Plagiarism & Citation

1
 What happens if I plagiarize?

• Many people think of plagiarism as copying

another's work or borrowing someone
else's original ideas.
• But terms like "copying" and "borrowing"
can disguise the seriousness of the offense.

www.plagiarism.org
TO "PLAGIARIZE" MEANS
• to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of
another) as one's own
• to use (another's production) without crediting
the source
• to commit literary theft
• to present as new and original an idea or
product derived from an existing source
MERRIAM-WEBSTER ONLINE DICTIONARY
 In other words,
plagiarism is an act of fraud.
It involves both stealing
someone else's work and lying
about it afterward.

www.plagiarism.org
Nitrogen is one of the primary nutrients critical for the
survival of all living organisms. Although nitrogen is very
abundant in the atmosphere, it is largely inaccessible in this
form to most organisms. This article explores how nitrogen
becomes available to organisms and what changes in nitrogen
levels as a result of human activity means to local and global
ecosystems.

Comprehensive!
6
 How not to plagiarize!
According to Bernhard (2016), nitrogen is one of
the primary nutrients critical for the survival of
all living organisms. Although nitrogen is very
abundant in the atmosphere, it is largely
inaccessible in this form to most organisms.
Bernhard (2016) further explores how nitrogen
becomes available to organisms and what
changes in nitrogen levels as a result of human
activity means to local and global ecosystems in
this article.

APA Referencing
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IN-TEXT CITATION
&
REFERENCE
 In-text Citations
Basics
Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis:
 the author’s name and the date of publication
 for quotations and close paraphrases, provide a
page number as well

Example: Amelia Arvaniti

According to Arvaniti (2009)…
Or
Last name/surname
…….. (Arvaniti, 2009).

In-text citations help readers locate the cited source

in the References section of the paper.
 In-text Citations
Basics

Chinese Names
Tan Zhen Jee Tan, Z. J.

Adrian Kong King Kong Kong, A. K. K.

Malay Names
Mohammed Amer bin Shamsul Shamsul, M. A.

Indian Names
Premala a/p Sugumaran Sugumaran, P.

Updated:Semester201601
 The References Page
 Appears at the end of the
paper

 On a separate page

 List all sources you

quote, paraphrase or
summarize in
your paper

 Center the title–

References - at the top of
the page

 Double-spaced
 The References Page
Content & format
• Include all quoted, paraphrased or
summarized sources in your paper
• Start the first line of each entry at the
margin; indent the second and subsequent
lines -hanging indention

Arvaniti, A. (2009). Rhythm, timing and the

timing of rhythm. Phonetica, 66, 46-63.
Margin
 The References Page Arrangement of
Entries

• Alphabetize by the author’s last name

• If no author is named, alphabetize by the first

significant word (ignore A, An or The) in the
title.

• Put the list in alphabetical order, according to

the last name of each author
Reference Page (Format)
 Reference Page (Format)
Article
Author Year Article Title

Cain, S. M. (2013). O2 delivery to contracting muscle

during hypoxic or CO hypoxia. Journal of Applied
Physiology. 63(3), pp. 726-732.

Journal Name Pages

Volume (Issue)
 Use of “and” / “&”
(In-text Citation)

 When citing a work with two authors, use “and”

in between authors’ name in the signal phrase
yet “&” between their names in parenthesis:

According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate

(1997), “It is no longer true to claim that women's
responses to the war have been ignored” (p. 2).

Some feminists researchers question that “women's

responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt &
Tate, 1997, p. 2).
 Use of “and” / “&”
(Reference Page)

Raitt, J. L., & Tate, T. P. (1997). The exercise professional’s

guide to optimizing health: Strategies for
preventing and reducing chromic disease.
Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.
 In-Text Citation & Reference Page:
Single Author
In-Text Citation:
The theory was first considered in 2000 (Pash, 2008)
OR
Pash (2008) claimed that…

Reference Page:
Pash, C. (2008). The last whale. North Fremantle, WA:
Fremantle Press.
 In-Text Citation & Reference Page:
Two Authors
In-Text Citation:
Roitman and LaFontaine (2012) …
OR
“… to achieve consistency” (Roitman & LaFontaine,
2012)

Reference Page:
Roitman, J. L., & LaFontaine, T. P. (2012). The exercise
professional’s guide to optimizing health:
Strategies for preventing and reducing chromic
disease. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.
 In-Text Citation & Reference Page:
3, 4, 5 Authors
In-Text Citation:
Conking, Alley, Broecker, and Denton (2011)
Cite all authors the first time

In subsequent citations
Conking et al. (2011) suggested that …
OR
…(Conking et al., 2011)

Reference Page:
Conking, P. W., Alley, R. B., Broecker, W. S., & Denton, G. H.
(2011). The fate of Greenland: Lessons from
abrupt climate change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
 In-Text Citation & Reference Page:
6, 7 Authors
In-Text Citation:
Bulliet et al. (2011) found that…
OR
……. (Bulliet et al., 2011).
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Reference Page:
Bulliet, R. W., Crossley, P. K., Headrick, D. R., Hirsch, S. W.,
Johnson, L. L., & Northrup, D. (2011). The earth and its
peoples: A global history (5th ed.). Boston, MA:
Wadsworth.
 In-Text Citation & Reference Page:
8 or more Authors
In-Text Citation:
Gradel et al. (2007) stated...
OR
....... (Gradel et al., 2007)
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Reference Page:
Gradel, E., Kolaitis, P. G., Libkin, L., Marx, M., Spencer, J., Vardi,
M. Y., … Weinstein, S. (2007). Finite model theory and its
applications. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
For works with 8 or more authors, list the first 6 authors,
followed by 3 full stops (…) then the last author’s name.
 In-Text Citation & Reference Page:
No Authors
In-Text Citation:
(Employment the professional way, 2000)
OR
the book Employment the professional way (2000)
Shorten title

Reference Page:
Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding
the Australian job search process for professionally
qualified migrants. (2000). Carlton, Vic: Australian
Multicultural Foundation.
 In-Text Citation & Reference Page:
No Date
In-Text Citation:
(Royal Institute of British Architects, n. d.)

Reference Page:
Royal Institute of British Architects. (n. d.). Becoming an
architect. Retrieved from
http://www.architecture.com/EducationAndCareersBeco
mingAnArchitectBecominganarchitect.aspx
 APA Tables
 Label a table with an Arabic numeral and provide a
title. The label and the title appear on separate
lines above the table, flush-left and single-spaced.

 Cite a source in a note below the table:

Table 1
Internet users in Europe
Country Regular users
France 9 ml
Note. The data are adapted from “The European Union and
Russia”(2007). Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
 Samples
Agarose gel acts as a sieve to separate bands with different lengths. According
to Purdue University (1996), when electrical current is placed through the gel,
with the negative electrode at the top of the gel tank, and a positive electrode
at the bottom, negatively-charged DNA fragments will “swim” through the gel
towards the positive electrode.
“Gel Electrophoresis” (1996)

One of the many factors that influences the migration distance is the size of
the DNA. Agarose gel sieves DNA, shorter fragments are able to pass
through quicker compared to long fragments (Jason and Russell, 2001).

(Sambrook & Russell, 2001)

Samples
 Corrected Samples
Gel Electrophoresis: How Does It Work?. (1996).
Retrieved from
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/teacher/tab
le_of_contents/Gel%20Electrophoresis/DY
E_ELEC.5.11.96.pdf

Sambrook, J. & Russell, D. (2001). Molecular Cloning -

A Laboratory Manual 1. (3rd ed.). London, UK:
Pearson & Taylor.
 Take Note:
For future references, you may use the
UTAR & Curtin University APA
referencing.