>! t" d. 

]#r!
 $g" 

]= 
9 " 

]m
'
" 
\U" 8

]m
'
 \U"  "

+/ : U 28
" [!
;o+3 Ve
K /'3 _l $ $ s dg$"
5000 3000 ["g  $
$U& c* K_
~r N& 9$" ]# k'
"'

*  [
'
 Y 8 N& c* ,d8y
`"$! + 3000 2000 ,K
 +
: 8
4 
= i3 z C" ,2011 4 $3& 15 BU&
W'
,L$
= ;$)8 , !'
.* ; L 14 :S%1C ['3
147

nwrc@nwrcegypt.org

:JBP %1C

| t
3 !8 S" ,K '
 8
 $!'


#$yS c* 3
#&$'
;"  {'& N& 2) ^S ,~!
4+! 3  $<
S$!'
[  #$
k
" #&$'

i
2*
3 vY 2! #

 
    #$
k
"
2*"l vY F/ .8*3 $F
[F9 > $! o 
& ik
2*
z C ,~* 4y/3
N&" , 3 *+X+ = Y #_
= W* =&" , 0 sS vY W+8 =3 


L:
=* N&" ,*89

#[, Y" !.m x i%


o

k .&
P
]nK
_
z ^! K $5& 

@ @b@b
X #F%'
r
$%& = ^_
K!+8X'
1 #&$'
;o j8!
q 8
K3[
1 #&$'
" F.y
a+8
vY z C 9$ " ,N
E
"
S =y J ?k
8

k ,
8 3 K38y
k ~8
y3 3$!

P
#&$+
](*89:
" ?[B8U:
8 3  r
F.
NL

@ @@

3$!
#&$'
U
" )/
 ^
#F
 #&$+ 3_

"[
k  y!"
+8X'
 #&$'
3 ~r ik
"
rrE  i x  ^
 #&$'S ]'


[ 0&  "g = 4 * & "[ " ]3 ~r N& 4 28
"& ,$!

@ @]
'

@ @a@ic@b
vY K)8 :
i$X 4S ,2*89:
;
< vY $r8) >g8'
U
" N
CS
c* ,r
=y+ ]  >g8+ )S"  } o"  ;"
mY  \r
k
<8
 2*89_
;
< [_ K
| i&  ,!  ["g  4U

K
V c* W+ r
*& "9 c* x  }$
kS ]  2)8'

@ @2'
+8X'
K< 28g :" ,Sr%

@ @@

148

You might also like