Professional Documents
Culture Documents
V 08 Toc
V 08 Toc
OF
VOLUME VIII.
SAN FRANCISCO:
THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
1887.
Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1887, by
HUBERT H. BANCRGI T,
In the Office of the Libraria of Congress, at Washington.
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER II.
INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED.
1818-1821.
President Carlos Urrutia His Liberal Views Colombian Assaults
Spanish Constitution Restored The Gazistas, or Bacos The Cacos
1
CHAPTER III.
UNION WITH M E X I C O.
1821-1822.
First Acts of Guatemalan Rulers Intrigues of Parties Their Evil Con
sequences Gainza s Intrigues Independence in the Other Prov
inces Rewards to Gainza Troubles in Salvador Dissensions in
Honduras Local Squabbles in Nicaragua Predilection for Imperial
ism- Costa Rica Neutral Condition of Various Sections Seceding
Districts of Guatemala Perplexities of the Junta Consultiva Itur-
bi le s Devices Military Pressure His Proposals Accepted Illegal
Annexation Protests and Resistance War Begins 42
(v)
vi CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV.
CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFEDERATION.
1822-1825.
PAGE
Secession from Mexico Arzu s Campaign Prevarication of .Salvador
Filisola s Victory His Subsequent Course Liberal Triumph in
Costa Rica Honduras Favors Union National Independence Se
cured Labors to Organize a Nation The Constituent Assembly
Provincias Unidas del Centre de America Abolition of African
Slavery ProvisionalGovernment Moderados or Serviles Libe-
rales or Fiebres Aims of Parties Mexican Forces
Principles and
Retire- Seditions Begin Salvadoran Force in Guatemala Confed-
eracion de Centre America Fundamental Law- Finances Adjourn
ment of the Constituent Assembly tJO
CHAPTER V.
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
1825-1830.
CHAPTER VI.
C I V I L WAR .
1820-1838.
Revolution in Honduras Conservatives Invade the State Second Gen
eral Elections Francisco Morazan Chosen President Plots of the
Serviles Arce s Invasion from Mexico Occupation of Honduras
Ports by Exiled Rebels Spanish Flag Hoisted in Omoa, and Aid
from Cuba Salvadoran Authorities in Rebellion Third General
Elections Morazan Reflected Failure of Colonization Plans Rav
ages of Cholera Indian Revolt under Carrera His Early Life 108
CHAPTER VII.
DISSOLUTION OF THE REPUBLIC.
1837-1840.
PAGK
of Salazar Carrera Accepts Money to Leave the City Dictatorship
Offered Morazan by the Aristocrats and Refused Carrera s Second
Rebellion The Republic in Peril Morazan s Efforts to Save It
Nicaragua and Honduras Forces Invade Salvador Morazan Defeats
Them His Retreat to San Salvador He Embarks Is Refused
Hospitality in Costa Rica Goes to South America The Republic is
CHAPTER VIII.
GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
1824-1840.
State Government of Guatemala Barrundia s Radicalism His Over
throw Vice-jefe Flores Assassinated in Quezaltenango Downfall of
the Liberals in Guatemala Aristocratic Leaders Exiled Jefe Mo
lina His Differences, Impeachment, and Acquittals Rivera Ca-
beza s Reforms Earthquakes Galvez Rule and its Benefits Party
Opposition to Him Indian Outbreaks Carrera Captures Guatemala
Galvez Resigns Subsequent Rule of the Aristocrats Guatemala
again Independent Honduras State Government Jefe Dionisio
Herrera Early Dissensions Comayagua Assaulted by Rebels
Morazan in the Field Honduras Secedes from the Central American
Confederation Federalism Rooted out of her Territory 145
CHAPTER IX.
SALVADOR, NICARAGUA, AND COSTA RICA.
1824-1840.
Salvador State Government Liberals OverthrownSecession from the
Union San Salvador as the Federal Seat of Government Guate
mala Imposes her Will Jefe Cafias and Comandante Malespin Nic
aragua s Early Troubles Siege and Bombardment of Leon Organ
ization of State Government Dissensions and Warfare Eruption of
Cosigiiina Secession from the Confederation Costa Rica as a Con
federated State Juan Mora s Administration Towns Bickerings
Settled Braulio Carrillo s Rule Final Secession from the Central
American Republic Prosperity of the State 1 65
CHAPTER X.
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
1839-1852.
Interstate Dissensions Pacto de Chinandega Confederacion Centro
Americana Supremo Delegado Chamorro Hostility of Guatemala
and British Officials Arce Invades Salvador War of the Confeder
acy against Guatemala Helplessness of Chamorro End of the
Pacto de Chinandega Condition of the States Ferrera s Bad Faith
viii CONTENTS.
PAGE
Salvador and Honduras against Nicaragua Horrors of Leon
Vice-president Joaquin E. Guzman Honduras and Salvador at War
v
Guardiola s Vandalism- Malespin Overthrown Renewed Efforts
to Confederate Guatemala an Independent Republic Costa Rica
Follows Salvador, Nicaragua, and Honduras a Confederacy Its
Short Life Further Unsuccessful Attempts 186
CHAPTER XL
REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA.
1841-1856.
CHAPTER XII.
REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA.
1838-1855.
State Government Director Buitrago s Conservatism British Aggres
sion Director Sandoval s Rule Internal Troubles Guerrero s Ad
ministration The Mosquito Kingdom Its Origin and History
Bubbles British Pretensions Seizure of San Juan del Norte Dip
lomatic Complications Clayton-Bui wer Treaty Nicaragua Recovers
her Own Relations with Foreign Powers An American War Ship
Bombards San Juan del Norte Pineda s Government Establish
ment of the Republic Party Dissensions Legitimists versus Demo
crats Chamorro and Castellon Civil War Death of Chamorro
Estrada Succeeds Him 238
CHAPTER XIII.
REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA.
1840-1865.
President Rivera Paz Carrera s Course Pretended Sedition Dissolu
tion of theAssembly A Consejo Constituyente Created Carrera
Becomes President Attempt against his Life Revolt of Monter-
rosa Carrera s Despotism The Republic Established Relations
with Other Powers Revolution of the Mountain Constituent As
sembly Convened Carrera s Forced Resignation and Exile Liberals
Triumphant Their Squabbles and Disintegration The Moderado
Party Revolution of Los Altos Intrigues of the Serviles Presi-
CONTENTS. ix
PAGE
dencies of Martinez and Escobar Causes of their Resignations
Paredes Recall of Carrera Deeds of Vengeance Carrera again
President Partial Restoration of Peace 264
CHAPTER XIV.
REPUBLIC OF SALVADOR.
1839-1865.
CHAPTER XV.
REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS.
1840-1865.
President Ferrera Revolutionary Movements Political Executions
Presidency of Juan Lindo New Constitution Lindo Overthrown
Belize Honduras Troubles with Great Britain British Occupation
of Tiger Island Bombardment of Omoa Bay Islands President
Cabanas War with Guatemala Pro
Guardiola s Assassination
visional Rules of Castellanosand Montes Alliance with Barrios
Unsuccessful War with Guatemala and Nicaragua Montes Deposed
Establishment of the Republic Jose M. Medina Chosen President
Amendment of the Constitution 309
CHAPTER XVI.
WALKER S CAMPAIGN IN NICARAGUA.
1855-1856.
CHAPTER XVII.
END OF FILIBUSTERING IN CENTRAL AMERICA.
1856-1867.
PAGB
Recognition of President Rivas by the United States Walker s Hostile
Attitude Flight of Rivas Walker Makes Himself President Alli
ance against Him Death of Estrada The Legitimists Accept Rivas
Costa Ricans and Nicaragnans in Rivas Destruction of Granada
It is Occupied by Allied Forces Walker Reoccupies Rivas Where
He is Besieged Successes of the Costa Ricans Failure of Lock-
ridges Expedition Surrender of Walker War of Nicaragua and
Costa Rica Commodore Paulding and Walker s Second Attempt
Walker s Invasion of Honduras, Capture, and Execution-^Govern-
ment Reorganized President Martinez Administrations 347
CHAPTER XVIII.
POLITICAL EVENTS IN COSTA RICA.
1856-1886.
CHAPTER XIX.
DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN SALVADOR.
1865-1885.
CHAPTER XX.
DEMOCRACY RESTORED IN GUATEMALA,
18G5-1873.
PAGE
1 resident Cerna s Rule Partial Revolts Liberals in the Assembly
Cerna s Reelection Riots in the Capital Zavala s Course Crux
Rebellion, Defeat, and Death Arrests of Liberals Moderation of
the Government Revolution of Garcia Granados and Barrios
Plan of Patzicia Cerna Defeated and Overthrown Granados as
Presidente Provisorio Seditious Movements Quelled Abolition of
Priestly Privileges Prelates, Jesuits, and Capuchins Expelled
War with Honduras Barrios as Substitute President His Sever
ity Elections Barrios Chosen Constitutional President 41. ?
CHAPTER XXI.
RENEWED EFFORTS FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN UNITY.
1873-1885.
President Barrios of Guatemala End of Reactionary War Guatemalan
Progress War with Salvador and Honduras Barrios Successes
and Generosity to the Vanquished Constitutional Regime in Guate
mala Barrios Reflections His Visit to the United States Peace
ful Effort to Unite Central America Resort to Arms Alliance of
Guatemala and Honduras Barrios Attacks Salvador His Defeat
and Death- -His Plan Abandoned M. L. Barillas, Provisional Presi
dent of Guatemala Restoration of Peace 43 1
CHAPTER XXII.
HONDURAS AFFAIRS.
1865-1886.
National Flag and Escutcheon Order of Santa Rosa Medina s Long
Rule His Differences with Duenas, and Triumph War with Salva
dor and Guatemala Medina Defeated and Overthrown Celeo Arias
Succeeds Him His Liberal Policy He is Beset by the Conserva
tives His Former Supporters Depose Him Ponciano Leiva Becomes
President His Course Displeases Barrios, Who Sets Medina against
Him He is Forced to Resign Marco Aurelio Soto Made President
by Barrios Attempted Revolt of Ex-president Medina His Trial
and Execution Soto s Administration- He Goes Abroad His Quar
rel with Barrios, and Resignation President Bogran Filibustering
Schemes 453
CHAPTER XXIII.
POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN NICARAGUA.
1867-1885.
President Fernando Guzman Insurrection Misconduct of Priests
Defeats of the Insurgents- Foreign Mediation Generosity of the
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Government President Vicente Quadra Inception of the Jesuits
Aims of Parties Internal and Foreign Complications Costa Rica s
CHAPTER XXIV.
INDEPENDENCE OF THE ISTHMUS.
1801-1822.
CHAPTER XXV.
DIVERS PHASES OF SELF-GOVERNMENT.
1819-1863.
CHAPTER XXVI.
FURTHER WARS AND REVOLUTIONS.
1863-1885.
Presidents Goitia, Santa Coloma, and Calancha Undue Interference of
Federal Officials Colunje s Administration President Olarte s En
ergy Enmity of the Arrabal s Negroes Short and Disturbed Rules
of Diaz and Ponce President Correoso Negro Element in the
Ascendent Conservatives Rebel, and are Discomfited Armed Peace
CONTENTS. xiii
PAGE
for a Time Feverish Rules of Neira, Mird, Aizpuru, Correoso, and
Casorla Cervera s Long Tenure Temporary Rule of Vives Leon
President Santodomingo Vila Obtains Leave of Absence
Is Suc
ceeded by Pablo Arosemena Aizpuru s Revolution Arosemena
Flees and Resigns Outrages at Colon American Forces Protect
Panama Collapse of the Revolution Aizpuru and Correoso Im
prisoned Chief Causes of Disturbances on the Isthmus 532
CHAPTER XXVII.
CENTRAL AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS.
1886.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE PEOPLE OF COSTA RICA, NICARAGUA, AND SALVADOR.
1800-1887.
Central American Population Its Divisions General Characteristics and
Occupations Land Grants Efforts at Colonization Failure of For
eign Schemes Rejection of American Negroes Character of the
Costa Rican People Dwellings Dress Food Amusements Nica-
raguan Men and Women Their Domestic Life How They Amuse
Themselves People of Salvador Their Character and Mode of
Living 587
CHAPTER XXIX.
THE PEOPLE OF HONDURAS AND GUATEMALA.
1800-1887.
CHAPTER XXX.
INTELLECTUAL ADVANCEMENT.
1800-1887.
PAGE
Public Education Early Efforts at Development Costa Rica s Measures
Small Success Education in Nicaragua Schools and Colleges
Nicaraguan Writers Progress in Salvador and Honduras Brilliant
Results in Guatemala Polytechnic School Schools of Science, Arts,
and Trades Institute for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind University
Public Writers Absence of Public Libraries Church History in
Central America and Panama Creation of Dioceses of Salvador and
Costa Rica Immorality of Priests Their Struggles for Supremacy
Efforts to Break their Power Banishments of Prelates Expulsion
of Jesuits Suppression of Monastic Orders Separation of Church
and State Religious Freedom 021
CHAPTER XXXI.
JUDICIAL AND MILITARY.
1887.
CHAPTER XXXII.
INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS.
1800-1887.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
COMMERCE AND FINANCE.
1801-1887.
PAGE
Early State of Trade Continued Stagnation after Independence Steam
on the Coasts Its Beneficial Effects Variety of Staples Ports of
Entry and Tariffs Imports and Exports Fairs Accessory Transit
Company Internal Navigation Highways Money Banking
Postal Service Panama Railway Traffic Local Trade of the Isth
mus Pearl Fishery Colonial Revenue in Finances of the Federa
tion Sources of Revenue of Each State Their Receipts and
Expenditures Foreign and Internal Debts 603
CHAPTER XXXIV.
INTEROCEANIC COMMUNICATION.
1801-1887.
Ancient Ideas on the North-west Passage From Peru to La Plata
Cape Horn Discovered Arctic Regions McClure s Successful
Voyage Crozier s Discovery Franklin s Attempts Finding by
Nordenskiold of the North-east Passage Projects to Unite the At
lantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmuses Plans about Tehuaii-