Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 181

pbna

 

  !"

31 +! ," : ()

73

234 56



: 


  


    


' /
01 #$

##$  % &""'

: 
87 2=") 2:
> :; <)

2 78 9
: ' 
' 

109 G: H  H :; <)

"DE! F' 
!:  !#

5@"A #= B"C :()

K" &L> :()

:  
137 O'P@ 
1 :N
147

168

S P T U !"V

& 2:

/
!: #  " /
: M

R 4  BQ") : 
' :

! '  ""XY' 


o
o
o

ybnna

b  '#= #Y "
a

^!Y 2 & _` 0H  "M%L
]=\  @# [U B'": 
b

B
g g hP@"g4 9
g:  @# [U !  M ' ,f '": ) 2 c"d ' R M ' ,f

P"g i jg' k g " jg 
% % l &"m: &"=3) j hHn' % l V 

q@# @
 om  p P#:7 P"

5[g ' r"g@ #g"Y fg=)"M ]R g4 g BQ"g) :


' :
\ : r" H 2)<

g:
2
ga
 g M V ' #!H ]2 P T U !"V\ @# [U p f N )

& P
3 ' 
L EM 2sP") N o# B
4V # r" M tM u ,
'

w
gL x=3)' k  "y j r" M H' q% l P
4  L: M ^v# 2
h[gU Egz g r"g M g{ 2)<g)' ,g:# &"g%Y| =: " z"i ,"LV :

qT": 0 5i F!L &""(  " p &"=3

"X
b ]O'P@ 
1\ f N ) 5[ ' ]5
!: #  " 5
: M \ r" H }!~ H

w
gL! "gX
b "g=)P8 ##g> w
gL
gU' ,g!: #  " B" p x=3 ' m: 
" }! % l  #% p T":  " j hH) p f"  r" M [U !  M ' ;

 #g% p 1"Mg &"g" B


 !L &8Q") r" M +0 H ,r
:$ ' BF 
qr
:$ ' BF  #% p T": ""XY 0_ B
' r
:$

g
!: g !# \ : YP
 ]5
!: #  " 5
: M \ r" H 9
a
 =)

P'@ gYP
OY"g:) ug ,G:g H  gM ]HP"F w
L +)' 
:"DE! F'

&"1"H P
L' ,]M 1
 "H'\ g 2! " 0 

!: &"` 
3

; "gd \ g0 ## B'@ p F!L &"  "1" }VP  2 ) "X


b 
 5i

g !# g g gM)  &"g1"M h[gU fg )' ,]= gF &"Hd% 2:

qg
%  g &"P  j   [U 2X " @" u   '

z"i' ,
XU": &"H = ] \ w#) ]  
\ "L YP' p'
qg
 g &"P ' T": , "4 "X
b 2)<) " "L: '#= 2 ' ,@"4 Y8

XU":  " Hy \ ' 2 " 2 78 5# :!%  "  P@ "L YP' p ]\ w#)'

## 5i &" P#' ]\ "L#) 2 V


 P# " #7 H 2U' ,]

b 0_ u
qnF ! ' om: j oDP#Y p 0!  T  ' F!L!% E

]2="g) 2:
g>\ "gL " H p ^HP"> 2 ]2 78 9
: ' 
'  \ YP' "

BEi  ' 2 78 9


: ' 
'  &" " %d ' N " B'": ) 2LV
"g j ,
U
m 5# 2U' ,##$  % &"P!% =% P"v  P@

g=% ' xg=


 g gH T"g1 "g p g gYP
w# )' qK" B'@ p T 

2gY p "gUP"vC gLm) g


 &"P" "LV ^==)   % l 1  " 2  P#H

qT":  " p "UP


z

]g  !g"\ w#g) "X


b T": " j ##$  % &"P h[U P"vC 

 "  P@ :##$  % &""' 


     \ : 
: ^ "L YP'
p 
g%!  [g gk &"g7'  &8"y 1 #  P@ w#) "LV' ,]k 

,fg %P p 'g ^V P  ' k p L: ^  T


 ,M #d &"8

#gd &"g8
p %!  2)E &"k & 7"L  &8"  P@  V"a"
g
&""  78 ' @"4 Y8 P"v  P@ P" p  "y &" P@ 2)<)' q"X
b
h[U  T": " j' ,# ! ' "L: '
: ,k   j ##$  %

qL p ' k i @ T
 ,

,]&g 2g:\ fg= M) ]g! ' g ""gXY' g


\ r" M "a
b @# w# H

&"#g ' c
gd= ' &" P# H\ f!m1 _` p ^#Y P' 
!
U r" M '

"L ( ^Hn> P'" # j r" M 5


' q]!>   " &":= %M %"M

p ' ;g p T
g ,k p T":%  78 ' @"4 Y8 ' " P '@ B'":) p

q
 p ,'#= x": p ' y

Rg1
7 g giC "g=1"7
b w#gV ]g
' 5
01 #$ \ :S34 56 B" "

}g ' "g31 jg ""'


"@"4
Y "AE  o  2 ,T": @"7< "
U' 

b
b
og &"gP h[gA @"gX g  @P BEgi g ' g
 P" &"P" BEi 
q]V"0 z
4 \

' ,g
g g " w#gY "g gM V"a @# [U w# 
71 , w" p'

B
g @#g [gU "L# 2 !# =3 ' m: =7
 &"0"= # )


 t": " %  w
L @"$ c"d  # " H p 
% @# R1
$
q"y 2": H p ,T": &
 z"i' ,oD P" i '

@
c@@a
@ Ca@@D
 

g # [g: g '# &"gYE P


g3 g!H"y sP" %!  j 
0"= x 

 hU
g7 p g
w
L +F " 4' ,
2U    &": 

"gA' ,P'+4 " o ) ,V"0 '  "4)8 ' " ' @"4 Y8 "U@"  "A =H %!
&"g8
P'@ 'g p "gD ` g g0! )' q1"gH'
"!H
b
b "U#zP M! & `

,#g ' g=3Y jg w


g ##7 2 " w"m1 P" p #' 2!m 
H M #d

&"H P'@ 2":)' , '# @'#y  ""1 ' &8"4)8 ' &"
% P
v #"4)'

,&"# ' }% ' B


 t'QP H r"1 ' ,&":$ @#  YE!  

g' g !# ' y oY 9


>' 
 ' #: H"A '#) H 9") '

q} ' 2 " "31 j "1

gXU": gH ' ,   


" 2! "  P@  0d= YP
h[U #D'

g g
"g :"gL: ,g!L &8Q"g  @# j @ " ,
#a 
 ' ,

gy g " Hy ' 21# }! " "L YE "'?"D" #) "' ?^1
M) ;H' ?

2g 78 5#g : 2gggggU ' gHy g%) 1  "7


!1 YP
w#) ov ?"1
q2 "

@ Za@n a@a@Z c
h[gU g  ' ,g
gd1 jg "gD" ) @#g ) g
&"g@ g " Lm)'

b  "=)P8 ' E i8 "


F" &"
g
;g ) &8'" 3) u ,2""1"
:P U"

"gzV
b V
g 2"g%) 2g = P
g3) g%! "UP"= " 
% m: :  

g:= B"4)8 P
0 
M' ,K" % 2~P#  n @"  1 ,
!:% V"M 

b V P'@
qE"
b 5@"4 Y8 P
3 ' !% P
0 j

g g:!U xg #L g) g%! "UP"= " 


% m: :!"#  


gY @"gY ^ ,S " # 4 j  
!1 ' !1 "> #4 ,5
Y

qM #d &"8


2U @#

jg' "g 
L "g +gi @
 p @
7
 
 2U ":U  "M> '

P"g4 18 R=g ' ,B"g4)8 "7



:M) p P" P
0 <' ^ " ,#"4 
d1
 0"=  xV 5' q3M #d &"8
@" 
!:% o"y

gy jg "=%g


v`g) "L:M ,"1
' y oY j "U#H<) oP 
h[U
b
qr
F ' &"$
 j [H' , 78 ' @"4 Y8

2gLV ,g
U"g &"g ) p HngF @"   @#
b ":U < B
 M!'

b
gy @"g4 Y8 g!1 g "@"g4
Y  ) ,V"H "y R1
$ %"> ,@"  @#  %!
""'
," "
b
b B
 t'QP H j 7
y ' P" 7
y  '
 '
p xgy ' g@ gy ogY g fg% 5
g3: g g %  !#
!1 w#)

1' "g "


b &"g
% }! P
3) j 7

:M P
0 v  V"a" [U ,V":

q1 h[U ">' M z"i'  V"0 !1 j w


) :  V"v 1

g ;gFM)  gM! &"g%! cEgv !X ) 


  # 5 2: [

,B'#g g @'#gy R'[g  xg% ) g1"0 ' ,&"g


% P"F 1" x% ) ' ,"UU
7

h[gU ' ,&"g` ' &"g ! ' &"g$  f"F &8#  @" 4 ) 0 "0 '

=g: " g"~ G"g 1 ' &"g ! =g =g: " =% G" 1  5@`) #Y &"%!
q4i "LX =

,"A 2" 
M @
7' ,
%!  ^3=)P 2 &"P ' oU"  "  =)'

w"m: [i :"U ": # !F 5[ ' , %  !# !: f P"F "
U'

2g" g0! "gAEi g xgd  ,g gP'@ &"g" 1 T g7' ,r g @# )

w"gm: w" E o 


m: "UP"= " ," ' 1#
y w n ' ,:
!%

q%U &" (' &""1  % h":  21# }! P'@ @"@ ' ,S !#

,g
g%! 2" R1"$ "UP"= "  !# " 21# }! "=)P @
'

g0_ "g' ,:


g!% g
3 ' gy @ P   ) 21# }! &"`  
b
q&8" H p oD P@"=' oD P#Y x%3)' ,oL ! 
> p :
HP"F Ei#

g '# P'@ ;g ) @"g  u#y ,# }! P'@ @"@  


# " =)P '

9P"g) 5
g31 ug ,g '# @"g w
L p m: @" =)P H ,}! " "L YE'

gV =%g &" #g g @#g j    +i # p 


&"%!
P"g [U p +v #Y' q@" "D"3% U"m  ## "= j  '# P# 4 

@"g = g jg v' ,


G" :  '# v<) 5# B
 &8Q"  @#
ogU g  5) ' :m1 &"L7' cEv <F [U p &' ,"UP'@ @'#' :

Eg }g ,B'#g g %gz" 7


y 
 m1
b  '# 
Y P"d1 
,E

}%g g T#g


b ,@'#g 5<g #g '@' B'#  T M P"F 18 ' B" 18 

gH  g1  5@ 5[  ,EL 8 1' ,P"MV ' &"


% 2 ' &"# '

[gH'  " 
My M> [i<) #Y #d o H & #'  P  }:z

gz & #g' ' ,&"g:$ @#g  YE! &"H ' ,!%Y '  '# &m:
9

@'# } "U@'# x"3 ) 8 & #


h[U' ,Grassroots %d #" &m: 0

g g '# gP  ]g7 B"g1 @\ 5g' q5%d ": 2U ,=4) "L:M ' , '#
b =H gg
b %  MggF "@"gg ' oMd gg gg"
5@"ggy ' gg 1gg gg gg! +gg

B'#g h[U   ,"


  '# "" f  P@ p 5"{' 2F:H RU[' q6 '

k &8#g ! oMd j "DP#Y o  =H


M  
 &" C w
) 2
@"4 Y & P Y   "L% N' w"m: w" >"FA  " ^d=z ,"DE! " '
%) ' ,%  "D3  a"i + &"`' t"1 =Y ' ,5i H" p [ 

^ h+= ) R B'# h[U' ,"/


a"" oU'  @ " B
d ) 
  '#

q7% &"7" 8 & x": ' o "Y  "=  #Fy G1


5


g = g gV B"g:)


g g:U  & P
3   RU[ V 1"0 m: L7' "

'#g w"m:  p B"y f% "H  1P" " , '# " }%3X) 2 P '@ ' ;"

P"g4 ' g gV": Rg "3 g 
g xg j P@" 2U  '# "V ,/#%

5 f7
[U  5 ,
 5
 y "  (": &8E i8 Ez [H'
@"g g%! 
#g 5[g g ,f 
3) #  M '  '# P'@ P ! 8 =  

  8 f:M ,
k p 
  '#  M: 8 h"8 [LV ,8P'# [A ; )
M =)' ,5i  ;% )' ,;"' 5@`) @P"= ry #  "  '#V ,%">  %)

Rg%V RU[g' q"gL = p "g +)  5@`   % V ,=Y  " "A #L 8 ,0 "v

4 "L { #) K "L:M ,@"4 Y8 "L ' &#V #Y  '#  oP f1  5:7

}g '8
gU g x ' ,"L:
 } "  'P x%i p %0! : 

h[U ' , '#%  78 ' @"4 Y8 


{ P !  #H` "H ' ,f7
[U

q=  p "L { @ @)


 

,]g BEg\ g '# g 2g: V "


>
Y h"8 2U' 0 "0 m: L7' "
b
jg g
% g"~ ' =%g P"gv g "g B@" )' ,"U+) # )' "D#  ;'
_  '#  p fMMF)  ] @ 
7\ r  u ,P" [U G &@# ) #Y' q '#
B'#g  ]g'P 8C\ #ggH`' ,&" Y
2ggggV P
v V f7
) " 5gg' ,<
"U+g) p [gH' &"g" ' 1
g }ga' p "gP
P'@
b
b Rg %) m g % 

10

 ,"L X) 8' &"


My 3 5
) 
  0"=  RU[' q9"L=3)'
g" "gDP @ w"gM g%i # g" Rg: w"g Y
=g + "zV
b , ) "
q10}! !%
g
& +g  T
ga p  '# =  <F 5Q  ## 
0"=  #

g '# T"g i 2gU' ,&"U


P":g ' 5Qg g%) ogU  ud= 3)' ,"D" #)'
  P# _ 5[
P":
U' , '# ;"'  = +)' ,SU H  '# P !  '

} ,"L  " ' '# w"m: "L3 2 


X ' & P
3 } ;M   ,f [i

,B'# }( j f1 P# " o ) 8  '# @" j 


& +v<)  P"= 8 p }a

w#g g
& +v<g  gH 7P# v< % a 0H ": B'#  = 5 u

gM g  
g@  g7"y &gL ov ' q11# B'# V": j "DP#Y
q '# P'@ ; ) @"  0"= '

21#g }g! j $%&'# ()* +,  @#


b 0"=   P" [U p

5@"g4 Y8 g '# P'@ }g7 ) g p fg1 :"A' ,


My + &m: "L: R% p'
g
My +g &m:g fg= %)  gM! 5[g P'#g jg T
a ^3% 2 78 '
5@ 5[g g ,MA ;M &""' 5@"4 Y8 d % =% P"v "4 8

#g# g "  p &m: h[U &# #Y' qK" p "L!' &m: h[U ' #"4) 

g ""gXY' gF!L &"g$ ' g "3= ' g ""gX % 
!: ""X 

' "L: x: ' B"4)8 !:) p ^d1' , BE  ""XY' = "' "1

& P
g3) g f%!  &@ 
 :"L1"v' q12 '# &m: ' &"M=F  ##

#g7 :) &"YE  ) { j #H<  )"


% '  7 ' @"4 Y ' "

@"g4 Y8 g!: g%! "g1 p fg }%3X) 5[ oL P'#% m1


b ,&m: h[U 
11

#gH< ' "1


'  !# ""X T": 8  :"L0 "v' q" '  78 '
b8
=Y 2Y8 #Y ,E i8 B
=Y' P
y ' ," ' y oY j
5#g ' K"g p " g '
b
#"Y @"~ j #" 5[  ,
My + &m: z"i' ,# }! &"`

h[gU 9
> &""M 1  ' q13"L: V '" ' x: % &m: h[U 5# HnF

B'@ ;g% l p 


M + &m: <)
d1 +i @
 p h"8 1# V"0

#gY' ,S !#g B


gd g%! #gz)' RY )' "1
 ""XY 2:= ) K"

Advocacy gg"V@ &m:gg "gg< ggP p' &"gg@ p &m:gg h[ggU ^ggV

g1' ,
! BEi  V  , '@ #1"' o@ j ^%4' ,Organizations

Networking =gF "H' ,#


&
4 ' ;)"M ' @ #1" BEi 

= "3 &
z 
) p "  C 
"L3) 2 !L '" &" C #
U'

2g  "g4)8 ' g7



:M P
g0  :"L  P' q"1
 w n '  !# "

g"  ' ,% &"1"M ' B'#  7


y P"  &@ 
^="z
#gY' qg " B"g4)8 "g' g "gU+' 21'nM B"4)8 "' j @
b  "L:
#g#7 & '@' R "g 
g3)  &@ ug ,#g }g! jg hP'# [U M 1
q14"
% ' p  xV#) c #' f)m:  " %

,#g }g! jg $%&'# -'# .%/  P"> 0"=  xV #7


 f1 j

"Ug' ,012
3 24 2$%&# ,63 4 $%&# :"{ ,
% 
L  h"8 [U '

@"g =)P 5[ ' ,#" "U": ! 


 h"8 [U 5' q
#a 
 'iC

,/@"4 Y8 B" p & [ "' ,K" B'@ j f:  w"m1 N 2  "' ,#
R3

g: B'#g g 


 @"@ ' ,@"4 Y8 '  78 &")'"  #  5@ #Y

' ,#
}! i @ T  ' T":  "L1 
A 9") ' ,+ B'# '

}g! &"g` jg g# B'#g B B'#7' oY NV !X ) #" "U": !
&"g7" 8 g=%) jg P@"gY +g &"g` h[gU g ~ "g ,g": B'#g p 21#

p giC "g
L
h"g8 [gU
g%0 g' ,"gD" ! ! z" ' P' &"
' '
b

2$ 2 9:2( ;2<-  8# 01


3 4 $%&# 87 ,j  
w
L L7


@(2&# 2?# >-2C'# 2C.  ?2D# = ;2>&. ,?2'# @( $%&# A7B$
E2C( @F-># 
>$ G&( H? I J?K L&# M%4 6 .?4  87 ,?'#
>S , B/ ?&4 Q'# 9%4 @%R %> 8># 8& ,4&# NB$ O#P$

12

g"V# &"M=gF #gD' ,15 24%>Y 62 8UVS?2# WXA'#  ?P4


O-P 3
T
g '# ' %d 
My + &m: p %"  ##7  'P T":  B'#% "

q16"1
' = ""XY B
 &  B@"=)' P
y 7 

g '# &m: : 0!  ,5


 2vEv K" p w
 O 1 ":1 0"=  5'
21#g }! "g g  "g 2U 0 "0 
 ' , '# ' , " P" !m: 0 +=M
' & U"gm T
g 9P
gF &"g7"  j 
XU": H #! )' q17S "
p 8 U"gm) 1995 2gV q5gi #  !z" ^" 7 2 21# "4 &"%!
p 21#g "g4 ogm:) og) 1998 p' ,'#g g:=% 5
:g 9 78 T":v p #P#
Multi Lateral g @#g  P0 g8 Y") P #z ! @" 1 T":v p B"n1

21#g "g4 H p "UP"U@ '  Hy ^%z' ov ,Investment Agreement
P"g g!m: 9 g7 @"g 1 T"g:v p 1999 )" p > ;  50 "LV P"> 2
@"g4 Y8 5#g : 9 g7 #: 2000 w" t
V @ p #>" U"m }=) #Y' q "
#g: '#:gz' '#g g:=% 5
:g 9 78 T":v p 5H 5i U"m ov ,S "
%% # _' ,2001 ": p 5i  t
V @ p ov ,  p ov ,f1 w" p 3:>

gy P"g % #gU"  jg "g)8 _` @" 1 T":v p ]=H\ & U"m "X
b !F
h[U  2U ":U !L  < ' ,2001 ;z p 
:7 & U"m "L =) ov , M B'#

g gU p =g "LX =  '#  " &m: h[U H P j ^%! &"Hy
q18/@"

Zba@a@n a@Zb bq

13

#g" ' t"g:7 gH g 


g:
om : u ,@'#y 23 )  " U"
U
"g1
'  !# ""XY 0 ,"A
 xV
) ":U , " oY' ""XY  9"V#%
g #g# 21#g }g! ogX' ,g 78  # ' = '  '  #  !: '
&m:g ' @ gV ' g '# g
My +g &m:g p g0! ) 2g &"1
M ' ":
q
My + &m: &"M=>' 1  ' ' &" "d ' #"

#g )'
!1 :"L{  
 #  2 " 21# }! U"
!1 9"7P M!'

g0 2 "g }"g & ""XY' &EMF f)":' jd 5


 j 21# }! P'@

'# 5
 j 
My + &m: {' P'@ # )' q"1
'  ' =

og P'@ og #g ) YE h[U  ) j #" #Y' ,#d o" "L YE  )'

g "gL  " j &"


My P#Y w#'  '# &EMF # ) T
a p f) #d

h[gU #"g 5[g g ,5gi g"1 g &"g


% ' &8"4)8 om1 P
3)' ,"1
q19"Dm:' #d o } 
Y B"4) &
:Y x%i j &m:

g 7 ' @"4 Y ' " P '@


R %) 21# }! &m:) V P" [U p'
b

"g4) w"gm1 T"g:' &"YE 


3) : "U"~ M! ,S " 5
 j :L' V"v'

&"g%!  2 "g 21#g }g! &m:g w


) u ,S " 21# }!  
@g p g0!  8 #A ' ,HnF &"U"8 & &m: ' &"
! ' @ V }!

&"g
% B@"=)' B"4)E !m: = +V
) 1' ,'"  )'   x:
p F:) 2 2 " 21# }! &m:  ## ":U  H ,20P"MV ' &  '

jd 5
 j T
 ,# }! &"` Capacity Building & P# T": B"
+g4 &m:g & P#gY 5
g }gV P"g [gU p w
g)' ,'#g ' 2!%Y '

+V
) ' ,
& 1 P #z' =P# G  ' V xV#) BEi  ' ,5i

q21&m: h[U "F1' ! 


3) "<>  2 &"
% ' &"1"=

w U8  &"" 
!X p +v< j 2 " 21# }! &m: ! ) H
"gU @#g  "' BEi  o ' ,"UP"MV 2)
": D j' ,"D"L7
)'
"g1"'
,&"g" 2 1"g4 B"4)8 ' ,wE ' ,&"1"= '  '# V"d ' & _`
b
,T P ' P"gMV p +v<g #g g H' ,= #F' & U"m r
% w # 
oLg ,"g [U p' q22#" ^ ' #1 da ' QP "A V
)  2=: ov '
,"gL  &"g" "g p +v<g ' g '# &EMF " ; p 2 " 21# }!
xg%i' &"g
% +V
g)' w"g 5P P"gv wE }  'P x% P" [U p w
'
,
 ""X x%  V 2 " 21# }! f= 5[ P'# ' qf #1"

14

w"g gV ogv g' q231995 w"g gM p # 5[ !% 2 " _` #  z"i
"g w
g 2 !L P '@  #  ,"Lv #d  '  '# &"` ! G  # 
@"g4 Y8 &"` j +v< % "V@ &E f7
 w
 u ,S " 21# }!
2g g% &" ! &"7"  ' R "3 } r'" ) ` &"=)) "8  "
:= ' #: '#:z B
 % &" P# ;FM)' qS " 21# }! [U "L%0!
," &"` j 2 " 21# }! 
a  , " P" !m:'  '#
q#g#$ '#g g" } ;M % '# := z"i "L: = ^ V@ 2 '
,&"#g o#)' F  "31 p &m:  f= %) 5[ P'# { ":U )'
gM! [gU jg' q5i P@"4  "L = ) o  2 @P
}
) @" BEi  '
2g ' ,g% l P@"g4 g @P
=  x%  B' :>  &m: h[U ! o)
h[gU }g
) @"g x% V 21"0 xF " ,
3 @
L$ ' : ' @" @P
!F)
#" &m:' + &m: j &m: h[U ! F)' ,#  &" j @P

q24 78
21#g }g! "gLV gF: 2g &8"g oU  ,"0 ' p P'#   H

1  #gD &m:g "g:U ,


My +  '# &m:  8  !V ,S "
5#g : g" jg H " "L: , 78 ' @"4 Y8 ' " ""X  V

jg gH "g "gL:' ,gV"0 ' g 78 Rg1


$ j H " "L:' ,&" k 

q25": B'# ' # B'# p @"4 Y8

@ Za@&@pba@pbj@Zb rbq
,g
My +  '# &m: P'@ j %d '  P# " Hn @"@ }

"gM  "g{' ,Networking =gF ' Network M=F w


L P"F 18 ' 9
[ x

"gX xgd g


My +g &m:g "g w
) 2 3F1 ' &"%!  
!

15

q"L: V #1" '

b
&m:g ' &"g
! ' @ V
oX 5P" i ' 2
 P" "< M=F  )'

qB"4)8 ' &  ' &"


% B@"=)  #D =) ) + V 3

P"g
g3)' ,+v<g ' 
g% P#g4
g0_ ,gz
' B"4)E  C 2U M=F "V
b
b
q26
My + &m:!% #1" o#)' P'#   ":"X)
b
p oU") u ,"X
b %' !%Y'  '@ { & B'#% " &"M=F  )'

&"g%! #1"g jg P@"g gV"0 ' g 78 :  "F ' rP" x
g1# &" ! p %"  ##7  'P T":  ' ,'# ' 2!%Y "M
P
gy g7 g g  # ")  5@` 5[  , '# &m: ' B'# '

q27 ""XY' "1


' = 0 ## ""XY' &8" p &  B@"=)'

g!  g! g


My + &m: &"M=> "F1 V ,w"L ' ; oMd'

"gLV B"g 8' "M H p :) M=F H !V ,  8' H #7


 EV ,SV MF
& [g jg "gy  #D 8 2U' ,H   "A' #) o  @" ' ,  ' O
A

"gL%MU +)  &"M=F h[U }3 ) [ ' ,@# #U xd  "U#7


) =) 1'
q28"L<)  #A T" 1  " p 2  M!' ,"L : '

#gU  @#
b B'#% " 
My + &m: &"M=> 2:= ) ,P" [U p

g%d g
My +g &m:g og@' 21#g }!  ) p "UP'@  =3 =)) 2
:&8" # p 0! ' ," &"" j +v< '

P"gMV c #d g o gV ,# }! i @ &"1"M ' &"Y"3 = ) B"

B"4)8 ' " % M =  @"~ BEi  %=  &"' ' 3 '

og@ g7 g <F:) 2 &"M=F V B"0 = j' q%  
w
) ,"U+ ' %" B"
 #1" ' = " ' "1



g3 2 g)' ,g@" ' 1"g1 @P
g P
m:  &"$ ' @ V = 
qHnF oLV #U xd oL: V "L!#)' &"YE

16

M=F% "4)8 P'# 0! u ,&"


% B@"=)' B"4)8 "' o@ B"

}g! g' "g: g &"


% xV#) { m1
b ,"A 5 @
!
q}!% 6 3 21#

#1" H  "0! &"M=F 


M V ,# }! & P#Y o@' #1" B"

}g! &"g` 2Y"g= ' "gA 


g3)' o@' 
My + &m: & P#

,g
: g=P# G g +V
g) g '"d! &"M=F h[U w
) ov ' q#
q"D P#Y' &m: h[U T"H }VP # 44 c
d= '

Rg%3  5[g g ,"gL: g


!: gz"i ," &"" j +v< B"

&m:g j +v<  '"' ,P"0  ! ""X% da ' #1 QP 


M)

q5Q h[U 2:= ""X h[ ! L ' %"

T":' ,##$ &"Y"3 = ) B


 P'#) 2 
: #U h[U x  > 8'

,g
My +g &m:g & P#gY o@' ," &"" p +v< ' B"4)8 ' z

, #U h[U xd %i # ' %"M "
 
! 2:=)  &"M=F h[U }V#

,g @"= & P"g ' HngF &" 78 om:) ' ,&"= M ' & : P #z  <% V
q  }(  &  B@"=) #

,"L"gX g 2g1'nM B"g4)8 M=> +V


) j &"M=F h[U  " @"'

g
:  =P#) G  +V
)  <%) H ,44 &" P# ' c
d=  ## u'
b
qM=F T"X &"
'' &"7" 8 "V'
g %"gM  
 j '# }! p +v< % &"M=F h[U ) n w
)'

& _`g p HP"F 


My + &m: @# BEi  2!M P"F 18 :A' ,!
b
5
g :L1"gv' ,"gV 7
"gL%0_' "gL 
) jg gy ' , " &"# : '  '#

17

,"L:  @"= &"YE ' "U""XY' &E" &"


a
 
1 BEi  ' ,SM
q '# & _` p 
My + &m: HP"F om:) 2 & T 7 +)'

#d o f  &<$ " ,


My + &m: P'@ { @"@ U"m #  '

^g1"H "#g: ,g " ""gX  @# ud= "L :=) 2 & _`  %% "L!m:) p
@
gV
5
g jg gFY": fg1 ^Y
p' 
 
 j o ) FY":

2gV qg '# h[gU p g%U &m: j0  o ) 5i FY":' ,&"


Md% !

p +v<g % &") ng #g NGOs ^# g B"0 = j =%


P _`

p ,fg g!%Y ' 


 +Xd B p HP"F x  ' ,S! _`
= oa o)' ,&m: %) n> P' &"
Md% "  !$ #>": r"
&"Y")8 ' & #U" "z p HP"F ' N'" % zV ,:! ! @
V
 "L:

g " @"g= g 1993 w"g "g:V _` p "1


 &m: ^ V @ H q '#

p g
My + &m: ^"Y' q"L  ' "1
 4V w#' B@"= @ 8 '

,g
M +g g!m: 90  ^1
M) #Y' ,
y  " %!y MF  f) _`
q29"1
 #:7 !a "L7"@ o  XH  #a ;: j &HP

Zb1a@y@@a@&qdm@Zbia
gHP ,"g1
 j 
&""M 1 c"d ' &" P#  ## ^ '":)

&E gM P
L  f: &  
j =)n " ' =% P"v j "LX 
,S "g @"g4 Y8 j "L X=Y w"M B'" 2 5M  " @"4 Y8 & P"M 8 '

g T
g T g ' T"g: g 
A 9") '  "
Y P"vC'
b 7 ' "@"4
b

gd1 fg7
' ,"gL"'' 5@"g4 Y8 g '# P'@ }g7 n gm1
b ,B'#g ' &" !

f%! "' 
% "~ P"v  P# c"d ' &" P#  ^L7
)' q44
 !# oY ' P"v h[U oU   ' ,"1
 Hy &"1"M' V 

B" p 27

:M P
3 +v<) o" )' ,i B
=Y' ," ' "1
 w n '

g g 9"V#g 2g:= ) 2g &m:  ## T"F1' &"


% xV#)' &8"4)8

2 '  " ' !%Y "V# &"M=F <)' ,"L: " @"@ ' K" p "1
qK" B'@ H  T"X oX)

18

& P0 g8 @"g   P"g> #gV ,


"l j HP 5[ ' ,B' h"8 "

V @"@  5@ #Y ,:$ @#  &"H% 2": % '  '# & P"M 8 '
b ;&" ! p  78 ' @"4 Y8
y "L 1
@"g4 Y8 9"ga' P
U#g m1
#g ' , "3= =1 9")P ' , 78 y &"#i P" '  78  # r"'
w# ) ^)" "1
  0"=  # ' q }a
O!L ' P"V 

#g#$ 2 " w"m:  u "0 K" B'@ r


> j :!L% EH 
k p
b

y j V #H` "1
 p 3 2 r"3 [U ' qo# E=)
0H

$
y '  78 ' @"4 Y8
d% "='
[ #
b =  ,1# ' "
b
q30r
F%

g jg "~ P"v '    


f:!X ) " j Hn P" p'

 ' :g ' g g" g % ' @"g4 Y8 g %   o) ,"1
u#g' ,"g P  g8 g )  5@`g
 ": B'# p 2=:7 P0 8
}g gz
 1"0 '  ' ,1# ' " &"y " # )' 23
=3

g " 
ga gP" M! f1' ,"1
 w n j 2"~ +v<) f 2 " w"m:
}g gz"i ,"g1
 p  c'# }Y
) ov ' ,<F [U p &"
My j
q31@"4 Y8 y p j &"

d1  '# f7
)

g g
My +g &m:g jg 
&""M 1 XY &" P# 5# B'": )'

g BE  j ! P'' ," =)) 2 " ' "Ld ) 2  x%3:

gV g0! ) g"~ @"= ' o  @# !Y  j ) 


 "L:' ," %)'
9
g> U"gm   ' ,"1
'  !# #H`) 2 ,1# V"0 "  

^d=gz ov ' ,"1


 ""XY 2:= ) 2 
My + &m: # ) o h[U

jg &"g"M 1 g "gA g ,]g


U"m  Lm
b \ 1# V"0 ' "V# &m:

19

21# }! " o"   " MF) p oL #Y 27



:M P
3 ' q# }!

g "gL: gV gz


) K"g B'@ ;g% l p g1# &"` ^d=z u ,"S "

5[ "
U' ,"
% ' p  xV#)  f:  "' ,'nM # ' ^1n1
b
& 1"g1 ""gXY 2:= ) 2 !%Y '  " &"M=F <)
d1 f7
p ""~
v

q  qqq= ' "1


'  0  " !

b
p "g! )'
P
g3)
#LgF
  ' 5@"y     P# h[U RU[)'
b

=%g P"gv gL7


 p  g
g 5
gY g:!U  #y p &"M=F h[U P'@
q32"A

p +v< c #  #D  "4) :' H"U 2U B'#% " "V# &"M=F '

%" T8`U !X )' q"1


 ""X % &"" ' & T 7 ' r"3

p +v<g gV  &"M=F h[U p T"3F: B'"' ,:  XY p " '@
b 
%!  [
ogL% g%"Y "gL%  g7 g ""X "4 w" "X M ' ," &"7

"g "V# &"M=F  ## w


)' qV#L  " ' P
L!$ =Y  P@ '

+g &m:g B'"' q": B'# p i } # B'# p T"3F:  B'#%
,"UP'@   &"M=F h[ "=)P8 :

My
g7 g o# ' #1" 2%)'
qP"  oA'@ j a x%i

&"M=gF ;"g' og) gM!' q33g '#


%g +g)
U ":U #A 
M'

:&"
  @# j "V#

,"g1
g &"gHy P"gF 18 ' #g  p M :g) :[# M%$ 6 3
"g
M) 2g B'#g% "g gV "gX &"gYE' g 'P  z"i'

g #g xgd &"g


My jg X " w
) [H q 78 &"Hy
q !#

"D#1"g' g'" }gF)  P'# [U P" o ) :] PR  M%$ 6 \


%M ' P"  9")P ' ,MA ;M G ' 5@"4 Y8 d &""

#1"g g [gH' ,B


i#g 5
g p &")'" @"' ,F !%  "
qE '    78 &"Hy

20

,"g0 5
 j { 0H &"M=F h[U ' 
M) :_V"# M%$ 6 2^
#gH< ' ,g gV"0 =Y  :!A &8'"d '" #1"! w
) u

q34%d @ V| V"0 


A ' @
!4 ' #7
j

#g g # [: ,Networking =F ' M=F 2


L P"F 18 ' 9
[ x #

"g1
  9"V# < P@ @" =)P '
4 f7' j &": 
!%Y &"
 j B@"= o# ' x: ' z
R%3  f:M ' ,% XY 

q '# "V# &m: ' &"# : ' &"M=F  @# P


L p [U 0_' q '# '

 P# } ! ) 2 &"M=F 5# j   P# " 0d= YP


h[U B'": )'

g"1 g "gU_ 2g " ,E = ,"1


 ""X "L YE p %"
5#g : :
gU' ,g! g3i' 
gX ' 2" w"m: ' 2!m: P" ' ,<

}g! &"g` T"3F1 }! B"


U' ,
% XU": Hy ' 2 " 2 78
&"" L7
 p 5# :
LV ,"1
 T"3F1 z"i' ,S " 5
 j 21#
& g B@"g= "g
U' ,f % "0 2:=   
 f 
X ,##$  %

q
&"" L7
 p  #= }a''

@ ZCa@b@ba@aD@ba@bnua@na@Zb1b8
fg)"H' 21#g }g! &m:g M   ' " 2 " 2 78 5# : 0!

 
! j ` ##7 K" T":\ #L ' ,##$  % &"" NP" ) 2

#g~' ,]g= g"' "g1


'  !# '  78  # :"LP j o

h[gU gM #g#D


2 "g @"g4 YE "y MA p 5# : [U p 
3>": ' 
!X:
b
P"gMV| 2 !#g g" ' & g B@"g= B"g xg%i  5# : # H qo
T"gF1 P@"g= 5#g : g0! P"g [U p' q%# &") n }a
 z" 5Q '

21

q35@# ' 9
: wn' 2 +' ,S
M + 2 !@' 21"1 2 " 21# }!

@ Zna@@a@A
dna@M1
p ^g%31 2g g+U$ &"g7" 8 g) #g  5#g : <) MV &L

, " P" !m: _` @" 1 =":! ,1999 w" M )" :# p 9P
F
w"g g V p , g t' #L  P ]
F7
@'\ j  M h[U x%'

Attach !m: P' )"


%@ #1

% #7 # &""H @P"1 "A !' ,2000

!gz" ]/g
g)P
\ g8' p ##d "' ,  p 5# : # nY ' ,"1V p

[U # 2:= ) 


M + %  &m: v  '" ) ") #   "' q
'" "
"g: 30 25 g ng p B' 2 "g 2g 78 5#g : #g' ,f!m:)' 5# :
q362001

7

# ' #" H 
U' ,9
: ' @# j 5# : 
X 5
3:)'

8 g P@"g=!=V q% "0 @"=! =) 2 &m: M 


 HP"F "V q '

g%!
g ) 2 ,S " 2 78 5# :!% !m: :% MF) o) %  &m:
b
'" '"  [ ) 2 :%
)' q5# : 
' T":
3gF1 og@ 
g ,"A 
gg" gg" ""ggXY "gg ,9"gg(" gg!m: gg:% & P ggY ggH [gg )'
q5#gg:
b
P'#gV ,P"g= 
: c # #  z" L: "
 EXV
,&"L7
'

&m:g ,g!m: g:% ogX)' ,IC 5# :!% 2 " % p ' ,B#$ "A


q5# : B' <) P@"= ^% 2 210

g!m: g:% ^g"Y ,2001 2 "g 2g 78 5#g :!% ' P'# # '

p g% MgF) og) #gY' q5#g : 


 %! o# 2 " % MF  5# :!%

#Y' qB'#  +=H @#  M=>' !m: 70  0H P


X p 2001
1
 p  

g7  5# %
 ! @ %! H 2 " 2 78 5# : P
4) 2 " % M
q##7 2 7 w"m1 , "4 ##$  % &"L7
 # x%i j nF !

<gF1' q2001 w"g


1
 11 9  n p 2 " %!% B' 9 78 #'

fg7
## p "P"F
 P'@
b
b % R %' ,5# : ! P !  `) ! @ LH

22

om:g!H g! p g!m: g:% &! g ' qS " 2 78 5# :!% 2) n8

p
  @ P
y " Y

2 " % 0!' qS " % } xV
" !  6'
b

8' ,/
3%g T"g: p 3%g g fg1 5 qg 78 &"Hy } ")' B"4) YE

2 " % xV ' #Y' q& P  " ' ^


4 % ' % l  0! &" C %!

g! ) 2 ' qq%  !m: :% f)# 5[ ,S " 2 78 5# : @"= j

qf P")MH

@ Z@H37Ina@br@M2
b
:SU " @"=  @#
5# : "0 !X 
,P"gMV| 2 !#g P
gy ' g" +gM %
 T" "
U 5# : 
"gF: g7 g &Eg4 #g ' ,& % y B@"= ' &"n "4 '

#g#$ g % U"g:) 2 21# }! &"H' &""( T" 8' ,v`

qg " B"Mg>  M> 5 U":)' ,K" j B" tP 3 U":)'

&"YE "Y' ,f%H NP RH


H !F }! T":\  f 3F1 5# : f7
'
q]NP ' f:' "1 ' "1  !0

#g  & g%! h[gU g TgH om:) 2 & T"% MV , " %! 5# : 
g
  #gH` ,
%! #a n  #= H ^z 5# : p' ,'@


2U' ,K" P") p ##7 %!H @
)
 2 2U :"X 9
!$

,g7 ' g ,:


g gH
g' ,"gL
! p "1
 wn 2
g '@ g !@ !m1 j < ) 
 " ,=
' ,o H
'

qr
F 3%'  '" ' 2 78 B# #i p &"`'

p @E=g H  21# }! &"H' &m: 2 " 2 78 5# : }!~ 


23

,S "g 21#g }! 0_ U 


M 8 #!  f:M ' , 'P "L: x%s' ,K"

2# g 8' ,5#g : p HP"F 0! #


b N
 8 ' ,!m: 
M 8'

' ^
g4 xg  T
 ,U oUP"= " & P Y "8 5# : p 
HP"F
T"g:v p fgE  jg 
HP"gF 9"g:  3% }Y
 5# : MF 8 H ,9"(
b
b i MgF f1 2# 8' ,oD T"
&m:g g gHy ' ,g" % #g'
P"g
qfV HP"F &"Hy '

' ,&"1"= P #z p 5# : @" 1 T":v p xy "A 5# : p HP"F &"$ ' 


qHP"gF 5gi &"g"( }g x: " ' "U@! T
 ,hP) #Y 5[ d
}g' jg "gL 
)' & P g h[U 0 : 2 " 2 78 5# : M '

&"
g  "gL VP ' ,f: f7
"L
Xi '@ f " "
M ,"31
q"Um ' ,"Y "L"Xi ' ,j

+g B"Mg>< &E4 #
 , +' 5#" + 9
:  5@# ) P" 5# : 

b
b "H T
 ,t
!% "F: 3=) &"Hy ' &m:  H
,"g "
w "%
b 
3gF1 p 9
g: ' @# % "db :  @
b 5# : m' q;% l K" T": "V#L

V"ga" ,"LV' " P"F) 2 &"Hy ' &m: "U ) 2 ! R " p'
 ,g =3 & P#g ' B"g7| V"0 '  ' 9
: p @# "  

q"0 [U @"=! w  8

g7 & @g  5Qg Bg s  H' ,


!F P"41 H 5# : NP"  
2g 7 ogM  @<gH ;g: w # g NP"g  H ,P") ' !:) ' @"4 Y
q !#% y P ' "1
y f n" ! ' , '# 3


' jgd oL"gF1  j HP"F &"Hy ' &m: }F %!


U 5# : '

g0 ""gX 
!gX g " g " V
HP"F B"M>  ud= j oL F " ,S


g:% MgF) 2g &m:g fg)Y' "g0 [U j ^Y#z #Y' , " :
""XY

5# :!%  '# :% ' ,200149 p


'" '" p 2 " 2 78 5# :!% !m:

q2001610 p 2 " 2 78

24

&m:g gVP g ^g =1 g1 5#g : [U w"  }V '#  ,X  x= "

5#g : MgF) #gV q##$  % &""' "y 2 " @"4 Y8 MA ,f 1
M

p &"g" }:g4) ug ,/@"g4 Y8 t


gV @ 5#g : gL7
 p 2 "g 2 78
&") ng /g
)P
 2 " 2 78 5# : p 
HP"F }X : ,t
V @

q&") n8 h[U 3 =": 2U 5# : @" 1 =": 


M)' q #=
@ Zna@c@M3

5
)P
 p 0 "0 ' 1"0 ' ' ,5# :!% & P'@  ,2010 w" 2  #

w"g #g:A" 5"g=


 p g   P'#g &#' ,2003' ,2002' ,2001 w
 ": p

p g #  & P'# @" 1


)'q2005 w" 5
)P
 p " P'# ' ,2004
&HP #Y' q   +i &@" ov ,/P"Y' 2!%Y MF @" 18 p &# ov 2'+1

&"g" P"gvC' ,g44


gd1 fg7
""gXY jg 5# :!% 1"0 ' ' ")P'#

P
g%' ,'#g }g! p  X  9"a' j P" ' jMA ;M

jg g0 "0 P'#g &HP : q##$  % &"" L7
 p %# &") n
, 78 &"YE }%) "l' ,"y & T '  =3 @P
 44i :&"
a


"g: 24 p "A &# 2 P'# h[U ^ ' H ,


 p V"0 ' M o '

"
jg ry B
=  z"i ,"
M "l" 9
a
 j H)'
b
b U ,2003
rgy ;gY
'# }! & T #1 M P @ VP } ,
 #) ^1"H 

R gF B"gX: #g<)'
,ry #a 1
% +! P'# h[U B &# #Y' q"U#a
b
"gLV xg% 5[g 2Mg
F) w
"1 2M M!% w" " ^1"H' ,S:3%
gH ,  #a "L:> w ) 2 1 '# ry ' M " #a "  dz
w
gggg "1# # H p U"m % K" r
>  T #1
b "A w" i p P'# h[U &P#z
^g% ,& P"g ;g% l p :# 700 f ^"  5[ T #:
U' ,2003  V 15

25

qry #a HnF "  dz

""gXY jg &gHP ug ,2004 "g: p #g:A" 5"=


     P'# ^% 1 '
, # g g!: ' qSg 78 ' 5@"4 Y8  ' 
' qwE ' ry :M
@"= g8 ' ,/
g% ' 2gY ' 2:# @"L3a8 ' qT [ j @" ' ,h" ' NP '
gV"0 ' wEg ' ,g  ""gXY' ! ' ,:$ ' 9
: ""XY' q! ' @"L3a8 '
qV '
HP"gF! ,2005 "g: p g  " 5
)P
  " f)P'@ p _` @"'
b 150
B B'#7 FY": ,K" p  78 &"Hy j0' 21# }! T"3F1  " 
&  B@"=)' T" 8 "1 }
)  #D ##7 L: }=  ud ,f"1 @ # o)
fgV ^HP"g> "= g #g  ,5#g :!% 2 " % "LnY P ""XY B
 P
y '
q38K" T"d1 ;% l p  7 &"Hy 
%0' %U &m:
2 "g g% 3
 o) %d ' "= 8 p ^ ! 2 &""7 %d '
b
b
P'#g) "gP
"
ga

 #g P" i 2U  : ^1"H 2 " 2 78 5# :!%
:39SU &"
a
h[U q" f)P'@ p 2 " 2 78 5# : 3F1 H "A

& P"gM 8 gL7
 p ,g= ' g= &"g7" 8 ' @P
g <)' ## 
q "

ggL7
 p gg") #gg= "ggb V' gg =3 @P
gg jgg =gg @"gg & @"gg4 Y 
q "   & P"M 8

q
# ' y P" &"Y") ' ry #a 9 k ' ,E 91' ,wE 

q9"F j "L% 7' 7



:M ' M M%
 @"  ' M  
q) [ 
A ' ,@# ' ,9
: oU" @#d ; 

q##$ 
P"MV :!U L7
 p  !#  #= ' 2 78 9 k 

##7 K" T": f7


) 2 &"#d ' qq' o ' 1
M 5Q ' Ei 
q'" &") n '

P
g% # &  B@"=)' ,:!A '" 7  =F ' P
y ' B"4)8 
q #=

26

q=% '" V"v T":' G1 :9 # ' 


: 
qB@" K" p 
P #7' x 
qP"M 8 ' :!A L7
 p "M #= j w
 ,S " 2 !@ w"m1 T": 
& '#g: ' & _`g 2gU' ,3gF1 g @#g  ""X h[U B'":) o  " @"'

T"3gF1 g P"g g@"Y &"g4> "gL%) &g%H 2U' y & @"LF ' 44

q! P'' : 3F1 ' #  #


' & P
y ' 21# }!

g
% gXU": &"M=gF ' &"gHy jg  % YP
h[U ^  #V , +i'
b

g P@ g g ' ,]g g g


\ gL7
 p ]g  
\ 2! " x%i'
2g 78 5#g :   P"g [gU p YP
^4%i #Y' ,S " 2 78 5# :!%

P"
5#g : "V ,"g1
g B"g p g"V# &"M=gF g! " g '
b
b w# 2 "
"gL
1 }g! 21# }! &"` }! } ' T"XV ,"1  2 " 2 78

fg)MV' ,g
% f XU":  2 " 2 78 5# : x%3: ,1"v "1 ' q"D"
:)'

 78 ' @"4 Y8


y  9"V# ' ,##$  % &"" XU": j !"Y
b
h"g hP'#g 5# :!% QP @
7'  P"> P# ,0 "v "1 ' ," '@
 X &"%
P"g i8'  #g= }:g4 "g7
!1
f "gP' 5#g : gQP M V ,"1
 XY
b
#g:7 "g: gH }g "= g>8 g ,F!L ' T" X , "4 k : "d%
!1
B"g p g%"A g7

:M & P
g3 Rg %)' qg%# &") ng" ##$  %

&m:g ' 5# :  z
p +=H
b ,  P "1  21'nM # ' ^1n1
b P'@

qK" B'@ p %U

"g1
g B
  j @'#
B " 5# : +v<) V ,  V"a"
b
b ":U  H ,"
!

=g f% x%3 "  2 " 2 78 5# : B


d    "V

27

q%"V &"H ' w#) '@ & % N o  u ,]"M


\

@ Z@szja@a
b
&"gFY":' c
gd ,g
' rg , Pg

g  " : ,
w
L p , # 1
#g
&"g P@ gH :&'+g ,1  ,g #
&" P@ H "L!m1 2 M '#:
q26 25 1998 ,

, Pg "g  #g= ;g' g V"1 g p ,g 2!%Y w"m: ' 
,# ;
 # 2
q32 2000 ,U"  "7 ," w
% ' @"4 Y8 %H :U" oU"' ""XY :

q33 ,hH x" }7 3

b
&"gFY":' c
gd ,g
' rg , Pg

g  " : ,
w
L p , # 4
#g
&"g P@ gH :&'+g ,1  ,g #
&" P@ H "L!m1 2 M '#:
q26 25 ,1998 ,

:B' f7
B
 &"
%  # 5

gH ,) ng &"g H %% , '# ;"' "z @" :@" ' 
,%i @
! *
q16 1 ,2004 ,136 @# ,) n8 ' " &" P#

#g ) 2g 2gU
 '  '#  H :@" ' oMd "7 ,E1"  ;
7' 7 1 @ 6
ga"V g() ,"1 w "V
3 :
, P
 
7' 27 1 V p ,u#y K" MF)
q373 ,2004 ,(n%  !m: '  #
&" P@ H :&'+ ,M 7

q365 ,hH x" }7 ,


  '# " ,/"{' 2F :H 7

q17 ,hH x= }7 ,%i @


! 8

q6 ,q1997 ! = ,y  " :" om:  P@ p 0#y &"U"8 ,#  1 9

q@ : ,g
P"g p 1P" " ,&"V oU  : T P ' %0  # "a
b 5m1 10
g%H :U"g ,g" w
g% ' g
, Pg' "gV "  #= ; q@'  V"1 
q151 ,2000 ,U"  "7 ," w
% ' @"4 Y8

q24 ,hH x= }7 ,%i @


! 11

g M=gF% g1P" g P@ }g g


My +g &m: &"M=> "Y" , > Ez # 2 12
g "7 ,+ g7"  "gP ,"Mg" 
g HP"F 2 " ; "d !m:' %U &m:!%
q70 , q2004 ," w
% ' @"4 Y8 %H ,U"

&"g P# gH :U"g ,T"g4Y w G@ :%U &m: j 


&""M 1 ,#:Y 21" 13
q54 53 ) n8 ' "

q68 ,hH x= }7 ,Ez 2 14

28

:/m1 15

Aziz, Nikhil. The Human Rights Debate in an Era of Globalization, in: Peter Van
Ness (ed,) Debating Human Rights (New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1999)
p p 32 48.

Barber, Benjamin. Globalization Democracy, The American Prospects Magazine,


(September 2000), p p 1 9.
Perlas, Nicanor. Civil Society: The Third Global Power, (2000),

16

http://www.southerncrassreview.org/infor3.de/fts

17

Keck, Margaret E. and Sikkink, Kathryn. Op. Cit`

G"g1 B' 5
:g _`g  w#g ugd ,g
% gXU":  " Hy ,SP
F P": 18
q2002  V 14 12 U"  " # "
' "V" B
 V k &" P#
,w U"g ) ng8 ' g" &"g P# H :U" 2 " 21# }! ,#:Y 21" 19
q19 18 ,q2002

q50 ,hH x" }7 ,#:Y 21"20

q91 ,hH x= }7 , > 2 21

q50 ,hH x= }7 ,S " 21# }! ,#:Y 21" 22

q93 ,hH x= }7 , > 2 23


q94 ,hH x" }7 24

q53 ,hH x= }7 ,S " 21# }! ,#:Y 21" 25


Keck, Margaret E. and Sikkink, Kathryn. Transnational Advocacy: Networking in

26

International and Regional Politics, ISSI 159/1999 UNESCO (1999).

27

Ibid

+g g '# &m:g g P@ p "g &"gU"8 ,og"Y # 2 22 ,o"Y # 2 28
q20 ,q2001 ,U" ,
My

q19 ,hH x" }7 ,qqqq" &"U"8 ,o"Y # 2 29

:/m1 30

Brysk, Alison. Globalization and Human Rights: Transnational Threats and

Opportunity, paper prepared for the confrence on Transnationalism UCLA, May

29

5 8 1999.

Bob, Clifford. (2000), Globalization and the Social Construction of Human Rights
Campaign, http://hypatia.ss.uci.edu/Brysk/Bob.html

Rosenau, James N. Human Rights in a Turbulent and Globalized World,


http://www.pbs.org/globalization/ transcript.html.

Trakul,

Kamol.

(1998),

Globalization

and

Human

Rights,

http://www.hurights.or.jp/asia-pasific/no-12-globalization.htm.
-

Aziz, Nikhl. Op. Cit, p p 32 36.

:/m1 31

Meyer, William H. Human Rights and MNCs, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 18
(May 1996), p p 375 380.

Milner, Wesley T. Emerging Human Rights Challenge: The Effects of


Globalization

and

Economic

Liberalization,

http://www.pbs.org/globalization/transcript.html

q205 203 ,hH x= }7 ,k p 21# }! ,#:Y 21" 32


Keck. Margaret E. and Kathryn, Op. Cit
33
Ibid

34

g!: og@ gH hP#g4 ,:g ^g r" H ,


#a 
 :/
)P
 ,#U  ^# 35
qRP# ' & P"F E
36
www.forumsocialmondial.org.br/main.asp?id_menc7&cdlanguage=2
www.forumsocialmondial.org.br/main.asp?id_menc7&cdlanguage=2. op. cit.

37

qhH x= }7 ,qqqq/


)P
 ,#U  ^# 38
www.forumsocialmondial.org.br/main.asp?id_menc7&cdlanguage=2. op. cit.
39

30

@ Z@a@aLa@pb
b
@a@L@Ma@i@ca
@

H1I

@@by@
a

D&4 aS

FS
O4
: 

@ Z
p  #g%= g ##  k!% %"U U H +i vE0 @
 &#L>
#gd &"g8
' "g1" ' ,"g "3  @P ' "g= ' ^g
M g ,K"g T"gd1 }(
b
"1
M
A ^d=z # qM
|g 2g 78 P"g &"g1
M g "g"
b
&"
% =) qk p 23
=3 T":  nF' w" #LH & u ,k
p g! @ 7"gL!H oL:g4) M! 5k 720q000 @
7' 2006 : "48
gk &E
g ^% #Y' ," n' , #:H' ,#d &"8
' , "'P'  #%
"gL$ & #g) Rg P8'@ 
g% 6321 20072006 w"g P"g" %"
g %17q5 , gM #gd &"g8
g %32 "gL: , T"g4 ' = % 5H
 " 1v  ]w
 5gg4 \ #gggg7 2ggV H #Y' q@
  %13q6' ^
M
U` j z"y 5k r"=F 
g & P"g r
 w" "

b 
34 B"
b gg
3g 12 k  5gi  @
2ggV 1 E ,+><) j B
gg4y 2ggV E
q 2006

31

b Y k p 23
=3 T"1 K"  YP
h[U 3 )
1 2)E ' ,"m
 g g
&"g" g p P
g
1' k g g
Y g &8"g 1 H p
&"8
p %!  u ," v<  %0 A H j T": v`) q##$  % '
g &E"g gF:'
,k p g" gU &"7"  =%)  M!  2H #d
q;X #%= ' jz #%= p T
 ,]
\ &"P"' 21" &" :  ' ,
Y

b 
p ]}gY
@# \ V 7
:v  P@ P" p ^7  " &" P@ cEv  @":

b
rg ' gk A"g g% &"g@| "VEi
,f1< B@"7 ,#d &"8
' k

&"gk T"g: R %) ,A %! p T": P'@ ""_


b ) " +0H
b 2 ' ,M
p P#g:$ 2g 78 9
: "g %g4 & 
  &"P ' U
m p b8" V P'@
b

"g= MgF ,P
g
1 :# p &"# 9"3Y !d  u ,@"4 Y8 
"
j &"Y 7"L &"7'H "= + MF ' ,2M 2# 9"3 p &E" H
,2g 7 @
g4 p L g=P MF ) ,B"7 } R:7  "=:7 qk p  P @


g g 78 B
gy 3
 @
4 p D"=P' @'#y ' i @ L H om:)'

 ' g! g!m1  V"ga" ,g '# gL7 &"gP"' ,#g ##> 

q# ! ' '
:

@ @pbia@ua
g7 &   =3  B'@  k A  < %d "  P# h[U B'": )

g3 ) ug ,gM #d &"8


p r "M ' r rP"' ,a
 U"g +' U" k   A }' " " &"@  ' 
!
b
g P
g g1"0 g
! og) :g ,P
g
1 :# p    " z"i'
,P"

" &""3i' ,##$  % ' @"4 Y8 


&""  p   % '# o

!%g h"g gk: g: " g% ! =g g  5@"gy #g  "' =Y
q#d &"8
p r 3'

@ xba@g@a@ba@v@@pb
a
%"g g 5#g #g ' g%"U &"g7
 #LF) k &# ,&": = }%3 p

g @#g  1' q " !


 p @#  &""3Y  oA
i@' n k

, w" H ,oL:' k 8C P@" ,  % %=  B'# ' k p ,M"F 


b
q2p"v' ,2 7 ' ,5@"4 Y BP  "0d

32

## % =4i @" 7"L k   &P"z ,A % "A od% m1
b '

;1987 21"g7V Fergany ;1983 2


g Ayubi ;2000 g Amin) &"g P# g
2g" MgF &"g P# %) ^:=) #Y' q1988 , "z Saleh ;1977 @"U Hadley
 ! : ' ,: B'@  k   U j &HP' ,L% @"4 Y8 R1
$

& T"gM r"dz 


n 
%" oLV ! , 78 ' @"4 Y8 &"=3 ;% l
j X: & P"L 5'' ,B
 U
Saleh ;1983 2
g Ayubi T
g #g
jg &"g P# g% 2 5+ P" #!  #Y' q1988  ;1983 , "z

! " "D +  ^%!>' ,@ V
y ' & P" i8" % m: i #
g F '' @"4 Y8 &8# &":"=) j H) 2 @3 ' r[$ 
 

B'#g ' %g B'#g g gV"0 &""gF j [H' ,;X #%= ' z #%
r"g3 
3g ^g "gL
Y' g &"g@ g 
! %) ^1" q  % %= 

g:= ' g%" g g4 5[g ' ,@g3 ' r[g$ g
 jg o" 2MEH
:
[H' q 78 ' V"0 }V '# ' ,@"4 Y8 }V '#  ^ ( " P@"1'
,  !
b
7"gL \' ]gn Bg \ g g) 2g g3!: P
g4 g #g# ^# 

P"g" gk "P' A" " ' ,1983 : 111 


1"Y 2:=) #Y' q]#:

! @ 4 @" f "Y  7 5k H \ f1 j o # 7"L  u f1 w


L

' "gLV g! # g"Y"  j 4 ' =:7  '@ :7 R H < @E= P"i p
2 L B'@ 5#  A"  j 4 ' , &
:   ) 8 # " w"Y

7"gL ' 1983 : 111 


1"Y ,8 @" ]A 
F 
 P  @#

f"F1 H ' @" f "Y  7 r# : ' P"  ' tP @ + 5k H\ f1 j ^Y`

[  K' %4  :  0H P" p f" j 1 2  f: O  ! f ' P" p
xg =Y 
 @"' "U[ ' 
1" [ "L%
4: ! # A & T 7

33

:g 111 
1"gY , 13 @"g ]
1"g [gU g 8 @"g " @P
'   5

q1983

gH ,2g gA 1 "L% < ) 2 &"a nV8 2:=)  Y h[U ;FM)

"g ,"g % l g jg   )"U } " ) ,1994:4 " Basch et al  +F)

u ,U  ^Y
p n 7"L 9"a'   += j P@"Y + "L% ~
p #%  0H  
! : " +0H o
, Y`g 7"gL!H oLg1 'm:' ,# ' C
b
qw
  j #) n ;X #%= p
"Y ' 2 
MgEH
: &"gm1 +v<g) ^g B'#g &"g"' &"@ %) 9
Y
 1'

23g
g=3% dga '  "g ug =) A" % &""3 ^ P , 
: '

& P# ' P #$  1


U' y
U A BEi  2 78 @
4 x :k

gy '
=g +g 2g 78 @
g4 gV &#gH ,g jg 'Eg ,@

@gV g!  u ,A  t"" ": k 23


=3 T":  5@"4 Y8
p g '# gA fg= %) 5[ 5P
d P'# j ,P""  H  Y j # '

gM , } ,&"' %) ') q2001  Amin 5m1 2 78 @


4
7"g  p gy f# ,23
=3 p f "M <) p F 5k H  "U@"

qp"0 ' 2 78 ' 5@" B" tP !H  T P' " 

9
g1' ,h"g jg v`) 2 5i %MA 
&"' %) U" ) [MU '

q
  &"P ' A & P") 1'

,P'"g g  #g%= j ,k A ^ '":) 2 M= &" P# &HP

gk Bg % 2g #g4  #g%= g%) ^%M> u ,:%  : %) z"i

P
g4 xV#g [gU g1 #gV ,g }' qT
 # j L +' L ,n
q  + @"4 Y8 ' " 'm  1 &":   # [: 
d%

8C @
g p g0_ ,&": g g # [g: gL% @"X
"U"
b k &#L> #V
b

qk  P"" %" 7"L

w#g ,8' qg" %"g N"g18 [gU &"g"


1"z' 
0"= }7

,1991 w"g g 


M Y  ry R z"i ,3: @" 5[ 2" P  8

34

' "g "H" Bakalian gA "g jg w #gY g gn B ! =v "

 ' ^
M  H p %" ' &v<) #V q2005 (P'
 Bozorgmehr

qk  #%= " %H p   om  @" u 1"0 G% r  1 "= MF

"g
RgH
 g P
3 ) K\ k p !% &"` 2~i & P"L V ,"1"v
b

g!: g) Gg% B'@ p ,]&"#g ' &"":4 p #  0#y 7

:M

Gg%  gA & P") %) fv# 5[ +v< "H' q2005:103 k =

gP # g  P"> u ,&"@ %) p B#7 P"0 r  A p }


j
w"g g1"0 Gg% rg r"g p "gD+)' ^g )P #Y r  A &8#  
T
gX g @  ,5" ^%i@  , ##7 U" ^ " 'iC 5 : ,1991

B'@ "gz
4i
' ,gv
+g & gA % %=  B'#% " & #:7 R=
b

q2005 Saad 2'P' @"8

 
g , g ' ud=  7" p N"18 [U G" 1' r"= B ) 8 :'
f=g> ' ,^gY` MgF "LV
!  +  b8'@ 'P" s k  +=H
b
b @#
&"g8
,B'#g h[gU !gF) q2005 # g Saad ;2003 5U Zohry o @ ' o @

g0 ,g "g'P'  #g%  @#


b [H !F)' ," n ' , #:H' ,M #d
, '# &m: ' &"
My  o# ,0"=  @# # #Y' qIOM 2003 " "3

, om:)' ,}= ) # ,r% k  '# A r"=' ,1' ,P") "FM  p
g%) &g q#gd gM%! ' g "g'P' B'@ p gz"i ,n B ]o@\'

"A k  '# A  MV j T


X ^3% u ,A U"m ":!LV &"@

oMd g ' "L!m:) j w


' , 78 &"M=F  @# "LH' "U@
 ,i R1
7
,g%MA g
jg T
gX &"@ %) %) , [MU' q: B'#  
! "

2g ,g  % %= g ' %g  #g%=% ,g" ' ,sP" ' ,@"4 Y8 'm "H

35

g <F:) 2  78 B


y ' 
  &"P [H' ,A & P") p oMd )

@g3 ' r[g$


!1  "U@":  oP ,k p  78 oD"M=>' n %"

g% g!L &""Lg8 g' qgA U"gm "gL%% p BgF ' r


g:$  #% 
7"gL gk g   gm: gM! g f1 P@ j "1#") " 2U &" P#

Y  #%=  ,%M %%Y ,7 X: ,!m: +   xV# P#4 "UP"= "
q2 "  @"4 Y8 " p ,"#) 0H %)  "@"4 Y "#)

rng P
gz k p g0! )' ,#g ' %MgF  P" h[U 21" ) , }'

' 5M U"  w@" ,"% !% &EU` 5 ,r"F ,H[


!1 p 5k
q# 4 3:


%MF o MV 5#d ) "L:M ' ,7"L   % "% &EU`  P# h[U #H`)

,g ug g 7"gL %"g g &"g:"= ' ' j "U#H<  "1"  EH
jg 3g &"g>": }g B#g7 p B
i#g BEgi g' ,tg g' ,# '

gH Koser ' jg Al-Ali 9


g: gMV "g"_ ) 2 ' A" % &" P#
@g "#g:' ,&"g@ g%) p
gd% MF &"=" T": V ,y p' q2001

p 
g NP p "g:U & P
gL &"g:' ,&"7'' ,&"L<H U
4) o  UH

p PgM P
g4 g ,]"gA"7P "gUU 2  \ P
z # )' qB"7 @
 P"m 1

1998 w"g ],%= \ o%V  ' qA 9


a
 P" p #  % :
@#g g4 ,o%g  # p qP
4 %  B # ;>"M 
aP !%

%" ,T d4 ' p !"Y  '  w


 &  : P"= &"7 P# 5#"Y 

,B"g7 g q


p oUT P' oU
%i 2)E L": ' B"7% #P "d @
'

5[g #g
H[ j L ' & P
L T":% 2:$ "= d1 ;F M1'

#gY gvP
g#% oL!gY  '#g  B"7P @
 o% 2L :' q p 2
q7' oD"YE  % %) z"i ,^ #=)

H[g% "gd1 ,f)<gF1 [g: ,3=  5[ ' ,A r"3i j #7


b b8"0 [U  

:g , j 'E q1999 P" Pessar 2 78 9


: " x%  % 5 ""'

gU 
g gH ,T"g:% @ g!H w#  2 78 9
: w
L "H ,f '":) o  "H

36

g 1' q1994


%)
g
:7 #1
U Hondagneu-Sotelo 9
: " "A YE 8 B"7
&"
g: ^g"Y ,A"g g% &"g P# og' 5[ 5m: Y": [ L

p g 78 &"gYE &"g1


M g 2" 
M!H 9
: w
L j Hn " &"1
%
g 2" 2E # =H\ 5 ,2001 t":P" Parrenas ;1999 P" Pessar A
jg v`' ,T": ' B"7% @ ' V"0 P"MV   MF  ,21"1 "F: @" 
P#g1 Indra ]oD"gy oL gP"' ogLH P@ g jg' V"0 '  78 oL"a'

]T
g #g jg T"g: ' B"g7 gA "g:!L %g4 v' %%  @\' ,1999:2

2g 78 9
g: <g  @"g7 gH q1994
%)

:7 #1
U Hondagneu-Sotelo

ogU g' qT
g #g jg T"g: ' B"g7 5#g gA rP" !' ,MF' ,om:

g:!L%   x:H HP"3= w


L\ 5# j U#H<) ,&"0"= T8`U &""L
jg ,g g b8#g ,T
gX %' ,]  ' ! o) #= p hP'[ r

9
g: :!gF , 2V z  &"
: "DP
 2 '" ' :!A P'"  ##

:1 #g1
U Hondagneu-Sotelo 21
1"g }ga
' ,g=3 ' ,g ' ,2 78

2g rg "gM &"g@ p [g P"g> ^g_ H # ' ,1994:3


%)


:j ,&" P#  9 [U "L#Y 2 &""L ! F) q " w"Y p "LFY"1<


g" Sassen ,2001 t":P" Parrenas 2 78 9
:% "V' ! % '# o

Grasmuck  '"gg w#gg ' gg:$ gg  '"gg ' ggA gg ggYE ,1996

p B"7 ' T": }Y


' 
Y   " 1' ,1991 P" Pessar '
! 7

 T" p = # ,y y' q1994


%)

:7 #1
U Hondagneu-Sotelo

Y\ o%V % B"0 = j V q Y j : ":z B" p ,"#' P


4 %)

"' +#   "X


b T":  MV j T
X %i  "U 7!% 2006 ] '
"g
gM 2 ) "U!  vE0 p  4Y o% 5' qA j U#")

37

 B'" ,+i  T" 8 " "L  p' qh#1E


1  A ' p


 qA R% p ! # ": 5# ' MF u , ]V P


j\ ' )

qg
  &"%! p  18 ' A p T": =P j V # ' B"0 5
 [U

p' gk gA p T"g: fg= %) 5[g P'#g ,a


)  P# h[U #L ) ,0 "'

g p T"g: rP"g  ## j T


X T"  BEi  
  k Hy
q7' D
 1' T"F1' ,
M) p UP'@ j ##F '  #% #  O '

@ zna@pba@@la@ba@la
&"8
% r 7"L P") j r "M" % 0d= B H)

,1999 % Suleiman ;1997 H"> Shakir ;1985 "1 Naff " 4 #d

"gM ' ,"gC r


g:7  7"L ' ,r oLV ! ,z"i 4 !% j'
p' q2005 B"g( Jamal ;1996 G%g Bilge ' @
g Aswad V B
z ''


0"= +F #d &"8
p r 3' !% P" oL = ) "
rgy   }g" g &"g:1v  ,5H &"7
 cEv  f!) 1"M 

w" #  " n ' ,  &":   1"0  " ry ' ,1"0  "
"g ug 1965 #g  "g n j  P#  o [U p HP< qw
 2  1965

B'"< : ,2005 " Bryan k 7"L!% xV#) oa &#L> 2 n

p P'@ ^g= 2 '  ' r 7"L " z" R1


$   "  r nY8
p "2gY " oL:g4) gz"i' ,U g ^gY
p 7"gL gk &"g$ MF)

q#d &"8

p ^gM 1 #gY g ' rg 7"gL!% g@" 3!: P


4 ' & d 

]T"g4 Rg M\ oUg  1910 w" 2V qT


 # j ! ' = F &""3

;:g4) xg  M :$ j B


4d% %U` + #d &"8
"
gM oH"gd &#L> ,  1' q""C p )" ,r oLV ! ,3'

7"gL ' ,gP ' ,P


g 1":=% < B@" 2 "X 5'"#  ##

r"gg3 "L7"# gg gg [gg gg>"H ,5"ggY


 :gg% 
gg! : 3gg'

B
gz g P#d: &"$ &P"z j T":' q  " " 5P 8

38

[gMU' ,"T"gX" "g jg !gP g4 ;:g4) ,


gk oLV ! ,3'
"L" Samhan T"X= =%  ; ` d= oXi p  + ,"!P ,
d=z

""g1" +gF) gH , "A #= g og) #gY P


Lm w#' T"   "y %)  # q1999

q! =   5@"y #  " = p k: m: " ,2000 Naber

b 1965 #  " = &#L>


B
gz 5' rg 7"gL  &"$ " 
"V#)
b

,:g' gA 
1"gY" jg 1965 w"g i@ 5[ #  1 
:  V 7' :@

##gF "gUv<) g 1' q1986 w" "A =Y ' Ez 
1"Y" P'#z ov ,":$

rg g 1967 r "L %i 2 P  ' =y %) p #"  
 :
oU"gF 
gY ug g oL"g g 7"gL g 
! %) ! ) , '

&"g8
}g 2:
g oLU"g_ ; a' ,M 7P" "% oU@" 1 ' ,

P"g41 oLgV g! ,giC }g &" " T":=
"Y' ,1999 "L" Samhan #d

g' oL:g 2g" )


g  9
1 <F1' ,  " '": ,2" wE
' g7
 g! : T8`gU gz"i #gd &"8
p @

 p o
i
7"gL <
@"V [U  #  = RU #Y' q2000:40 "1 Naber L%

g #gV' gXY":  g%!


a ) 1965 #  " =y p #d &"8
 r

]\ oLV ;2=% 2Y !: ' 2 78 9


: ' #  #:  k: Y

w
#g 2gM 5k: w"m: p ]""_ "X
 \ oL:M ,! &E% "=
g%! ^g!Y") #gY' qx"g P#4 
My &""3 ' M wE "' 

g  5@"gy #  " = p r 3' !% #a k: Y

(Bryan ]"g\ g gH B@"g q2g= og) jg ,  EXV ,&
31 ' ! =

^g7 V 7
:v &" P@  @":
b  ,2005 (Das Gupta ]" 
7 @\' ,2005
!% &[1 #Y Lm ' % ' ,:
& "  < ,2+7
1' P

1 p

39

gFU 9"ga' p g%" g=3 ^gH)' "% 23


=3% ! : r 3'

,1983 (Ayubi ]2


gg \gg0 ,&"gg0"= gg gg%Y @#gg T":0 gg"' qgg"% gg'

El ]5P#g= \' ,2005 Das Gupta ]"g 


7 @\' ,2005 (Bryan ]"g \'

,
0"g= g{ ,2000 Jones ]1
7\' ,1990 Poston ]

\' Badry
qP

1 p oL: ! z"i ,#d &"8
2ggV k n w" MF

+g0H
,T 3 q&" "M> # #:  " +0MV
, % 5P#:$ %d s V'
b
b

rg "gM 2g0%v g g0H  g o "g ,o%g 2g 7"L  Nn "

"g +0H
T q2004 #P Read 
d
b , 7"L!% &"@ h[U 3 )  ,.+

Bg ' B"g g"P g0 2g01| #% P '@ p P


4 " j "U
4) o 

T q :
"g31 p g:$ g P '@ og) B
 &"VE r"= 5 ) " +0H
b ,"#+
o g " +0H
b q]E V"0 \ p P[ ,] \ V"0 & v`  ,%" ' B:
T g18 +gF :"g
gd: jg " 7
"a
b ] \ V"0 & v` & @# N
b

g
A ,:# & # 
Y h":  9P
,E V :@ "( p 
X  2:#

 <g! x%  V ," #  ,#%) P"MV 2:=)' ,


" x% ,rP"Y ' ,Y

Smith ' @ #ggg Haddad ;1996 G%g Bilge ' @


g Aswad m1 2 78 9
:

jg "g4 h[gU g  x=3:) :=V q1999 % Suleiman ;1996 u!
b
7"L P
4) " 8 ,"L: !% &"%Y z"i'
,#d &"8
p  A
V"0 "4" v< ) 8 T": rP"  u 2=8 }"3 !  
!!H r
q"L  2! :) 2 =3%  78 '

{"  h"= 18 ^%) "0# &L 2 &"@  


! &# ,y y'

@"g4 Y8 p ,g%" g=3 g &"g &"3g' &% T":%  " 

B"gg( Jamal Egg gg:# &"gg ! p' ,1996 P"ggV8 @ Dallafar 2ggY

gm1 <H "L #  M! ud "H MF P


3 ) K &"@ %)  + q2005

,g P# h[gU N g' qg "y &"g P@ j ,5" ,H) u ,
! %

"gg: gg  rP"gg oggL1 2ggggH &"gg@ gggg  


gg! )"ggU "gg@ nggY
U
gm ' 2 78 9
: %d m1 1 &"1
% &"
: w#) q7"L n

40

,r 3' !% j 'H [ ,


0"= w
  p 
 

q"
$"  2 ""X " % ,&#7'  ,z
4 V"a

7"gL!% X @E= 0H "UP"= " #d &"8


j  P# h[U p HP<

%"g gk &E


d P#4 @E= 0H H  ' ,  #%= p k

q2003 5U Zohry P""

gk g  gH gV ,5i k A & P" "VEi , j 'E

g:$ ' A ' %" 5


 P '\ oM '' "Y @"M " }X ,#d &"8
%

&"g8
" ]:$ ,:' A #i R M\ ' ]z" A &8"H' '' ,k


3' 
!% N ) ,! =   5@"y #  " = p' 7q#d

' ,oLggE ' ,oUQgg ' ,oU@"gg7 ;ggFM) [gg ,#ggd &"gg8
p rgg
& ;g: Bg ,Eg ''  oL %i  ,5i & 5 ' ,oL :7

"g Bryan %" =3 "' p z"i ,2 78 9


: " %  ' k:  =
q2008 "1 Naber ' B"( Jamal ;2005 Das Guptas ;2005

@ a@@a@L@iba@bg@La@Lbnua@a@Z@bMg

gd1 #   6 f  K" p  


1 B'@ @'# 
n 
k B  

%0g &" " V' &"` 3


 MF ) 
Y   7 B
 p 
:' ,

6!gH g
P"g= 8 g  [i< "%%
P"
b
b P
31  "::M!' q"L%MF) p 2U oL)

xg3:!H g 
: ' ,&"gP"' &"g%! H 
   78 B
y ' ,c #|

g &"
g @#  %d & #' P"= 8   [i } ,oMd ' om: % !1'

;H ,a

 ' ##$  % ' ,
" % &">": " @">n8 x
oU"g 
M)' ,
  T": rP" % 7  "M )  ": % M!

41

qYP
h[U BEi "L #  o  "

@ a@L
p 0"g= B"g tP' ,P"gMV ' ,T"> ' ,= xV#  z" &" P# ^ V@

,&"g$ ' ,@ V ' ,B" tP\  P# 2


Y  P" P
%= 0d= &8" ;% l
,g:
' ,&"g
A ' ,B'#g ' ,g 78 &"gHy ' ,P" &"H ' ,&m: '

g '# ' }g!  5'") 2 L: 


 '"\' ]P"MV ' ,V"0 &E0! '

g P# ##7 "7


!1 V %: %) ^#Y q2005:439 %> Schiller ]

,P"g [gU 
0"g= oL% g ' q2003:100 %%> Schiller n B B


b
@'#  
n V" "#:\ f1
nY ' ,n B P
)' 4Y  EXV

,V"v &"YE 
:34 ,5" ,oL:M ,P' " oL%i o"' 
Hn 8 ,B'#
Rosaldo ' #g1 Inda ]oA %=  &" ! ' o"'  ) @"4 Y ' ,"'

b
,7"gL ' n  E

w @ 5[ NP" 
) # ,2001:154
'P
g #g:A g @"g 4Y # )' q Y` 4 ! ' ! @ 4 ! '

rg g' ,1994 "g Basch et ^:g:V' @"g:7 ' ,2001 1


V Foner

,P

1 :# p 2006 u! Smith M ' ,2002 
 Stoller "V

 "gAEi g 7"gL gn!% gM! 2g @# 3 ,a


) %%Y %0 @
&"g8
g gM p"g0 ' ,5@"g4 Y8 ' ,2g" ' ,2g 78 G: p
:

3gF1  ,&"@  
! %) BEi  ":!LV #Y' q%z o"'' ,#d

g &E"g p 
gX ,jg k g 
gM)  '@ !F) 
  &"P '

p  "  HP"F ,##7 P"MV' : T">' #1 &E


wE  '' B"P ,
Y

b
&"g "
gz g EgXV
,g" '' ,gV"0 '' ,g 78 %d &m:

MF 
n 
%" : " M q"Y #%' jz 
 ! &"YE'
g gA  2gU g:M! &"g"7 5#g ?
   78 B
y p #  

 #g%= p "@"4 Y ' "" 7"L n "#1 7P@' 5#! ^%MF) #Y 


 @": g ,B"0 = j q1999 G1' Ong ;1994 " Basch et " 
! 2

&#g7' ,g=P"M ' g:=% B


gz 5' g P
g
1 "M j %!  P@ G" 1

42

9"ga' g>"FA g V @P g"0! ^1"H 


   1994:10 (Basch et ]"\

;:g4 g0 ,'7"gL 


gn "LL7
 2 " ' ,@"4 Y8 ' , 78

p +g ' ,%gz o"' p :


}P"F
!1' ,#d &"8
p #" 2Y
p 9"ga' ' ,g "  g 5
gY' ,P

1 p Y &"
! RH)' o

'gm  g
 g 3gF1 #: ) U ,M qx" P#4 2 " 2Y w"m:

, 7 
 "LH  78 B
y ' 
  3F1"V\ ,8 }=3 " ?V @"

gH Koser ' jg Al-Ali ]@#g 2sP"g) }"g & 5gi g7



# ' ,V"v'
gn  2002 
g Stoller ]d P @
:%  \  ":!% ) #Y' q2001:101

p "gM Bg>' "V r  


Y  &"M=> 
` ,"V r  @"

3gF1 p 
k 
n 
%" : ,0 "' q%" # " " 1 @"  '"
 ' 0 ,V"0 ' ,@"4 Y8 ' , 78 
 %i j !"Y 
Y 

&"g8
' k p "g)
 g%" @ gV ` u 
Y  &E" 
M)' ,

q"L: 
%: ' #d

,2001 t":P" Parrenas 3


&"%! oL P" @ 
  U M

?1998 '1P
g7 Guarnizo ' u!g Smith ]g
5
g \ 2!g "H " '

B
gy ' g
 g 3gF1 +gM p g3 g%) gU" ) u ,8 2U 2 "7

,g
 g "g:!LV xg! oL '" p q
 B'# 5
 j @
7
 78

,]g\ g g


 ' ,]j\  
   Y % 7"d ":1 
0"= P@
+v<g g ogX)' !g> 5
g g &"g%!' &"g:\ "g< ' 
4 u

3gF1\ "g< g1"0 


g4' ,]2 "g p"g0 @"g4 Y8 \' ,]27

:M ' ,2E
"g Basch et ]&"VE 8 '  78 &"Hy" oD"YE' ,
 ' = F n
b
g
 g g 78 B
gy MV &L ,a h[U  "YE31
' q2001:121

43

gy" gz" ]
g@P
\ gMV g " g ]
 B'# @'#  # &"M=FH\


% L
Xi' &8" %) om:) p %" ' :=  H P'@ ) 2 ' 2 78

 +0H " ) , }' q2005 %> Schiller f1 ^Y


p B
y % !m:
B'#g }g ,Glick Schiller ]%> %7\ &P"> H ,
   z" &" P#

oV [' ,'# B" p Tp"M 


: } ! ) ^1"H
H &"Hy %) p :
BEgi g g
Y  L: 
Y P
z p\ L: 
 p 5i  "y 
0 =

g
Y B'#g 
  &"P P  @'#y ":z B"M>  M> j "y
,B"0 = j q2005:443 ]"L:
M) ' "L% "y ' @# 
Y @'#  #: 

 ' ,"gLV oMd g ' "L!m:) o  


Y  &"P" p :
 A 2= P V
fV oMd ) #d &"8
% oUP" i   ,RdV 
 B'# 3
 ,#   "H

gV }gY
p' qgk 
gF p g
  #d &"8
&Ei#) +=H 7P#
@"g4 Y8 k 
g> p ,"gXY":  "gH ' ,"g"
P'@
b
b ^g= #Y #d &"8

q" '

fg)P
 H ]
   78 B
y \ w
L ;'< , P# h[U N '

ggk %"gg gg " p ,g


 gg &"gg%! o gg) q2005 (Schiller ]%g>\

B'#g @'#g i @ &"%! %) o ) 8 q]\ ' ]j\  ,P



1 p n

qV"0 ' ,M ' , " :!A B


 p "X o )  ,RdV "D3 ^' 


" %  "7 f Ei  #L  w" j% P"H 


  ;
 w
Y<
b "L  P"> ^_ 2  P# h[A z" '
2g &"g' Gg@ xg g ,""

g 'P "L%MF)' "U@


) A & P")   h"= 18
 [ A x1 'm: "L#Y
g"1 g ,%= g ' %g  #g%= g g) ,"g gV"v' ,@"4 Y ' , 7

fg)P
 gH 2
g g P
gm: ' ,251998:24 %% Miller ' % "H Kasinitz

&"g8
 ;H oL1 2H ,5i "1  ,2005 (Glick Schiller ]%> %7\

f:  "' !> oM x1 BEi  E! qqqq K" p 1"M!H\ k' #d

2
Y  " " R M ]2 "\ 2 7 ' ,5@"4 Y ' ,2" w"m: ":!LV 3 =: "
q 2006:5 

7+V Ferguson ]#  
d1 j

44

z" &" P# BEi  &L 2 


L &"  ## w #  o 

 &"P :" oU" h[U !F) q P# h[A #"V & "U#1 2 ' 
  
&"g%! \ "< 
  &"P ; ) o  q
  &E"  ' ,


Rg1
$ @#g   7  'P 1"z j "y ' " 1 "AEi  
n w
 2
' q2001:118 " Basch et ]" ' @"4 Y8 &"YE ' ,  )

g Y  ,f1 ^Y


p # ' '
1  ,"< 
    ) ,5i "1

' #g% p 5i & nV' iC ' #% p %


 & nV T"X "U@ V !' , '# @'#y
T"g:' ,w' ,T8#' ,T">' ,T"C' ,T":   %) ; < ) q
:  r"=' iC

gV $ oL Y
g g! ) q@'#gy 2=1"g7 jg ,&"g'P &"L' 'P T"C' ,
i
b

gM #gY' q"%g
@# + & n 
0M! #Y' & "7 p 
=U[' 
)< q
 "
oA 
` o
U  oU ' ,@'#y 2=1"7 j &"M% ' B "1" o#

q2001:78  Lima #%= EH p oL P"F'

@'#y   : # ' '


1  o# oL %"Y [ n  2!m = "

p "g7' g!  g 2U PM  "y q


   ; ) } [ x"3 )'

G#:) u ,


p 7' ' ' rP"Y "P p "{T": "Hn' #d &"8

T"g> "g #g4Y' ,g


 g L %"g }g ,T"g: p g%0 ,g
 g D
qz #% p & ' ,w ' ,@ #7 ' ,&"F '

@ a@@a@L@iba@bg@La@aLa@La
g
+v<g) jg &gHP 2g &"g@ g 
! &U@ ," # BEi

Gg1' ;1994 "g ,Basch et g! jg 2


g  }"3 T"a j  
: '

2g &"g " g
6g) q2001 " Sassen ;2001t":P" Parrenas ;1999

45

&"g` om:g) 2g ' V"0 &"P ' P"MV ' ,= ' ,B" tP H p oMd )

g
#g ) ,5gi &%M q1994 " Basch et Hy %) P @ " 
:  '#

3 %) " ) q]\ ' ]j\  


  &"Hy "L 5 %m "0!

g: 8 3 "> 5


 j ! )  1"  "7 %m "UP"= " 
} +M p
 g3 )  '@ g"' ,@"g4 Y ' ,V"v' , 7 &"H B'": )' ,sP") 8'

,"L%i#g  B"g tP }3 g 8 2g x"g: qqqq, ng @'#g\ : gggg %

q2001:189 
gH Coope ]&"g3 n g%) ! P' &":= z
4iqqqq'

@
gY ' @'# E # ' K" p 5 2 &" " % @ !H 
w #  o  [H

, ##
0H MF 
w
L w#
b
 ,YP
h[U p q2006 
7+V Ferguson
,gsP")' ,g` &"Y"g p f:  "M p 5 H &"%!' &"P" #z '
"g 2U MF ) %0 ,%" ' ,&":= ' ,&"` MF  w
) u ,@# V 7'
q2006 
7+V Ferguson "X
b

,fgY
V o g ,"g' , p"v' , 2 7 ' ,/@"4 Y 6 
"V ,
d: [U j'

g%! p gm: @"g' "g 1' 


gM) , 2g '   &": )  ' [:
,g%" ' ,S "  w"m: p oL a
 T  n k %" & MF)

2g ' ,@"4 Y8 
&"%! 5# 0! ) ,B"0 = j q! !m1' , '# '

2g=) ) 2 "g w"m1 j mV"d p ,  


= p "% } ' "31 j 5

w # g o g u ,%=   #%= ' %  #%=  V"M  + ! &"YE om:

h[gU jg xg%3' ,+gi B'#g 


! 2:
 # '| ! : 4i  

;1985 pP"gU Harvey ;1998 g%' % g"H Kasinitz g  % '# o %!
^"Y &": = ;4 : [: q1979 " F '' Wallerstein ;2001 " Sassen
g  " g B'#g g ' : B'@' , F "M' , "'P' @ # k

gM! , [gMU' q2003 218"g) Talani X: 1"M ' : 7 & k
b8"7P ,P"" k %"  m:
gY B'@ g   % P#4 oUP"= " ,T"1'
b
om  p q2 "  @"4 Y8 P" p @"4 Y8 ":  "#)
b 0H B'@  "#)

"gD7 2g g P# 2V q2 78 9


: " v' YE &8" 18 % 
M &8"y
fg1< B@" ,#d &"8
' " "3 p :=% B": B j t":=P" > P 0"=

46

"g "3' #gd &"g8


,g  % %= g B'#g% &"Y" p '  o j

&"g@"i gLV , g g


g 1 "F  '1 rP"  B": B ! , ##
b
q
%

 #g#$ g % +gF) qg%! % d x3: 2U ##$  % # )'

@
g ;g' h"gV g '@ gM) g }V #) " @"4 Y8 &"P p m1
g Y'+= g '# gL7
 p ]y \
 }! o" ! &"YE j a'

,]1"1  M \' ,]@ y \  2 ) " ##$  % o) q]  \

,g
Y gM%
g BEi 
d1 XV j P"MV %) o#) M!  f1< B@"'

"g1
g &E"g ) +g4) ,#g#$ % w"m:  p q P"' ,
'
#L g) H q T" '@ 1"1 3F1 H f7
' @
 < #7
f) [ "Y
b
b
b "YEi

gM) @"gM) P#gY g% ! fg1 #g  5[ '
 "31  1"1 3F1 H R%7

: ,H"F }(   "L 



 "V q 5 ^ G" : XV  j d

P"g ' gy


g ' ,gz" M% " 5
 P'@ 5 R %)   '# j 

=X 5[ oMd !1 ##$  % MF) , [MU' q2005 pP"U Harvey y
6g gV"0 ' @"g4 Y8 g
,gE ogU g' q g 
6 om:'
#g  "g g=y #g#$ g% 2 "g w"m: p 
   78 B
y &"P

g=1 gM "g ,2=3 R) n MF) ##$  % &@" ,8' :j" &": 
5 ##$  % ^  ,"1"v q2" B" '
 P"M   @# %%Y 3

B"g ^dgV' ,o#g ' h"gV g xg  R F h" 


 " x% ) MV
P
gL p #g#$ g % ^==g) ,"g0 "v q!: % 2 

U ,=4 "%

B
g Rg%3) #gY' q23
=3% "U M1 ' T  ' T":  5P[7 r"3 
2gU gA \ r"g3i "g 1 }g Rg:7  "g=:7 ,#g#$ g %
d1 k  '#

47

q##$  % @"= j w" xV


) " 1 ,]"y "

om:) !1  f%
' k  '# r"3i MF) @" p
a
 L #Y'

 ,"Mg ' ,o% ' ,d4  BEi  h"V #= j o"Y 2H n> }" 5
##7  om:) !1
g b8#g :
g g 
g " 5@g t" j @#F

q##$  % &"" "L:=  :H &"# o#) p  '# F n8

&":! p 
 
: @"4 Y8 T% B@"7 ,##$ % !: [U  '

"gYE31 ' q2005 #gy j #   '# i#)  }=:) !: %MF < ,&":  '
gd ' ,P"g BEgi g
 %MU @" 7"y 
V @ ,a h[U 


#g ' g &EMgF gy B
gz
7  w" 9"3 xV  44i' ,"
o"  ) 2
  
: 9' " z" 7

# %) &P"z' q
My
&"g" 2g:=)  q]9"g( \ [U  "L 4 k  '# ^ "1 #Y' q]3:> ' 9"(\

@"4 Y8  #  "=) &": = ;4 : p &# 2 ' , 


: jMA ;M

} wTE   5k 2:
@"4 Y8 MF) @" #Y ,&":  p &# )' ," 18
q2002 F  Mitchell 2 "  oH n , "4

k oMy !m1 p "L7"#  ' ,jMA ;M &"" k  '# 2:=) 

&"g7"y g=%) p "gUP'@ T @ g #g 


g '# #g  ,#g  V  
: ov  %
b

'#g g:= g gH w"gY #g q<


##>  "3  p R=)' " 1"1
g '# &"" f7
 ,k =: } '" " 
 B'# ' '# #: '#:z'

P'@
b Rg 5[g w"g 9"g3 44i' "= 2=:7 P0 8 }F)
d1 k

Momani &": g ' &":g! p 2":g4 9"3 p ! V +V


) p ""

^g Bg g) "g ,B"0 = j ,G: ":z 9"3Y 44i ^_ #V q21"


x"g: g
 qoLy"g4 w#g @"gM) 8  ga g  & @" ' ! r"P P
2=%g +v<g % t"g: P@ jg7
d1 j ,a
 "," ":z x":"  ":4

^1"H 1984 w" 2V q!  x%  V z"i ,oD" j 44 f H) 5[
P
LF ,ud= [U oL%!>  v
d=  +0H "L  2! : 2 ' ,]P '# H\ :#

48

5
gY g #g '
g:# &#Lg> #g ' q] Gg: ' Bg% k gH\ G1 }:4!
b
5[g g! '' &"
 P
U#)  1 k p P" 5# j   &8"X:

El Shafei &"g:10 }g%3 p 5@"g4 Y8 gd &"g" xg=3) g # } c#

q1995 2 V"F

N L% "X


b "A ^ V@  ,RdV 2=:7 P0 E "L P k , ) K

"g ,g"M '@ ;g


' g "3= &8#g  ' = 4 %! " "U@"4 Y o#)

k 2g 78 ' ,5@"g4 Y8 ' ,2g" P"g p "gP

k1
b
b  '# A  7

"g'@
b P"g" %"g gk & #g" ^%M> ,y p' q2003 5U Zohry
Egz f # g og)' ,#  #  5k @"4 Y8 f% #!  L
Y P#4
b
b "@"4
b

^1"H q2005 k = !: ) z" &"' 


_' &"
V# p 

 @#  w" o)' q+=H P


4 P"  A k 
My ^ >   1
f7' j w" 9"3 " %" ^V#L  ' ,n 'i' B
i@ L &"Ez

q
4

x k }( ^d: 2 ,1971 P


@  52 @" :" 1
 %) !F)

B  5[g 1973 : ]A 


1"Y\ ,1
1"Y x
 '@ ,"L  @
' k  A
#  oL"'  @
" w" 9"3 ' 
My 2
,! < A w" x
}(

%"g gk o#g) #L g 5[g 111 ogYP 


1"gY ,oL " g o#)  :

q2003:22 5U Zohry : " : 2 G% B'# %" z"i ,P""

49

 p f1 k! i# @'# x": p ^7 2 V 7


:v &" P# &L
g ,RgdV 2 78 @
4% " ) n A # ) K , 
: &""
 P
7 j B
4d% T
 # j !% +' !% 5# " " 2U &P"z
P"gV@
U Hoodfar; 2002 jg ogU B
g' oA
g gd & i#g 
M)'
q1995 ": Singerman ;2006 w": Ghannam ;1997

2g~i g g"M '@ ;g


' g "3= 
g4) o g " +0H , j 'E

}g G"g1 p qg!


g &"7"  =H
 p ]oLY"i\  1 " j &" "$
jg RP#g) G g w#g) "=g> !m: } T" 57 ,]p 2) '\ ":Y >"> j i`

2g  " ' q2 " !


 "L7" 2 & P"L  "U+' ,x
 ' ,N
:"g "H 2gU ,^gY
ogm  g%1 &g%H "#  ,"L%z
   !$ # B'"

 oL% z =D  'm : oLV ,3F1 :



 k &" "$
~i\
g:
P"gMV g 
: ^#Y , [MU' q]oD P"L 
3 "%3 
 8' ,]T \

x  "Uf%H"F  p @% B" 


P'# j &@#>' ,2) [ 3 ' ,3F:
,g g 1' qP"g" g!  ud= x  2  ' & P# ' & P"L r" H


g ' ,2) [g g3 ' ,gz" gM% ' ,g1 @% G'n "g  
: ^"Y
g"M r"dg18 } ,2 78 "X B"M>  h+' V"M  8# 4F
q2005 pP"U Harvey '#%

"gL 1 2g ' ,g! jg 2


g g }"3 T"a z" &"@| [U ":%

g
 B'#g p gA &"g )' ,B"g tP' ,!
 %MU @" &""

g p "g   1' q 
: &"" "L F) 2 #  
g%MA @"g %! p YP"V my "0! &":10 = ^1"H ,#d &"8
"  "

,":g4 g:= gM) &"g%! &gL' qB" tP' ! % @"4 Y8 '  78
2 ":4 9"3Y p 5 #" & ;"
B #=  o)' ,y x": p z"i

&"#g 9"g3Y p g7 X:' ,1' ,  + ;"


 ,B & @" "L!
g "g"_
b "L%4V' &"# ' }"X= " 1 &"%! 44i ^_ H ," M B '
"g
g 5
gY &"g "g= MF "L"Xi'  7 & P"=  ' #U 5

g"= ' ,5
g%y B"gd!H ,2gF"A @"g4 Y8 3gF1 &#Lg> fg1 ^Y
p' q,%

q2001 " Sassen


= + P"U@
,B"  ' ,%"$
b

50

,T"g: g z"i ,4i   j #   R% P


L p & + %) ^==)

9"g3  2=) V 


1"0 ;"
p &
 |!  L% "H q": B'# 

q1984 " Sassen &"# 9"3Y' 2":4

V": p B B
i@ p  
: ]
\ P @ &"" ^==) , j 'E

7"gL g  "g4  ' ,gM! " Y< " 1 ; "M) ' ,oL: V 
" Sassen 2 "  @"4 Y8 p "#)
b Y  #%=   + 4i
q2001 ,1998

g ,RdV 4i " 1 


3i F) X 7"L   % 7" !v M) K

"y R " j mV"d # <F1 5[ ' 2": &"# 9"3Y p ;"' F "X
b

qM #d &"8


p ##$ R: " z" '  6

g G g1 ,B"g ' &"#g 9"3Y 3 _ 5[ , 


: w"m: V , [MU'

@ gV "#g g!  g%" "g"P


2g: &"gH g ; <  ##> r"3 " o ) !
b

& !g +g g1 g# @"4 Y8 3F1  


!' , " T"H r"dz
c'#g xV P' ,X: P
7 '' 
n 
%" "LP : ,P B# 

q2001, 1998 " Sassen  


!  @" 21"M' 2 7 4V

f !g "g BEgi g


gd1 gXV jg U  2 " w"m: &"% ,a
) M!

B@" 2LV qP

1' ,
H
 ,#: :0 ] " # \ gg 2001 Sassen ]"\

!g +g 3gF1    ' 


! p
d% MF ^1 7"L   <
2g w"g 3 &"#gi' ,@"g ' ,B"g g " g0 gF"A '' 7 X:

P"=H # ,5M P" &"` "LV Hn) 2 x": p ,P"


d1 j ,&L

, j 'E qB"0 = j &":$ @#  &"H% [: # "H 


51

[gU p gX: g 78 g1"M ' :g i#g & ;"


%  ! "H

MF 3=)' ,x # " j B


4d% " ) n "0! ,5@"4 Y8 9"3

@#g$ #gV
' ,7"gL !g
B "gH ,T g 7"gL &"g 2"

q2001 1
V Foner

}F) j #" A 1


 "" "Ez !v ,A 1
 x%  V'
]g:$ ' gA 
1"gY\ j i@ 5[ # :#d &"8
 k  A
Mavasti 1986 : ]A =Y ' Ez 
1"Y\ ,{  Y' ,1952 :
gY g4y 2g \ B' Egz"V q2004 2g:H "g McKinney ' 2 "V"
120q000 "UP#gY 
:g g4 ' g!% NgV' ,jgz 
g Rd !
! & @"L> f=7
! &P"z &EX) w"m1 P
' ,aP M  2 ;4:%
g" +"g 2gU B"0 = j ,7' ' ' "P G"1 %" !> K'

%)
g
:7 #1
U Hondagneu-Sotelo ]2 7"L!H 21
1"Y }a' j B
4d%

g p B
g' gA &8#g  p 9")P # [U  G 1 , [MU' q25 :1994
0_ ,5i "1 ' q:)E "M' ,"V' ,"C  "'P'  7"L!% jz

g =0  oL g
 "gH [g 7"gL!% "g1
1"Y
" a'
,: G"1 p 21"0 Ez
b
b
Ng w"gY ,g" p' ,1982 :g "g: g B' [g: #gd &"8
p oL "Y
jg 'Eg qx" P#4 % + @ V


 [ ! r"P j &"

b
&"g8
 gA ogm: gXY": 1
g g %% &":  p &L ,
g:$ ,:g! ^g  ' ^g!@ 2g 1
g }P"gF g @# j ^%! > ' #d
#gd &"g8
f)<gF1 "g1
1"Y E ]5P")
% \ #  , +i'
q2006 )
H Coutin
b
,"g~' q2M ]@# G"1\ P" p i#' ,o T" 8 ' 7"L B"= 8
& P"g gz" }gY
p gA Rg% & P g '|g!  gA p =  j
&E"g g @#g  'g! ,P"g i8 oL% } ' q^1n1 j #d &"8

g:
ogv ,8 w ]T gY"3= \ 
d:!g
1"gH  " "L=7
! @#d  ,4F
q"3 " p M
&"g  <g ,#d &"8
  ggA ggP")
= )   B@"7
b P
H[
 k 7"L!% ##7
k
b
b ^:>@ #Y ,1965 w" Ez z"i ,"%

52

gz" }P"F r"dz'  " & P"L 5' @ V| H 0!  _ #d &"8

g=% & ,2g+7
1' P

1 0 :  V 7 x": p   &" "7 <)'
q2004 2g:H "g McKinney ' 2 "VP" , Marvasti ;2000 1
7 Jones d
gk  #d &"8
" \:$ ,:' :
R M] g "48 &"1"= Lm)

b P
H[ L%  "
 '@"  #Y
q"%

7"gL 3366   f1V ,2003 w" ]:$ ,:' :


R M\ &"1"= "=3V

g"P G g g%m ^ oL: 493 i@ ,#d &"8


B
i# oA  o) "k

"gH 997' ,;g


 #: g &EX !a 290 ;:4) o)' ,7' '

gg:$ 
gg%! T"gg: o#gg 150' ,ggM gg:$ gg!gg! ' o#gg
 B
i# " oA  o) 187' ,M :$ 
%! T" '# ' 303' ,M

G"gg1\ Rgg7
! oUP"gg i ogg) 923' ,T
gg$ 2= "gg' ,gg7EH ggM P

@ by@pb
a

q]@#

@ a@L@a@@xaa
q"g
b B g 8 "gH' 1998 w" "@# 5P")
" gg w#) ,P '# H  "

"gH' B"g: g 'g) #gY "H ^Y


p q&
: }X P' #  r"3i B' o%)

 @
 "H  P"F  f < %" BEi' q7'H L% R%3 "#   L "3 "

#g  ,gM= ^gY' p '7"gU [g %" 4Y  @":


b  qVP f:M  

:B
 qh#' V"  XV  
M f1 "

53

"g:U fg) r"g7 #



2:  , f
3
U'  f zV 2=  7"L \
, "g:U  2H"g  2=) "F 2 1 ,   f R , ":U 5 ":U 2=U
, gH g:) }g Mg f
3 #
" M ,   M 5#i") w8
b F o =V
g)E) ' g:) jg o =V ,   ' P8'@  ' ;  E0

;g  2 V#g) w8 2g= g) 2g= U , #g


oL V#) 2 1 " +
2g 1 r ' gH , g%%Y P"g4 2g= U
3 2 1 ' H , '
, h
7 ^%H h ^%H , 5# ' 9" ' O)'#: 2:  f%> O , 2:  VP"
 , ,g  "g:U #g 2YE) " P@"1 , ^Y'   2 1  f )" 2= 
"g1 , w"g) }=  F  t": R% , h#H ":%H , j F) "F  f"7 2 1
h#gH' 2g :' g p MV ' #  "F F X t":  # '
@
p 2= w
 &# Y
, F " 2: "F  > "1  X=V , 9" '
g ' ' g"My ' , gV ^1 j "Y 2 :' ^%4)
2 z"i , #7
b 
, oU"g  # Y' h#H + h#H "'
:l' , x"X 2= w
 B
 # =V
O=g "g1 ,p"g0 #g = + h@ qqq > ' , f%H h@  21 ,P X=V
q]":U P": 2P
@"g4 Y8 p gn %"g % 5gi &8" } #  #  ]"\  " f"F )

fg%i@ ogm ) #g k p hT P' P"g: fg : ' B"g: fg 7' g) # q2 " 
21"g  q#gd &"8
% f  "{ f1
"UP"i@ }3  M K & i# !H '
fHn ##F 9$ ' P  " hP
>    " +0H' ,f)  h@"   1 +0H
b "
:B
V ,B":' P":

&#=V , h#H P
L> ^ , "U#: "L  ^'P ":U "1' P": &#
)\
O :M ^:= 2U , H"F p O:M 18' n  , 
> #) "1"
gH ngH "g xg%  H , #  "1" " H M = H  , 7"  )
:g &#g' , 9"g ' "g" B
g  f ^1"H' "L = "1 2:  , #  "1" "
7P j ^ P' 2: = , "L%  "1  7P# , 21"VP" O :M ^ 7P'
, "L:g g1 p "gL! ^g: "U#g: 2U , ""= B
Y  P "1 ^ "Y' , "
i
jg 5@"g "1#: ": ' , " B
  2LV , """ "
i B
 =V , "L! ^:=V
[g=d: 2g  "g: , """ "L! B
) ^:=  %MF O ,  5


54

b B" % B
: ,h@
9
g:H 2g:  ,
gi B
1 !   B# ,
i E0
B
g:=V , h#gH' &
gi ":%H ":  B" d:=V , h#H' # ' 
b B
) 2U' [H E0
b
i E0
b
"g "g ) "gA
 ^g:= "V oL , #! "" E0
b
2g " =3V
, #! "" , "" 7P j # U "1 
) , h#H' j7P j T8
^g , #"7 &
> ^3 , oL%H "%
!%) ' ^M' & ,"1 &
"g
i 2 "H L 21") #
"" B
) ,
) 2 : " f 9" ' f  
^g:H ogL%H o7' , &
4'  2 &# Y , """ f
)' , "
i O '
q^g6) ^g:= ' , Og% ' , "gV '#g 2g ogL%H o7' , "n  
h"g Og
g  ,}g7 P "g1' " #gU %= "A
 V" " H 2 Y
@
q]^1 " ," #U

gLV qf :  h@"  R= f)"1"   ;s  B'" ;H ;z' ]"\ z




" #gU P
z p ,  @" E 5 5@"4 Y8 #"   j T
X %

g3i P ! g" "X


b 7`  ,RdV " %M "'  ;s 8 ,& P0  '

:B
 q
 @

55

ogL%! ^g '" "g:Uqg% g%' g% % " #U  3:F : H }7


h#:
U f1 t" j , P '# H p , 2:  E  p ^HP"> ,7"
"g1 g , "g
gU' B
U' "1 , 2:  x#z "H
U , 2:  
qB"g % g7" p 2g= "g1  t"g jg , R=g h@ 9
a
p &MV
b , f:
Vk , 5L> R) oL%"
;P"4 }V @ 
M 2F " =Y " =
"g8 , gd g "g:U g #i"  , 7" ^7" 
"'qqq , P#
2g)  "g1 gz , "L1 2F_ , P8'@ ^! %)   , P &"7" "L% =
, h#gH' &"g=%3 " , 2g:  Og:Un= 
:Y' , 2:  %Y" , 2:  #!y
2g =3 "g1 ' , ":1 xU1 " O ":  ") %" ": # '
 ":U %MF  ,2
) O r
) =  ' O O=d= , U"m O=d=

,g> :g7" j %3g g7" xgd " MV #


wE ; OV"
q ,z"i P# ,"i 9'
fg) fg= T2gF) j " #!  ,f %" p " &
 j R%  2M

5
g p g "g f) V
 P

1 p ! 
LV q@" }% " f" 
)'

,"gi 9' E g ' ,Bg: T p g g0!  gH ,P '#g M 23


=3
qz"i P#  f : B"P 3i'

" #gA g  oLg  ^g%' P '#g gH p ]"\  %"! y 21#  #

p g qP"g3 g3 jg 5P"gm 1 p ," 7' ,B": ^1"H q" =Y  %

T"g:v gz"i "gLmd% ' "gU   #g #) 8 " r": 5#)) ,&":vE0 ;4 :

g> "#g gM ,"# ' } O ) B":!V q"A:  ":%z


 2H") "1[i q"L7' r"
 r"U[g =Y "U P "   j &' q +0H
b "  ) ,9P"F 1 p " z"i

1"gH "g og og) 2gLV qg fg:M ,K` " r" V ,B": =: " q"# ' B:
g"  2gU' q" r n 8
E!% 
b ' ,| b8:
:= 
3 

2U h[U' ,r"1 B'" k  " "LV @


  H p f1 B
)' qu "0 "UL> p
fg)" g  ,RdV  " " & "1 P
V ^ B":' q p ,:)  B'

p g%1 % B": o%  " w


 qf n  1 p"v' 2 7 BP  "X

g% gP# p "L#  2 R M  1 [H "# ' qk  "LV @


  H
Y ' B" R H BEi  %1 % o% ) "X P":' qP

: %1

w"g P#:Mg" &"g% gz"i P# "A"P p E<' ," "U 2 #

qw@"

f1 o) 2U' q" ^i : ,!1  #! "Li ' @ #" " "
b B": w
)

P
g "g fg# '  ug ,P '# M !  " "H
o )  ~ h[A "H "
"g>" [g% ,P
 "# ' M ,f i : "L7 ; "M) ! " 3  8' B"y

q"L "D#7 "P p ,"UT">' 2U "U"H)' ,&":10 p @


 p

56

@"g %! ' }V#) V"v' %MU 


 !v f1 ;H "' B":  " ,a
)

#g4Y qg
 g &"g:=  g'
: &"g:= g " n &E" MF)

,g7' ' ,'g 


" "U@ V O  2 &E" %) ,
  &E" "
P" #  
Y  &E" 
M)  &"0"= ^da' # q '@  0H p T": '

Hondagneu- ;1994 "g Basch et #gd &"g8


p %" n   ">

q2006 u!g Smith ;2001 t"g:P" Parrenas ;1994


%)

:7 #1
U Sotelo

@"4 Y8 p oU#
V om ) j n %" #") 
  &E" <  @"7'

,#gd &"8
p "M oL7"#1
) 2 1
1" &"= j R% ' ,2 "
xg%  V' q#d &"8
p Y : ' n h"  # "F j [H'

:f1 1
V B@" ,
  &E" 
M p"0 R1"$"

,g%" ' ,gV"0 ' ,:= fV " ) "M " j %" % m:  R~
"g p Egi
gd1 jg gV"0 T": %! 5 u "M":@ E")
%gz gV"0 g  V"ga" g7P" @"4 Y8 ' V"0 5

q1997:961 7"L " z"
&E" 
M) %! ,a
 " XV
U %" &"M=F "P p T": ) 

g ,RdV B" tP !H  om %' ^ "< 


0"= B@"7 #Y' q
 
@ V  "@"4 Y 
 
n 
%" ,=4 u , [H j" "X 

g #g#7 g 'P 9":3z o ' ,


 ' 
 x1 p B
c#' ,# ! oDE"

MgF) g!  ,
d: [U j' q"L% mV"d ' # ! oDE" @ V' n %"
p o  u , ' # ! %" " z" 21" "z @" j 
  &E"
@ gV' n  &"YE  [U 2:  8 qLV m: @"' L: G# +0H &8"

g "g
%  2g "  
n
MF " +0H
b @P' oDE"
b ,y 2V q @

57

 #g ,g g 
gn 
gk 
%"g 2:0 g 8' q@
:% "=%
b oDE" @ V
&E"g 
M) %!  p"0 R1"$ j ##7 @" 
b ' b8E 2X) =4 oL44Y

g ,RgdV "UH x= 2 r"=| oP"Y } &"M=> 


:34 8 oLV q
Y 
qoA "b:' k 
%  
Y  &E" 
`

&"gYE }%g) o g' ,"g " 2


gY g "g "
b 'g R M , "y h[U p

g &E"g p 1"M ' i#


: oU 
n 
k B"7 "V q!!y 7'

gU 23!:
P": ' ,%" @P
 P @ x%  V P  &" 1"z U T": ' ,

b ,#d &"8
p ' !  
g  <g>' qk p hT": '' ,f 7' "HP")

&"g8
p "g7' g!  g ,}g
)' #g _  g
  %" % M! ,

q7' # &">' T"> ' #$ "P p B" HP") ,#d

@ b8@c
g ,# "i w  ,""=z  "
 p "

b ,+i ! &
: BEi

p 2gL' og 3 Lg> ,]
gF kY\ "L%!   ,"U!  &":! i ' p

#g "i w =gX) qw
g g ^gY
[gU p "g #7
 8 q"+4 k" gg "P


p #g=)' #g! & ' ' ,7E0 , ) ov qoM C ":Y j 


%

g  [gH' ,gk g3 jg t#g g' ,g"= ' ,P ' ,i
% 2L

"LgF  2g g! z" &EH 2U' ,


= ' ,VE ' ==M "H =1":=% "=

qP

1 p ! 3' ' r  Y '[

g:L 2gLV ,g }' qwE NP p "L  ,!3) ^1"H 2 :L 2U h[U ^

g:L jg P
0 }3 ) 8 " H ,"L  p
L3)  &@"  " 2L3 # 2LV ,

g4  5 RgM)) 8 2LV [H' ,] P'\ "#  ' %1  ) 8 " XV
,"gA =g: " #g7
"==g
b
b [gU # ' , P

b w#) 8 2 %% H"  # ' f1 u

"g n g0H gU"3 :L!V , j 'E q":U ! % , %' = !% "H
p' q"L: wn' "L  H   =3 p ^Y
B
 ! ) 2LV ,w" 3 o#) :L 

^ [g #gY ^g1"M ,T"=% 3 ^1"H


%V q"D" p  Y` % @ h[U ,B
 H

Egi@ P#) ' j B


4d% ^  ' ,1
1"Y "Y P' j B
4d% @
L 

58

:y"g "g1"  F) 2U' qz"i P# p  % P#) ' H p ! "H H
:H[ ) 2LV q"L:' p "V 7 P# ! ) ^1"H "#:
w"|

?"gM 5@ 2U oA
 ^:H q+=H #z ^#4) ,B' p ":U ^7 " \
t
g%V fgV hC ,#g  "M p 1 " qY#4 "1
M 5
7' "1
p P8'@ 15 "g:U #gi" g"  k p "1'
"Y " ,"1# iC p 
g ,+1
g% 2g= "1  ^ ,f:7 70 2:  ,M 2: = "
g@ # gP# p "V 7 P#  ^
 % ' w
 p ,R z }a

q"g:U =": 21EF 5@ 2U qi"= ":U : 20 &# Y !%y p
^g:H hC ,1"= ) ":V' ^1"H k p qqq ":7 " B' "L=7 5
7 R"z
9
ga
"gH fg%H' t'P# " M ,P# ^:H , ' p  >"
g:M gM 
H RM "1 M ":U ,B" L OX ,h@ R z
"g:  g 2MU"g1 qqq k p "gLV "gF &
g1 g: }=3 ,t
%V
#g g7" 5 g4
g ,h@ P
g 9
ga
 "gF RP p F"
q]":+
g' ,ugd= [gU oL%!>  +0H' ,# "i w   "M> o 3 p ! 0!

Ng P
g
1 
=U[g K og  p q 
: ' 2 "  @"4 Y8 5
Y
"g ogV ,
 @
ov B"  P#Y H j B
4d%  P  8 ' "Y
^g1"H ,#L$  +0H B[ '@  P
7 j B
4y" 7" oD" Y
)  
HP# "
@'#gd oL Vg ' ,%1 % oL V  w#  
HP# " "6V q@"i ""U'

g " p gz"i ,7"L!H oL a' >"FU' ,2:# oL  ' ,"M p !



gz"i :Mg g3: p } o 3 p !   ~ f%H [U  , + %"

=g: "' ,g" g%% ! V  # ' ,r  +=H @# "L:3 7"L "
59

q2M o%d% P
= 
 ,!d 7"L  T"= p#L 

#g!  u ,z"i & P"L o 3 p ! R%3  8 ,7"L %" % =: "'

& g ' & P"gL ' ,g" &"g


% ' ," } z
& P"L j "= " !
P'@
b ,o"3 B" p , 78 &"M=F R %) qoL:' p "U
= H 2 2L3 " z"
g og 3 R"gz 5# x#z "L# 2 z
# )' q! j B
4y p ""
b

[ ,'" 
n w
 ,f1 ^Y
p' q! j B
4y p " 

gH #Y' q! j
%4   o"3  @# j @@n " ,= &"=)) '@
=U

oP"gY g +g0H oLdg41 ,P



1  oL'#Y #: f1 ,ud= [U oL%!>  '+0H

B
g4d% g Lg 2U %)  u o 3 p !  ud= ' P
$ p }M "

gY
' P
g
1 p 
g%!  '' 
F  k  " o 3 " 9
:  q! j

!  [ #% + T">" 


U  [H' k &8
H< B'":

r"U[g g=Y gFF i#g) '' ,5#g%= O ' VE ' ,!y  %Y %
q:# p B" 8 ' L%

qr ' ,":= ' ,3%V' ,k :0 % l  #%=  o"3 r"dz 2! :

B"g tP !H  p k p"0 o" 1 ' #d &"8


% 21
1" o" 1 
% '
P @' T"gF1 g% g
 g 3gF1 !F) q o"3 P @' T"F1 BEi 

  2 3 j c"v @ +  0 k  &""i rE  , o"3


g7 :g gk Bg gF) [gH' ,! ' 
)' ,U" " j% "i

qB" tP !H  %! o#' L " " 1 &"1 +V


1"M '

g
&"g g 
!  "+4 k"r "P
 o 3 p ! o:

b
g31 g"0! # )' ,x: [U p :L Y ,2 78 9
: " "3=)
' "=) )
) !
b

gM  :  2MM " "L%F " "= "


b ' "=  :L 2U ,f  B
i#
2gL' gFF o#g Bg '' 
gk B f% ,L>   H #d &"8
'
qog 3 R"gz "L%F " "= "
b ' # ' 2U H  j   p ,w" 3 o#)'
&"g=% g%) ^g #g qP  g8 w#' R%  +=H P# o 3 p ! o 

60


=U[g' 
g~ 
%"g "V ;o"g3 p fg ^g!Y 5[g 21 # ud= BEi  6

P' 8' g4iP jg B


g4y 2 o 3 p ! R%3  8 qY
= + &8# !

gm1 '@ &


gU ' r"=H  j ! ' 
! P" @"Y } B"y
U H 1
1"Y
21 # j! BEi ,^m8 # ' qB %  1P" T" p o  o 3 p ! 
qT" [U U"m

b
,""g
& gH' qf =3   +' R%  o"3 p ! "V , j 'E

jg 4 ' ,R": " '@ V"a &"" ! )  h":  2 o 3 p ! "V
%"g % P8'@
150' ,g 5' %"g % 9
=g p P8'@ 400
g :7 Y
b

q +' @#$


Y &"YE oL3) 8 [ T8`U' ,@#$ #V
z"i ,o"3 p %" 

g BE gE "g (


b 
a  ,,4: T # 

 [ B r"P &"M=> }

 =Y !% 
%" }Xs qR": 7 ' ! ' u  ! r"P R1"7

b
,E"H
" '@ 
%!  [% " 12 %=) 2 ,! &"" BEi ! r"P R1"7
Bg  " p % [U @ @ qw '@ ;41 
%!  [% &""  @# + @#
b '

oL:g g! R"gz g%  n ' % 


a  #Y o u  +
]"1\ B@" ,@#4 [U p' q! =   5@"y #  z"i ,M A P @

 5@"gy g &#


) 2 T
7
%  #Y ! r"dz < 2005 (Naber
h[gU j g) qogL !Y ' ,oL% 3 ' ,o# %" p oMd % %
H ! = 
' P
g7  
%" 2M >  "  " p  P# u"= E ##L p 3

q! '

T"g: ' B"g7 rP"g j f Em ! ' ,:$ ' ,2 78 9


:  H 2%

;1994
%)
g
:7 #g1
U Hondagneu-Sotelo g! "gM p 21"gM oL 
)'

61

ggX ,5ggi 7"gL &"gg"( }gg B"gy


ggU ggH' q2002 t"g:P" Parrenas

w# g q1999 Gg1' T"g: 9


gXi' ,g: ' gHy jP
H[g P#Y 
%"
&E"g g u#gy #g: 2g:7 }"g & & @g 
gn 
k 
%"

j "AEm 2%) 2 &"


a
 ! p 201 1":7 # ) y p' q& +7

g ! #  q"L  oL%" )' ! p 


 oD i p n %" +M) 
g" %  3X) u k %" % =: " M"F P
  o"3 p k
,9
ga
[gU p ogL  ^v#g [g ,B"7 5' " +0H
b " }
b ' qf7
"L7'

g!  5[ ,@
! B
 ,B"0 = j V qy h[U o#) oD" ! p "U
! "44Y
b

q& +>"MH ! % T": "LV ^7i &8"y  ##   f1 ,o"3 # p "Y"
,g:7 &"gYE ogL  g!Y' ,gL7 ' +g giC B"g7P } 3% i  B
'
g g  "LY"g 2g 5gi Gy ' qA" U' 7' D" !3'

&"g1 p L {"g gV [A' X: 


M) " "= "
b T": P
7  , P# oL %!>
p UP'#g L"gY w#g gz"i' ,fg V@ L%   5[ !0 " ""Y
b X: ^=
"g "g= " Ggy h[gU '@@ [ B"7  R   ' qB: " B" "P
,k p T"g: 2=) 2M #
R=
U [U  }=3 "' qk p oD"7' 
Hn

"g p 5
gY P '@
Rg %)  " @P
' ,=3 ' ,21
1" }a
"H 5i 
 !0V
b

q
  &E" 
M) " 1 @" j #" " ,k p 7' T" P Y

g! j N n 5 L7 ' ' &E" T": 5# #7


 8 ,5i "1 '

} L:' P@" 2E T": j   f1'  Y` % h[U < 


%" B@"~ q

h[gU oL %!g> g #g~ 8 ,&8"gy g%) p qi#g @"g p P'@ =g %  L7 '

=g jg V q"gL V"v' "L:#g g % ^ @" P


7<  ! p a"X 5 , P#
B"g p "gL7' g!  u , [A 3X " !  ^0d " ]5#U\ &H ,B"0

!gX) 2gH g! @ g' p ! )  "L% "H , [MU' qR% ##> 9"3Y
U' P

 &"n &E"  "U+' ]# "i w\ " q


 oD"1 3 @
1 j B
4y

u 2 78 9
: &""3 "
a
 d=4  a Y LV !  3
 !  B"7  %" } ^v# %H ,y p' q
 m1 @" L  m:

62

'+gF
1"H o # ,nd %" !% B"0!H # "i w  "y '+F
1"H ,P
7<
BEgi  "L1' "L  H j V" " ": =  ,# "i w } u#y !V qT":0 "H "L 
g )' ,2 78 9
: " % ! ' } N'" ) 2LV ,=3 i @ "L%!

"gL%! g' ,B"g0 =g jg 2L3 "gH ,201<H "L


: 3=) ' k! B: p "L"'

' ,P
7<  ! 5@" r"3 " 1 # ) 2LV [' q#d &"8
p P
7<

9
g: g gYE ,a
) 5i &8" ":U q"D P"i  ##7 " !
f3) ^1"H

gL p g! % &"g7' T": _ ,B"0 = j qP


7< ! 1' 2 78

b
g #g ' ,2g: q+g>"M ' U"3 :L!H B"7 " E i8  Ea
P#Y
b R%3 )

,2:3g%V Bg g7P fgM%! &": ' "3%  p ! )' , P# h[U L %!>

h#g: "gH "g =


b  ,F B1 21 P 5
7 ,@'# ":V' "F\
+g=H E gi fgV h@ "gF gF> ' gH w#gY P O:gM qq&"m
q]+>"H  > ^3a ' ,%%Y ^1"H & P""V ," "

:B
)

p w"g 3% &"#g!H &"gk +g '' &"g7' +g T": ! ) ," "'

p g! ) ,"g: "#g ' &": P i ' p %P ,]!"V\ qB"7 "L% @@n H"

}g xg ) g!"V  g og j qk B # ,]2\ fM%_ ,&": }= 
2g ) 2gLV ,#d &"8
p P
7< T": !  " B#$ <F &"i T":
5@"g #g" ' 7
y h[U o3 P

1 p rP"Y E 7'  + "H "L a' 

:B
) 2LV q"L  H "A  "L%!  f% 4 5[

63

"g%

 "F% : 2:  ' }"$ p # Y ?f ! q!L t
% \
O "g "g1 qrEgM ' B" ' ,T": NP 2U "M q ?y"z 
"g1  ogA  ,"U
7 } 27
1 p F" # ' ^i + ":U R Y
fg+ =g% gF p g g= "g1 qt
g%V oL:g R% O  >
,%MF O ^%Y "1' h@ 2: ^=% 2)# ,5@" r"y O , M"H

b ,:" &"7" }=: ":


"gF 5g%1 o%  "1  ^V 7" " =
"gF% t
%  T7
d'," j "L   # 1E> 2Y8
q]oP P
  ,G
,5#g p &E"g T"g: g jg b8"g0 ]g!"V\ wEH  ;3  [U  
g=3 }g fg YE p G g: g! % 2g 78 9
g: jg gM) og a'"'
g G)"g: 9 k <g' j R% )  B'" 2LV q# ' ,7'  "y ' , 78
ogy o#g)' r"y  b8# f+= T #)P p j H wE ' k # "  "l
 jg ,"gL  M g ' "L1 j #!  
M)  X) BEi  "% :
gXV ! j 4  p ,f1 ^Y
p , "U'# , ]y"z\ M %" 
M)
q" r
1[
d Gy XV T @' ,%1 % " w" # 

@ bc@@a@a@@ba
fg) #g p g O 2:  h"  V"' # '
 2"@ p O:H " "1

 21 "H "1 ,^


M p V" h! B
 "H 5# ' "1  %MF
fg ":gd!V ":: #  "H ""' ":) ":  V"' O:="' # '
" O 21 %MF ^1"MV ":: R 5 "H ,Ei "1H ":H B1 "
2)#g ' "L: ^1" j %MF 1 ,P # Y ' V"' 2:= # '

"g" g 5@ 5 7" p ":% R4 O:H" ""' fV
 O :H " 2: 
2)#gi
g 2::g U fg 2g 1 B
  ^1"H ,U"7  f18 h [= ^1"H

g h"g 2g=  w g @


b h#H' "L>U f " > h#:' +z # '
q]n 
7 "L :
" g
, 'g g=Y #7
b +4Y n f V ,! p "UM 7 ]d\ ^7')
b
T"gV
g g 2g k p = g4 g 78 ' @"g4 Y8 'gm g r'L%
}g V"g)  ]dg\ &PgY #gV ,#g  
3i ":U M q"= z

b
b ' &"=%3 !
xg%3 g7 'g  5g) ^1"H 2 ' ,"L 0 P
L 7' ,=4) 8 2H "L7'

64

fg  T"= ' ' f x= K 5k r"F '  XV f   ' ! p "UM
 j P
0 p i #"  
 H' ,"D# '' ,d  " =) qk p

 & # ' P


H[ P"Y M=> p =% ": @ "=  T":  ,oD"
@ gV "g4' U+g4 <gF & P gY [g ' ,g%"V P '@
=g % L:M ,o n
b
%g' "gUP"= " ]'g\ "gL7' =g: "  "0 7' ]d\ ^1"H q [H D 
fg7 ' gX f=g H 5[g ,21
1"g f ga'  g # qh+= ) Rd ,k! f3
`g ,k!  78 &"M=F ' ,f n %P BEi f!H P 5[ B" tP' ,x"
qM :
! ' #: !  " +0H
b 5[ ' ,wE ' k! "=)P8" f"

65

2  " R" R= @


MV  P
: " d' # "i w' "  H  F
'#g  
gFs oL:M ,]
\ "' ' ,k 
Y" F oLV qk p "
L7
 #Y

2gU k g  5[g r"g3  ,5gi P"= 


qk  '@"
! " oL a'
g: ' gHy g1"M  ug g
Y  &E" 
M)   @
b o7n 8 ,]
\
,g
Y g &E"g 
M) V ,y p' q'"  7P# n M "  ^
' jg Al-Ali g1  +#g)' g " P
| 3 ' ,@P
=  w U8 2# 
,]B#g h@
g #g% "gM\ g0 & P"g= V ,B"0 = j q2002
H Koser
p +g0H
PM ) ]"M H p ' b8' wE \' ],":U 0 ":U\' ],''"  }!$ \'
b
g & g) xg%i #g 9"a' %) p &"7'' ' } ^7 2 &E"
dga ' g3i @
g7' '@ T"g= " oUP Y "4 

 oLV qk @
 n
jg' ,@#g "gM! =)g +g 2 " #H wE _ #H` r"3i BEi  @
%
M V"v f1' " k 2ggggV r"=F N ) #H`' ,k 2ggV ! ' P
U#)
8 k!g 23g
g=3 5
 p   2 7 }a
 " 8 &"=%3   q#"V
! oL 
  ,T E q& P"  @'# @# 5
 oU' n %" % n
#Y T": "H  z"i 6' 
L :  oUT":' oU oL:M_ 2  " &"

oDP#g " "U":  k @
 #7
b 
HP# oU ,.+
T q  " tP # "
d
g4  '#=  [#: oL%   u 23
=3 p oL a
 " 8 j

B
g4y  oL:M_ & P"L' & i r" H 
:!M  K o "% = z ' p
#g" & g' j
gk g!
g @
g) 2g g gV": g p g
gH , ]2gM @"gV\ f1' " 5k r"=F N ) V , j 'E q 
:
f%H [U ,&"  } &"YE "Y' ,& P# 2" )' , wEV #U"F p 0! 
q@
P Y T P' ; 5[ ,p"0 " <F
MF +0
g 
g g #g 
g'^ x%i p ""
P'@
b
b
b T": R %) ,#LF [U p
P'@
b Rg %) T"g> EL g ' !%g '  &" "$ }  7 &"YE "Y x
T"g:v ,oA"g: #g# & P"g ^!Y #Y' q5#% 5k ^= f=F " x%i p "P

b
&
g: ' , P#g$ jg g% g1C &"g @#g  ^g7
V' q21 # j!  2"Y
,B
gg ' ,+3 "ggH ggk &"gg : ' ,ggk ' gg ' Egg gg1
%
,") ng ,EL g8 &"
ga
 

 iC n [U ":% q qq! 3 '
<gF (Salih Ruba ], "gz "gP\ &P"g> gH' qo ng &EP <'  ; %
:" "3 p P" n

g " @"g ,"g "3' rg g }"X= xV#)' }% EL  0!\
&"gn T"g: w"gY' ,g 78 21"g % "AEi  M! {
q]2003:52 ]
\' ]& [ \ x%i @"' x%

@ b8
&"" gg ggg #gg# ,g P# h[ggU p "Lga  ^gg!Y 2g gg4 ,ga
)
g gA &"g%! p &": T": "L  <%) 2 YE ;M &") n '
k p "ggL L7
  Y
gg 2gg @"gg4 Y8 ' gg 78 &"gg=% ggL7
 p gg

T"g: ^1 ;H ^da' #V [' q@"4 Y8 
" p #d &"8
'
b
p P0 g8 g EgX
V 
Y  &E"'  
M)' , ' "H 
Y  &"P" p
&"P } B#7 p B
i# R7
)' T": 3
 &"P %) " 1 o  q

& +g0H g " }g T"g: T8`gU g " f"gF ) q7 %
' +4Y 3i }' 

q
k p  7 T"XV  %:   U+

66

@ a@a
,@72V#( >4 &4/( ^%#%(". e^  fR = F^4 U3 4 gD^ R %# h7 d1b
o4 a2(n %2B&( ,d4b 30 ?2 ,2^* i%2'&# = @72V# H%2j( ?2 = Q. f2 J%

`siq3 1
3 @r7 :p %%.
T wx I NR%4 4 
N2y 2 2"j(
i3   
T
T V. n uE( @rv ># g' J& d2b
`d2009 ?( %Szb s


i3 B
i3 ^
0A3
T
T i3  PR
T
T

@ @jua@uaa@Z@c
Abraham, Sameer Y., and Nabeel Abraham. 1983. Editors. Arabs in the New World studies
on Arab American Communities. Detroit, Mich.: The Wayne State University Press.
Al-Ali, Nadje Sadig, and Khalid Koser. 2002. Editors. New Approaches to Migration?
Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home. London; New York:
Routledge.
Amin, Galal. 2000. Whatever Happened to the Egyptians? Changes in Egyptian Society
from 1950 to the Present. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
Aswad, Barbara C., and Barbara Bilge. 1996. Editors. Family and Gender among American
Muslims: Issues facing Middle Eastern Immigrants and their Descendants.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Ayubi, Nazih. 1983. The Egyptian "Brain Drain:" a Multidimensional Problem.
International Journal of Middle East Studies 15 (4): 431-50.
Bakalian, Anny, and Mehdi Bozorgmehr.2005. Discriminatory Reactions to September 11,
2001 Terrorism in Pyong Gap Min, editor, Encyclopedia of Racism in the United
States. Westport CT: Greenwood Press.
Basch, Linda. 2001."Transnational Social Relations and the Politics of National Identity:
An Eastern Caribbean Case Study." Pp. 117- 141 in Foner, Islands in the City: West
Indian Migration to New York. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Basch, Linda, G, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton-Blanc. 1994. Nations Unbound:
Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized NationStates. [S.l.]: Gordon and Breach.
Bozorgmehr, Mehdi. 2000. Does Host Hostility Create Ethnic Solidarity? The Experience

67

of Iranians in the United States. Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies
(BRIEFS) 2: 159-178.

Bryan, Jane. 2005. "Constructing the True Islam in Hostile Times: The Impact of 9/11 on
Arab Muslims in Jersey City. Pp. 133-163 in Foner, Wounded City: The Social
Impact of 9/11. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Cooper, Frederick. 2001. "What is the Concept of Globalization Good for? An African
Historian's Perspective." African Affairs 100 (399): 189-213.
Coutin,

Susan

Bibler.

2006.

Cultural

Logics

of

Belonging

and

Movement:

Transnationalism, naturalization, and US Immigration Politics. Pp. 310-336 in


Aradhana Sharma and Akhil Gupta, editors, The Anthropology of the State; A Reader.
Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Das Gupta, Monisha. 2005. Of Hardship and Hostility: The Impact of 9/11 on New York
City Taxi Drivers. Pp. 208-242 in Foner, Wounded City: The Social Impact of 9/11.
New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
De La Cruz, Patricia and Angela Brittingham.2003. The Arab Population: 2000 Census.
The US Department of Commerce: Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S.
Census Bureau.
El-Badry, Samia and Dudely Poston.1990. Socio-economic attainment patterns of
Foreign-born Egyptians in the United States." Sociological Inquiry 60 (1990): 142157.
El Shafei, Omar. 1995. Workers, Trade Unions and the State in Egypt: 1984-1989-Cairo
Papers in Social Science, (18): 3.
Espiritu, Yen Le. 2003. Homebound:

Filipino American Lives across Cultures,

Communities, and Countries. Berkeley: University of California Press.


Fergany, Nader. 1987. Differentials in Labour Migration, Egypt (1974-1984). Cairo: Cairo
Demographic Centre.
Ferguson, James. 2006. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham
[N.C.]: Duke University Press.
Foner, Nancy. 2005. Wounded City the Social Impact of 9/11. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation.
.2003. American Arrivals: Anthropology Engages the New Immigration. Santa Fe:
School of American Research Press.
.2001. Islands in the City: West Indian Migration to New York. Berkeley: University
of California Press.
.1987. New Immigrants in New York. New York: Columbia University Press.

68

Foucault, Michel. 1983. "The Subject and Power." Pp. 208-226 in Hubert Dreyfus and Paul
Rabinow, editors, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ghannam, Farha. 2006. "Keeping Him Connected: Globalization and the Production of
Locality in Cairo." Pp 251-268 in Singerman and Amar, Cairo Cosmopolitan:
Politics, Culture, and Urban Space in the New Globalized Middle East. Cairo: The
American University in Cairo Press.
Gramusck, Sherri and Patricia Pessar. 1991. Between Two Islands: Dominican
International Migration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, and Jane I. Smith.1994. Muslim Communities in North America.
Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.
Hadley Lawrence. 1977. "The Migration of Egyptian Human Capital to the Arab OilProducing States: A Cost-Benefit Analysis." The International Migration Review
11(3): 285-99.
Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford; New York: Oxford
University Press.
. 1985. "The Geopolitics of Capitalism." Pp. 128-163 in David Gregory and John
Urry, editors, Social Relations and Spatial Structures. London: Macmillan.
Hirschman, Charles, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind. 1999. The Handbook of
International Migration the American Experience. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation.
Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette. 1994. Gendered Transitions: Mexican Experiences of
Immigration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Inda, Jonathan Xavier, and Renato Rosaldo. 2002. The Anthropology of Globalization: A
Reader. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.
Indra, Doreen Marie.1999. Engendering Forced Migration: Theory and Practice. New
York: Berghahn Books.
INS.

Immigration

and

Naturalization

http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/publications/yearbook.shtm

Service.
(accessed

November 20th, 2006).


Jamal, Amaney A., and Nadine Christine Naber. 2007. Editors. Race and Arab Americans

69

Before and After 9/11: From Invisible Citizens to Visible Subjects. Syracuse, NY:
Syracuse University Press.

Jones, Richard. 2000. Egyptian Copts in Detroit: Ethnic Economy and Long Distance
Nationalism. Pp. 219-241 in Nabeel Abraham and Andrew Shryock. Editors. Arab
Detroit: From Margins to Mainstream. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Marvasti, Amir and Karyn McKinney. 2004. Middle Eastern Lives in America. New York
City: Roman and little field Publishers.
Mitchell, Timothy. 2002. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-politics, Modernity. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Moallem, Minoo. 2005. Between Warrior Brother and Veiled Sister: Islamic
Fundamentalism and the Politics of Patriarchy in Iran. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Moallem, Mino and Ian Boal.1999. Multicultural Nationalism and the Poetics of
Inauguration. Pp. 243-264 in Caren Kaplan, Norma Alarcon, and Minoo Moallem,
editors, Between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminism and the
State. Durham: Duke University Press.
Momani, Bessma. 2003. IMF-Debt Negotiations. Cairo Papers in Social Science, Volume
26, Number 3.
Naber, Nadine.2006. "Arab American Femininities: Beyond Arab Virgin/American(ized)
Whore". Feminist Studies 32 (1): 87.
.2000. "Ambiguous Insiders: An Investigation of Arab American Invisibility".
Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 (1): 37-61.
Naff, Alixa.1988. The Arab Americans. New York: Chelsea House.
Parrenas, Rhacel. 2001. Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work.
California: Stanford University Press.
Pessar, Patricia. 1999. "The Role of Gender, Households, and Social Networks in the
Migration Process: A Review and Appraisal." Pp. 102-140 in Hirschman, Kasinitz and
De Wind, the Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. New
York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Read, Jen'nan G. 2004. "Cultural Influences on Immigrant Women's Labor Force
Participation: The Arab-American Case." The International Migration Review 38(1):
52.
Saad,

Reem.

2005.

Egyptian

Workers

in

Paris:

Pilot

Ethnography.

<http://www.migrationdrc.org/publications/research_reports/EgyptianWorkersInParis.
pdf> (Accessed November 15th, 2006).

70

Salih, Ruba. 2002. "Shifting Meanings of 'Home': Cosmopolitan and Identity in Moroccan
Women's Transnational Practices between Italy and Morocco." Pp. 51-67 in Al-Ali
and Koser, New Approaches to Migration? Transnational Communities and the
Transformation of Home. London, New York: Routledge.
Saleh, Saneya. 1983. The Brain Drain in Egypt. Cairo Papers for Social Sciences. 2nd ed.
Vol. 5. The American University in Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
Samhan, Helen. 1999. Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab-American
Experience." Pp. 209-226 in Suleiman, Arabs in America: Building a New Future.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Sassen, Saskia. 2001. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press.
. 1998. Globalization and Its Discontents: Essays on the New Mobility of People
and Money. New York: New Press.
.1996 a. "New Employment Regimes in Cities: The Impact on Immigrant Workers".
New Community 22(4): 579-94.
.1996 b. Beyond Sovereignty: Immigration Policy Making Today. Social Justice: A
Journal of Crime, Conflict & World Order. 23(3): 9.
.1984. Notes on the Incorporation of Third World Women into Wage Labor through
Immigration and Offshore Production." International Migration Review 18(4): 11441167.
Schiller, Nina. 2005."Transnational Social Fields and Imperialism." Anthropological
Theory 5 (4): 439-61.
. 2003. The Centrality of Ethnography in the Study of Transnational Migration.
Pp. 99-128 in Foner, American Arrivals: Anthropology Engages the New
Immigration. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
Sell, Ralph. 1988. "Egyptian International Labor Migration and Social Processes: Toward
Regional Integration". The International Migration Review 22 (3): 87-108.
Shakir, Evelyn. 1997. Bint Arab: Arab and Arab-American Women in the United States.
Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
Smith, Michael, and Luis Guarnizo. 1998. Transnationalism from Below. New Brunswick,
N.J.: Transaction Publishers.

71

Smith, Robert. 2006. Mexican New York: Transnational Lives of New Immigrants. Berkley:
University of California Press.

Stoller, Paul. 2002. Money Has No Smell: the Africanization of New York City. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Suleiman, Michael W. 1999. Arabs in America: Building a New Future. Philadelphia:
Temple University Press.
Talani, Leila Simona. 2003. Why Do Migrants Leave their Countries? Motivations to
Migrate

At

the

Point

of

Departure:

The

Case

of

Egypt.

<http://www.emigration.gov.eg/publications/Publication.asp> (Accessed November


15th, 2006).
Wallerstein, Immanuel 1979. The Capitalist World-Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Zohry, Ayman Gaafar, and International Organization for Migration. 2003. Contemporary
Egyptian Migration 2003. <http://www.zohry.com/pubs/CEM2003/> (accessed
October 10th, 2005).

@ @ia@uaa@Z@bbq
H ,]R7
' 
  k p !m: + A ' "'P'\ 2009 # "' @
! 2" *
"1
y NP
q 68 oYP @# , 7 ' @"4 Y
 %%

 +g=M r'gA ;g% , g P


g4: rEg T"g i q2006 w
 5k 2:i"i# d V *
P"
<http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=26583>

72

@ a@ra@1a
81<P4 M|
sB4 "3   >S B# = g8~ ># ,( '4} 43 ?/ ?-n
%( %# ?
,' , 7 ' ,"' ,V"v' ,@"4 Y 5H ""X ":1"U p 
=))
k p ##$   , = "LX    '  ^ &8" h[U  fV > 8 "'
" "= "
b 5@"4 Y8 P
m: !V q"L ":@' "L3 )' &8" i #) ;0M)
U 

,gg " P"gg ' ,r
:$ ' BF  &"YE " g3=) "gg"X 
2gg# )
r"  [ =) "' ,
% " &"ggH ' , " &Egg" ' ,
 '
;]Fgg
\ "< 
;z' #  T  ' T":  &'" x! )'  #
9 ' 
A ""XY 
 +0) H ,&8"4)8 B" p %z"y P
0 " 
=)) "V"v'
b
"1
' @" ""XY  V ," ":  " qV"0 :!A ' & P"Xy
f YE p "i w U" 2= B" 2m' q!%Y &E M ' :
 '# ; a'
""XY Lm) R1"7 ' qnF +4 ' !: ' ,i": & + P
m:  
"
 n B"M> "FM  L ' q  T
% ' A ' !m: !$ ' r"UP
q"U+' = ' V"0 ' " ' @"4 Y8  " ' z
'

73

H   @#  }Y
 ,oU@"7 ov ' ,= [  h[U &"YE M=> p'
#z1  M!' q9
: " " 5P#:$ ' 2Y ' 2=3 ' 2 2: " O
U'
= @"7 
M) "#: ' ,= dz j O!L '  v 0 ,"= &"YE
#z1  M! H ,P"F 18   ' P" ' EL 8 &"%! "= &"
a

q#$ B
 & P
4 ' & [ " 2
j 
v 0 "= + &"YE

 ) 2 ' 0#y &8


d P" p #$ }a' FY":  B" [U 2 '
#$  a'  :T 3 ,2U' " &"aV  B" x%3:' q"L%  5# 

&8
d t"M 1 "L:M ' , "v sP") 8  " ' 1C md% "7" 1 ^ 
 p

U #$  :.+
T ; q!L f)"3 : # u#d &"%! MF) ,sP") & P"'

& )
)' &" k gggg" " "' ,2ggV"v 2 7 T": "Xb f:M ' ,27

 "H
T ;&"":'
& P
4) "z p !"y & @#d # MF) :$  YE  :"#+
#$ YE' 2 78 9
: &"YE  "z"i
b "
b U B"
' q#$  &" !

&"": V"0 ' ,0# 3% T": " 


v BEi  ,
" 5
01
q@"7| 5@"4 Y8 @'@ @" @"4 Y8 ' ,2 i } V"0

@ @qaa@1a@Z c
&#g gL!V ,@"g7 ogL "g"
P#g4
MF) =3 P"  B
 M!
b
b

P  "3: g ' N
!  M 0# !% P#Y ":U  8 X" @"7
P"g  g og jg' qg:   "(' dz 1 xV' f "z @"'  ,#$

& P
g4) "g:U gV ,#g$ g 2=27

 P
4) "> p ^!L 0#y =3
ggV"0 &"gg P# "gg: w#gg) qgg% l ggV"v' gg" &"Y"gg }ggX 5ggi #gg#
<gF gM ' ,"7

 "1"H fz
 #$   % l 5QP ##$ 7

'018 '
+g  +g ) f1<gF & P
g4 ' ,p"gv' 2g 7 T":
U #$"V q"1@"7  ":) P
4)

qsP" ' V"0 '  78 &"Y"

@# ,"'  7 ' V"v & +)  f =) "' ,2sP" " MF'

@ YE j v`) 2 sP" %! " q#$ B


 & P
4 "z p "P
b

5 ,]d: \ " ]"1 \ @ V :# "y # )' #! ,: # q$"' f) [

p : h[U P
3)  f0# p' q$ p 5@
7
"'[ " @ :

23
P
4 p "D @ !%M "H #Y'\ :j P V"H B
  &" !
b i ;% s 2: 
,xd @V f1 EV  B
1 "#: d:V qU  "U":   ##>
"VE
b

74

2:  @ "MV 23


P
4 p " q=  4: ' 5@" + ' ;% l f1 2: 1

p @ "V qw
 f: 1 " ""_ 2M 2: 5 h+  f%4V M! 8  ' x4%
b #  >
U 23
P
4
@ "H # q"L: f%4V d  ,f $ "3!1
E0
b
q1]"Lz' 5~ 2 " $ '  '  :4 '  ' =3% B"0 +i # 

ug ,gv #y ' #g$ "7



'01 f" H p 
)'
#V @ [H h#H` " [U'

&"g ! g #g# p [gMU #g7


)  #7 !%M M! ,5i :M p\ :B


g &"g ! 2gV q #g7 g% l oU"g gi "gM g 23 ) "L:M ,V
8 f!y x!' h#%7  qf) j x%: ,h#7 w
 @'#
F 
M 8 ,V
b
p ogL g> g!%M 2g w
L #4 d1 f!L1 "' qf @V @'# 

h[gU g: p g!M 2g" NP"g  q@#g ' #g  MgF V &" !

q&"YE # 1' q! '  % "Y 5 @V


b "LV "1 MF 8 2 &" !

;gX' q]qqqh@) j `
4F fP"X) # ) 8 P#Y "( p r'[ "1"V
b

b
, 78 Y"3% }"H !  ,5@ !:   &" ! p ,#$ \ :E"Y
2

]qqq$ Y"3 z
,M "
LV ,#% &" ! p "

#$  2 w
L  "= ^  2 #$ &" P@ p " 31 h[U'

w
L P
Lm =) @# &"Y" p 2sP") G : 8
U " )
 MF @
 5[ '

,21
H w
L  f
p #% 2 w
L { 0! )' q,u#y h": ! ]@ \

 ' ,"L "z @"' "LV +v< '  5i & P


4 } f)E") " "'
q#$  #" w
L  "LVE i  P
m:

h[U' ,V"v'  7 " "' sP") ' }X #$ B


 & P
4 V 

5i sP") %  "= )  < h[U' ,$ i @ @ }a' M ) '
#$  c#d 1   b8# #$  & P
4)  c#d 1 d:V qi }! '

75

 "y }X "L%=) 2 P" ' ,#$ & P


4) \ :]
)'
#V @\ B
 qf)

,5P T": #$"V qQ h[U i @ F% @# ; ' ,K" % Q ' , 7

f"3 2 ) 2 & P
4  8 @# <F1 ":U ' q"D # p   '
q3]i }!  ,Y": ' "F ' R "L " R=' ,2: 

<F & P
4)  f: o1 "' @  u#y 2 w
L  y p'

,##7 2)"` }Y '  += ) f1  }=:) f)


Y   ,p"v w
L @   8 ,#$
h[U MV q"U+' 1
1" ' d4 ' " 0#y &"` ! [ #41'

"y om1' 1  w" f7


 v #y +F)\ ,@ V<H oL!m:)' = #) &"`

p K" 5
 j "U+v<) #"4) 2 ' ,9"3Y #  " "P' p &L 2  78

" oP ,]2":4 K" \ " j v #y oLV R f7' j M! q 
v #y P"vC !a  qqqqqqz" "D P" "L: M @#  )"` @"   
M )

p ,"i f7
 =3 L ' ,w" f7
 B'# oM 7P@ 9")P p "L"L +0M
; ) p :# &"3%
1  %  v #y ^XV "X
b q:
@"g7

" ": U j !L & +v<) # " v #y YE  B"y qqqqf::)' #$ U"

q4]#$"

!m: M% "L:M ' ,f="4 ' @% M% fz


 #% #7 Q # =)P


g " 9
a

U @ &" #V q##$ 2)"` }Y
% :D' ''

q& [ " w U8 ' @ &": V"0 ' " 1 i' }:4 @"4 Y8 ' ,
y '
&"g` fg=7
! ^%MgF) 5[g t"g ,oU@"g7' ,@ gV ') ,=z #Y'

g"# &8"g' ,"g 1 &8"g ' ,


1"g ' ogMy ' 3%g B" p T
 ##$
g1
 #gg   #8   p @  "  hP#4) oM 5 " qE '

,2sP"g) +gm1 fg gM K 5[ w U8


U' ,0#y V"0 2ggggV "& [ "" w U8 
5 ogggUP
 ggg#)' @ V"g RgggggE "gg o  2 3 gg gg"A @# '
5

"qqqqqoLX')

76

"=X18 ,0#y 3% &" C  f


L p ]
H
V F\ f: ":v# " [U'

V 7

# ' " ^ :!A &" V q@"7 j ! ) 2 
y 3% '

q  @"7 ,! '  a"i @"7


[MU }:4 "=X18 \ :"X
b #7 
b

& [ " 5
 h[U %' , :!% 5@"4 Y8 2: " #$ 5
Y p # "=X18"V

T"H "L:  ~
LV q#$ 5
Y  V 4 f1 :!%M' q"3% 2" 2: "
2 
 ' Y"3 R% 5i L7 
U' ;"D@" B'" L7  , @ #
 '
b

4 5@"4 Y8 BE 8 "H  qP"z  =) YE "L:  ~' ,f: G :)  M!

 3"a YE o$ p o 2"=X18 h H  :%V ,!


:' ! 
Y 
q6"#   3' #   & T"H

"L YE' 3% : p &8


d "V ,& P
3 h[U  B ! ":)" ! M) K

!m1 ' p &[i " c#  , &" ! = m) K oU@"7' @ V"
,u# 
Y f1 j "7

# ;z' 5[ P 8   ""
,5i &" !
b
"
 , ) K %=  &" !  H q Y ' 
%s 8 f:M ' 27

# ;z'
U'

& )
)' &E") " p M ' "L %0_ #V ,T"z' wE i# ##$ oU"!%

q#  f :) K &"'"'

p 5H &8
#L> 5[ ' 5k }!
U B" [U p f% H1 5[ B"0 '

,H  '@ &#L> 2  #%= w#Y  k   o j V qu#d %! "


& #
 f=> &"  @ V< YE j !"Y M) K u#d =Y  '# h[U M

&"HnF  u' qqq\ ,]5' nF \ #  @"z # f! "


U' ,7" 1

B@"=) " "' ,"L: 5@"4 Y ' ' 5P" B@"=) #7


 8 @"MV ")
b  M '

  "$ d%4!% j %0! "UP"= "  '# @


7
' q;0H 2"' 5MV

3% "L
' , ' m: ":  NP %_ 2 2LV ,' &"HnF
77

,$ $ ' = P


z p ! "V j  '# L7
)' q'

p "3 "U< !H"y '  %  =3 2U "L


!  '# ,=4 V

 '#%  ," @ #=


b
 oLV ,' &"HnF T"X ,
E " qf1 ^Y

b8# 5 @V 
M)   b8# !!  = ' @
= #7
) [MU' qNP ="z
b
5@
= w"m: p
U H #=    @# "M "
@ V  @V 
M  

q727
!:

#7 j M)) ^1"H u#d =Y 5k }! p 3% : V 2: ['

u#y k  8 q@V @"7


N') "
H  0H ,R " p 5'Y 2 7
b
 3%% ##$ GU": ^ \ P 8 }!V ,# ' 3%% ##7 &" C f  R%7
 #) 3% ^1"H q5@V MF "M   ' f7
)' ,j ' ,=Y 
O  ' ,oUQ"4' ,oL%) R~ ,]V'  &"4>\' ]V'  @ V\ } ! )

=: " " q1882 w" 21"M @ # ) B' 57 #Y' ,oL: P" " H' ,oL%
% 5@ o$" w U8 "H #V ,2d4 O  & T 7' #



i< ,"4 =3 &"P V [H q" 
Y ' "M
"
b "@"4
b
b
b U 2"

3%% M! f "' ,f:' ,f "' ,h@# o%  ^#Y ,d% &
 

q8]qqqqq"L" j ! )  "

2 ' 5M &8


d h[U p #$ ' 
 YE P'[7  ud= M!

qP 8 ' %! P" p @'#y P"i ^% 1 ov , &" ! p ^v#

sP") &8
 ":U u#y M ' ,p"0 '  = w
L " x% ) 8  < '
&E") ^%!> 2 ' 0#y 
  '# P
L' ,)"` &"
 j ^v#

&""' 5QP  " =) "' ,# %! V qc'P


' #V
 :  & )
)'

&8
d h[U  p"v += ) p' q5M &8
d h[U   ":  ^% 1 #$ <F
c#d 
U' #% &" ! #
>  F  %( 
)'
#V @ H[

q9]#$
U 1 ,":  o =%7 " \ :F B
V , o 
78

@ @a@pba@ra@1a@Zbbq
M ' ,:
@"= j "H MF < ) K ":)" ! p 3%  ' 

 ' u#y 


":v j #$ P ` p"0 ' 2 78 T":= 
B"0 8 5
 j T
 V"0 &E" "
U p"0 B" ,=z #Y' q#%
#V
 o L7
 o" v #y oY '" 5
 j ' ,0# oU"' o

R ) u# %! z"i & P" "z ov ' ,c n '  "z j "y '
,t"" V"v  = & ^1"H #V
'" %!  H qf'")' fa'")' ##%

j &#!  3 &" V ,p"0 ' 2"  


X YE ^%MF) ## ":U'

#V ,@ V<H ":1  ":) P


4) j v " f "H "
U' ,"V"v
$ @'# oP
b
q"( 4 @ V ":d=z

& )
M a ,P  " V fz
 ,#$ ,=z &8
d [U P" p'

9
a
' ,#$ ') 0#y 3%% 9
a

LV qu#d &E" ="4

#$ &" ,T2> H =Y' ,M ' ,@ ! 


Y ##$ @"4 Y8  :!%

p"0 B" t x% ) r"=' q


L% E' 9 "H V"0% oU 9
a

0#y 
A oU" ^%MF) #V ,#%) P
H 3 j #! ,":)" ! p #"
qP
H[ oU" &  "YE31

5P
H[ #$ ":v !a 3% ! &" 2:$ o  ## ":U'

 @"  0H ' " 3%% a 0H "H 5P


H[ #$"V q5
01 #$ '

3% & TE a Y "H ,M j V ,5


01 #$ " ,V"0 
 3%

5#$ @
7
 V' ! " q
 3% &"U H a 0H' ,"

 M= T": ^ V@ u#d '   o j' q" y ' w" y p

3=) ^% U@"7  & P


4 M ,@"4 Y8 @" 8 x3:! w" y
79

,2" }
3 % 9
a
!H u#y #$ MF) #V [MU' q" y w
L!

! o)' q$ 


A j "y ' Ei| 9
a
!H [H' ,@"4 Y8  : '

q)"
A ' YEi
  %"H 
m:! t"" 5
01 #$

&" C   +F) u ,u#y ": ! p #$ B


 &"" M p [U E1'

 ' :$ =) n "z &@" k p %d "DE") " p 0#y 3%
b
H ,r"3 [U 2V ,0#y =3 ` r"3i j 8"0
[i<1' q5P
H[
,P#:$ ' !% o  o ,0#y &""3 ^ qqqq\ :o)" ^V+ B
)
H qz" ' " 3 B"M> #
H ^#i P
H[ ' v
1| ##7 &" )

 B"7  "X  ##7 &"YE' ,:$  "= =) ) <) &@"

q&"=3 ;% l  T": ' &E" T":  &""1 ' ,  ' &"=3 ;% l
' q]0#y  '# }
) &"1 B" >8 =: " P
{ 
h[U }!$ "H'

b
b
v
1| qqq\ "0#
" )
^:!X) 0#y =3 T P   +F) #$ p oMd P
m:
p  "= " P
H[ =))  M j' q#$" 2) [ oMd  #V } 2U 

q10]qqq#$" 2) [ oMd {

M) K ,u#d  p #) &"%!  "L="z "' 


  '# P
L 

M &" #  ' &"":' & )


}X #  %!  ,!": ' !: %!
,
L% 2 9
a
 ^1"H  R% p' q$ 
A ' @ 
A 

B" p hP'@ 5
01 #$ 5@` 2 ' q5P#:$ 2" 9 k "
U "U#7'

[ f1 ,f ="z  5
01 #$ M% 9: w
)  3% j "H ,
A  9"V#

& P
m: T"#  o) " [U p' q"UP !' % M% 
M  R~ 2:
j #H< 5~' 57 [U   ' q"UP
4Y' "L
Xi'   =) #H< #%)

2$ #$ j M ' ,@ V P


H[ j V  T": #7 p :"M P
3

P
3i  P[ 2 &""3 'P [U' qP
H[ :!A x3: }a" |

#$ [U j @
Y NV  R"4  ,:  ' T
j 5
01 #$ P#Y'
11

f ' f='

80

R%3  h+L3) V ,n  9


: [A " a"i
5@ 5
01 #$ "H '
b
4F
y  h+L3) 5" ' ,2$  5@  f  :) 5i & )

"U#   V }=:) 8  #7 ) %! 


Y  q2$ w  8 , "4 ##$

f! "
U' ,%! h[A "  =3  5"' M ' ,% 2YEi

3 N ' , #7 V q:!A ' 3% T": p p"0 ' 2"  ; "d
p [U c#' ,"L%!H< | P
b ,=4V h# 4) 5~ ,
A ' $ o" "
,a
\ :B
" ":'P B
) q
'" P" p  ' P 8 XU": P"

,=4) ,'# H @#d 27P" ,i =Y  ##L % & [ ' 


A ^a ) %H f1

 F , " &" k # ;0M) }' q9 k B"M> ;: "1 # T": @"7

2":) ,7' ,5M  '# 5


 f%0_ 5[ ##L "  " '  X B'# p H[

M!' q ' ,B: ' , j  #


 2U T": @"7 < B
) 2 M

  # p 0!  " 8  ,7' 2


Y x%Y P
4 Lm!   2": [A


 P" !a T": k' ,r"y j #H
"X' ,T":  #)'

d% 7"y ' 


| ;0M #_ R"4  ,7 H q : B" w" '
q12]qq1# ' "L 18 #a "L y

"M 8 ' u#d  # [: , #$ p"0 n 9


Xi
U , ,E "V

   & P
4 t" +=H 7P# ^1"H 7'@ %! ,i } 9 k '

$   
b ,=4' ) [ f 
U # "#: "# 
M #$ [LV ,5
01 #$
'@8 [U' q5
01 #H f)  ' & [  rnY %H "1#
+4' , '
b

P
H[ 3 ' 
 3%  T7 f1 ," @"  f  #7 } " p

ud=) v # &8" j "a 5#%) B"  += )


^ 
 3% "V q0#y
b

":v  m:1  R~' q":)" ! p u#d :  T7 "L:M ' ,2sP" "L"z 
81

 & P
4) "UP"= "  # "( P " 1# 5@V  #7 )

,3 &" C' ,%z"y & + " =) 2sP") P


m:  M ' ," R 'P

q"U": # B"7 ' T":  YE % ]: \ z 


M) 2 5
 &"YE'

P"18 ' ,
" 5
01 #$ YE oLV p #" #Y i# [U  # '

)
 "    8 T7
U ,  ,r"y ' Ei ' 
A B
 r"3% "y
u#d ' P 8" &# 2 sP" md% !a i" "M 8 "LaV 2

&"d%34 2U  ' P"L3 ' ,P" ' ,  q


 p  z
)'
q" " 1
dF

@ @1a@a@Zbrbq
 2V ,"V"v'
""'
"@"4
Y :#$ ' 
 YE &"
 @# )
b
b
b
@"7 B' #) 5~ u 9P" )' #$ &" #  ;0M ) ,"M ' " ;0M)

2: ) qqq\ 
 " p' q&E' P
4H' ,EL E 9
a
!H' ,! 
H' ,}%H
=' ,#$ B
 #" oU" ,#$ 
R4  5H MF  " P"
" &EP ,#  R%3)  j [U ! F' qqqqq#7 &"#i o#)

b
P" "V3)
Y %0 !v qB" @"=  2 ' ,&E3 T":v
M1"  :7

% H  #1 "LM% _ &"!@"H #7


) u ;a"  " p "U#1 #$

H qqqqa" RU
XV j !m : 3
3) "M:'# P
L( p M
})' #$ BE  #L ) 
m: p T 7 "UP"=  M! f1 + ,% l U
h[U

T 7<H [H M ' ,f%"M V  " #$"V q13]qqqq


%! o!z p
= ,w
  "  ,
 p 9")8 p [iC %! 2U' , P" }3H '
q14& P" P" }3Y ":z V":! ,B oYP R ,
)'
#V @ +F

,:7  %H ,1E @H 


!m1 p "i }a' 5
01 #% '

'
" +0H
%L !H'

b
) P &E" 9
a
 T2> H =Y' f:M ' ,%L
& + }Xs ,5P
H[ #$   o j V qB$ !:) B" p z"i' ,B"7%

n T"= !d  8 f1V ,"# ' E p f #  p  ,


& +v<)'

82

a
 " P
H K"  !:  =)) f)
Y' f  " V   q5
01 #$ 0 2)"
A

#1 " V B" 5 j' q5


01 #$ j 3 j P# % P
H K" '

q5
01 #$" YE' ,V"0 & )

U ":U f  P">

@
7
P") p Y j & P#d: vEv  ! M!\ :
% P"V P
7 B


P#4
U' %" #= ,B' P#d: q"U@)' z" "D P0  % _ "L%H ,5#$
h"g   j P# 5 5
X ' 2M1"M k:  #$ f4%  5[ 2:

;gg4  "ggM' ggy #gg$ E gg


ggU' ,ggM% #gg=
ggU ,21"gg0 P#ggd: qT"gg>

xga 5#g jg gz


4% hP
gz g0H p gF 3g' ,g%"M z
4"

g B @ T g1 g ' fg%i # g #$ += )


U' 
A #= ,u "0 P#d: q"7


b
b
q]#g$ xg  & += )' & P">  "YE31
B@"= ' "% @P

U' ,F
#g #gY 
A #=  "%7
b 51\ :B
V ,u#y }! p #$  a'  ;X'

b
b f "z
g
A h[gU ggg "YE31
' q#$  P#4) 2 "% ##7 " 
 "0d
q15]"L  # ) ^1"H { ,M% ' %" 0 ,@"=  R M)

p #) #Y' ,# #= j 


A ,M% ,%" :vE0 @"= h[U M))

:  & P
4) v  ":U @
' q
k p #$ B
 V"0 & )
 %
& )' "P ":3 ) 
HdV q@"= h[U j $ ' 5@ #$ B


xV' !  
w"m1 M ' qf 
U' f z
4i' B" 
#$ <F &"U H P'

 "P H ,B$ ' d4 "V ,V"v'  7 ' @"4 Y !m1  &E")

" &"":' &E") P" p M ' V p ! ) 8 4F &"y ' "1


A  H qP &" " H @"7 p # ) &"": ' &E" h[U' qV"v'
&"
U } rP"X )' }" ) 5
01 #$ j "LF1 5~ 2 YEi ' :#
"L:M ' 9P"4 ) ' P'" ) #Y 2 h
P f "L: H ,5i V"v' :L' = 5i

83

q"#7
"L:  '
b
@
7


@"= } #$ &E") B"M> 4 


A #= +v<) V
% P"V B
 H'

j  @
LV ,r"y 
= + p"v w U !0V qM% ' %" 5i

 ##  ,r"y & ) V ! 8 5


01 #$ M ' q% T 1

5~ " +0H  ," " a' B$ ' d4 "! z" 5i & n

qT 18  2' P @ 2= ,r"d% 2YEi w


L ;M)

2=3 }a
' V"0% " =)
b % l B"M>< "DP @ 5~ #$  " V ^1"H '

 p 2 dV ,5H %MF m) #$ M%! 3=) P"MV H V ,2:L '

91
U 5M "D "  #   ) P
H[ 3 V ,"1
 P"MV P"F 1 '
}a
 !% :$ ' ,"1 ' ,4F &"y B ) EV q5
01 #$ M%

x , "4 "bg%3 M) K B" [U p ^ 2 sP" &"= M ' q5H '"

B"0' ,@"4 Y ' " 5i r"= 1' ,!H U@"7 p oMd p T":
q: om:)

  ) p oL) ## % ,V"v'  7 ,


 !0V ,mE " p'

} [U   ' q
%! &"U H' & T ' " 
01 @"7 &"" 

= &E" p h[U d%1' q"L ":z  ,#$ &"7" E


 &"" 

' " 1 ' ,% V"v &"X  }  " a


1 ;M) "AEi  M! 2
 [U H ' q%d V"0 &"U H  < p #%   "  < 2F)

 E! 5
01 #$ 2da 2: [' q":  &"V"v  U 2U &"=H

xd  2 ' , @" 


M)  "A #P 
01 @"7 !v' q"1"
V":  '#=) ##
b
qr":  ;%i #$ 2>E   8 = EV [U

g%d gV"0  gE1 ]gV"0 gz


4 \ B
g  #g B#g$ }" 1 "#:'

2g 78 ' 5@"g4 Y8 B"g p g " "g1


g @"=  ## % ^" 
 <g g V ,g
g' g4F
y"g g xg%  "#: M ' ,2" '
ug' "g 1 g) ,gV"0 gz
4 &""V@  qx" H 
A ' V"0 z
4

84

2g$ #$ " 7  L3 " "P


b f3P' ,5
01 #$ B
 YEi &""3i

5 ,
gy g% "g4) "g ]gV"0 gz
4 \  < p +3 ' q1#  |

g' "g: fg# 2g: [gU' qg% g ' &"g% V"0 ' $
y

k p wEg \ fg" H p Eg 


gF% jg g% P' 5k "Y'

g{ "gA  <g oU@E p @"4 Y8 


3  !% w"Y  2#= \ :B
V ,]

"#g: !% V [A' q{ 0H  < # ) V"0 oL 
U j "y M ' q!"
g_ 2 " oD" U &"
' p 
X oV oL  ' oLY
  
V #

,2Eg K"g   o #4)  #D 


^1"H ' q
% p"0 # =

9
ga
[gU  'gm:  p xy" oL1 B
 H p 
m !% V
b
"gV

ogP 2gggV "gH "g 8 "gLV T"g7 "g '[i< 8 ud ,gggg#1 4"V m1
q16]qqqqxd%

 ,21" M 
%! i @ "{ ,5P
H[ #$ H ,5
01 #$ 

' 
U  9"V# TR !d  5[
U 5
01 #$ M ' ,T"  @"4 Y8
q$ 
A 7  ) [ f 
U #  hP#Y B V [H f1' qa nV &"
U

#$ fV 
M U P }a'  ,N"'
"  "
 9 k ' Y": [U'
b

qV"v' " &" k " 5


01

85

@ Z@a@a
}!g #g= 5#gU q@' ,5+g r"gU
#g= q@ () ,21"0 o ,o% ' r :j P V"H 1
,1986 ,^g
M ,r @ ' 
g: ' gV"0% 2:
g % ,97 @# V K" ,5"
266

g "$ g` ,Egz"z rg #g! g() ,gv #y ' #g$ "g7

'01 :
)'
#V @ 2
23 ,1997 ,1"0  =3 ,}
' : ' &" P#%
P
4 1211 ,x" P#4 :
)'
#V @ 3

g =3 ,:%  P @ ,5@"4y R1 ,d= 2: () , 78 m: ' #$ :G:%> tH 4
21 ,2009 '

283 x" P#4 :j P V"H 5

,1990 &'+g ,2 T V H ,#% j q@ () , @8' ,=Y" ' =Y  :
H
V F 6
159

13 ,1979 &'+ ,'#%i  P @ ,5@"4 Y8 2 78 k P") :#  @"z # 7

g =3 ,1990 U" ,:% ": ," #' 2"= +F () ,k P  :F  2v
!) 8
157 ,'
16 x" P#4 :
)'
#V @ 9


My P'@ }
0# 1 "UP"= "  #7 j 3 ' d4 ":V" :o)" ^V+ 10
  () ,E &" ! p 1":$ '  :"HP"M%P": p q }"  k p
10489 ,2004 '  =3 ,: ' V"0% 5# P @ ,w"

=g g7

'n1 g P@ ,}g! ' #g$ ,+   5+d V
z ,@#4 [U p }7 P 11
2008 '  =3 ,2 P"F 18 ,#$ B
 & P
4 ' & @" 8
:"HP"M%P": p ,;: 9 k%  #!H   #7 ,P#:$ ' , ' ,M :B
" ":'P 12
' g =3 ,:g ' V"0% 5# P @ ,w"   () ,E &" ! p 1":$ ' 
149 135 ,2004

43 ,x" P#4 :G:%> tH 13

222 ,
)'
#V @ ,@#4 [U p }7 P 14

:Pg
gF ;g p g" #g7" () ,u#y }! p #$ @"= :
%%P"V P
7 15
,2006 ' g =3 ,k ,V"0% j % ,?V"0 " ,t@" T$ ,P" H  "7
754747
$0 177  !" $%$& '('" *) + ,- "!/ :   .( 16)
47 2009 )$7  !"/ 9:' ,'+0 4'5

86

@ bnua@a@a@a
8-4 8B%~3 N4 p~ ( ( ;
M v ?- 4x : 
b
ogU "g0M
#g
#g#$ g % g
g0_ ;@P"= ry #  " k p
b
#" < #
#Y +
 ,[ j V q " &"" p P" &"  8
g
p 5g 5P"g Rg1"$ }g=: q"gL@"= 4% H j @
 @"4 Y8
3%% 1
M =) n p @
4% zV "UP"= " "L#) 2 Q  ##$  %
"g 18" g% &""  
! @  2 " w"m:%
!: [U q" 1 '
q}g
g # jg g &" = g fg ' 2YEi T"@ "X
b f:M , V 5@"4 Y8
gE gF :  ##$  %  j ":!a
#H<)

!: [A 2! x: !'


b
b

,T2g> gH jg B


g4y g "g gM_ 2 &"M":#  b8#' ,  =
q  H R41 
 ' ":  ~ }a' ":U 
M
K"g p "Mg g g =g1  ,#g#$ g % P
m: "L# 2 y

jg q#g#$  % #' } 2>   ; o" !: V ov ' ,Y": )

gU' ,g t"g g!E &"" 0H 2U " B


 B#$ +0 T"@8 [U ,B" 5

[gU p g%%d g 9"g( #g7


 8 fg1< B
g 2gM' qfg
i@ 2g:! 1 8 w"  
b
 % @# ; P"F 18 } ' 2:=) #7
 8 f1< n8  "YE31 '
q1@#4

87

Mary Durfee and James


gg1'P !gg7' pP'@ 5P"gg ^gg) ,9 gg78 Tgg%
:r" H 

James H. Mittelmarn (ed.) The Globalization Syndrome: Transformation and Resistance.


Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

5
 ^ F 9"a'  '" ' }Y
\ z j 523 ,1996 Rosenau

h[gU #) q;


' =% ' ,M ' ," B
i# "H w# p  ,]5P"

"L% R)n ' q% 2) [ # = ' 2


a
# =  "L ( p "i MF "4
& `g g }g ' 5#g w # g g1"M L: R1
$ } "= >8 '@ 2 

q% + &8# t" 

&"
 ^ )P %H f1< B@" ,##$  % T"@8 H"  U  ":U M '

@ ,K"g 5
 j B
i# &8#  &@ :=V q @" 2: j 

P8'@ g gY j 
%4 [ ' o< 
V  [ ' T  @# ! "X
b

+g=H &"g)'"  c# q1993 w" 1q31  1987 w" 


% 1q2  w
 p

+v<) ^  +  !1 "C p  B#  1 :3: H i @' x": 


%39 #: "b "v  f:M ' ,""_
&" 5[ ' &":  " p
 &" 3a
b "

b

1996 '#g := T  @# ! p 9")P ":U u ,T d4 ^ " "V p

p g ; j #") 2 


NP" )  M! ;H ? 
M ;H q97

 g ;g } "XY":


b   '#= ?K" 5
 j  ; } K" 
gH gi @' g% x"g:  "":
b  ""3
b  ' , c'# &8#  p b8
":U
"1'%
2:d: K" 5
 j  0! ,5i !%M q& '0% H) @"' ,3:
b
"g:U H"g 2Y"g p :g , #g%= g  p g| @"4 Y8 9"a' fV P#d:)

"gy P !  ' ,w" 5


 j @"4 Y8 &"
 P
3)  B"418" t"

q## % 5@"4 Y8

 #"4  ' " :2U 4 [U MF) 2  % 


M) ,ov '

?+ 
H"A T
a p  oL %d "  "' ? ' 

g #g#$ g % & T"g@ gL7



gU 4 [U  N V ,":U '

2gU ":U H 3: ' q%# m1 QP ,RdV ' MF
' 2  , o#)' ,

2gU 2g ' ,f!#) 2 


H"L% ggV"0 ' " gg'"  ' , " 1

88

"U! U"   oP f1 2U P


d ": aV qr" M [U  21"0 T$ 9
a


O!L ' ,
 " % " :H XV MF w
 "L!LV M! f1V ," ! 

h[U H p' q%! h[U p f7' @#  &E4 ## B'"d1 H q2 78 9
: '

@ #
b g "gU @"g4 Y8 g
O!D 2 
: = 2)<) ,&"YE  %%
Egz g4V' g 78 &"#g jg w"g "g1 g  ,t"g:  +=H
0_ " P# "
1
b ! O!L  9
: [U q 78 &""  5@"4 Y8
b # 

qf 'v<   = " T":

g '# "gL: j ) 2 &"


 om  T": !d ) ,@"4 Y8 %MA @" }
p g! " "#g%)
  " 
 ! p P ! 8  V"a" ,
% "L "  p
b
#% w"L TR #   ,T": = i#% ##$ P@"4 m: k' qB:
T"gXV ogm:) @"g g !g g! 5
Y p T": B
i@ 0 ,
&"%! 
 +' # +v<) "A ," 1
"gU o g) 2g 3  ) ' qF  j '"
p Og!L ' #g#$ g % g
&"g%! BEgi  
 "y p &8
d
"gX
b ,ga
 gH #g#$ g % #' B
 &8Q" 4 [U +0 ,f1 ^Y

q"U@'#
"U@'#g r
% [A %MA '% 
M ,f
1 " `1 K  ,B" 5 j
&"g P@ w # g g 2
: O!L "FM  #  
M [ ' q5i 2U
#g' q#g#$ g % g
Rg%Y p  @" j #7 U  V
) 2 , "y
 @
g    p 
F  [ t": @# 9")P  2U ,":U H m: Gy
q}!  @"4 Y8 9  1 5 ;@"4 Y8 ' }!  4

89

g #g' g
g jg &"
 "L 2 1 2 &"M":# ' '
,Og!L r"  g "g::M! 2gM ' q!%Y & #
 " ' i @ T
 O!L
g gm:1 "g:H "  7P" V"y ]O"A \ +=  5k= t"  }!$ ":%
#g
 "gLV 2g3) 2g 3: 5 ,]O"A \ !%M 5@"4 Y8 w # 8 ' H

b ! o)
U' 8 ,": y z"i { f  ":U q
4 f "M) "F:
9
:% "V'
9
g: &"gYE V q2g1@ }Y
p T": }X 5P
2 7 ;:4) w"m1 : 2 78
q5
Y &"YE t" u  2U 2 78
g 5
g &"gYE om:)  P & @"   2 78 9
: 7

# 
M )

"  ,@" :!A H"U' &"7



# }( } B"y
U H' qB"7 ' T":

+ MF
g " p g#= &"ga nV8 h[U  q#= &"a nV8 BEi  9 '
g T"g: ' ,T":% 2 =3 B"
U : !  ,2 78 9
: 7

#

9
: 7

# 
U' 8 ,h
3) M!  n ":U q&" : &" 7 &E"V
= gF) g4! ) "gX
b "L:M , 78 &"YE p V 3% MF) 8 2 78

;"g
B
d  2X) 
7

#V q
7

# } @# 3
g

| =: " f1  ' , 78 &"#  # p T":   '# 

# 2 & @"4 Y8 p' q@"4 Y8 p  '# &Ei#) %)' ,P" ' ,%3

 '# P'@ }7 ) V ,>" 3F1 p T":% @"4 Y8 HP"F  jMU MF


b
gg
 3%gg gg< hP"gg= " 5ggm: 5
gg jgg gg3 "gg "gg1"
5[gg '

&@ 2g & @"4 Y8 p 2 ' qHP"F h[U @" #a }Y


p !  HP"3=
+g0MV
,":g4 ' P"   (": 
X ^ ,@"4 Y8 T": HP"F "LV
b
}"g #g7
 8 #gY f1 oP ,ov ' qBE 8 ##F)  HP"F %) ' ) "
#g#
2 78 9
: 7

# } "L%4_ V ,
7

# p ,a ' 5P
H
b
b ! o)  qT": O!D o#
2g g
#   "
U 2 78 9
:% "V'

q:M 


hEg fg  P"F 4! [U & ,a


)
 "A N : 2  "y &" P@

4 [U w# q":4 #4 x":' ,2! +  P 9"3Y ,% l Y" p

b
@"g4 Y8  L
""3  [U "LV 0! 2 % l x":   #%=% E%
b
b "1
M

#
) &" =) 
 @"4 Y x! )  o: "  "y 2  P@  ;FM : q2:

90

2g ' ,x=
 p 2! +  P 9"3Y p T": j H1
' qT":  
2

r 1997  r 1990 '# := V


b K" B'@ 0H "UP"= " "L  P"F " @"

q33 ,1990 B"g>P"  g[) g +g=H


Tg7
B
y p T": ! V
 u
b
b

"gH ug ,g=%  " j !U" ": QP #! ) ,":4 #4 x": =: "'

T":    2: ! +=H 7P# c"1 ! j w


 5[ ' #4 % f7
}:4

q&": g p 5@"g4 Y8
g!:% gd
gU fg 2g 
M 0_ P
7 1#

"gL 3: p gH  '#g "g %H ^g1"H ,@#g f"gF w#g f7'  m: k'

b
L:g gH p g7"
!1 Y &":  p ^v# 2  ,"@"4
Y  %  V $

"g 1"H  '#g "g %H V ,":>": H { 0! 8   oP' q" 4

"g %H  ogL q2M


v"M ' 35+=8 c n &4 E!' " & !  

 #gD 2
g }"g3 & G g h[U qjMA ;M G  x=3   _  '#

2!U" 5
 j T
 ,#" ^ 2 78 9
: P
m:  "L:M , ;
q+v< 5
 j '

#g#$ g % &"g" @"g  #g 5


g  jMA ;M , "y " %H p

gU  q
g xg! )' }g
)  [gH' & @"4 YE 2:
}"3
 V@"A

]218
g\ gQP  T
g% "X
b M!  ,V [U  ,##$  % #' 5#d )

q4! [U p #")  M! " ,


 & @"4 Y" x%  V [V": m:

"g &"g ! jg H n%1 p  }"  p



!1 j 218
 H) "H

&"g":@ ogL "om B


d " B
 f)MV # M!  
M #Y M ,
 =Y
,
g &"g ! @
z =Y ," 1 V
3P B@"7 H' q  " p  

g" ) #gY' q]: \ x h "
U' ,, 7   ' B 8 7  "H

@g\ "gUP"= " @


g: '
g g gH }g "g "g=)P8  T": ' B"7
91

,5gi P"= ' q1716 ,1968 218


 Polanyi ]f) [ 2 M B:!% & P
H

V }!  f%4V ov ' ,}! p 5@"4 Y8 w"m: t 1  218


 w
L V

2g  f1  ,2 78 9
: j o" %d B"M> = &"z"UP "0! "H ,# 
@"g4 Y8 &"=)n "AEi  
^%%i 2 = d BQ" % "L:
w#
b
#g1
b b8' w#1
 ,5m: P
4 [U 
3 ' q"LL7
) &@"' !"  78
g "g: QP g31 ogv , j T"X " x%  V ##$  % f3) 5[ P"

q# i# BEi

@ a@na@b@bg@Za
@ a@aLa@
b ##$  % V
)
 qjMA ;M &"" 0 
%  V # + # % "3:

@"g4 Y8 p "#g18 g 8 o g  gM! 8  ;  w  8 V ,P


m:

,g %MF "n "UP"= " w#) ##$  % 


 V ":U ' q'# 
g7

# g ) j 'E q #
) p "X
b P
 "UP"= " "L QP  b8#
&"g=)n }g g" ) :g ,"!

b ' " =
b
b hP"= "
 }
) ##$  %

2g=: @
gY
"gUP"= " "7
"LV : & @"4 Y8 ^ " 2 !"  78
b
b

 2
) H ,2sP")8 hP"= " 5 [U } "  218
 "H P q"L: "U

: "

g 1 M> 5< M K :



 P
L  @"4 Y8 P") ;FM\

jg ;2
gMy oMd g g 5@"4 Y8 B"!% 2~P# 2"% Pd

+0H p : '  



My &Ei#  1
 ^1"H M
q@"g4 Y + &"" }! j
 om:) ^aV 2 ' ," 

om:g) ^g1"H 2g  }g" g


  #1 xY# d! }'

 ,"= "L%  2  "P[7


% l ^d=z' ^
#Y "L: "L1
b
,1857 218
g ]g) [ @"g4 Y8 d%g4 jg w
 "L!m:)  u

230

92

 Nng "#g: "gi MgF g! j x=3) "L1 om:) 2


 MV 

,"gL: q
 & ` t" u  R ) 
: ' 0M V
  % !
gM! 2g ' ,g0 MF " #  +   # )  1 hP"= "  o 

u oU
Y [d> T   R%3' ,jM 5@"4 Y8
!:  ;
@" p "L%

;"g
g +g0M% j  H V , oP' q21
M @"4 Y8 p d%4 oA 

 
gM)  2g=:   "V ,"XY":
"=%3
 jMA ;M " p 1
!X
b
b  ##7
b
jg B"g tP 1''  " ,
" p ,o  [MU' q]M \ ' ]
: \

,@#7 "i' @#7 "V ; : ' qHd ' 1 


M)  "X
b 2=:   : 
q h"" 6 ;M ) 2 ! 
Y &""3Y '

@ xbnfi@bnua@pba@a
p "Lv'# 0M M":@ +'  "v V hP"= "  } "  "F P"3i 


:  &"%! ":U  ,d4  f1 oP' q:   7 &"=  ' @# x":

g Tg7 g  P@ 2g=: ;@# &" ! '  #%' x": p  t  5@`)

g' p T  #7
 ,!% 0H  78 &E%d p q1
M  #
) %MF
MgF "D#g"V oP 
3 %) q 
3i oP   "v' @#  ! & #'

"gL% og) 2g g ' qh#


) 2 &"YE l ,;
a
  0_ '
5[g ' ,g g% p #"g
!: "gV q"gL:  MV  oM M ) 
3 %)
g %  "U#g_ 2 ' ##$ MEM & @"4 Y8 ' v #y P# b8' !X 

5@"g MgF #H< o ' qEL 8 &"


 t" j   _ ,##$

 @
g EL g8 B"g jg gHn qEL g8 @"g  ' ,EL 8 1 j

2gU &"g" h[gU 0 ,"7


!1
qEL 8 &"
 }VP  ""
#D &""
b
b
oY"g)' ,Og!L  }Y
p #) #Y 2 ' ,
| H G@ x " #4 & '@

93

q2" 9 k #  #)' , '" w#

'#g g:=   q P" p 3 h[A "7


!1
'# := %  '
b

g t" u ,F 5


  21@ #  B
z
j P# w# hP"= " 
b
jg #g#
g0H MgF' ;g" &"P' ' T [ T 5P' "1 "V'
b

ogL%i@ jg T  4 ;H q


 "y p HP"F %M  t" , #%=% 5


g:= g :'#g !: ) 


: '# := ) 9
a

U f1
: ;H'

jg 2 ,1996 '#g :=  B


  " ) H "X
b q6 ,r1990 '#

U  t"Y p E318 3:H "1 w #  , v


" %H p qEL 8 ' i#

p &"g : jg ]B"g V


\ R% #
)' , "
 G@ p f1 := , "4 1"i

q1
M }%


w
g) 5gi i # w #  p +M ,@P"= ry #  " p"0 ": " p

5 jg qg 5@"g4 Y8 = " %L &""D8 2#  #Y ," 1 &"YE j

^g=0 2HEL g8 %d B" R%Y   } #" " < ! 1 ":1V ,B"

jg 2=) 2  78 &"YE B"{ o  ov ' ,2:4) ' 2"4 t"!H 

hP"= "  ;:4) @" R7


' q"  p fY"31 }
)' , P ! 

9
: P
m:   78 &"YE ' " 1 %! p O!L ' 
 "  1
q2 78

"U#g  ,=4 2 @"4 Y8


   }V# o  
U ,
" p O!D 

g "g(": P@ ' g


gU "U#g: g ' qfV B'[= #L$  Y ! #"

gV ,g p t"g: O  "#: q%MA 


X <' ^ f =0) o  5[ O!L

,g! B"M> H 2:  ":U ! ' qh#"  j %M) P ! " oL% R%~ oL%!

P# ' d4 " % %) z"i ,%M  9


1 5 2: ) %M ' ,'@ ' 7< T



%" [H' 2! + ' 2! 9"3 p %"  H q"y #Y j T"= j

q  
:  &"7P@ p 
F  #Y ,! 

94

q g3 9
ga
B
g #" &"" M  x%3: % 2!U" P
4 [U

^g1"H gL g! &"gYE gi @ g }=: hP"= "  P
4 " 1 j H ,T 3
 MF "= c# 8' ,#
%!    ,"1"v
b q$  "3= '  "3= }

gM g#= 
g3 [gi< w
gL [gU qt":  V j hkY  b8# ,O!L

g31 q&"gYE P
gm: g fgH P@' ,g "v gV"v ' V 7 &"V'   YE

,
oL w#  5[ f1 P" p  }a' M! 2M P' h[U E318
b &"YE +)  '
B'@ g fgF
U g_ ;og| "g "X
b  q"M ' "% "V'
qK" x":'

g
g g4 g :H ,"g7
,T g ; ga gM! ," [U p
b

3% H"U   qf7" 1 o 


 " P) 2 %!  '# =  oLV q}!

 @
"g' qOg!L P ! g jg V"g 2g 2gU " oL  ! &"YE p
g o<g T g ;g ) gM! #Y , #= p h":FY"1 5[ O!L % 2!U" P
4
9
g1 g "gU+ g g &"gYE g! " qB'[= #L$  Y oL%! #" 
M

g '" #ga g 78 ,


gM g g " 7P# ##

U " 1 Y
 &"YE
b
5
g jg Rg% % 2gM) 8 T g% =g: " @ @P
qH"A %)  &EV

q" 1" F"A oD"YE P !  j V" 2  78

p gY LzV ," T": "V q" 1 &"YE % ) 2 78 9


: &"7

#

G : T": ! o) 21#)  qB"7 " 1P" "LV oMd ' " 1 & '@  B
z

5
g g }g=: T"g: Og!D' qgH #gL' B
g & ng %!  L% ~ "
b 7
"L: "L1 om:) " Nn
 1  H qf' " 1 om:) 2  78
#g
 g " gggg "y gg P@ ,gga
) H' q"@"4
Y T": P"V #gg @"  5@`)
b

jg V"g' g g


g7

#' 2g 78 9
: 7

#  xv
 n
95

qhP ! 

j@@a
,2 "g }:g4 w"m1  "5@ PE B"418 " M # 2U x=
  oP
5q4  xg=
 g@ gz' q2
" w"m:  B"418  # = H #  "L:M
'# := q2
 i# "( " a ;41'  P 2U' ,1994 w" P8'@ 
%
g gd1" &"gL$  5gi  "A # 1
 +=H oY @
' ,220 ,1996
q" 4 # &"
V# BEi
tP" p q":U  tM) 2 ' u#y x=
 P")  "v# ,a
'
"gl p "gL: ) R=g &"g1
d% T [H  [ @
  12000 } o) ,1993
}=gF)" ^1"H c#y [A "7 1 @ P" ' "L#Y 2 r"= ' q
)
" T":
;g% @
g7
P[g 'gl } j &"H P#Y w#' ,x=
 r
:7 p "

 200q000 ^44i d:  T7
b ^1"H  [ #" q21 , 1993 x=

g 200q000 B }
) L  "H :' q}=%  100q000' ,1" P[ 
"gXY":
b  }gY
p "H
 }=F  2! " q Y"= !M ) o) #V ,1"
gL=7 g ! g %U ry ' d ' "$ R= @
7
" }
a

g'" gH og" gV' n1
gM &"g
!'
g! V g!H"y xg=
 
jg  " P
LF p 5i  [ 1
&"Y #LF)' q
"1P :
=

q21 , 1993 x=
 ;% q%MF h[U
}g3Y #V q]
)
"\ !z" 9
$ & U"m &U ,1995 
H p i c#y
@P p
g oDP
gv ^" 7 ' ,P"y" : "'
V[Y' ,3 =  &"
P"  } >  %d P"   $ 7" @" 2V qw" 3 P"  9")P j  V
p &"gE\ P8'@
50  15 g "g 7
%H
g P B
7   Y , "
b
b
90  @"gM " g4) @g% g 
g ^1"H ,"L Y' q11 ,1995 ]w" #  x=

g gH ,ga
' qg%"U g" "U":  "H P"  p h[U 0 Y V ov ' ,P8'@
2gLV ;%  "1" '' ,
 B  4% P"X +v< TE v#y [U
q 78 3 
 9  1 j `)

96

2gU' ,"gV p t"g: V   U &" &"P   ,V' x"y 

qg
5
Y BEi  %MU YE hP"= "  [U P[  " "
q #7
b V'  
b

w"g %49  ^%gz' ug "V p j x=


 p ! 
Y p T": =1  )'

#gg  P
H[g gU R=g' q169 ,199 2gg18 #gd og G"g1 1990

g
g jg ogYP
gU' ,x=
 p   %60 T": B
) ,P'" B'# '

,g ogP' q76 ,1995 !7 qV T d4 ^ "  #% 2Y" p %43
gM! 8 gL%!  R " o ' ,@'#  8 ' NP %_  T": B
z' V
h[gU
g4 jMgA ;gM !  ;H    ::%V qT [ " 1  B
d  

q 78 &"YE

@ aa@dm@@an
a@&1na@pbe
B
gz
jg @
Y ":U  q9
$ 2U x=
 p d%  78 H"F 0H

g7" 1 23 ) NP cy @ #  M ' ,V T [ " 1  P P 

& += "g q5gi P@"g4 g T [g jg 4


 "7"
b  x%s "
U' ,@'#
i# qB" V R% x% " i@ V
) j T [
 @
7' #!  ,0#y @"4 Y8

g! ' q9P g P"i !  ' #: z"d } BEi  f% M! 5#:
q
 p f  M! "V +V
) 1"M ' ,T [ " 1  % 9P  P"i

gz"d G'g) :jMA ;M 2L7' R=  P j X @ #

P[g7 g!M qNP " 44 9': ' ,3 '


7"M 0 #4 ' #:

x"g: ^44i ,B") ,!  #%=  ,"1



M 2" @"4 Y8 p %MF
h[gU ogm   oP' q #: z"d  P V
 ^#Y' ,"k
P"  P%
b

44i ^_ #V ,1975 w" x=


 BE  #   '# 3 ^ ^d=z x":

97

"= "'
"L  o) "L 
) @" P  "H 2 P ' q" 4 "L: +0M
b
b
&"gmV"d p P }g= }P"gF jg N'"g #g #g7
,P"=M  :!%
b "0#'

@"4 Y8 & P"= 8 #' "V r


:7 p = "M  &"
!  
:$

2g g%) gz"i ,+g E &"


! &#V ' P p' q10 q1996
105 ,1995 %18' O'Langhlin "U+7<) '@" ' NP| "D" ,T": "A
)

j ,"L: :# 2  , #! ) ,T [ P"  9")P ' ,X: P


7 R='

g! ) g:# x"g: g +0H p' qT"=% P#4!H &"7' "U8
) 2  :  P
g  g!  9
: [U q
)
" !z" % zE "=">" +4 9P  p T":

)
" p P
H[ B } B">P" &E" ;FM) }Y
p' qT":% =: " "P"=7
b

q33 ,1990 "g>


b %  8   ,&E"   8  P " ! 2)E &"7'
T [g P" g R=g ,ga ' MF :# x": " 3d P j X #  '

"gL:M!  g gV %30  P#g' qg#: z"d  P V


y [H' , )

q105 ,1995 "1


O'Langhlin
)
" p  P NP  3Y  B
z

P"gi @
g7'  ]
g  "g@\ +gF) ,T [g "g 1 9"g)P  <g! x%  V'

%m }
 @
:%  
 
U ,?3\ :  < } " % XY": 

g " & @#g }ga'  @


:%  
 @" 2  8."# ; 78 &"#
,1994 
g  Elson ]g!
g ogm:) @"g ' ," &"# H !

g% Egz G"g1  p f"=) o) 5[


U 21"0 P"  ,a
 q517
PRE -2 U< @"' 5@"4 Y8 G"1 ^' , 1988 w" p qx=
 p ##$

g0 "g
U' ,T [ P"   o# }VP o) ,'# #: '#:z' '# := "
N"L: g g7  T [ P"  }VP x3: qy "M 2 7 B" !z"Y 

"g 1 g7 g "gH 9P g  H o  u ,Ei  "H 2 P " 1

, g  p 2 [g g +V
) p +=H
b R %) 8 T [
 ' qT [
b P'@

2gggg% ggggggXy ' ;  H p &"


4  #  P"  p  &@ #V
73159 ,1994 ' ' +F) Tschirely and Weber qT


98

@ aa@a@bnua@a
g 8 NP  xg=
 p T"g: g4) 8 ,K" T"d1  +0H p B"y
U H

g7

#V ;T"g: 
g @" p  [ z"d ' qP
H[ P"Y ' L7 '

#gF B"7 o u , [ z"d  P B"7 w"Y #a ;) 2 78 9
:
"L# ) 2 P j B"7
 ,U  ^Y
p' q#: z"d  P

gX  # }a
[U q#: z"d  P

 2M T [  P T":

NP g44i 2g: ) "g +g0H'


qT [g  P F"A P p T": ! j
b
T"g: @g3 NP"g 7"g  9': ' ;U %  2)E T": w" r"= E

" g8 T [g
g p P" g & ` 2# ) 8' qLaP  
 " &"
 P  4) 8 " u ,jM @"4 Y8 5
 j  " " R1"7  an

P" g }gVP' ,NP g44 '@ X V ov ' qT": "U8


) 2 T [
T [ " 1 @P
9 :) " P#' q&"P  T": , "4 #a !  #: z"d
 P   w# P !  }Y
  T!% M! ,[  7"y ! ) : T": 

2 [

a@bg@@a

99

w"g 3 +gX' ,B"g g) jg  i @ T": f:) 5[ ^Y


 8
b g%" @ gV 2Y"g #  2)<)  [ T": R "3 2 ' q: "P'
g=) n% "gV'
g T"g: 
g B" #7
 8 x=
 p :U   78 9"a' p' q
g b8#g' qw" 3 %Y' #  ! G R= L dz j v` 5[ +=M TR
gU< @"g' 5@"g4 Y8 G"g1 g%m ^g d4 " 44i &@ ,
jg @@ng N"1  hP'# 5@ "
U' ,=3 &"# P"  9")P  PRE -2
Marshall T"g: Rg1"7 g gz"i' , %8050 =: %d &"F  ' & @"
w#g P"g  +)
g "A 2:d: [U jMA ;M oY"V # q36 ,1990B">P"
T":% d4 " r"' ,[ "H

2g g%U rgy T"gL 1 #g  ;g p g d := " 1 ,% "  ":U
q&" " &"
M "1 %)  5@ jMA ;M M ,""
b   = &! 
2g)E ,T"g: jg +g3i &" =  f "H ; p : "' j "1 
b
54 g
p T"g: xg:) ,g P P
"V''
qh" ' @
Y
}( L"L !X )
 h#) o) " M ' q9 ,1996 " Berman V &Ez
j "

b &""
[g "g +$ ) ng g{ 0! x=
 }Y
  q: "' H j "1
b
g##y Mg T": @" j "0#
!: @
L7 &HP #V ,d= j [: oA 
q5gM 1
g ' #g " V3 x": ) ##7 9'V T": j  M ' ,!%Y
 ##7 ;
) V x%i 5P'  ,6 @
:$ '  M! 2M '
 d := j "1 @" V [MU' q&Ez
p  ,; T": @" BEi
" 2 ,%i # : "' j "1  , h":  "H ,P" + !%Y
q 78 &8" h[U 0 #a "F: ! ) jMA ;M &"
' M qT": "L 
B"g p "gi MgF g 78 &"g7" 8 B"g p &"gX +v<) ,X '

#gV ;
  }a
P
U# 
 > '@' ,P# p 1 #7
 " "
qo%
b

Marshall &"g:10 gi ' [g: g! H"g p gP# RP#g G"g1 T" o)

5@"g4 Y8 T"g: }ga' og% jg "g1 g tgM q36 ,1990 B">P"

) H ,B" "P p B


 ^Y' B[  T": 3X) : 3 c# qO!L

qA ##7 7" 1 V ,  %


H o% j L1 A
4 V

g }7 n ' d ' 44 ,"i MF'  " H"A  2U ":U y

g' ' oU" '  2


: "U#  "A !m: R1
$ j 2
My

jg #g  Rg%3 g! jg & P@"gY T"g:  


gan ,oU" '  q+v<

" q: " ": ' ,oL!% )' B" )' T [ +V


) p  &"=%3  ,L%!

g44i' "Lg: g!m:


g g%) " P#
LV +v< '  2
: "U# 
}V#g) ,x=
 0 +V #% p' q7" 1 @P
!% B
z
j T": P#Y  NP
q=) n ##> }! i @  &"YE  T": = " B
 %) 0

100

g3
g gi T": O ) ,]218
\ P
m:   ": '":) "  ," 2: !

,&"E O!D o) # qo% ' NP ' d4 V


)  h"V 2ggV L= "3! ,3)

g3) p gF ' ,@"gM " 2g3 !  #"  '  p !   V@'

b qLU"VP %M)
"P' T [ +V
) 3F1 V ,T":%  : &"=7
7

# "V'

8 ,B"g 5 jg q @ V  ": 8 ' Ry" L" <V"M) 3F1 2U ,
g L:gM!' T '#g ' p"M T [    ": 8 ' Ry  P # 5 M!

qx": H j x=3:)  < 2U' ,qN ' 9


$ } "

@ ja@@a
^g= 2g g '# 2LV ;2
@"4 Y8 &" >'P %
 n =% ^ =)

##g) &"
V#g j 
: "L 1   %40 =% x:) q;M G   
q220 ,1996 '# := 1994 w" P8'@ E 9  ^%z' 2 ,=:7 
#

 ~ oYP
U' , %5
 5
: 5@"4 Y8
!: B#  "H ,&":  ;4 : T":v

g +g=H =g1  ,ga


) g%   M qP"U@ n _ =%  P
4  T

%9 @"gV ,1994 w"g 2:


5
 j , p' q P !   
1"  "M

%19 =g: g1P" gY =1 2U' ,]T V


 \ o ' F o< =   V

[gU 6g "g q1994 2g 78 #gz g3 q1992 w" f1 P
F o# "H

j X "18
U , x! )' ,jM @"4 Y8 5
 j &"= M  Y":

g' q '  &""3Yx": j t" u  o"


!: ' , 78 "

"g( g TgH og% ' d4 j w" "1  78 &"44 =1 '

:g0 B'@ g %20 =g: ug gY g=) p =% 2)<) ,H 
My "1

7"g
)' @ #g:)' ,%50 g 0H " H"' ,%40 5
"=!' ,%60
 t
FP


g:=% om: ^:=) , j 'E q71 ,1996 21 #d o '#:z %33
101

,T g  g4
g g " g '# &"g` g fg7

!:  MV =Y"

g% g 'P }g ,g " ' gE ' &"g1'nM 0 :  &""3 "L!@ ^L7''

q"V 7
# = '  ' #4 x": p "= "
b
b }) @'#

#gY' q]")"\  " p &": = &" # p ]=% \ p x": %) B' ^<)

p xy "L!# %100 M% ,=:7 &"H% =%  '@ "L #Y 2 V


y ^:!X)

jg Rg 5 NgV w#g' ,=:7 N'% 


My a' #%= i @ N nY8

^[g7 #gY' qP0 E 21@ #y


4 ' }a' w#' ,#4 ' @ + 8
#gd &"g8
% #g4 jg @
gY "LV #7
) 2  #%=  !0  x": %)

g=% p "Lg1 }ga


' q
"g)' G1
H G1
U' 
:$ "P
H' "" 0 ,M

g4y BEgi  M


| "A
z' `)  =:7 &"H %) ^"3 
,ggE ' &"gg1'nM ' gg &"":gg4 gg0_' qgg:=% & P@"gg4% gg44
p &"g1'nM 8 &"g : u ,&"H %) 3F1  H o 0 }:4 '
"gLL7
) @#g 2g &"g' g0H ")" 3: p #7
' q }7 ) p E ' #"4)

"gL : 2 ,MEM  ' x": 0_ 2U' q "


 j #! )' #4
q" d "  # 
b "UP !  j V" 5[ ##$ % @"4 Y8 x3:

@ @@a@bb@bna@a@b@i@pbja@b1a
%9085 %0g! gLV ;5@"4 Y8
!: p =%  @
Y' U &E" T":

%"g &E
g g %50  0H %0! H q#4 x": p 
! 
Y 

p g! 
gY 2)<g) "g @"g' q+=H MF 2:
@"4 Y8 o#) 2 P" p @
 
' ng) 2g)E T"g:  B = " u ,P'"  x":  #4 x":

P'"g x"g: p g )  "3 ":U ,")" 3:  " p' q""
b 2917  UP
q77 ,1994 'P Rosa 3: %) p ! % oL R=   " V ov ' q"A

#"g) ,]E1"g\ !z" B


 B"0 = j ,#4 x":  T P
4  #Y'

x"g: g gY x"g: g%) p P


7  8 ,;"' V
) "  j T"X j

gY 2g 78 9
g: t"g jg g! og ,  V"a" q5i ":4

102

b
#gy g ) P
7
#4 x": p %!  2)E T":  %40 2% ) E0!V
;!
b

p #g #g +g= ) # j' qB"7  %17 =: 1P" ,P


7| 21
1" 21@

q121 ,1992 "g)


 Eviota ] #7
b  %!d \  T":  ) o  ")" 3:

T"g: jg gX
U  G : V ,]P"L 21#)'\ 
U L: ) P"  "H 
,x"g: g%) p = gz F ' < P" #)' qP"L & @'#' T V T"=%

+0H
b T": ' "LV O ) 2 H" ' ,= x": p "L: j w" 3 P" '
+g g! 'g @#gD , j 'E' q%M  )' w"@8 ##> 
M) "
"g1" }F) B"0 = j Y# &"1'nM ":z p ,T": ' =  :
"g +g0H
g g } V"X  ,
X %) q&E"  Q
a' w# 
b

,7<g %!   o T":  2: ) ,U  UP


7  T7 
L% 
M
q!  V p F  L:M

'#g "L# g 5gH  @ " ,"#7


b "
b U 2 78 9
: &"YE xd )

,5
g "=X18 w"m1 " 1 @" o ) }1"4 2V q3%% ! 9"Xi p 
V '

^gY' p "P"gz
gM
tPg ug , &""gF &E"g % r gP
gU # u
b
b
:g$ g3i g3 ,&8"gy  p' qh" P'@ w # 8 #
Y  4 &E"
!gX ) &"X"  
<) " " @" V q"=X18  !: [U  56
"gL!m:) 2g fVn 3F1 ! ) ,"X
b q123 ,1992 ")
 Eviota :7 &"#i

&""g' ,g! &" : G') 3!: :$ & P


4 M) j &"H

":ggz p "ggi MggF  "gg> &""gg h[ggU gg0 qggH "ggU") 2gg Bgg$
&Ez
f=> }!   P
4) G'n ,a ' #L7 ":U u ,Y# &"1'nM

ggU gg &"gg" @#gg "gg q120 ,1992 "gg)


 Eviota ]T"gg: gg!\
ggU
"g
U ! " w
  :7 ,hU
7' ! 
1  ' ,2 78 9
: 7

#
103

b
gM":@ 2gU' q8 w g " P"gL  "g E!
hP"= " ;:4 ! "H  @#
T"g: }g g" ' q"1 b8 "UP"= " P
7 X: B V T" j ! )

P#4 A =: " P


7< ! , Y`   H T": w
L  }=: 
1"v   UP"= "

g  p g7"d g o "g' qL gF  


g:`  ":U  u ,i#% p"a

gV ,g
 g "y   ' j T": #") #4 x": < "

B'"g gV ,jMA ;M  p F %M) 9")P8 m:V


b q L) 8 P
7 @
Y

b
,"7l
Ei@
 f:<) T":
b P' " ' 0! 8' qT"=% 2" i@  "V"a
b
MgF g%!  " @"'  , 7 j B
4y p P ! E & 3X T":  ## "V
q ' #  #>

g =3 Lg4"4i  P"g> L = R= T":  ) ) 9


> oP'

qPg +g 3g g0! g



g=Y  [g g ' g N ngV8 [gU B
=Y V

p !  #! L= "3) 2 "L1 2U ,! H" p T": @#D 2 7



#

,dg4 " ' T [ %M) 9")P } ,@#  &"=7


 T": w
)  }Y
) q
%g
H ;"g
 &"g" T": 2 ) H q7 & ;"'  ud=% L V#

x"g: p T"g: ' qB: p # ' 6H' BE 8  P#Y j B


4d%

T"g: gYE +g ) ug ,"g g +g0H p r n8  2U ":4 #4

 @
g g ' ,"g 1 &"gYE  7  %a":  ,56Y MF }! "
"g 1 &"gYE  r'U 5 V ,ov ' q"L% p F  H 2 "  =  "

2g ' ,}! i @ p jd @"4 Y8 9P @"  '" 5' ,LF!D 2  78


2g #"g | "#
2: )
b P' " !X ) ,2 " @"4 Y8 om:) @" ":!a
b

q2 78 9
: 7

# "LM)

@ bnua@a@na@a@pbMbm
b  ;:4) j H) ##$  % < ": @"7 #
P
g  @# %4d "V'

g ' g N g g) 2g 5gi & ` ' ,5@ "1 ' ,
!: "(H

P'[g$" "g p F  o: ov ' ;&"YE ' " 


:= 

"gL:M , Y
=g +g @"4 Y "zV
b =% w#) 
 ,d4  q% x!

104

"g %! ,Og!L ' g


 5 q#g% H i @' , #%=   MF) # ) "X
b

}V#g) g" gV": "g p' q5@"g P'# R %) 2 2U 


M " M"F 

q0H  tM "


U' ,O
A  ,T": "#%)
,:  &"
!! 

b

}gY
 p L ga'' T"g: g jg 2 78 9
: 7

# #") " P#'

gH"A g g4 jg R% " 


%%d o  R~ " P# ," 1 %! p z"i

g  ng) 2g g


: 3 d)' ,2 78 9
:  (": H"A ' =3
,O!L ',
&"%! %)  &E"  j ": aV w
) ,":U ' q"AEi

[gU p' q5gi }g


&"g7l' g g1
4) 2 2U  78 5
 '

q 78 " 1 &"YE u  % !U" m: $" oL  ,"

g <'  
L  '" <3  ? $"  o ) ;H  <    ::

}a
##$  % @
L7 f% ) V q"L!3 =  '" p 3i ":U M ,f8C'

&"" F :) :=V qhH) @" BEi   P !   5


 5@` 8 ,% "

 "gX
b T": " }V#) "V ,x":  p oUV  t":  ## ##$  %
g: O :g) "gL:M ' ,RgdV  '" w#  oY") 8 ##$  % "V , &" C

b
Eg

M  M! "  %  ##$  % &") n 5@`)' ,HEL 8
?g ,=gM  M! # T ":U U M ' qhT P' "M R= '   <

"P
b  < R%)  ,=H %MF V ddz  %M x%  V ": P" ^1"H 
g"7 ' ? T P' :"M H"L% 5#4 M! U :
U B ` ,=4' ,R j

,P"gY gV p g '@ gV ,x=


 : "y &" P@ j 2:=1  oL  B ` [U 

 #g%= g0H ,g=Y ngV 2  ^1"H' ,%


 n   ^1"  '@ 0H qq =% '
b
g g % l  '#g=) #Y " '# q5@"4 Y8
!: p P"1
&" 3: p "F!D
b

g 78 gH"A ' ,gsP" & P"g ug g ' ,@P
g g f " ! ) " u
105

&"gM":@  #g g #1 ," 


b L  m:1 "#: M ,
: V"0 &EMF '
}g i #g  "gX
Y " a
b f1V ,"@"4
b
b '  0! :' q %MU  =:' "F 

9
g: t"g jg g! "gk
g ' "g= "
b
b ,5gi 2g 78 ! B"M>

g0_ ,5gi &g%M qT"g: P"gV j ! ) HP"3=% #"$ =) n "V ;2 78

q = "LX  5
) "L:M 
 &"%!  H"U

gH"A g%) g 


gz
=g + MF #  ) ,##$  % 
 }

 t" u  2:


5
 j   om: ' " 1 2: }"3 R=

gV ,2: [' q2 78 =X & P#Y '"  f1 '#= 5[ ' 2 " 5
 j

fg%% p @#
MF }=3 " M K ' 218
 f <=:) P
3) 2U ##$  % 


p g }g ,g


k p  ' q}!  y
 5
Y 4V B
 j= 

&"g P@ "L g4dV 2g 5


g g%) g " "
1
b % l
 5
Y  
! "
MgF' q2g" }ga
H "Xb f  " R7
 M ' RdV [U  ,218

0 &"` P
U#) p  2 78 ! "LV "  )
  ,=4 ,,a'

&"" p ]
!: \ w# " +0H
b qf1  5
 3% @ #=  } o% ' d4

b
 <g h[gA "gb U" Eg
'#g= f:M ,H"F M y hP"= "  ; B
 #"

qx! "

#g#7 +" ' P"  x%i 2U ' 


3 V , ;
U 5#d "H 

"g P#' q
%! " p "L a' "X
b 2=: H ,@# " p %MF
4

"g P#g ,2


: O!L H"A 5#4 p  '# P'@ BQ"X)   % 
 5@`)

9
g: g jg g g)
g ' q
g g #g "gLd V T":v  P[
fg7
)  R~ , ; M! 2M ' q"A 2= > =a r" R= "7
,2 78
b
p @"g4 Y8 tg #g 1 ;gH %MgF ,%MgF P'[g7  "L%41 " &Ei#

Tg fg1
U' ,2:
P" 2U }! !%   7 ^ " ," "
q}!
b

p' q '" w# B"M>  "U+' ,2 78 9


: j !"  '" w# &"U
F 

T"g%) g
g w
)  ;
t @" }! p 2" 2 7 +) r"

218
g ] g>'P\ 3i L7
 p ," 8 = j' q #
) %MF d "L1

106

B"Mg> }g O"g ) g% &" !  j #H< 2=: qq t @"


4
g
 g g" g G g:' q"gA g! g &"":@ }' ," z" HP"3=

P"gF g "y " g P@ ,a


) H 
:  @"=) sP" %d H"A ' ,##$  %


g T": p }  %MF  ,+i %d p , oP' qYP
h[U p L 
9
g: g7

# '@ g gM ' }g! 3g }gX @"4 Y8 @"' , 7

qB' d p =) n  ! H"A @


7' j &#" 2 2 78

@ Z@a@a
gM! ,g% g!@"H #g " % }' FY": j 9EE ' , B
 &"
%  #!% 1
1977 ">" Pasha ' %  Mittelman  9
7

b 2
i#g g @g Rg4: B#g  Y x=
 ^1"H ,1995 1990 '# := P" "V'
p 2
g i#g  @ R41 B#   oP' q&":  &" #' &":10 " p 2

'#g g:= P8'@
90 "gH ug xg=
 p fg: Y 5 ,1994 w" P8'@
80 "H #1 'P
b
b
:g , P8'@
80 B#g ! 1995 w"g ;:4) p #1 'P  x=
 ^% #V ;188 ,r 1996
b
q214 ,r 1997 '#g g:= P8'@
180 B#g ! g  }" H  #1 'P ^ )P
b
;:g4 9"Y p P8'@
90 B# ! x=
 }X) ,1997 w"
4 w"YP c# V 0 "'
b
191 ,r 1999 '# :=
(n ") 21"= 5 " 7 f=> 3

@ Z@uaa
-

Berman, Jessica. 1996. Bike Aid: Focus on Environment and Development. Global
Links: Newsletter of the Overseas Development Network (Spring): 9.

Durfee, Mary and James N. Rosenau. 1996. Playing Catch-Up: International Relations
Theory Poverty. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 25, no. 3 (Winter): 52145.

Elson, Diane. 1994. People, Development and International Financial institutions: An


Interpretation of the Bretton Woods System. Review of African Political Economy
21,no. 62 (December): 511- 24.

107

Eviota, Elizabeth Uy. 1992. The Political Economy of Gender: Women and the Sexual
Division of Labor in the Philippines. London: Zed Press.

James, Valentine Udoh, ed. 1995. Women and Sustainable Development in Africa.
Westport, CL: Praeger.

Marshall, Judith. 1990. Structural Adjustment and Social Policy in Mozambique.


Review of African Political Economy 47 (Spring): 28- 43.

Mittelman, James H. and Mustapha Kamal Pasha. 1997. Out from Underdevelopment
Revisited: Changing Global Structures and the Remaking of the Third World. London:
Macmillan, and New York: St. Martins.

OLaughlin, Bridget. 1995. Past and Present Options: Land Reform in Mozambique.
Review of African Political Economy 22, no. 63 (March): 99- 106.

Polanyi, Karl. 1957. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins
of Our Time. Boston: Beacon press.

__________.

1968. Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economies: Essays of Karl

Polanyi. Ed. George Dalton. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.


-

Rosa, Kumudhini. 1994. The Conditions and Organizational Activities of Women in


Free Trade Zones, Malaysia, Philippines and Sri Lanka, 1970- 1990. In Dignity and
Daily Bread: New Forms of Economic Organizing among Poor Women in the Third
World and First ,ed. Seheila Rowbotham and Swasti Mitter, 73- 99. London:
Routledge.

108

@ Zbmn@na@Maa
@ ba@@&m@a
B a : #E
L&# ~ : 
]S !# =  ' ,"1

M c + ' ,
: r"1 \ oL " H # p

2H"7 3) ,(Feminist Geneaologies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures)

(Chandra Talpade Mohanty) 2 1"U


 P#1">' (M. Jacqui Alexander) P#:M 

; ) ,
:  !#% "V ; )\ @ # p !M) " 
: !L 

 8@"' q(1997, xxx) ] 9'ggF B


gg ggHn'  % U":
Hn "H #V q(1997, xxx) ]"D # = '  "y gggg P@\ L% &"
: & m:

5# #:% "H
"3!1  !# &"%! ' &"`  T": @" =   j

b #   HP"F #
) "H H ,&"
:
Hn j 'E' ,B" [U p' q""
"V#U

!X  ##7 B"M> 5#: d P' B'":) 2:1V ,@" = 8 j


!:  M P' " "F ) K ' %" &"%! "U ) 2 2 !#

 '# !: % M  "H


f)P#z 5[  U
7 % BEi ' q
'

! G"1' ]H % ##$ P@"= \ 


:  M 1
 "H' o" V'
&"%! "L L 1 2 3 tP@
 ,#:A p ]= F &"Hd% 2:
; "d \

%)' ,
 B
 Hn) 2  !# :  &"V": &"d%34 + 

 ! % w#  t" # )
K P HP"F   H qHP"F @" x% ) 2

109

Chosrine Keating. "Developmental Democracy and Its Inclusions: Globalzafion and the
Transformation of Participation". Signs Wintes 2006, Vol. 29, No. 2: pp/ 417-437.

 1 "3 7
!:  5d '   !# 27
!1
7
!: [U  ! %  XV V ,5"' q}
' F1
d1 j P
L!$
: !# :
t" MF) 2 V"0 " x%  " p "{ QP NP" )  P@ p 0! )

2 V"0 2U' ,M 1


 "H' "L3) 2 ]P" B \ V"v ##'
b
; "d \ V"v' ,"A H

  [ ) 2 
!:  !# o#)  M!
b


!:  !# P `) 2 ]
 \ V"v 2U' #:A p ]= F &"Hd% 2:

P@"= \ ! P" R1
7 j T
X 2 
' 1q"A H
t":  [ ) 2
b

,
  } "LV
) !X) 2  !# V"0 " x%  " p ]H % ##$

v #y 5#d   f1"M 5[ ]= F &"Hd% 2:


; "d \
!1 ,E'


"0!  P"=   qS 1"U
' P#:M  "L%<) 2 3 "  
# ;z @" "X
b ;: M) 2 "  +F 7
!: p 2 !#

N'" @"  p ud 2:1V ,#:A j Hn "' q !#% 2:$ ' 5k:

0 & P@"= p 


  R "3 } V
 "d=4 ud # [U 
]'" rP")\ f% x% " x  # 5~' ,]H % ##$ P@"= \

q]= F &"Hd% 2:


; "d \ 0 " &"Hy

@
b@@Cana@MaD@ba
b gaP" g !# 27
g!1 1P" # )
gm: &"g' p "gH
"g3!1

[g ) 2g  !# B"M> m:  +0H }X ,#% [U P" p' q !#
gH ,HP"gF @"g 
#g) 2g g !# B"Mg> L7
 p "A H

 
b

h[gA g!L g$"  " p' 2q/= P"U@8  5@` 8 +i MF  
@"~
g !# "' "\ f" H p (C. B. Macpherson) 
H"  ,'

]
g  !@\  (The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy) ] %
g0H = g & ]HP"F  !@\' "=
!:  "y  &" ! 5#

ogU 
=i"g: 
gM ug
g g"0! ,
g
!1 p ,oMy w"m1  '
q #

110

ogU g" ' ,Y #y  4F oLy"4 @" 


! L 
V": 
M%L 

gg%! gg0!\
gg!: [ggU  q=i"gg: Rgg "3 
= gg [gg Bgg B"gg7P
}%g " "g Ng ' Rg%3 g 
g jg V"g ""m1
b "UP"= "  !#

q(Macpherson 1977, 77) ]"


)"
U ,
H" B@"~ H , !#  9
: [U P" p G)": 
'

=: " R%3 ' N H"U


!: [U 0 2:=' q(1977, 86) " '" w# p
,
!: [U p ,B" 
R%3 2m' q=3 &")'" j "y  " }%%

o% V =) ) j 'E ,'0 p "y 


w# V ;Y"3 ' B" #1"!
R "3  t": f3  M! " 5#! x%  " p  '" w#  5@` ,;
'

" R "3 " @ # #1 ,  V"a"' q(Macpherson 1977, 89)  " V

, "=  V %Y @# #7


\ :% P"M 8 }X "
  @'#
b
[U @
7' #:' qqq " r   RdV %Y @#' qqq @P
 %Y @#'

"
d1 j nF R "3 
=  ' 
7" 8 oV , "=  % @#

]"U+V
) o  2 }% 5# ## oUP'#! ,=4' q"H 2V":) w"m1 5 p 
% 
 &@ 2 2U B" 
2"  18 j a' @'#y h[U  q(1977, 89)

#H` w"m:  ;]" HP"F #a d


b \ hP"= "
!: [A 
H" P@

 %Y P#Y 5
 
M%! 8 5@"4 Y8 2 78 "y  
1"  [ ' 

"L  " 8 j " P"=7 ' ," oD #:7 }a


5P'
:

b
 p ,V": R:  w"m: \ [U  E"Y

H" R M ,  "' q1977,89

] '"    }! 5 2ggV "


%3

M ,:
HP"F 5
 N"1
b
H ,=3 &""18 P    j #")
 HP"F @"V q1977, 92
b ""=)P
b
b
"v'
"3=) , 78  # r"  EXV
,HP"F N"1 \  ,B@"~
111

q(1977, 92) ] = LX =


g HP"gF @"  3 5[ N nV8  p B@"7
 ," o p'

+g N ngV
gU ,Rg:% #1"g  2 !# 2" w"m: x_  5@`)

!1' 'm h[U x ) ," p' q


  ##$ 'm  p ,dz
#g#$ P@"g= \ tP@<g gH qC p HP"F
d1'

d1 f  5[  !#

i#g
!: [U  ,a
)  ' ,M 1
 "H' "L3) 2 ]H %
"gP xgd 5P' 5'"g +g 2g 78 w"gm: xg_ '@ HP"gF @"

q
 

@ a@a@b@bnMc@na@Ca@a@bjaD
gg!: gg ) #gg 1961 w"gg p gg '# gg!: % ggM gg "H
^gg<)

^g3P "L"gF1 [g:  "H


  o j' q+  #%= p  78 ' @"4 Y8

xg%  "g p ]g !# &"g`  )\ ,=4 o%V ,""3i p  !# " !:
b S3
' :)E "M p "L 
p' qg g &":1v p 8 "A "=
"V#U
b
^g% 7' ,"gX
b "gV' "C p ]S !# oMy \ G   "H
^%i@ ,&": 
"g q"gL%! "g31 p ! ) n8 "LV #U  # '
] #   !# T":\
b

^g1"H #gV ,1995 tP"  # p  "H


"LV ^ 2 ' ,]HP"F!% ##$ P@"= \

qg !# T"g:= "L  p M 1


 "H' "L: ; ) u  # P P@"=

P@"g= "g:) ,Sg: ' 2!@"H  " p 


44  "L#Y &Ei# j "M)P '
b

&"g' p' g%d g !# &"g` p HP"F #


) j ! ) 2 G 

HP"F %) 0 T": 1


 "H'
) < P@"= @ # j 
!" ' #Y' q!:

B"g7P' ,g
My +g &m: @"Y' ,%d &"
My p 
 #" x 

] [g ogMy P" oA , ) @" @P


' ,&"`' ,& P"L r" H \ j B

,g
My +g &m:g g ) g7  P@"= h[U P"41 ,V"M' q(USAID 1995a)
g "gL:  'P T":= ' %d &"
My &"`' ,+4 P" B '

q(USAID 1995b, 1) ]gd }! 5


 j ) n8 HP"F & @"' 
:V\

112

&"g' g @"g


b  g0! "gL: [gU < ' P@"= 2#:L   o j'

&"g
!!% w#g o#g [U 0  'P
4  oV ,]
M  
M \ 1

"gU
1 @ #g  "g31 }g
) xg g g '# 3%g BM g  @

 %d

q(USAID 1995a, 5)

[gU g  HP"gF 9"g) j ]HP"F!% ##$ P@"= \ #H<)  '#=  j'

P@"= "L: V ,
H" "L 
# 2 ]HP"F  !@\ o# "'
9'
b
T
gX f% 
H" 2  5[
d: j }! '
  f1 ": j #! 

 # g !:  9'!% 2"  Nn q


 !@ &"1
M #<H
21# }! o  , #  !: %! p\ :
 %H"> j 21# }! T": R%3 )

HP"gF om:g 21#g }! "gV qT;M ' %" "L1


 {< T;M ' "
g0 fg%0' q}g! p @"g4 Y8 HP"gF om:) j
 ! ) H ""_
b "
q@P
g g4 jg #"g' 2 78
% ' 21# }! @# ,

g!: p
g fg w
g) 5[ f1 2
P'# 9
: 21# }! w
 ,"~'

gg!1 ;ggz' ggM! ,"gg: [ggU BEggi gg' q(USAID 1995d, 2) ] # gg

 !@ hP"= " X f


3i ]HP"F!% ##$ P@"= \ &@# 5[  !#

3 5[ f1
!:
U [U  ,w U8 +0 "' q"A H

  [ ) HP"F
b

 x3: R%3  2 =3 &""18 x_  @


 f1 ;hP   w# 
H"
 g ;gFM) +g K
g "g 1 'g  h"g= 18  j q"UP !  ' "U@
7'

jg "gy }g NP"g  8 ]HP"gF!% #g#$ P@"= \ hP


4 ) 5[ HP"F
!1
"gA gH

g g [ ) 2 HP"F  !@  , }Y ' p ,#1' q 


b
b G#)
q"L 
)'   &"P
!1 P !   "% V
5@` HP"F  "3!1

'm% "  T"7 "U


3)  ]HP"F!% ##$ P@"= \
#:L ,a
'
113

P" B ' ,


My + &m: \ ^% 7 2 ##$ @"4 Y8 ' "
,/@"4 Y8 d  ^ 1 2 &
 # B'" %d &"
My ' ,+4

P" r
% #:U @"\  V"a" ]44 ' ,:
& P @ %)'

%" '  #  G" : h" w# x !X


d1 j "A M 1
 "H'

,]R": "L Y' p' %M @'@  M P#Y H< o ) R " 9"=)  t"%

\gg "H
ggggi @ gg Y'+= % 2gg" X L7
 p '

]&
 \   ]HP"F!% ##$ P@"= \
#:L RU[' q(USAID 1995a, 1)

0_ V#L   #%= p  "   " ' @"4 Y8 &"" "L %i 2

t": 0! H ,]##$ oL  z": " oL:M_\ 7  :


w" zV
&"A T"H  # r
%< !: &"' p HP"F!% h#F M! @P

oL1
b

r"3 f%% p (David Mosse) 2


 #@ +F' q"DEi#) P !  ' d1"

"LM%_ ^1"H 2  "M@   8# %_ # ) K HP"F \  HP"F  !:

q  &":   "M@  = F &"Hy p :B"0 = j' " "

b
7" 1 x : 0 "% )"(  , "4 p "y r"3 p '
b 0H 0! '

@ #)P8 %M) %) ' ,&"# o# T;H &" C @


7'' ,Y %M  j

q(2001, 17) ]1"4 '

gM g1
gU &Ei#g) p g!: % HP"gF &"gP" H) @" m1'
b
g r"g3 g ogLV "gM! { !V ,d1" &"A  "{+' '# := '
 oX #Y 5[ MF P
L!% T"> ! ##7   ) n"H "=
1
d1 b8
fz
 "X
b 1' ,#"% !  ,!: % #% &"P" 
%X
]gggggv #y #ggg  "g gggg>\ 
:  f" H 2ggggV 3qSgggg" om:  ##7
ogLV jg (David Harvey) pP"gU #g@ ":0 ,(The Condition of Postmodernity)
gM)\ k ,g oH n  k  ]oH n w"m1 p B" 18 \  +F) 2 & +
]EL g8 g1' ,&"g : ' ,g!
' ,! &"%! wn 2 1' j
b R%3  oH n  ##$ !: [U q(1990, 121)
2g 78 ogm: g #g#7
"3!1
b
! j 3 ^1"H \ f1 pP"U ,a
' q1' 0H f1
U #  !1 ," '
b }g' XY ,=4)' "P " 1 "
,=g4 [g#: ,ogm: !:g =g: " "gY"31

114

g" om:g ,g '# "gL7 g0 2dE w"m: p 2!m: ' 27

:M P"M 8
#g )' q(1990, 180) ] g g# xd "  <  qqq 0! ' "#1E
#gH<)
gU' ,/P"g g! gggg: #bggH<) 2gg" om: % ##$ !: &"z
"gy K
ggg SgggV "gX g1' ,/P"g g! gV  \ 
b : ,=z
]g!
g ogm:) ' 5y 9"g3 "g 1
g!1' ,y p ogMy
g0 %
q(Harvey 1990, 171)
p 0! "LV#U p ]H % ##$ P@"= \ p P" B H QP M!'
}g ;gM ' ,}6 27

:M B
d ' ,/P" ! ' ,P"M 8 ' ,P@"= \ #
)
gg:
!% ggQ h[ggU p' q(USAID 1995d, 1) gg%d HP"ggF p ]gg!: gg%!


!1 #  K , !#
 :

g!1 5" ,=z  ,M%L

U :

&EMgF g +g) jg g" "gy p 3F: "L HP"F ! ) 2 B #
jg' qg%M #"V '  HP"F  9
: [U &  t"Y 5~' qd }!
r"dgz
1
M  M! %d %"  :%"Y 9'
#:L B@"~ ,B"0 =
o#g  g ' ,P"g g @"g %"g  H %"
! ' P" B
p gY g%M) '#g=M ' ,gY@ g0H &"
%  o# ' ,B
%  z
% 5
Y V
\
q(USAID 1995c, 1) ]!m: @P

115

@
 % :
V ,L7
G  ;FM) H , j 'E'
&EMF 
'":  5 @ P" 8 z w #  u  ,B r"dz
,B r"dz   " oU 
 &EMF B'":) oL:M! " 0! "
]:M! = \ x%i j jd oMy p oL HP"F #") +z B r"dz
x%i 7  ! ) ]HP"F!% ##$ P@"= \ P"  q(USAID 1995e, 1) ":%

 p %d &" ! ;% l  @ V "@ x  T8`U B r"dz


 B
 f7
) }F) x  [ P@"= w
)' qf) jd 5
 j  "
b
 ) 2 &"'  EXV
,44 3i' +4 N' 0 &"'
q "
 @"4 Y8 !E #U ' 

,:!' q"i f7
 T": 5# #U '   ) { P@"= &#H #

&"' o#) 2 


My + &m:!% B
 4 
' j "U
#:L

H p ]"1 P" B M=>\ T"F1 @P


4' ,T":% =: " i#% P#
b 53 5
 j\ M=F T"F1 n ' qM 1
U fV #7
) #%
,8'
5 ,
d: [U j' q(USAID 1995e, 6) ] "' !%Y %=   'P "Y #
 M! M 1
U " w
) 2  !# T": &"'  P@"=
#:L

2 !: p ]T": z"i' ,d%4 r"dz  } ' "31  1 \ x! ) p oL)

T": j #H< [U #  "7'


q(USAID 1995f, 7) "A H

  [ )
b

T": }a
 '# 1
&m: P"i' i @ &"
: ^"Y 5[ ! % ""M 1
b
m " &"
: jd )  R~ ,5i &" U  ' , }' q!: #:7 j

h[U p &":M &"" B &"="4H u "0 K" T"1 0_ ' &"1"M h"

[% 5k: ' 2:$ #  @"  3 %) +F)  M! u ,v

q1"M h[U    1
' 4q !# m: L% M))

@ 1a@a@Maa@@m@bg
t"g
) 0 'm: B@"7 #Y' q" m: p '!% L
b #= # # 

ggg'P "ggg7 "ggggg7' ,(John Locke)


g 
gg7' (Thomas Hobbes) 
U

g ") p "UP'[ r)  " @" < (Jean-Jacques Rousseau)


g" p g =3 oL g 
g:
B@"g= ug 2g 7 #g '"  V
g%  P"F)' (Carole Pateman) "_" B'P"H  j q '# "' w"m: j B
4y

(The Sexual Contract, ]:g$ #g \ L"g H p 8@"g~ (Charles W. Mills)

}Y
 (The Racial Contract, Mills 1997) ]/k: # \' ,Pateman 1988)
jg ,g }gY ' p ,<) 2 78 # "V ;oMy @ V }( !F K # j
2gH3= oMy  2 78 #   o j' q1
% ' T": @" =  #

ogM #H<) @" #V ,]"_"\ 3) H , " m: " " "y p r|

116

w"m1
U ##7 "i 2H3 w"m1  "1E
"H " "' ,T": j 
i oL":
b

 B"g7 "g1 ogm:)' ga #gH<) p oL 2:$ #  m1'


q(1988) 
i
b
m: p w" ' " "3 4V x  P#Y %  #V ,L%!' T": @"7

"gUP"= " " P@' " 9"3 p  k P


!3 T": " } "
b8"
5k: }"3 o ) "_" "LFY":) 2 
i  % #H`' q"i f7
 "P
H

p' q(1997) 5k:g #g BEgi g= j w" B" p HP"F &k Y u

]/
1"gg0 21"g4F "gM \ ggM %g4) g$"  &gg7 ,/k:g #g "g
jg TE g8 + ,oL1 oMy =": + 1
%  ) 2 ,(subpersonhood)
qoL%! BE  ' 1
% P

# \ m1' ,"_"= ]:$ # \ m1 0 5#: # &"m1 

gg%" 5
 &"ggggYE  ;FM  @
 4Y  'P # ) % ]/k:

b
ggHEV 7 ":0 , }gg' q&"ggggYE %) P) 2 o  EXV
,oMy p

 H[ 1  j (The American Dream in Black and White) "" H p (Jane Flax)

]gg!  %!
ggU # \ ' ,gg:H" ^  !# @
 '' @
:
 !#   &"P p HP"F) &"P" B"i@  # ' q(1998, 12)
, %  !#% 5k: ' 2:$ # % !L N'") @" 0! !: %

 ' , oA"i@ x  1


% ' T":    ": +) f Ei 5~ N'")

2:1V ,B
d [U ## #' q   !# !: &"%! , oU@" = 

5k: ' 2:$ #  B'# P"  i ' 5H }Y


!H #:A tP@<
qu#y #:A P") p

b
)  b8#=V :/k: # % V"a #  ]"1

M # \  E"Y
]%\ R M'


 "gg1

M w"ggY ,SggA xggy ' ,gg1"M ' ,
gg xgg gg "gg1

M }gg

117

#g gMV  q& ! g " 2:!ga "g) }a' x  oL!M   
'P'

"gV' "g p og ogM\ jg g 2X) 2 2U ,% B@"~ H ,"1

M

g:!A }gXs ,"gk:


gM
\ fgz
 u#gy K"g ^g: 2 2U' ,]/@"A d '
b
b

hP
g4  5[g "g1

M #g "gH ,#g:A "g p' q(1997, 27) ]" "
'P'

,# @
: R7
!=V :"3 5P"Xy
 MV j M) 
1"3 
 "
fg1 jg q"g"
#%= 9"Xi' #:A @P
   " 5P"Xy v "1"3 B@"=)

g ,=g4 ,g "1



M ogMy &"gYE T"F1 =: " 2 78 9
: H V !

q"g1

M # % f% x%3 " j ]"1

M 2:$ # \ !) E oE
g g E gi8 jg g!L gE g!% @
g:A g%"   ) , }Y ' p'
!
@"g>P  g7"y #g> p !
g ^g1"H , "g8 gm1 gL7' !V ;!
 '

]1"3 #:A P")\ f" H p ,B"0 = j' q:$  &"YE B" p 5P"Xy

g !7 2 : P` '


% "H (History of British India, [1820] 1990)

T"g: }ga' }g ]P"gXy  g p t'#g:L% 2gy }a


#H`\ (James Mill)
b
T
g ##g> #g:A }a' "H ,% f
 " "V''
q/P"Xy w# % &"" &" 1"4H

t'#g:A h!gX 5[g T P@8 '"   M! T 8\ f1 o' ;  [U t"!


r
%g g T P@ ' g g0H g =  }a'\ @
7'  V"a" ,]oL": @"
]ggg
L "LgggggH P@ gggM! 8' t'#g:A g ; ga :$ "U"% 2 %"

TRg\ g "


"=1"7
b   P
  p T": ]"1\ "H' q([1820] 1990, 280)
b
,t'#g:A T"g: "a nV
B[ }a
"V : "1

M 5# P@ 2) ] 7
b
jg B
g4y P' g)
"gH ,(Uma Chakravarti) 2)P"V H"> "' &%M "V'
b
q(1989, 34) ]"L%i#)\ g )'
 "1

M  '#  ]y \
b

5#:A 5
: "M% 21"3 E%  "1

M &E0! ^1"H , }'

"#: , }Y ' p' q/k: ' 2:$ # " @" = 8 @
:= "U#)' XY": 

@'# ^FM) ,^


4 x j B
4y 7  3X & !  p T": &#
&"
! ^#) ,B"0 = j ,1919 w" 2V q&"#:A T": " 21"3 w U8
U 2U' ,(Southborough Commission) 'P
=v'" :$  t " #:A ":
M qT": !F ^
4 }
' ,#:A p r" 18 x  <  P# ^F1

118

ud r" 18 x }


)  "U) p ^ @"7' ,L= "3! o% ^XVP :%

'm  "a "  F1 d1' qqq #%= p V"d


P
F ' x  8\ T": !F

[U p T": !F ud r" 18 x }


) f1 ' x"   #:A p  78

&8"  
! 2V q": &"$ x: h1 #:  P"v #Y' 5q];3 :

1"3 2  ,a
   &" ` ^ @"7 ,n %) p 
 
:

UP"= " &"#:A T": '  T P' "UP"= " #:A '\ 
4 5P


%m #:A ' T":  &"  BEi  '#H` : ,T": }(  &"% 

p T": xy "1"3 '"  q(Chatopadhyaha 1939, 62) ]k  % 

& P @
 VP  H qP"V T": ]"\ B
 "L!  ^% 7 r" 18

:"1

M # R%Y p o" Y": ;FH #Y r" 18 x  ,:  "1

M

qT": 9"Xi j #!  ,f=> #: 2  ,"1



M oMy"V

T": Ei B
  " &""3 "AEi  ^!L 2 3 " w U8 

V $ " B
 '"l P"v  5@ #Y "1

M # ) p &"#:A

qM 1
U 5# oMy '  !# G  p 5H T": }a
"

"U ) ' "L:M_ 5~ 2  !#% 2:$ ' 5k: # % ##$ P
4 "
p P
4
d: j ," MF ]!: p d%4 &"="4H\ T": ^%i@ " 

&"YE ^a ) ' ?S !# oMy B


 ]H % ##$ P@"= \ ! P"

T": ,:    @


L$  3% 2 78 2:$ # t" MF) 2 5

" p 3% a 5
 &"YE ,a
)  M! 2 &"#d V ,r" 18 x
?"A H
b
  [ ) 2 HP"F  !# M 1
U
!: x% 

]P"
M 'P
)P\   ,(Encountering Development) ]!: L7
\ f" H p

 g% "gLH g!: P"g g T7


b  B
 r"3 H) (Arturo Escobar)

119

TEg! g !a ##7 


! T"F1  " B' E B"i@ "H # \ :"
q#g#7 9
ga

gd1 7

:M ' P"i@8 "L$ m1 ^
u ,"L$ 7 

&"g!M 2g  TEg! g 5i 


! B"i@ M ,w
 2 ' &": = [:'

 f%% p P"
M RU[' q(1995, 155) ]T": 2:' :S !: T"XV  H

ugd  g &"g%! x!' "31 }


) p oL !: % TE! H T": B"i@ 
"gg" H p (Maria Mies) ]g "gP"\ g3)' qgF  g0 }gY
  g4)

(Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World ]S "g "31 j oH n ' H3= \

oLg)  p w#s ! % '# o p ,' ,a ' MF T": B"i@  Scale)

  ,B"7  ' ,T": \   % ] "  \  j &"P" %) 0

gL%! T gM! qqq 2 "g "g3: jg g oH n %! ! 


Y XV

P@"g= \ P"g p T"g:  jg q(1998, 116) ]P


H[g g!  +0H
b iP P" <
}% }:4 4iP   ' 1
!% &"%  "= UP"=  M! 8 ]H % ##$
5g~ ,5"g g &" : 5 ,&E! UP"= "  "
 "L  " 2
r"dgz "gLV g  2g g
5P"g ! V"v p &"M }Y
 p L a'
q&"" d%4

r"dz :
 oUP"= " 5i F!L &"
! ' T": #F x '

"L: oU@" =   ' oMy &"%! p oA"i@ x ' ,


%! p B

" "' ,o" a 7  ! ) ]H % ##$ P@"= \ 0 &"P"  #1
##$ P@"= \
#:L < , [' qS !#  w"m: P !  , "4

i#) '@ f% "y ,"3 " p ,M! P 2 !@ w"m1 T": p ]H %

p # = 5# j ]H % ##$ P@"= \ #U !M' q#d &"8


 "=
P@"= \ P" p "d7"1
]"7'i
\  q]#d &"8
#" P"  '  )\
b
b

qqq %" ! )' ""M p  " &"H \ fV ,=4) 'i p 0!  ]H % ##$

 q(USAID 1995f, 5) ]y 9' '  !# h" z


 w#) f Ei #7
'

f ) 2 ]d7": \  !# &" !  K" P


4)
w# 2: [ ]' \
b

q

d1

120

[gg: gg7P" gg1


B
gg
gg q
gg%@ P
gg$ 2ggP 2gg" r"gg3i B' p

b
fg "Y "g "V''
q]!: B
 ##7 "0\  2002 w" f"3i p  "@ ,&": 

B"gi@ g7  ! ' ]1


@"' &"" @
7  ' \ "0 [U V ,


"g!: g  g
 g @ p ,o%g gH ,S:)8 2M H ,/
 H ,SV H"

g "L  " 2 & '@" ": ' +  #%= @ #\  "0 #' q(2002, 2)
& g V oX "0  j q(2002, 4) ] " & @"4 Y8 V ": Y 7

b
&"Egz  #g%= g%) 2g:= )  g" p }Y
1\ E"Y
z
 H ":1  , 8@

^gd: #gY ]P"Xy \ ^1"H V q(2002, 4) ]! @' %"V !:  2 &"" '
b ]g!: \ gV ,"g 9"Xi " "1

M #  p
"g0 ' "gV'
%"A @" x ' ,}Y
p' q"% B"0 8 " p ,:_
 ##$

P
)"V P' 1
!%  "y &"44 j @" P8'@ E 5 " 1
!H p
&"gz
' xg ) 2g #g$ &"g" 2!g " B"0 8" xv'
d1 j 1
h[U
g!: 9' "g31 @ #g  jg gE #g  #g#$
 "0 V ,#d &"8

qf0M)'    !#

" M xV 3 ,(The End of Capitalism) ]  "\ nF " H p

"MH  "   &E0_ R: { (J. K. Gibson-Graham) w"U 7


=7

 " '  78 ' @"4 Y8 &"YE }( j ! ,


 jH 2Y ni
j  " @"4 Y8 %MA :!U )\ p #! + B"{ R: 7  ,f 

:!A  ##7 % o#) p HP"F ' qqq %d V"0 '  78 "y

&"XY": " ##F w U8 P' " p "n' q(1996, vii-ix) ] 
0! )' q
  &"%! } %d &"L7
p # &"md% ' &EMF '

"L#:L  p ]H % ##$ P@"= \ ! P" E &""X %) 5#

121

f7
 r
  &"
! "Lz
 +U$ = F #
 &"
!  '+F

&"Hy '  ' ##\ j M 1


U &"0  
0 H ,"L  ! "i

0H ,=4)  "U@ #  ' "D"1"M 


:=  ' ,
X j M) , "y  78

b

# "  j q(USAID 1995d, 8) ]:
!: G  3F1 p " 1

"= "
b ,"L  ! p M 1
U <) 2 ,"L1 &"
! %)  
 !# 5P" ! : 3=) !: V"0 '" &"
! 0H 
M) "

3 B'":)
 ," o p' q]H % ##$ P@"= \
#:L "U": 2

&"Hd% 2:
; "d \ 
! 2U' #:A p &"
! %) 5# "L = ) 2
x3: XU":  !# 
 p HP"F V"v  ) 7  "U@"L7 p ]= F

q   !#

@ ja@pbz@Ma@bzna
g1
g "H' "gL % 2 ]H % ##$ P@"= \ 0 & P@"=   o j

&"gHd% 2:
g ; "gd \ g0 T"g% ;gFH #gV ,  ' #1"! } ! ) M

&"gHd% 2:
g ; "d \ <) # q:!A }Y
  # = oL Y
   ]= F

g !# <gF xgd + #


" T"V
7  ! \ # 1992 w" ]= F
g%= &m:   x ' q(NAPM 1996, 2) ]#:A p BE 8 '  '" '

}g! g &"


! h[U ^:M_ , P '   ' &"%Y ' 6^ # ' ": '

@"4 Y8 ^ a' u ,#:A 


M "L =) 2 ]##$ @"4 Y8 " \ L7
 p
#Y' q"3 &"" 2":) L7
 p ,44 '  % ' 
P" j 5#:A

ngF t"g ,ga


) g ,!m: "  :' Y") 1996 w" p ; "d #

g%) ^dga' #gY' qg! G"g1 BEgi g HnF #U  ##' oL%!

"g:Y
 ,ga
) "g qR "3!% "0 '
1" "0! ^ \ ")8 v'  &m:

"g31 jg = gF &m:  #


 ""
MF)  M!' qqq 27

#
b

 
#g p gv
h[gU U
g7 g!M' q(1996, 3) ]G"1 
3) j 'E ,} '

B'":)
' q(1996, 4) ]@P
j R F 3 j M)) = >  !@ 
3)\

9'' ]= gF &"gHd% 2:


; "d \ G"1  5Q NP" ) " o p

122

G"g1 g gH t" MF) 2  !# :


B
 ]H % ##$ P@"= \

"g p ]= gF &"gHd% 2:


g ; "gd \
!1 B'":)
 # ' q9' '
fg1 B@"7' ,HP"F  !# 
H"
!: 1P" d  !# " x% 

]= F &"Hd% 2:


; "d \
!1 V ,+0M "  :v8   o j
P `g)  gM! 2g gV 2gU V
g & @"g4 Y  %" ]
H"\ MV 5#d 

qHP"F  !@

@bnib@ ZCb@ a@ bjaD@ @ Cja@ pbz@ Ma@ bznaD


@ na@b@bnn
,]H % ##$ P@"= \ 0 f%0 ,]= F &"Hd% 2:
; "d \ G"1 

#' q%d %"% 3% H8'  !# p HP"F @"  7"y #H`

g !@\  ,B"g0 =g j ,]= F &"Hd% 2:


; "d \ G"1
#:L
P'@ %) } ,t": 5# p @"4 Y " 3% Y @
7' !X) %"H HP"F)

g' g ,"g"_


b " v
;% , }' q(NAPM 1996, 7) ]21@ #y   '#

@"g  ]gH % #g#$ P@"g= \ 5g) g jg V qHP"gF %) 0 #


 L!LV
0H  4
 @"4 Y }
)  @
) !:) 7  Y"3 +) p oL) HP"F
o#g g= ) p oL) " 5 ]= F &"Hd% 2:
; "d \ V ,% &"


P
g
g!: % #g"= oL [U # '
q "   }
) w'") %# !:) 7 
b
; "gd \  g og jg' q !#  : h[U  ! f  M!

gH T"g:= w g 8 g"  ]gH % ##$ P@"= \' ]= F &"Hd% 2:

@
g) g!: % g%#= ]= gF &"gHd% 2:
g ; "gd \ QP V ,# }! '

qH  ;% l 9
1' T"H  % l 
! P
4)  ""dz

123

b
""g
# = 
1"H  B"i@ 7  ]H % ##$ P@"= \ #U"  j'

}!  ]= F &"Hd% 2:


; "d \ 2  ,:M # !H !: %! 


' \ :0 ,]BE 8 #  " nV p !: &"'' G ' 1\ 
1" 

2g  ' &"g" "H HnF  =3 oU@P


 "1 
'" [ #:A T"d1 ;% l p
qqq +g4 5#g jg "gP xg #L g) 2 BE 8 ' 44 &"%! 

 g oLga P "g1 g7 g 


%a": [   oU+' ]
1 \'
[g #g% Vy ' qqq 5M ":4 &"' "L% ) ' @'# "U!)

]u#gy @"g4 Y8 gggg G)": M! oX " 1 R= oLYP gggg!Y :)

jg "= gF &"Hd% 2:


; "d " G"1 H) k  8' q(NAPM 1996, 2)
"=%g
+v<g)
R: "AEi  &v<) 2 3 "X
b !F # ! 1' ,RdV T 

b
2:"gY  ,B"g0 =g j ,! G"1 3' q   !# p "A"i@ #:
21#g) g 
1"g  oL:gM ,#g   B
gi@ j 
%4 23
=3  ! : #

qg0#y  g "L 1 2 ' ]& )


" %  _` "y \ R= F &"


"g "'  g g!: % 2g= g w" :4 + T"v 2  f1 #1 ,0 "'
V"0 #a t": M_ #L ) !:) 7  B"X: p 1"M T"H oUP"=  M!

q(1996, 2) ] % \' ]44 \ ' n) 2 :!L  E 8

&"gH \ T"g:  g7"y jg ]gH % ##$ P@"= \ r"dz H) " p'
b
b
2:
g ; "gd \ T"3gF1 g< ,8"g V
Eg

!: %MF  #L ) ]) n
""gXY p g! &"M=g> @g\ '"g  5[g H 9
1  ) p ]= F &"Hd%

P
gLm \ g &"g$ gM_  @
g) gH 
g3' q(NAPM 1996, 2) ]"L: 

 7 
Y T" oL:M! ' qqq HnF ) n ' @# HnF 7

# o


[gU  q(1996, 2) ]% g "gL 


U\ j T" &"% 
d ' ,]
Y " '

g "g=)P @
g7
 !  f1 u ,]w'" rP" \ f! " 0! H 
!:
5[g
gd: jg 2
: ' p"0 ' 2" ' 5@"4 Y8 9"Xi &"
! &E%

b  hP"= " 
! H B"X1 "1 P@ , 
&"g
! &8"X1 "1 j od "Y

b
"H n>
= oLX  "L:F 2 &E!y p &"
! nF) ,  1' q5i
&"Hd% 2:
; "d \ 9 ,B"0 = j ,2003 w" 2V q B@"= )' "


124

P"g hQ"gX w"gY ug ,]g"3 ' 


#a\ #:A T"d1 }( p 
7 p ]= F
=g "LgX = "gL3P g7 g "gL  g! ' % %d &E!y ' &"
!

q(NAPM 2003, 1) ]#%= T"d1 }( p B"X: "\'

; "gd \' ]gH % #g#$ P@"g= \  H 5# H "7


!1 #"=  "#:'

MgF 5[g 2g" g" B


 "X
b D P
4) #"= ) ,]= F &"Hd% 2:

,]gH % #g#$ P@"g= \ 5#g H


!1  #1 ,  "' qH %) t"

hP"g= " 2g" g" ogLV }g x 


!1
U ,5# +4Y , "4 ; "d  x%

gM qg) [ "Ly"g4fy"g4 @"g g7  i } nF B #7P


b l "g4>
,"g%
Rg%3 ) ]= gF &"gHd% 2:
g ; "gd \ "UP
4  2 H
b

o gL\ (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak) "=g 2)P


V H"> 5)""7 &%M >


g\ ,g P@ 'P" s K ' 'P" i T
 ,t":  ) V"v  T7' ]
 "
B@"g gH ,
g p g> B"gi@ P gY  q(1992a, 7) ]gi "g1"  

P gY g VP j #!  w"m1 " ,  p x! r 3a  5@` ,"=


 q(1992a, 8) ]%"g }g! T"gX w"g f1 ) j P# E  7 \
r"=F z"i' ,
 h[U P Y j t": u ]= F &"Hd% 2:
; "d \

g: ' 2:L ! p "UP'[ r) "  @" 8 \  o


# [ ,rE3 '

&"gHd% 2:
g ; "gd \ #gU p w"Lg gY"3 ' ^gY
T"3' ,HEL 8

q(NAPM 1996, 15) ]P ! 8 '  # '  '" p 0! ]= F

QP p "H
" Y

T":  ,]H % ##$ P@"= \
!1 p B"y 2U H'

]H % ##$ P@"= \ H) :' q !#% ]= F &"Hd% 2:
; "d \

2:
; "d \ H , "    !# &"%! p T": B"i@ =
j
T": 3F1 j ' Hn  b8#' q9"Xi r"= j ]= F &"Hd%

125

,T": M_ B
 X Q ]= F &"Hd% 2:
; "d \ ' ,@"4 Y8

:T": " R1
7 }(   2 )' T": M_  2 ) QP

""
M)) 2 ' ,"A"M> }( p :$   '" w# NP" 1 ":1
b
T":% " "1
 }( +V
) 7  #U"1' ;H3= j

P #z 7  ! 1 ":1 qS 78 9


: ' ,# ' "3  m: 

2: 1' 2 7 9
: " x%  " p %"M  # " o ) 1# 1
Y
,S:= ' ,c + ' ,M%
' ,E3 ' , ' oM 2 1

! o) o#1 d1' q# t" j !  Pd ' , '

}! P ` p T": {"  8# n 1' , '" w#Y j T":

j &8" }( p L HP"F' T": M_ P#1 ":1 H qV"0 ' jd

"U[:)' " }:z' & P  }( " B" p B"7 }  '" w#Y
q(NAPM 1996, 7) " ' @"4 Y8 '  78 R1
$ # z j

; "gd \ MgF) 2g &m:g p   " &"H &"=8 L1 T":  )'

]P"gggM)" "U#g\ g!m: ,ggga


) ,B"0 = 2gggg%' q]= F &"ggHd% 2:

T":  ]= F &"Hd% 2:
; "d \ <) ^
) 2 (Medha Patkar)

] @"gP"1 "g1 H\ 2U' ,; "d p  &m: 5# p ]" 


Y\  

"Lz
  P
z ^ ":U  P
z  q(1995, 163) @"P"1 # #a a":) 2

p "gb " g:) #g"Y "Lgz


 g1' ,1"M B # 1
&8"H' #" }
q"= f3) 5[ 2: " Hy p 
 3>"1' jd }!

"g7
^gFH #gY 2 !#g @" = 8 &"%! 5#d ) 2 &"Hd ^1"H 

p "g@ '' @
g: L7
 p B"X: 5@ #V ,"1

M 2:$ # &"XY":)

 g g &"gXY":) g "g7


;gFM  2 "g  2 !# w"m:

U@"' (Gustavo Esteva) " 


V" 
7 H[  ,B"0 = j' q!: %  !#

,(Urmila Patel) g)" EgP' ^g"Y ;gH (Madhu Suri Prakash) "gH  5P

ogm:  , @"gP"1 #g T"g: 9' j "L  #Y" o) 2 H P 7'
) ng8 "   "H ' "   H +F' q#% ": }! p ' 8C

126

g ' ," R1"$ j B" % "  +0H R%7 oX) = F HP"F!% !

5[g r 3a8 ' qqq = F +U$ &"


! "#%)
"L = ) 2 3 " t": = 

g% "v#gd ) gX 2 "(  oY"  qqq L7


 = p & + %) 0 f==)

g # " g% "Lg1 gYEi g% ' , # g g!: " g% "L1 @"4 Y8
g ' #ga = gF HP"F d ) "#: , }' q(1992, 48) ] '" '  78

H[ ) ,B"0 = j' q]


= \ HP"F @'# j T
X T"  5~ ,K
B" tP

g!m: "gD@"Y 2g ' ,#g jg "g7"


b  !%g + h" 
  V @P P"M)"
: @"P"1

t 8 "X'
'# := ' 
My  H 5# o) ,+ T":v p
b

a
 +F "

b 36 !  B"X: t":  8C 'i  qoL 
 p ,& P"7
7 @'# j h
L7 ' " x#4) M! 8' qoL  5#

p  }! P"' @'#y B


 j  B"7P  8C @
7'

T": E x_' ,oA"  ' ,+ p HP"F j ": E

P
= ^!z p B'" +  &"
! ^1"H "#: ' &"3>":
q(1997, 166) 2!% oL  j P"> oL" 
3 o#' ,@'#y

! &") n8   " " 8 L=7 p & @


7
T": +F)'

q
L UP"  ,"H ' "   H "Lz' 2 ,= F HP"F!%

P"gi o" T"XV T": 1"M ]= F &"Hd% 2:


; "d \
#:L 5'


g3) gg ' ,gggg !# &"" MF #% " &"` K"

]&"ggggggV"0 gg"gg" &"ggV"v\ r"ggM oL #gg p qgg#) gg" ggV"v

(Sonia Alvarez) P"g  "1


 3) ,(Cultures of Politics/Politics of Cultures)

B
g P
m:
(Arturo Escobar) P"
M 'P
)P' (Evelina Dagnino)
::7 @ ":%V'
b

127

2g" w"gm:% g ,;g ) @" j %! F  !# &8"X:  \ :


 5@`g)  gM! 2g gV"0 '  78 ' @"4 Y8 &"P!% "X


b 1' RdV
2:
g ; "gd \ T"3gF1 RU[g' q(1998, 2) ]gMH }g! !% 2 !@ w"m1 #
)

g" gV"v T"g:= g"


"g Y

#g  2"g 18 +g B"   ]= F &"Hd%
b
b
b

%!' , P@"= w" t": [i<  R~\ :oL%! G"1 "V''
q##7  !@

qggX gg" 18 &"gg" P"gi gg:' gg '" BEgi gg '3gg' ogL'
b qqqq % _ " 18 + &"" "V
,t"g: g= )' M_ p f= %) P'@ "# ' "
Y
"Y

&"g" 
M g [g' qgH % p R F #:7 }a'' , +!a P"v'

q(NAPM 1996, 7) ]R F

&"g" &"g1"M #gH` ]= F &"Hd% 2:


; "d \   o j'

hP"= "' , !# V"0 T":= & T"XH t": j M) &"Hy ' " 18 +
i#g \ jg "X
b = F &m: ' t": ; "d u ,f) # p  + !m:

w"g g:
&"g" 18 T"g:v 2V q(1998a, 1) ]" 18 &"" p V@"U %"

#g g #g# p ; "gd  =g : &m:g ^"Y ,B"0 = j ,#:A p 1998
g g"7 O1"g
g 2= gF 5#g :  d> 
# #%= T"d1  5 '

gE ' @"g4 ' T"g: ' !%g ' ^ #g


g ""XY L7
\' %
,g3 h[' 7.(NAPM 1998b, 2) ]
' 44 j N"X18 ' ,"= '

og p g 1
' q]R F &""\ ,a
V "L1 &"" 18 2  , )

&""\ B
 ]= F &"Hd% 2:
; "d \ ! G"1 2#:L 3i  "

qS !# }! !% #


!:H ]R F

@Ma@bznaD@wbi@@b@@a@ka@@ nm@na@na@Maa
@ Cja@pbz
G"1 p ,"A H
R F  [ ) 2 
!:  !#% 2 #= 0! 
b

 @P
w #  B
 B' R%3 \ p ,]= F &"Hd% 2:
; "d \
,#= [U  p' q(NAPM 1996, 4) ] "' " &"7" 8 =%  x% 

128

t" j  ,!: H P@ BEi   !#% oL7


!1 T"3F: 

:= " q(1996, 4) ] M "y p t": x\ t" j 1' f) [ 5@"4 Y8
!:


5
  T#
b jd }!  2:=:)\
V , !# % `
w# ) P  " ' 3 %  !@ 1  p ,S:
5
  b8
z''

; "d \ p H ` "  !# !1  H q(1996, 4) ]& P  %) "8

MF 5 ]B#  &""F1"\


U ,#" "0! "UP"= " ,]= F &"Hd% 2:

q#:A p jd 2HP"F 2) [ oMd% 5#%

 !#% ]
H"\
!1 ,## 3 ,0!  !#%
!: [U 

#" #: "=  !# \ j M) w"m1 ,S=) ) w"m: "X
b
  qHP"F

j q(Macpherson 1977, 108) ]  j 5


 H #: X
  !# '

":4 &" ! p }:4 ' P


$ f1 
H"   5[ jd 5


,[#:' qS !#  1E ! !: "0! "= &"L7


,=4) ,
o ' q" 5
 j "%
b 
%MF [ '#: r" 1 &"
! h[U
)

2"z' P  2 1"z\  #H`' , !#  T" " "i f7


 ]
H"\

oL"Xi ' ,oL: 21@  



1
M  R~   = : ""X
 !#  RHn [U  q(1977, 109) ]T"# 8 2  ' r" 18 @"

 T"!% "U[:) }Xs'   R "3 #


) !X  M! "= +' "=

q21@ oU  w"

p ;g% "U#g1 ":1V ,"F  ` QP o" ) : h[U   o j'

g !@
gd1 gd % "gP'
#g  @"g4 Y8 'gm% "gL!LV  :og" R1"7

@
g7' p g!M gd [gU g0 5P'   ]
gH"\ B@"~' qHP"F
gV ,HP"gF N"g1" 5@"g4 Y8 ' 2 78 "y "=)P8 m1'
qV
@"4 Y
b

129


gH" RU[' qHP"F }
P' [V": #
) j ! )
 V
@"

":1 ":anV  qqq P' +\ RdV ,=4 


 ' &" !#  3   

qqq g> gM #g7 "g +V


) ,  7" 1  27

:M) 5
   ":%z'

g!1 5 g1"M @
g7' w#g 2g:  hP"M1 M qN nV8 [U 5# }=3 " M!'

U' q(1977, 22) ]


!: 0 FY": P' 8 " "' ,S !@ }! ##7

2  +F' qV
h[U #
)  @
 B'#   " '0 }
)  # w# < n 

b
g !# fg7
!1 "g1 '@ B
 M! E"
fz
 2 " &'" %) 

b
xg g ,P@"gY g% B'#g ^g1"H\  :E"Y
R H H q=  #%= p HP"F
g: B'#g g i#g% }g
) @"g NgV jg ,h+g ' 5'
g: ##L "  8
qqq 2g=3 &'"g % r
%3 5P'ggX % \ 
z  # V ,]+ '
q(1977, 107-8) ]: B'# ggi @

%) 5#d  ]= F &"Hd% 2:


; "d \ h# 5[
!: V , }'
b
@"4 Y ; "d ! G"1 '#  3 ,V
@"4 Y N nV  8#=V
qa
2" H , '" ]")""\' 3= "y ]S7 @"\ j M) 5[ "=
w  " :" r
%" @"4 Y8 [U '6' qHP"F  !# " f7
!:

#H`  ,@P
!%  # 0H w #  P' " R%3 ) }
p  #' ]")""\
d1

qqqq }!% o% ' d4 ' 5'< ' E ' T [  " &"7" 8 =%)

,EL 8 p ' 5P' + w" "1 ;Y' #: 8 f1a M! 8 "
U'

b
q(NAPM 1996, 7) ]@" V
 ' 1"1 + 1"1 ' 9 # #)  EXV

&"YEi '"! z" &") n8 ]; "d \ G"1  +=H T7 B'":  H

 \ HEL 8 :  %"Y G"1 '#  R H ,B"0 = j' qHEL 8


H ,a"1   oU
!1
)' ,B" %"  T
 j }F)' ,T":  H
EL 8  #   &"
 ":U , j 'E' q(1996, 6) ];: j }F)

V  }' ,5"' qS=3 &'" %) j `


 ) 8
!: [U p
b
[U 0  m: ,f  ' r  T
 2
  B" t "L: '  #= &"3
%Y 9"3Y 5# p , oH ) 7   '# @P
\ #:  hP"= " EL 8

; "d \
# ,
d: [U j' q(1996, 4) ]'# ' 2:

 j "

130

& P" > "#


 
 @#  &"H #a B"X:  ]= F &"Hd% 2:

b
q(1996, 8) ]T" #1 ":1 8
H"H
M == #1 8\ 0

t": &"7"  P
V
b 2=% @"4 Y j HP"F  !#
!: [U  M)

p' qo  '0 }


) p  # w# #  R~ }=3 "' R%3  8' ,"
"UP"= " " 1 #
 x%  " p V
%   & @"4 Y8  m: , }Y '
q;F "  @
)

@ b8
&"
! p ,P"v  " p ,t": s qqq r" 18 w
 p "7L #7


qqq g=% +g0 ^


g4 gH gLm '#g~ oL:gM qoD
z< T8@

g%0 Hg qf)" 7  > H H q> '@  c#d

"#g:' qoD#"g g @ gV Hg' q=i": " " d>


U ,# [U 0 p' q #7
b 
b 
My 2: ) 8 qqq  @ V H
q(Devi 1993, 32) "  0 "0 " &"" 18 4)

"L  P"F ,#:A p 0 "0 " &"" 18 o)


2 "!S@ " 
U" 4Y" 

4Y p E #1 :=V qh"l' 2 !# "@ T


  c#d ) ,hE
  @#D oL HP"F f7
) 2 &"%! ' &"` V ,HP"F!% #  ]S@\

 3  \ o "= f% ^% "  )' ,5 p +3 ' V
< 5
 &"YE
q(1992b, 106) ]V": ' XH 

b
p "i
gP
g0H 2  ,=4 < @# V": ' XH   o"  m1'
b

} 2 !# "@ &"%!  P@ "i f7


 P#~ ," 
&"%! 
5
g &"gYE rP"gd1' @"g # :1  "D"`'  !# &"YEi   V 

131

]g !# g1\ fg" H p (David Held) #g%U #g@ B@"~ ,B"0 = j' q%)

b
qqq g" B
g g31 "g p w
g Og 1 "g:1\ :E"gY
(Models of Democracy)

 @
g  M! ]&"
 @#  B" tP t" j 2~P# 3% H) u

gg%"V\ r"gg jgg ]gg:!L gg" ggV $ , "gg4!% gg!m: P#gg \ @#gg_

q(1996, 353) ]"gU'" '  #g%= g +g0H @'#g gi @ "A
z' 5#'  !#

xg! )\ 2g ]g1" 


M g !# \ g{ #g%U #gH` ,
P": [U L7
'

3)
d1' q(1996, 353) ] " &"M=F ' ,x": ' , #%=   !# }
)'

&"` j 1" 


M  !#  h+' #%U H , !# %) 0

,#gd og gU' g " P"g g!m: 0 ,""


 " @"4 Y8 ' "
b
HP"F j ""
b 1 0H ,=4) ud &"` %) om:) @" P' B
 
@"~'

 #g7 :g' q(Archibugi 1993; Held 1996; Cabrera forthcoming)  !#

p gHn P' B"g [gU p g 2:1gV ,"d%


b 
b #  &"` %) j Hn


% " &"%!  B" [U p &#H # q"D HP"F 2:  j f1 ^Y

1 ^d=z ud , !#  V": :  NP" @


: +)  &@ #Y
% o" ) "A H
b
  [ ) 8 2 ' "A H
b
  [ ) 2  !#

g%) fg# "g B


g E gi8 iP"gz 5QP jg V" : ,"L1 HP"F " z"

9
g1 #g# @"g P' 5 :,%3g4!H HP"gF ,a
) R~ ,R= [A' qHP"F

gg1 p P
gg4 HP"ggF gg1 "gg qgg
K"ggm V"gg:)  ggM! 2gg HP"ggF

g_ 2g g1 2gU' ,]= F &"Hd% 2:


; "d \
!1 0  !#%

 " 3% }
) p  # w# j #! ) 8 3   '  !#  3 
q
"U ) 2 &"=) n% !  '" #
  M!  ,'0 '

@ Z@pb
5@  H ,(Luis Cabrera) "H 
: H  MF " f7
)  @'

)P"U 21"1 ,(Kaushik Ghosh)


7 >
H ,(Christine Di Stefano)
1" 

gg%VEH" ggggP8 (Kimberley Manning) G:1" !H ,(Nancy Hartsock)

132

'P
%%P"H 2! ,(Priti Ramamurthy) 2vP
" P 2  ,(Larin McLaughlin)
&Ei#  h
#Y " (Pamela Trivedi) 5#) E" ,(Aimee Carrillo Rowe)

oUP"MV Escuela Popular Nortea T"X  MF " f7


) H qB" [A #

qB"X: p oL:"X)' 


:a@a

: %)  "b:!a P"> 
!:  !# ,%34 w#  " @" , !# m: p 1
"=H :
!:) 7  " HP"F!% U
$ ! #H`)" 2  !# 
2:
; "d
!1' M 1
 "H'
!1 j #4 :' .(Held 1996, 44)
#V ,L: M ""_
b % l 3 "H ' 
!:  !# " x%  " p = F &"Hd%
=)) 2  !#  : %)  ""
P"> "/
!:)" !%H B" [U p ^# 
b
q"L: !" &"V": ' "D""3i' !: &"%! B'": 

Pateman 1970; Macpherson 1977; Cohen and Rogers 1983; Barber 1984 :/m1 2


:  &8" 
! 5m1 3
&"U  @#  HP"F !:) &"P"' &":)' &""3 #Y"1 % j 9EE 2001)
 ## +F H' q% "D"'' !:
 % & @" 18  Y P#~ ,r" M
5
 &"YE j 5@" }"  &"P %)  1 HP"F "U#
) 2 3 fX)  M!
MF ,  " XV  '# ' T  V \  3)' HP"F " % & @" 18 %)' , "y
,Ggggg" : x 7  }6 !   
7" &"' ' &m: 5# ' ,w"
oggL U  0H +4 5# j oD" p U
7 &": xd  t": w U '
p " &"P"!% # & p ":% '3  .(Taylor 2001, 138) ]ggHP"F "
qHP"F %) 0 ' p 5" !M  ,"D HP"F !Y p 0!  8 !: B"
Participation: The New Tyranny? (Cooke and Kothari

]/
!: #  " 5
: M \ 
:  P@"4 
! 5m1 4
P
3 % #Y"1' "3:   ' FY": j 9EE ,B"0 = j Thought (Saunders 2002))
(Kriemild Saunders) P#1'" f% ^% " "3 P"v ' ,%" &"1"M' ,SsP"
 @# ' ":0 & #:7 p T": j Hn% "' @"' ,"#18 x! )"
.(2002, 1) !: %

(Feminist Post-development

133

7  %v" &"M M)


#  "1"3 p r" 18 p  x P"   w UE +0  5
3>": H[ ) ,B"0 = j' q^
4 7  &E >  B'# " n%1 p T": 9":Y
[ '\  "L=3i 5# p (Muthulakshmi Reddi) 5#P 2!FH8
v
 
 ' 
:
 %" y" w '# j 
L7

1"H "1"3 p r" 18 p T": x 7  '#U"7

 #:A 5 ]5M  " \ V ,S!m "1"3 5 &"1"  w p ")


z
d:  T":
b
&"1"3 T": 9":Y  '" p r"3 [U 0 ;
)  .(n.d., 4) ]"L 3% "L n #)
# % 
k: d%4 r"dz   ;FH #Y ^
4 7  d "
q "8  '# i @ 2:$

"3 &"$  +0H X) ,%34


U' ,]#L3X 
! \ 2: ) (Dalit) ^ @ !%H 6
q"L% fYE ]% \ ;
3 ' 1#

n P"U" 8
 @"P"1 5@ ' p %= 5 p O1"
2= F 5# : &" 78  1 7
uggd ,&"gggg" 18 ^gg "Y' d>  5 B
=Y w# 5  ## &PY ,#:A
]9 nY8 w
 p P"V H"  "U+' 1 @' ,"LV"!1' ,=1" p 9 nY8 V\ ^1"H
.(NAPM 1998b, 2)

@ @@@@@@@Zuaa@b

Alexander, M. Jacqui, and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, eds. 1997. Feminist Geneologies,
Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures. New York: Routledge.
Alvarez, Sonia E., Evelina Dagnino, and Arturo Escobar. 1998. Cultures of Politics/Politics
of Cultures: Re-visioning Latin American Social Movements. Boulder,
Colo.: Westview.
Archibugi, Daniele. 1993. The Reform of the UN and Cosmopolitan Democracy: A
Critical Review. Journal of Peace Research 30(3): 301-15.
Barber, Benjamin. 1984. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bush, George W. 2002. Remarks by the President on Glogal Development. Speech
before the Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, D. C.
Available online at
http://whitehouse.gov/news/release/2002/03/20020314-7.html.
Cabrera, Luis. Forthcoming. Political Theory and Global Justice: The Cosmopolitan
Imperative. New York: Routledge.
Chakravarti, Uma. 1989. Whatever Happened to the Vedic Dasi? Orientalism,
Nationalism, and a Script for the Past. In Recasting Women: Essays in

134

Colonial History, ed. Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid, 27-87. New
Delhi: Kali for Women.
Chattopadhyahya, Kamaladevi et al. 1939. The Awakening of Indian Women. Madras:
Everymans Press.
Cohen, Jushua, and Joel Rogers. 1983. On Democracy. Middlesex: Penguin.
Cooke, Bill, and Uma Kothari, eds. 2001. Particapation: The New Tyranny? London: Zed.
Devi, Manasweta. 1993. Imaginary Maps. Trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Calcutta:
Thema.
Escobar, Arturo. 1995. Encouraging Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third
World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Esteva, Gustavo, and Madhu Suri Prakash. 1992. Grassroots Resistance to Sustainable
Development: Lessons from the Banks of the Narmada. Ecologist
22(2):45-51.
Flax, Jane. 1998. The American Dream in Black and White: The Clarence Thomas
Hearings. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Gibson-Graham, J. K. 1996. The End of Capitalism (as We Knew It): A Feminist Critique
of Political Economy. Oxford: Blackwell.
Harvey, David. 1990. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquity into the Origins of
Cultural Change. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
Held, David. 1996. Models of Democracy. Cambridge: Polity.
Macpherson, C. B. 1977. The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy. London: Oxford
University Press.
Mies, Maria. 1998. Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the
International Division of Labour. London: Zed.
Mill, James. (1820) 1990. The History of British India. New Delhi: Associated Publishing
House.
Mills, Charles. 1997. The Racial Contract. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Mosse, David. 2001. Peoples Knowledge, Participation and Patronage: Operations
and Representations in Rural Development. In Cooke and Kothari 2001,
16-35.
National Alliance of Peoples Movements. 1996. National Alliance of Peoples
Movements. Available online at
http://www.narmada.org/NAPM/napm.html.

135

______. 1998a. Elections! Elections!! Elections!!! An Appeal by the National Alliance of


Peoples Movement. Available online at
http://www.narmada.org/NAPM/resolution2.html.

______. 1998b. The General Elections in February-March 1998 and the Peoples
Movements. Available online at:
http://www.narmada.org/NAPM/election.comments.html.
______. 2003. Farmers, Workers, and Students in North, Central Kerala Resolve to Resist
Unsustainable Development, Privatization, and Communalism.
Available online at http://www.narmada.org/nba-press-release/january2003/secondday.html.
Pateman, Carole. 1970. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
______. 1988. The Sexual Contract. Cambridge: Polity.
Patkar, Medha. 1995. The Struggle for Participation and Justice: A Historical Narrative.
In Toward Sustainable Development? Struggling over Narmadas River,
ed. William Fischer, 159-78. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.
Reddi, Muthulakshmi. N.d. Report on the Presentation of the Purse to Gandhiji Organized
by the Ladies of Madras. In Speeches and Writings II, 4-5. New Delhi:
Nehru Memorial Museum and Library.
Saunders, Kriemild, ed. 2002. Feminist Post-development Thought: Rethinking Modernity,
Post-colonialism, and Representation. London: Zed Books.
Spivak, Gayatri. 1992a. Thinking Academic Freedom in Gendered Post-coloniality. Cape
Town: University of Cape Town.
______. 1992b. Women in Difference: Mahasweta Devis Douloti the Beautiful. In
Nationalisms and Sexualities, ed. Andrew Parker, Mary Russo, Doris
Sommer, and Patricia Yeager, 96-117. New York: Routledge.
Taylor, Harry. 2001. Insights into Participation from Critical Management and Labour
Processes Perspectives. In Cooke and Kothari 2001, 122-39.
USAID. 1995a. Core Report of the New Partnerships Initiative. Available online at
http://www.info.usaid/govpubs/npi/corerept/npi-mas.htm.
______. 1995b. Executive Summary of the New Partnerships Initiative. Available online
at http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/npi/corerept/npi-mas.htm#summary.
______. 1995c. New Partnerships Initiative: Local Democratic Governance. Available
online at http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/npi/corerept/npi-htm.
______. 1995d. New Partnerships Initiative: NGO. Available online at
http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/npi/corerept/npi-ngo.htm.
______. 1995e. New Partnerships Initiative: Small Business. Available online at
http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/npi/corerept/npi-sme.htm.
______. 1995f. NPI Resourse Guide. Available online at
http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/npi/npiresrc.htm.

136

@ 1a@a
@ na@i@b
 #%. : 
,g! [gU "1 p &"HP"F " 7
 ; ) "L= #  r" M [U 
M 

g @#g
!gX  @#g P
g B
 r
 h[U  r" H P'# r
   R1"7 
b

368 p r"g M }g' , [gU ;fV @P


T" xd%' }7  !" 2L :' ,&8"

M 2MM) #1


d1" 
: r" M P o% # ! q
}3  dz

+gF)' ;!: ' 9


: ""XY B'":) p c# 5[ P
3 "LV N )' ,"!: #  "

gL7
 p 
g:  "gX: p  &#L> #Y "  &":1v' &": =  


g: tP #g gM ) @#g  gm1 & @"L 7 P
L f=H ' "
U' ;P
H[ :!A

qHP"3= B
 
:

g &"g
! p B"g7  B ! L1 om:) {< T": ^:C ,r 2V

: h[U &_ #Y' q& @"Y  # ) 2 H"A"   "


z p 2
}VP 7

&"gP ' &"gm: }g' g % gv #y &"gU" } "L"1 ' "L1"  
:

^%MgFV ;% l &"' ,r


:$ p z"i ,5i  #%= &#L> ,M ' q
!:
og! )  2 g 5[g !L 2 5
: M f7
 "#
b " &"L7
%)

g0 5gi g


&" #)  m: '@ 
 &"YE v j H) 2 f P"

"= 3  r" M P +F) H q5i  78 &"YE '  78 =3
: r" H 

137

Kriemild Saunders (Ed.) (2002). Feminist Post-Development Thought: Rethinking


Modernity, Post Colonialism, and Representation. London: Red Books.

p gV #g7
 ug ;##$ HP" 
: P"' , % 
: Q  V
gM & "g:!% =g: "=V q@" = g8 ' Og!L ' !gX oU"g  P" B'":)

"gH T
g ,u#y 9"3 p T": f% 5[ }Y
" !X x%  ]!: p T": \

!gX 2 <g gV ,#g#$ HP" :% =: " " qf7P"i ' f%i @ }Y
[U
,P" [U p' ;S "  @"4 YE =) n  =3  t""  +F) O!L '
g1' ,g!: "g31 P"i 
M) 8 H  # 
b  Y
& T"X  : h[U 5)

2LV ,r
:$ &"' " q1
M ' %d "DEMF  x% jMA #=  T7 2U

&"
 <) 7  A"X1 p u "0 K" @ #  j & + T": & i  5)

,ga ' r"  g  B


gz
" ,!g) 2g 2gU "gy #gY j U T"= "
"gUP"=  ' L B"M> }( #a B"X: !0  &"P" %) 2: ) H q!: &"%!
g g
:  &"L=7 j + x  #8 ,"  +0H 2V qP'' '
h[gU u!3)  2=: 8 f1 f1 ^Y
p  ) " + q:$   '" x 7

&"gP" &T"7 ov q9
: t" j !" :!A #a B"X: f7' 5i &8"X:
2gU' ,r
g:$ ' BgF  &"
1 "A
 ^V
) 2 ' !: #  " %! 2! "

^g0=1 #gY' ;"1 B


 P
d  
M)  #  !:)  " 8 #H`) 2 &"P"

P
g> g' ,g= g| 2 " }"3 j Hn  &"
: T8`U  &8' #
g) ,"L%  2 M &"aP E i }' ;1
H "1 
i  " 8

 # g8 &"gP' B
 nF xV
,E ! ) n  z
{ j
Ng ) , +gi'
qgMV r'g p B
i#g g #=H !X p T": x B
'
b

qr" M [U "L:!X  2   B
4 "~ Pd

&"gm: ' &"gP ]g!: #g  "g ' !: o@\ 


:  B' 4 B'": 

 ]&P"gP" g7\ gm:) ,B' B"g 2V ;!: o# :  78 ' @"4 Y8

2g gM! &"g1"M "gF H  2  BEi  HP"F "  !: o)  "

b
 @":
g0H gP"!  @":  RU[)' ;M! [U @'# [H' ,"L%!
b g ' E"g)
2gU' q=) n o j w
A p  oU" B 8' 
: o% }Y
NP

138

+g4 
= gF &"g
! g 
gz p &g 2g gM! g  E)

,9
g: ' ,gM! % =: " 
: P" v  T" ^ )P #Y 
My + &m: '

"gUH) p HP"gF " g !: P" +=H @'#


":U  =)"M 5)' qHP"F '
b

P# @ BEi   '" w# U"m j R% M! f1< @" 8 ' ,


U " j
"g:U  #g ,3% &m: p T":  m:) :dV q!X ' FY": ' 9":Y j

w#g U"m! x%  V + c #  j k) 2U' qLF!D


d1 h"E P ! 
c#g  gM! 2g  "gzb"i "
b U  " ' :

 H 
)  R%3   '"
21"0 B" p H) 2LV ,]@'"  %v"H\ " qT": ' B"7  H j % "D +v<)

" oL  o   ' ,+=M 


!: &m:  @" 8  F!L "  5# j

  g=U ,SHP"gF ' 2 #g4 7


g!:  p ) 2U' qP[y  #!

&"gYE R3 g) 2g 


g3 
!g [g ogU !g g g 7P"

oMd g :g ,w#g) 5 c'#d P Y p '@@n  h[U  


7P""V ; 78

} HnF aP  V3 z


) { #H`) 2U' ;` &" p "LV 
7P#:

qT"g: " g xg%  :g gz"i ,h@


g
 !: #  " K" 2 " P@"1
b < [d

3g
&"g=3  5g) 2 ]B 'P"7 ":V P\ o% 8" 4 [U !X  , +i'

& P@"=!% "DT  f3) "


U' ,#" &"Hy " H j  " w
) " +0H
b "% '

w"gY #g:L%  gF @'#gy &#Lg> #gV qP g8 #g  "g % p #:A p 
!:
[gU g p qB"g7 "gL% 3g &E"g   &#: g g P":z &"'

@P
g p oMd g jg P#g' g"'  7 3% 2m T": ^d=z ,}a

qP 8 =Y " % p f  !  H  +0H
b E

B'": ' , " !X 


U' ]S " @"4 Y8 u1<)\ 
: 21"0 4 !

"A" 2V q
&" #)  p 7 '@ ' 7< ! P" p  9"a'

139

 
:  
! ]" "M"\ ": w#) ,
% XU": T P B
 j%d
2)E r
:$  & + T": r" j o ) 2 @'#d% " d  '#

2U' ,9' +' 2! +' ,S! !


 P" p T"= 7  %a":

, "3= 2":) j "U#"' ;S " }"3 "' }6


!: " ! ) 2 !


# oX)' ,%d



d1 L7
3
' +4 &"' E'

p T":% #"4 #7
 !m :' 
Y 3 P @
7'  ]"\ RU[)' qS
My
i# Y":)' ,! p B"7 V %)' , "3= &8#  2":)'  '# %)

B" ' T":% P"# &"M=>  +F) ,B" [U p "  '#  qS
My
b ":U  MV 3)' qT": "L% !D 2 A p !
'
T"=% "b7 "01<)
&"
My ' ,F"A  &"` ' , #! ) ^d=z u "y #Y j
"P"\ " qT"= 7  T": ! j ":  3 %"H %d &" ! '

,@# @"   +F ,


B
 !L r"3 &"1
M M) 2LV ,]">P"

&"' oU B'": ) 2U' q " %MA @" &" # '" +' d '

j H) ov ,S " 2" @"4 Y8 p 9


: # = =34 & + ' ,

2 @#d & +  m:) +i'
;r
:$ p 9
: " z" 
&"M":@
b
#Y @"  vEv u1<) %! ":U  5)  ,M " ] P'@EH"\ ":z p ^v#
2" B" p 7P#: 5
 j u1<)' ,! 
 u1<) :/ !"Y ^d=z

5[ P
3 ]">P"\ E) H ;/P }" f u1<)' ,M p 2" @"4 Y8 '
) u %MF   "' 2!%Y ' 2 " # 4 j 21# }! " xy
2: ) 2 '" 2U' ;=: h@
) 2!%Y }! F 3 w" !%Y '"


3  V x%  8  ' ,S!%Y 21# }! T":  "b  ":U  =)"M  =: "
q%# 
U' QP

&"gm:% g#1 T g w


g 5[ u "0 T$ 
:
U ] " 0H 
1 5QP\

2g:  ]P "g1P"\ B"g qg!: #g  "g' !: % B


 
: &"P '

Rg1
$ g % g }g z"i ,Sv #y #  " 5
!: M @'#y 5#: B'": "
gP"  gm:) 2gU' ;B"g0 = j HP" p P
: x3: "L%! 2 Pd

 2 g) "g  RU[g)' ,gv #y #g  " 


!: P"  += )
"UP"= " M!
b

140

B
2 :) 2U' ;1"'P 2 #  V  u "0 K"  &"! : T": &
z 

g"1 c#gd " g=: T"1  w"Y "L%0_ 2 1"L M ,r"3i @  T": "

g

#g [g v #gy #g  " ]P \ o7"D H q+ " Ez &": 

p &8
F M [U  &" V #  ;X)' ,+ % "Y + " = P" "UP"= "
jg &
gz g= ) 9
g: P
gm:  P @ R%3 ) : ,
% 2"3 R1"$ P @

}g
) g "~P#)
% ' ,'# 
! j B
4y p P# 
3)' ,K" 5

b

p [gi<  gM! 8 2v #gy #g  "g %d  5) 2U' q"L% @ 8 ' & #"

hg' r"g3 [U @'# j #H< } ,T"= 7  D8"X1' T": V P"= 8

 q 7  j := T":  =)  5) 2 v #y m: L7


y o#) 

&"g= B"g0 8  <g p' ,g!: r"g3i p +M ]


P" 21")\ # ) ,5i "1

}g g" o g  "gUm1 gL7'  M! EV ;3



P'@ XY p' ,i

g% 3g

T"#  '@ ,21@ }a' p :z  j B
4y p =

2g! P
g3  #g :)  =)"M " B" qSsP")' ,/P
v' ,#  }" 5 MF 
,9
: P ''  '# " w
) 2 &"%!   m: u "
  " p 
!:) 
:

g4i p oMd g  2 g "gbi B B'#7 ! " j  ""XY' B"7 '

,#g$ [gU #' 5 #% 2 w


L  " =)"M ^ T") B" [U p qT":
qS
= }Y
} E j R":  8 "
L hP"= " f)P''

V @
7
9 k j H
U' ;!: p o%  < B
 P
d!  }  4

P"= f1 w ,3% %' 2 o% "H


BT" ' , o% ' jd o% 

,%d  ! &"7

#  9": 9: &"P ' V  
a
  

" % ""> "1 #1"V" +0) q #  !: x  2  p 2 ;%'

2U' ;% t":7  @'#y <) B


' ,5i t":7 h" ": 
 B


141

" v #y #  " &"


1 o@ ;FM)' ,@'#y % 
   ni o7"D

!: XY  m:


LV ,r" H vEv fV n> 5[ ' 4 [A " B" " qc#

q : 27

= r"3 p !: 7

#  += B'":) BEi   # 

h ) 2 o% % #% oU"  " }Y


 p oL1 
X T% T8`U 
  ) 2  "M@  & @" 18 ' , 5
@' ,f"M p #"'
,"
a

b
V H q/
% ;: ' ,3 ' ,<F  % o% % zE &"4 

' o% <> " TE oL"Y  5@` "


U' ,":v &":4) @
7' T% T8`U
' 2 " % " #"7 3 
M) 
'  5 ,S " o% % "d18 ' ,%d V
5#  b8"0 #  f1 27

= w
A  < p m: j 
0"=  #Y' qd!%

+\ ud=) , +i'


q" ' V"0 &"M":# +v<)  +F 7

= & P"
b

#  " 20 o7"D 2U' q o% { #H<) %d V "l' @'# p ] #1"1


XV' ,P[7 &"VE i ":U  a r 
'":  [ P 8 %
'm: o & [ " 1"1 QP 
:=  [ 0 ' } ;% ' q!: ' v #y

q
 H"U ' %d oL V    "A 
: oL% 7 j P@"Y
b hP"= " o% 

#:U  ' ^ #    E i8 x! 5# B


 !L % 3)'

#: ""_
b &" :  21@ }a' p U  < N nV8 M! # 5 ' ,1 
 # 8 !: % 5#: B'":  ] #1"1\ G : )' q%d V  L"V@' LY": 
"UP) 2 U"m 2U' ,%= ' =) n 0 , '" w#  5i U"m } = F

,%d V "La) 2 ' " B


= M! 8 ," "' ;#% &EMF
&8" p P"= &"XY":  '#=' qB" [U p 0#y w
% !Y  +F

@" p f Y
' o% B
 B#$ } "= >E "M! { ":U  4 [U p @P

q #  1
H  " 1

g! % #g g%d &"M":#g g' ,g1 # "g44Y


}  4 ": w#
b

]"@
!#\ m:) qHP"F P    8 TH f1 o#)  2  5[ 21 #

!: ' V " 1 @" ) n"H HP"F " c


d= @'#'  B' B" p

5@`g 8 gV p w#g  gm1


b g
!: c
d= !Y 5# B
 BT" )' q%#=

2g g1'# gm: #g :) 2U' ;%d "M% @" 'm " N


L:  P' "

142

g! ) 2g ' g  jg  V " 1 &"%! [H' ,


%z "M "L%!

g=)"M "g: w#g) ,g jg T"g: qv


gd= ' 0"=  V V"M  + 
Y &"YE 
,/@g 2
g }gVP' ,"   :"L: ,# @" 
!X ) HP"F!% 
1 P"
b
,& P"gL jg B
g4y ' ,& P g }:gz p HP"gF ' g !# &"P "Y'

g 2X) H ,T": & i  


: P" h[U x%3:) q%d V !X)'

g= ' , @"= ' '" &"YE ' ,,  x  2 )' ,!: p D"{" j
fg7
P"g p 3gF1 5 p P"gF  :0 % ]"@
!#\ +0) q& [% ' B@"=

;% % @"4 Y8 ' " P @


) 2  '# 1
&"U #) H ?/Pd

1 # &  B
 " B" p %d Hn q'm %) +)  2   8#
BEgi #g:A p B"g:= BgF 5"gF 9P g p T": &""' P"  z" 0"=%

[gU ug1<) #g g" g! 


gH ":U T": Lm) ;H BT" ) 2U' q&": 

@ g 5#g!' ,g! p T": T8`U f#) 5[ ^Y


! ""_
b  ' 2U' ;9"3
&g 2g &"XY":  B'": ) ov q# V
 &"Y' j "L0d p w#
{ B
 "b: T": H "L <  ,&"v
d=  "L% "L o) 2 % BEi 

2g @
L$  =)"M ":v# H ;L  =: " %1 % " P#4) 2  P# h[U

 B
 +M #: {' , [ @ E 
! 
M) p P T"1 "A[=)

g= @" " V" "a


b T": ^XVP ,B" [U p' qS$ ! " % @'#y '

"=gM
"gUP"= " g!: P@ o g 8 , [MU' ;+ & #" 2%) #a Y' 
b
T"1 &# qS 78 ' 5@"4 Y8
!: x @ M! 23  u ,RdV "b@"

#Y' ;": n +z +m <F1' ,+V


% ""
d V' ,!m: MF) p P
b
B
g g
! P"g p g0 P
g7 T": j' ,+4 &"' j !m: &HP
,"d%
b "7"
b  0_ ^1"H 2 @" <) B
 "1 , V o) , #  q " "

143

27P"gi g
_ 2g%) VP T": &P" i #Y' ;
! Y"
 "H 9' M '

p 2 ) 2LV ,]+ "1


 P\ " q E 8" " 8 " p ,+i d:!H f  m1

,T": h" B"7 fP 5[ z"i ,w" 23 ;: @"  r"    "A"

"g & P g g #g ) 2g g%d &" ! # i @ #% &8" 8 p

g! jg' g P jg @


b g gY g3: h[gU ^d=z # qM p "
P
7 R1"7  +4 }V": ' '# &"":4 " 1 j @  @
b  0H' ,B"7

P
H[gg &8"gg 8  ]gg+\ ggm:)' qS!gg +gg' 2!gg "gg3 p T"g:

,g 78 P '@ ' ,#g j #H< @" fV o  "b#7' "b7



# T"XV
"UP"= "
b

jMgU
gV' 5@"g P
g4) P
g%  g0"= RU[g)' q!g g" &"YE '
 P
g4 [gU +gF' ;&"g "  h[gU p T"g: #a B"7 "LP 2 &"H"L 1E

T"g:% g": 3%g g g ": ' P


! 2" ) BEi  )
=M & ' # E31

  RU[g) 2gU' ;g" ' ,g 78 ' ,@"g4 Y8 &"


 j }! i @

g7 g &"g " E 2g=) n MA " 1  ' + '  ' 3 #  T":

:!A  M> " 1 @" o ) f1 5 ,:!A ' ;:  


! 0H B"M> p oMd
;: "g %=g T"g:  #g ) H q5i &8" p B"7 #L 5 }"3 &

;g: % Nng B
g= [gU  }gY
' qL  E g 2": 2 =  V @H 5

ug MgF [g !: P"vC B


 &8Q") 3 T": w" }' B"!%  :H
#"4)  5@" w# 5@`
q/P
H[ ;: P" p

"b#g1 g)
w#g 5[g ' ]5gi @"g7\ 
g:  t@" 4  +i
b
b 41
LY
g jg A
g4' T"g: gM_  2 g }g ,1"Mg @"g 7

#

q"gA 2) [g }"3 ' :$ @"7  & P


4 p 4 [U m: H q"1

5[g ' ,!: ' "M


!1 p c# 5[ + "A" p ]&P
HP"U 5#:'\ OY":)

[U _ #V q1994 w" U" " # : !: ' "M% '# _` BEi "da ' &"
8 qL:gM_' T"g:
 j Hn  21"M }
" w U8  B" 18" +
Rg3 " gz" g
!% &"gP" p 5g & & +g) G g: K ogL P
3 [U 

gV w"g _`g fgd V 5[g B"g g{ #gH`) "gL:M qV"0 &"P ' d4 '
#  "' !: ""XY B
 T": ! B#7 5 p "bU
7 
b  ) 2U' ;a'"

144


gy B
g g '# gY")8 @
g: [:) Nn ) 2 &"
4% "L%% p' q!:
b 
:  & +)  &"Y")8 %)  5) ,d 5
 j d4 ' "1
"V'

dg4
gd%
g
P"g 'g  +gF) gH q@#g gV
$ ' V"0 |

g "ga

b  g% #g:7  @": g8  2 g U"g _`  " n p "1 '

!m1  p T": "LL7


) 2 " "  2 P"
U' q #:7  E318

&"g" B'"g:) #g: 9


g: j !" &"P" { #H`) H q !Y' mV" "

&"g" #g
) 2g }g' g" ' @"4 Y8 & P" [H' ,#$" z"

' "gM jg !" &") n8 ; ) o ' q


 "7 0_ 2 ' ,!"

= ' ,T": @"7 :/ ,&"


 vEv j ! {  +F) "UP"= " @#d }Y

 <g "gM " gz" &") ng8 2g: ) gH qw"g 2g 78 T"gX ' ,3d
q [ 9 # p 0 
3)' ,P
H[ :!A ' ,=) n &"YE

&""% 5
: o#% #1 QP 4 [U p ]/P"1 ' n\ ": w#) H

2 m: 5Q p 27

# % j T
X 2% V ; "M> 0_ 2 1"M
u!' , 78 H"F  V"0 &"VE i8 j 5k: }"3 T"a  _

&8#  0 H"F oY") p 2 P'# 2":) o  , j T":' q :!A K" 

%) p w
% T"  o  H ,# = M ": 1 N P"F 1 '  ) 
4

&8#  < %" M =)"M #)' q%d V"0 &"P j ""X
1 f% 5[ }Y
j T
X 2% V ,@P
Y":) @# 2 2U 
4
R%3 ' ,d 5
 j %M r &""' ,@" ' , HEL 8

##> @" 1 f7
)' q HEL 8 &"7" 8 =% %d @P
j 2 "

&"" "LaV' ,B@" + B@"=)  f:!X )   "   f= %) 5[ P'#%


b 5@"4 Y8
!: j ,w" # 9")P p R= ' ,MA ;M @"
T"   8#
145

p ! ) 2 7

# %) ;: w
) H q ) 
4 &8#  j w
%
& + T": @"7 j "1 7

:M) "
;: N j  T"a

+F) H q&": % y B
= ' ,d4 "D" #)  m:  ,r
:$ p
  ' B'# &"3%  c@"y `
' r
:$ p T": &"M  ]/P"1 '\

 ;Y
 ##d &" &"
: 5@":) 2U' q '# 1
&"U  @#' , "
q#1 3 ` &"" o  "L= "3)' ,&"P %)

b
oU" B
 E%
w#
LV ,]t
HP" "%\ o% r" M [A +i B" "

Hn } M j m1 2%) 2U' ;%#= %d & P


4 " 1P" #% 

oU"  @# TE! `)' ,M ' p "


U"1" %=Y & # ' P"MV j
j V q:$ @"7 MF)' P@ p r"18 ' ,
' ,":0 0 ,":U  :

 q
M  #  ' ,T" @"' ,x%i p " H201 ":0 # ) ,B"0 =
2!U" +m: 5 ,"18 
w
L ":U ,"U":= ) 2 5i !L oU"

, "4 aP"  &"":v  m:  P@ ,d4)  5@` u 


% 2M":#
&"":0 Ei j V q
M% 2
 w"m: j "y ' ,
x
d1 ! @ H

;#%% "V' 27P" ' ji #  ":U B"41 #7


 8 , U[ p @) H #$

T"1   +F) H q
M% "d : #$ 
M' !  B@"=  ji # ' 27P""V
q=% P#4!H "Xb M ' ,"1 D P# V  ,& @
=  H ]) \

;}Y
 ## p "L: V %i #  oL r" M [U &8"  ":U mE P#

p & P
 , V { #H` "
U' ;!: ""XY B
 5#1 P
 BEi  t ) 2U'

 # ,"i j }" & ' w" 2 " }" & ,44 ' 
:  &8"

o j V q:"=  & i j := " m1 &"L7


 N
L: ' ,3 p &

 ## HnF , "4 ":U ^ " ,! [U p & 2 &"VE i8  

%
 P"  2# ) ":U' ":U P#L
y ' , "4 h[U' ;BF ' r
:$ T"1
 M> 5 P"  # = : "X  5
1 = " #:   R%3 ) ,#
qi j   M :!A B"M>

146

@ ka@a@b1m@Za@Maa
84 ?3 g7D# SU : 
r p 
' :
2
L  !" YE #z X  0d  P@ p
!g dgz 430 p @#4 [U p Y# f QP ]r"@ #"Y\ R)"M ": w# ,k'
M p :
w
L P
3)  B' r"= #= q_"i ov r
  ov o#) :
gM p gM ' "gX
b g:
w
L j T
X 2% 21"0 r"= f% q" 2
}gY
p g:
!% g" P &"Y
u "0 r"= N  ov q/k 2"
:
w
L p m: @"' 
U"  3 V }  r"= " q/k 2"
(": &" "M> ' ""X OY": " r"= 2)< +i'
q P ' M p
b
qk :
' 

b
 +0M 
1 ,%34   7 " :
w
L {  +F
f # R)"M #=

}( K" p  2 ' 5k  Y


p V  ;w
 " ' M &">":

g:
!% 5#% ; #  K , # 4 j V q"
" U" ' #  z"i

g
 g '# P" p &"=7
" w %'
y" } !  5[ 
z 2U\ "Lz

@#  % l 1 "La ) R= 'P' &" ! !% "V"H
b ]"L :7 ! 2
2"g:)  V"ga" ;K"g &"gV"v 2 g> g "gL  7"gL @ # # )  1 V"0
,g
 g:
g gV q"Lg1 &"g ! h[gU gi @  
 ' Y &":

p g#% f)P
g4 g:
w
gL ,=z @ ' , " :
' ,3 :
'

q 7 !% " 7"

147

,2.* %2V 
 ?# @7V# D4 :@7V# `&P# 4D#  :$%&# BU%$ `\ ?R`
`2007

fg=: 5k }g! w U P` p 2da :


w
L!V ,d 5
 j "

Rg1"7  
' "1
  <! w U8 2":) R= ," ' M :V"H
" ' M f) P") }! 5k }! "  '"  :
 @
7' P'

b
gP &"gY
 g E"g
 r"g M [gU p f g P@ "1 R)"M %' q:# '

p g
w
gL +v<)   : ov qx=3 ' m:  % r"=' k p "
""XY 0 21# ": ! P
d ""X p v`  5# 5 ' k '  :

g0
g!1  2g  #g7
 8 fg1  +gF
fg # o s' qT 18 ' o% ' 
A
b
#g= o# 
Y'  "v o"@ T"P V [ ' ,K" B'@ &" )  5 p :
!%

"gU   ]P"gXy "g: V"\ @" 8 &


3 oU 
U 5k }! p :

jg gM "gz
B"Mg> g Mg> 5 "gXV P
\
b
b ] "g1 gVEi 2: #

q:

b
"g ' u#gy 2g gM p g:
w
gL P
3) E4
B' r"= 2)<

q"g' ' "g1


 #g: :
M> "L: B' 4  qB
4V  P  o:'

@# f!U"! " o%  ' oU" T"P p X %


iP` }7P #V
g:# g '@ o" ' 2 78 ' 2" w"m: o# @" u 2 # x

fgV @
g ug 21"g1 @
g7
%  =3 #

U w"m: [LV qThe City State
g" &"g= cEgv }! [U oX' q
1" '  # :"" P"Xy k:

Rg1"7 g= ogv ,fg)#"Y p Vgy B ' #= = 2)<) u 2U M> j

 =3 h[U ;% ' ,! j :


= +i'
,B
  2 7 H!  !
b

og jg' q" HP"F p oL 5 ;:


z ""dz `) "< "L "
p '"g  :
g ogX) 2g g:#!% b8"0 ^1"H 8 P
4 p ":v V , 
Citizens 
g:
"H #V ,@"4 Y8 '  78 oD"Y'V  m: 
y
g:
2
gL g g Lm' qP  " p @" r"dz' ,'"  , P 
b

HP"F 2: @ !H :


4 2 
m1 p 0#y :
' 

148


gy g g
!!H gV g ' fg) p "1 
X H w" <F p {" '

qu#y "1k p B"y


U H 1
1" &"=7
'

"g1 gH P#:Mg 


g4) #  +) #V ,"' #: :
w
L  "

 M P
L  5@<V qf1 ^Y
p "( p
X H'
%  f) f @H

gV"H 7
gy T"g   "UP'#g &@ 2g ' ,1"1 
i 2U' 8 :
w
L p
:# M  M ,:_ :
z ^d=z' % l ;
  t": Y) p ==
b
" %% E">
"H + "V , R1"7  q@E " R M xdH V  ' "

gM gM ' g '# g @ 4V j : j! 


1"Y }a' 
L u "'%
;   0H "L '@' 1"' P
  9") R=' q@# &"=7 ''
 L:

}g!$  '"g #g= o#g)' %i # &" : j T"X j "'  #V w"

U  2 n "M [U p @ V &"=7 ''


 R))  M ' q
1" w"

Rg1" ogMy p HP"gF p t": " ,1 #V ,P


  h[U f7
) %MF oU

8 g1"' gP
  2g" "1 H x  5@ " 
 "H  1 TE=:

P'g }g @ gV T8`gU }> " ]1"' :


7P@  "~P#)
"U""P 1\
U'
b

oA !X 5[ 21"' 
1"  # o":! :
h[ M! 
%m  
qoLY


21"g0 g4 p :


MV P
3)  1"0 sP" %  R)"M ":  :'

"g= & P
g3  &< K 2d #  5+V qXL: k' 2d M 2U' 8

P
g4 p g g" g% " }Y
p v<) #Y w
L [U   :
w
L

"E  }7 w
L [U <>  TE p d!% ,a
w"L M ' q"

=g oLgX  =g g
gy p g%"M  '"g " ) 2 ' w" T"i MV
g 4 x  @V H p "LmY
  , B'" 2 ' = 4F w n '

149

"gy h[gA ' ! j h#H<) x ' ,f " f YE' 3% " 
YE
b f%i # ! "1 H '
P'@ gV [g ' qfg1 gM% g P
gz 8
U " " "

xg' @ &"y !Y P


% p "= + f1
H  o j 2"~ P'@
U d

qz" f1
> P @ p "1 H

gi ' p 2)<gV ,ga' MgF g:


w
gL "z p XL: k +v<)  "

 % y !Y T"P


d1 2 M p P[$ & + u 23
P
4
g &g 2 ' Renaissance 'P' XL: 2U ' : "  H BEi

jg &gHP 2g ' Reformation 2:#g Egz H 2U 1"0 ' ,M y
5[ t" 2U M ' :# T
 @    ": Lm' ,:# y

fg)[ ' fg ! p f 1"M' @ xd ^Vn"V "L X


d1  r
F f: ^%31
h[g Humanism 21"1 RU[ nY [ ' qS 78 T":= p " "D#'

g:M% x"g gM Vg' "Ly"4' "U@'#' 1"1  =3 { #H` n
x"g g 5 #g=) ' +g) fg '" ' "1 t" w#   5[ ' "D"`'

5[g ' !> 21


M w"m:  T 18 ' T"X "a  T7 [U  5
# f Y '

q' ' @" f)@"  "1 x

p u#gy 2g" gM p hP


3)' :
w
L  u "0 4 2)< ov

#g g &g!v #gY n h[U  #:V q19  " 2  17   '  n
2 %  @ P j !"Y 
M)  R~  '# '  !# M #` 5QP

8 w
) 8 !H"y 3% < ) 2 ' 2 78 # m1 &L [ ' q"L!M

@ P V [ , '# h[U h" @V H &"=7 ''


 !m: @ V  2 7 # 
w
g fgV g!H"y 3%% oL
Xi' 21# oL ! "Y j oL: V oLY") ' t":


U t"
) :oggU ggm: h[A  "#    ' q" oU"aP j ""
b
P#gY jg
) #Y vE0 E T8`U  oP' q
'P "7 "7 '

7 '

g3 3%g h[gU tP"_ 8 3 @ V j :  H


% #
Y NV j  '#
b
5+gV qEg4)
g0H MgF 2g 78 #g [U  = ; ) p
% i #V , )

"ggU" fg =U' 2 ' 3% p %z fY


  @V H j !v 2U  '#  
U

150

g " p 1"g1 &"gYE % o%g @ #g 8 2U 


My 
o : , =3
"g t"g: " oM 5[ 
1"  #= M ) m: h[U 
'P 5 ' ,3
q}! !% " @ P  += ) 8
U

=: " 2y '   "H 


  '# w
L  #1 ,m: h[U R1"7 

,%34 [LV ,f Ei :


w
L P
3)' 19  [: r p 0#y  '# P
4

gy B' "gX 2gU 


gM) ug % g  '@ p MF )  p  H x #H`
b
<g> TEg   @
"X
b  % &T"7' q
1" oM T"P x  "LV :

18 g  B" 18"' q '# i#)  z" f M% "' $ r" j @
gEV P
g ug r p :
w
L P
% p 
: k &""L #1 ##
b

g #gd% R gF @"g'  '"g og gz" %) "L{  # oU" k [U

t"g 2U 1
1"Y &"1a +V
) x  1# &"y dV qoH"d% %3 3%
g "g qg1 P
g0 o"@  "UP"MV  +0H
b &#!  2 ' ;0#y P
#

gH "gA "gH oU" vEv BEi  @" #Y :


!% ##7
"1
!X
 #:V 19 
b
b

2g  #gV B' "g qH n>8 ' , % ' ,
 :"{' 8 E P
4 p v
b T
X f%

g w ng p g % g{ @#g


Rg)"M #gH`V 21"g0 "g' ,""
b
oP i" B
= ' ," ' 
1" w"  '" ' 1E oY TE' @ V &"'

g@# #g=  "LV


) H p % h[A =3 &EMF j "X
b T
X f" 

&gHP #gV H ng>8 g "g q#g ' C p 


g% #g
 "H j "y P''
gHP" H ng>8 "1[gi  "g:1V ,}! i @ #
' x": @" j "U@
L7

#gF g g% w"gm: &#g 1 " #:V T" ( H n>8 RU [!%
!:H
gs "  78 oD"
  Pd ' V oL1< %F: @ V V h" !L 

"g% , "g4 TEg p 2gU g:


!% gy !  #H`)  fM"_' }! :=
151

q@ , "4 j }! !%

b
p  !# ' :
 !" YE "FY":
}  4  R)"M ":  :'

y 2 !Y T"P p ""


Hn) P" B
 "1 &"
!   q 
b
g" ' M "% %"F ""X oU  ^1"H  !# XY V ,B# '

27

# 9 # ' ,M ' q  ' HP" 2 m1  z"i   p

 ug  78 "L  !@ p ' FV %!  " ^=v , m: )"U 
K }
 #
 !#  % ^d1 : ," P ' +=   )

_ 2 5M &8
d  p ,M ' qy " P p " @ V   1

g

gd1 "gLU" ' "g g1" +g gV"0 g@# g 1  &" ! "

Egi' T8' 5#g' g:


w
L ## p &"# &" ! h[U f7
) ,"
b
"3 )
1"1 $ ,:_ 2 HnF o V [ q
 "D"` h" :

q0#y &" ! p  :


 MF #
= 2U # '
T
b
b
b 1 ' "
Y

r"g= p Rg)"M g : ,g 2" M p :


w
L P
3 f # 

q/k 2g" gM p gM ' fg1 w


gL  B
4V  P j 5
5[ 21"0

b
p g" g" ' gM & P" #<H % P" % "FY":
B' 4 #=V

U @ P"=  x  2U :


!% dd4 Q  5' k " "

P"g=H = P
L } k  % &<F1 q"1 w#) 5 p "  78 :=
w#Y sP") P'[7
Hd% #1 P' q1837 w" [: ]j #!\ # j  P E
b
2g" gM 
M)' "z &@" 2 ' k j 1 %!y TS } 

HP"gF " gk!% ,! u ; !# M <F1 BEi  5k 2 78 '

u   5@ " 2H
%! ' 2Hn #L BEi "L: oA #  oU@E oM p "
Y' k p  % "@    ' q##7  k 

5'"3L3 "VP "{ [

#g MV
qg:
w
L ## p da ' &""L ":v8 w#Y u ;# 23 #'
&"gy '
gy { 5'"3L3 "VP #H k 
 w
L u"' :
% B'

p g[ U
 "X'
b :
!% !% " n R1"7  " ' 1#

"g q
1" "  p @ V| y '  '" oU" <>  j<V 2E }!

152

MgF fga p g!M) 5k g% gM p f)""L {<V # 23 # 

qSEg c n p "A z< B'"  '@' :@ 1 5  @


 M% 21%
b
gk g
 w
gL jg #gH< BEgi  :
M f!#)  5@ #Y'
q""
:
F:)' o% ' "  !# '
b

"gA "H 1919 P


v  #:V k " P p % M  "   "

"g q"=Y ' !%  5k: #' x  :


MV ) p v %
b
w"g gk gH  '"g! "gVn 
1923 P
g@ P#z #V [ E % 

' g% ' :g$ R=g gY) '@ # ' "' 1# &"
'
d 
1"
&"gy #gH<)' ,g @" :"{ "   #= #H #Y P
# [LV q#

% P"  ,1952



 P
v B
 !  9"31 #  2 ' 1#
y ' "
g g 78 g # ' !%g g !#  #H` &": = ;4 : [: "
q}! p 2y w# P#4 @ P"= " 8 "d 

p L"L' 2d ' 2E f 2:# P"  21"0 4 ":  :'

Tg% B' ,% l Y


 #1 2E P" % =: "=V qk p :
w
L P
3)

" "D"` j 9E ' "'P' p "Y oA ,)  z"i' ;P


: !%
gXV g
gU 0#y w
% '  P"Xy r"=< [i  ' T8`U' P @ '

 g' ,}g! p g " V HP"F %! H :


!Y T"P p "F Ez =

gy p  '"g ' 1"g1 #g


% 21"g1 P
m:!% o @ t" p
U wE
ugd oU+g' !%g g g%"M  '"g '#gH #gY T% T8`U V &"=7
'
=g: "' ,
1"g "gL!m:' P
g# "L%M 2 " 1#
y" " b( 
! 

Rg~  1"0 7P#  :


 ^ [  ' oV wE p [ U X
#g "gL% g<) 2 sP" 'm ^L 1 f1 u 
:
 o j "L%U %" 

153

!%g +g B
g=Y' g:
w
gL! f #= g ' #g [U T"L 1 1"M " "' [

8 @#gF 2Eg P"g P"g41 gV ,gM j M ' q


y }( oA :
!H

  M  8 @P

"'   :
M Ez 
=
b  "
b "
L
b

H [g p rg  nY  }7 P' qSE }! "L% w


  R~ 2

k 8 2gg " "' q
 4F fgg
F)' @P
:  ' P 8" E

[ U 4 


M! 
" oLV o% }! p :
}(  "  '" "


g7 w#g 'g o 2  # [A sP" =4 #<' fV @"L 7 8 j1 r
%<

:P" m1 u  " q '" 1"M VP " "' !% j !% + 8'

% g 
E 'M #` ,}Y

U MV , !# M @#F ' B#

b @#gF g$ V) : "L% d : M h[U


g@# ' g !# g EgH

q"

ngV p 5k 2g" }gY


jg P
gLm p #g #gV ,Sg3= P"g g "

wE P") P
L' E =% R4 2M  V @H "i MF &": =

[gLV qgH
vP g:M% 2:
g ' 2sP" "F: p 2 = P
3 H "X'
b 2"

p YE p :"M )



 $" ' k :
w
L z<)  # P"
&""Lg  Rg)"M +gF' q 
 ' "=Y  YE  P@ R1"7  

g:
fV '+0M h   PX [U p "=Y M <H ]@EY % o '\

g3 &"gU" gH #ga k :


#
j "y p 00y f)8'"d B'
5g  qP"g g ' i #   ": T
 "=Y ' !%   Y
&8'"'

5' q" om: ' R F ' NP #' j w


) 5k R F #'  @EY

' " 4 "1


 p %0! 1#
y  G  1 2U :


gP" p g"~ {" @% !X) 2 "


y ' "i MF 

  5k }g! p g:# g@# g{ @EgY G : g' qh@E p " 3%


q" i w n8 5P' 
U 2:# i w n

b

g4 "gVn 
]HP"g \ 2H n>8 P"  u "0 4 p R)"M ":  :'

5
g g=Y  #! f
F  +0M ^L7'' "  k p "sP")
Hy h[U %
b

154

g +g0H
 2g  g:%  +g &gm:) M> p o M ' 6 &vV ,'": "
b
#g$ ' qw
 2  ""_
b ,a ' MF '  + B  8 M ' " "D"@

p "g 
"g
L
"gU   "=%g
"H :
 5#% 2HP" ;Y
 H[ "
b
b
b
g" 2g: ' , 78 ' @"4 Y8  0H " ' 1#
y j H' z
P'[$  ": 7P ' q
M%! 8 [ , "4 "   0H %_ 2 &"=3


g ' p k  '#gV' [g Rg1"7 } &# " #1 k p Hy h[A sP"

oL"gF1 #g [g qB"g tP' g! g 9 k "gLV # > @E   

g! " w"gd 8 p g P"g g # ov qk p '   &"": < 


5k 2H ng>8 rgy 
gM) "U#  ' ,1919 P
v p f HP"F BEi  2:

P
g7 gd ' 'g0% B@"g }
"g' P 8  k d  R "3V 1921 w"
,#gH` 1951 w"g 5k 2
gF rgy G"g1 P#gz ,1952 P
v =Y' qB

9"3Y w"m1 j T"X ' ,S=:7 P 8  Pd P' ,&"z


) 
! !a
R F% "LV oMy 
M  !@ "Y P''  P P|  P"M 8 '

b og%  7' 


  )' ,f)"= }!
#gV ,g ogP' q/k gM "g

w#g ' ,g p 


gF "g4 " 5[g "g: #g= B P" [U w#3z

 5@ V wX18" HP" & @" om  ^"Y ,



 P
v  ,a ' ;Y
 oU##
2gHP" P"g gYE p' qH ng>8 xg
gd1 gd  f1 5
# 5": w"m:

gg 78 gg # " Rgg "3' = ggF &"gg=3% "ggd: fgg1V gg !# ' gg:
"
 '"g xg jg UP 2U "  !#  5  B' w" p @"4 Y8 '

g !# gMV g xg!  5k P"g  Rg)"M 5 H ' q 78
qfV #U , "4 h+)' K" +) j P@" #

U "1 < `'  78

 fYE31 w# P" [U ; ) 


z }  4 =V ,/": P"  "
155

 "U@"Y 2 sP" Hy "< "L ) M! M ' q@# "' MV &"@
q1970' 1952 2"g g "g ng B
g r"~" ' R% " T
 ": #= B"(

u "0 K" p M &"E18  HnF ! 2U U"mH ": R)"M w#'
& +g)' &"g=3) 2gLV gP!H g": "g ,S:
g BE g8  #gD 2 '

w
gL P
% p !L & "1 ":% ' q/k }!  p ": #= "Lv#d 

p g%  HP"gF p "U


g gV oP " $ MV o#) BEi  :

q]6 g= g:
\ ,%3g4 g": g% p :
j x%3 [ ," !
2:
g BE g8 :0 "  # ": # j :
XY ^dP #V , oP'
g ' gk :
g g 2 78  o#) BEi  
 
A x'

g q@"g4 Y8 +g4_' ,#g"= #L " oUH[) 2 r"  }!$ "L" H oL: 
y ' " y  #H`  7  !@ x=3) 2U ,R)"M "U  H 5i
g=Y " nV p  %  !#% # : "X
b 2U' # ' %! "L7' "{  78

g ga "gX


b g:
^gdP qgV g0 % , "4 2! ^1"H 2 ' P
0

gy p 
1" w" k  '" &#H  ": +)"# p :
&"'

g:
#
 < ! !@ H ,"
y p 7 "   '"' &"=7
'

q# ' % ' z ' :$ t" j o"Y @ V  _ 5 2  ud "X
b

gk g" "g% u#y P" p &v % l MV & P" h@ # '

g" gP &"gY


 g= ug "0 r"g= p Rg)"M RU[g ,:
w
L p'
q3%g g '# M "P">
B' 4 #=' q/k 2" }Y
p :
!%
b

"g  }g! p @ gV &"g'


gy B' "gX g )  '#   o "=V

p 
M) z"i u "0 K" p  '# M "L :7 oLd: BEi  :
z oL3 )

5
3%g ogMy R= oLY
y @ V T8`U 1 w" " = "  +0H
H  '@ k V ,/k
!:% =: "=V q"L H' 3% P"M  p Lm 5[
T":= "A
 H!  2 
: 2U H  @
b ^1"H #Y' !# 1
  '# w"Y [:

5  gk  '# P"41 5' q 78 &"YE ' " 1 M> @#d V 2 78
jg "g ,g 78 ;"g
}g( p "H P" f="4 "  @
b  '# h[U p 9#4)

 ogV q/@"g4 Y8
g!:% g1"i' @g j 3%  = "U V ,i R1"$

156

@ gV| !gX 
1"g @"g #g= ' 2" }! p j 
1"
U P
#
3% 3 #LF R)"M "U  H 5k u#y P" V ,oD"' oLY


"gL!M og) 2g ' 2gM% w"gm: ngV p c#g %0g   3% j [:

g g"  5@" 


!% L " P
# "y #
Y w n w#' @ #= 8"
 g> "g r g @#g ) j m
b NV #V ,": =y p 2 ' qf%!  

&
:Y ^ ' "YP  @' 5
3% "L7 @ 2U @
7
y &m: < :

g= +g "Lg1 g1# gV"0 "V R1"7  q" 3% ' +U$  B"4)

'@ B
g xg
h[gU gMV ,/g ' @" 8 ' E i8 B
=Y' @# M
q@ V 5# :
w
L o#)

fg1 5+gV ,&"%Y  "M>' "3  <  21"0 4 p R)"M ":  : ov

' # p T
 " %Y j 5
3:  #EV ,f7' 2 >  1"  }! @
7' P#:

ogU g!V qgV"0 ' @"g4 Y8 ' g" g=3 2g  ' 2


g z ' %
5 g % ' f1 }! p =% } %Y YE ,d4)
U :
&"=%3 

w# g " "= "  }! 5 j oU @ 3i "3 "V qw" , "4 @# #Y 2" 3i

g '# }g f%" ) p'  '" p f  T w' 


1@ #U xd %
H #
qS !@ P" p }! '

"U
:
 } ! ' ":v
b 1"   #%= H  k V ,k  p'

g 5k #LgF gs K gM ' q ga


1
g ' P
g# oMd %"M  '" "

g:  P"g1 B" g>  Rg)"M 5g  "=Y ' !%  z"i 9 ' )
) &"my

[g:!V , 5k: 


y p  '" w#  P
F ' Y U"m j ""
b M)

^gY' p ogv o% ' Rz":


) p d
d d %0 &L ,&": P

## U  5@ " @" ' M ' P @ ' " ;"

%F K P
0

157

&EMgF   ) 3= w
!A  '' ,]L "=Y\
!'  @E=  oL:

Rg)"M #g ' q0#y  '# '  !# " `  R~ # ' ' p :

Rg' k p :
+ Nn ) 2 &"= 3i  2U "3 :   < <
q0"= ' M R1"7  E ' d & @" '  '# =Y  "L 

!Y  TE p @ V|  78 ' "  F: { u "0 4 OY":

gF: "g ,g 


%' w"m1 2:=)  @ V f7
) 2 2U " F: "V q:

}! T  fH
%
4) 2 ' f)" B
 @ wE) 2 o 
! 2LV  78

"g'' gP# '  :g0 ,gF: "' P'@ BEi  MF ' qf
 
b @   2 ' 
: ' wE
g" "y p " HP"F!% "~ 0H "1"H
H[g f {' o% % =: "=V q}! p 2 !# P
3 BEi  "UPv 2)`) 2 '

5#g 2g"
%g MF) p !% &"` f= %) 5[ 2 P'# R)"M
g1' ' 5#g: gM ' +gM p 
a
' 4F 
3) p' 4 [: @ V

&"` #")  " F: % =: "  " "L {<V r  R1"7  " q%
GL:gg r g h[gU 5#g V
g   Rgg~' g !# gF: p 5gi }g!
rgy "L: x%3: 2  GL: [A ! @ %V' 7

#  7' z 2 !@

"gL%i @  8 "gX
b }g!  r g h[U &""F1 f )  R~' q  t" j

5
g
gLV g
m: h[gU p wE P'@  " q! " 5@
1  rY ,=4 V

B
z
p  " f)P# BEi  @ V T PC' &"U" +) j P# %!  "%

b L= &"1"M 
 T7 H 
p"g0 ' 2g 78 T":= K"  j v H "HP")
p g &"g3 ogv d4 P"F 1 [:  !# " wE "=)P  ' q}! !%

U y wE '  !# 
Y  wE 
Y  #H`  F "M' "'P'

g  #g  g   3%g " 2!g) "gL% ~ "g g !# "gAEi  : ) 2


gV p oL #H<)' @ V| #$ F:  R)"M 5 [ q"X ' [: '

`g Gga"1' 2g w"g 5P '= = XV 


U #) '@ += ' 5 '

q"LP' :
"

158

b
;  R)"M #=V q
A %MF "FY":
}  4 " u "0 r"= 2L :'

2 "4 ' 5M &"$ i @ "L 


U  "( H ud f1< ,%34

M V"0 
A  ud= ' 
 MV } ,%34 [U w #  1 #Y' q"U_

}
&"m:  ^3 2 ' 1
M 1E : h" 2M  V @H #%

V"0 
A w
L T"V ,"V"v
% ' i< r
F% f)#" o 5[ 2
b

@#  u#y # &": = p' q% &"% p"0 x! j  #H

,
 MV R1"7  qE i8 ' ! ' @# % }F ##7 K"  p V"0

P  8 '  "F h@ V ,:_ }! 


LV T 18 w
L! "X
b 3=) 
A"V

?"1  :0 %  "7 R%3 ) 


A  < M ' qH o7  oL 1  1
w" }"3 @# 2 2U % h[U  &""7 ' ?T8

M  ' ?d1 '

A  < ,k 2V q
U  ":U ^d=z &""7 h[U ^:"=) V ,}! !%

 R)"M #  M ' E' ' 3


' 1
V  " ! k :

' q"A ,dz P


4  "1@ # j P#Y
U 
L% 2sP" 27


 w
L

" ' P
3  #H`
i '@ 
A  # ' 9 V"H R4 B"M> V
b
q"L"  r"=   ' "U": #V 'P 
U 
L%

 B' g4 #=' ud= 9


a
  :
' 
}  r"= [ 

" ' &"" ":z  '@' !% V"d w U w


L [U   #V q
w
L
#  & [ "'    +i &
: p z"i K" 5
 j P 

ugd V"H V B


y p :' RH w
L 2U 
' qS V
 @"8 


b
K"g % E"g>'
"g1
H
b T ,=g4 f Ei  5[ k '   "< "L ) M!

B H8 P
 p B " f1' f "M  x= P
4) '@  <F1 ,%34  oP' qf%!H<

  p 1"1 P"Xy "VC' P" f7


) p 2" " 
M  }Y
 f1V
159

& @"g4 Y g B@"g= @ g8 ' 5@"g4 Y8


!: 
&"% oU   ' q0 "0
g
"V g" g": ' qB"
 #'' 5P" B@"= "31 9") ' B'#

gP!% "g7
!1
gy g@# @ g ' 
!gF !m1 
 j  @  2U
b


1"g @'#gd }g!$ wg #V B'#  " &"YE B" p 2 ' q"
+i
U  2)"
% ' 2E xV# 2da , "4)8 "D"% p' qf"M' '#

g
% ' qg= P") p V  P
v om  "@`
b K" T"d1 2 > p =   P

g # " r


F ;% l  +M 1' o #
) M> p "X
b V"v &""L
j y
 @"4 Y 3   o "' q=  B@"= oL ' rP" "

gV g
U"g  "@ #Y &"V"!% P"4
b i ' 27

:M P"M 8 P
v' @"4 Y8

g  g=Y g @"gX g


P
gL' g '# @"g g%) p ,X ) =% "L" 1
g"~ Rg1
7 "L%V :
' 
 YE % =: " " q"D"
U   V # &"$

g p 2gLV =% " ,B"4)8 B" p 7


y 
 p Lm) "~ :=% 5i'

gy jg "=%g


b &v 2 ' 5@"4 Y8 d &"" p' "( M V"0 
A
2gU :
 R)"M #H` M ' q@#  @E p @ V =  78 ' @"4 Y8

q&"=7
 oL% N)'
y  :
,:_   '# p %"M 
X

}g!$ }gXs  g 78 &"YE P#4 2U' "  t" 2U :
"V
&gL  g '# "g31 23 ) :
^d=z ,
 p' qf1 2" w"m:%
b
b #H` " '  " ' = ' V"0 :

"g:U 
gU' "g"
"gY

b "Y")
b "g "
q&"V"0 E i ' &" ! 9
:)  m:  "L=3) 2=:  " 1"1

& @"8 U"' 


  '# ' 
 &"YE  21"0 4 p  :1'

 P H  " 51 


 B'# w
L j 
+v<)  m: "=V q!%Y

}! i @ 2" ' 2 78 P  8  ; X)  "LY"31 9") ' 


@
z

U"m !V q&"Ez' ;"'  h"=) ^1"H " +0M 


  '# #V BEi 

!% R " }= ) 2 aP" &"H P


L 
  E 8 " a' F
b
q"D"
My 8" V
"b# [ %MF 
X " '@
# 
b ^= H 2 ' d% '
b
"z p "D P#Y j @
Y # f7
) ^d=z 
 p 
  '# V , [ '

160

p 
 &"YE @# )  p [ "L"Y ' "U[:) p' 7P" ' %i # "D""

q" }!

 ; X)  L7' & %! 2U 


 #1 ,@"4 Y8 ":  m: "'

j0' B B"7P 0 :  &""( o#) : 2 78 "UP'@ %)'  '# 

h+v<) x= " M ' qi R1"$ j 2 " !


 p 
 =:7 &"H
3  ; a v   " O ) ^)"  
 :
  :
#= j "=

T
 3  h[U ; a  
1"  7"L  " p "%7
b Lm 5[ ' h#%' 


p y 5 =  ~ " "L  '7"U 2 ##$ B'# p ' %z oU@E p


#  " %  R)"M  : ov q
 #  " :
 '  " :
0 oU"

" # ' 1


H V"v p hLz' K" #

Y 5'"@ &#L> 2 ' @P"= ry
< oL: "1
b 
k } ;M % !%Y "' @"4 Y &E M) "Y  5@

"H M [U  oP' qB'#% 5@ T @  +0M H % 5@"4 Y8 @'@
b
 M ,"D"
A " X'
&" ! p   27

# T":=% !z"Y  "0!

b H rP" H  2U 2'P' @"8


 p 2U' "
Y ' ""
8
b 7 ' "@"4
b
b

5[ ' "F ' B"  2!%Y "M < @"8 B'@   2)<' qo @


 @'#d% 3 "1
 M  j M) T 18 w
L B#= 

 ' 2!%Y "M ' !X '  :


!% m: ##7
"'P'
":

G :
b
b
b

qT"4Y

5+V qS " 21# }! ''  " :


V ,u "0 4  "

p &L 2 ' 
&""~  
U ##7  " " V"v P
L  R)"M
[ & 1"V ,   &":  BEi 2 " 21# }! ' r"

 ""XY 0 T" ( = ""X o D' ##7 1"1 Y


b ^:=) 
M + &m:
161

1"M  5@ #Y' q +  k: ' ,= ' , ' ,"M ' ,"1
=  V @ @'#d %d 
A & :
:
 b8#  " :
 x

! 1"1 oY  p nF +4 & ' # ' % MH "D  m:  [

p LmV 2 " 21# }! P


L  " ,P"Xy &"z
4 23 ) HnF'

 }V # V $ ' " @'#y "L"F1 5#  2 


 1# &"` M>

2"~ }" & "L%H 


"X < B
 "::M! 8 M ' q " & & ""XY

P
3 &8#  &'")' r
:$ ' BF   "F ' 0 # &"= "LL7
) 

&"7
 P"F 1 R1"7  "":z
>": B'#  "U+' "7

:M)
# B'# 
b
b

d1 j  w# V , [ ,K" p % l 7



# &""( fP"_ 5[ r"UP

&m: ' #d o"H  " &"` 


) P' j #!   " :
 x
2  78 ' @"4 Y8
y MF da ' & P
4) }a''  '# !%Y
21# }! &"% Lm) ,&"= oP' q"L=3)' " ! '# }! !% M!

^Yni ' 2:


P" &'" 2 ' 
My + &m: M> p da ' 2 "
&"
! "A
 ; % 2 '  78 &"Hy M> p "X'
b 
 V $ @'#y
= BEi  v` 2 7 +) x  
V#' HnF &" U oA = 

}V) " +0H


b [ q  
% XU": t"" 2U &"Hy h[U' q= F
% _ K &"Hy h[U  oP' ,]}=%  ": "\ ' ]"P =Y "1 \ 0 & P" >

w# &"" T": h" w" 5 #


) j P@"Y "L:M #U @# ! G"1 # 
q:

b
Eg%
]k :
' 
\ 
:  P# h[U  +i ' " r"= !

b
q
U"  fY
' " 5k M% "FY":
B' 4 #=  L: YE

,gV"H # gz jg U"gm h[gU & +v< N ) k V ,K" B'@ H <> ":1<>

fg:
M)' gV"0 fg4"4i Rg }g! gH p gLm) g
 R)"M #H` M '
R"z' RH }!
U 5k }!  ' qf '@ &"" } " )' 2 78

gM p g" & P"g % g% ;gY


 Rg)"M +gFV ,9
:  5P"X cP

2Eg ' 5P"g :2gU' gk g:


jg "gUP"vC' 
 5k 2"
q % '

162

b
b
g
% "g@" 
"g1"'
"md
 "Y

 [  2E ' 5P" P"  #:V
b
b

g
 5g 5k P"g "V q" " ' "A }F ;Y
  % 5
 ;) :
"gUP"vC ug g "i f7
 'P' + r
F j ## "l "D +v<) p 5
3)

:
g
g' g 78 &"gYE Gg1' 5k @"g4 Y8 jg  Y
=%
"gX  #gD "g  % P
3) @ " '+V P"Xy ' 1# ' "

P"g "g qS"g: K"g  #g%' =3 g g#    #%  


 x! )'
g =g  21"1 z
9")8 
% 2"~ R1"$" fV n oV ,SE

&"8
=P B"M>  M> " 5 " "= "
b f:M , "4)8 ' )"
% P
0 BEi

"1
 +"  }a' p xy "L: 3  B'# 2Y" j @: 3% #d

g  5g'  q+" 7 '@ " f


1 M i# ' B'# j O  x'

g:!L% 2g 5P 8 9'!% BM  2U "L" p 


 P" [U 5M

#ga fg7
 Eg 2gU g
 "gX
b oLgX  5' qK" j " ' @"4 Y8

R"gz wE #=H "L1 N)  #)  


  ' 7P# " wE

"g jg "gL!! ) g '" g V"0 "UU


7 p ! 
' , " 
#
&8"g p g
"gLd ) 2 % !d  % P" V ,M j' q "
& gg T"gg:' "gg1
gg ggM)' 2gg" P  gg8 ' 2gg=:7 P0 gg8

"#g18 o#g) "g' P"g gHy g =  1 " 5' q)"
% ' 7

:M

[gi<)  k jg Rg~ gM ' ,K" j " 18 ' 2 " @"4 Y8 9"a' p  n '

b V
g) ' o%g 21
1" ' " "=X1E P"z om:
gM! "gb )' "bg" "gi":
q@"4 Y8 ' " f)"=7 '' fY
 P"  

": !V q
&"#  k  '# ;Y
 ": LmV 21"0 4 "

 wn 5[ 2 !# MF  oMy B" 1 P' 3) 


V ,"
163

5
 j' q1'  &"" 1 p " r   3% fV B' # )' "1

P
y p +=H " ^%> #Y 2 !# 2" Ez XY V ,/k

#H`) "'P'' M #d &"8


p %0!  5
  oP' qw" 5k

R= %%   !#


d1 ' B'@ p " !m1 B
P'  @
b

== r"UP ' 3  5@ "


U 3: p  !# !m1 r" < p
%!  5 k p 2 !# 2:
ry M ,2001 ! = 11 & T #  p
# "  #: )  R~ %! h[U G" 1 ' :
@" o!z  2U Ez

!L :
XY  "X
b  2:
ry  ' q4 " k & '@ ' "4 '

R~ ,:
!Y o#  5+V q" ' 2 78 ' 5@"4 Y8 Ez 
'

b V
)   '# j
%! p hP'@ T @  
M! "P @'
" 
)' ""
"i":
b
b
b

f ! !:) p HP"F j 
}F %d P @ om1  c# ' ,!:

5@"4 Y8 " 18 P' #H`) @"4 Y8 


"V ,/@"4 Y8 # 4 j " qd
j " 18
d1 f  5k @"4 Y8"V [ ,S " @"4 Y8 p "#18 ' B@"=

  '#  5@"4 Y8 
 H 1' P" % #  d BEi  27P" K"

!
 p F &"
 j =% "D""M 1 
% M ' q" 9"3
#    %)  &@ 2 ' " &"' 44i "  p k

@# @'# 
z , "4 w# @"4 Y8 
V , "3= &8#  p @" '

q oH n ' " 1 &"%! p H MF


A oU" p &8
d  p 5k 21# }! M> u "0 4 ,a


21#g }g! p 
dz k &#L> ,+i n p  R)"M ": ' qT 18 '

g R1" }! !% = '  78 !: 2) 2 ' %U &m: BEi 

gV"0 "g> g0 P"g 21# }! &"`  )' q"M '  ' "1

,g1E ' ,"g ' g !# gP j "%!


:
)' }! p 1#
b

 R)"M 2:! ' q"L1  " ' M & P" o "
U 21# }! "V
b
b m:  
 p 21# }!
&EMgF  "g '
%"g> %H m1 P
   @

P"g" gV g


M ^g ' g '# ' g!%Y @"  }  n H p }) }!

g p g
p g!Md 5M 5
 =P M ) V"0 
 5' qS


164

&"M=gF ' &"g"3 jg 3 BEi  @# # ' V"v 1' K" j "L :!U
 78 '  # &"4% "4%)
# ) V"0  ' qE ' V"0 ' @"4 Y8
b
j & v` 0H  p"0 # = #  u ,iC  " !
b _ 2 # ' H
% '

g3i' 
V"0 2
+ x=3 3i  R)"M P[dV ," 
b $ ' @ 
U

@"g #g= wng 8 g


"V q"g0 9
g: xg j & 2 p"0 ni8

5@"g }"g & V"0 "A #=  ' % 1"1 &"V"0 R'[)  2 )' V"0

P
g3i  #g1 f gz
4i' 5k p"g0 "gM  m: "g' q#g
 +" ' o
z"i @
!$ ' 1EMF
d1 5k }! 9'1 p !M) f% V"0 
& +v<)

P"gd1 ' ,HEL gE fg'1' ,gV"0 g


 2y  2U P
4 V"v 

RV , [ qS
 T8
2i )' r n8" "F B"7 P
>  1 HP"F 5

g b8#g 9 #g ' HP"F ' " 1 @"' jU ! " }
) }! 5
Y j
q"H"d ' 2% ' EL 8

&"g%Y| g '# y  "M>' k :


XY }  4 OY": +i'
b

b YE h[U  q:#


gM ' ' g7P# " #g " xg% ) 8 Rg)"M h  " "V'
#gL_
"gLV g
 &"gz
4 g  "LV#gU' B'#% ji # <F p "= i# )
b

fgV 2g>E ) 5[g ' "gL% 2gM z"i' 2 2: " 2 " }! BE

"g@| 2" ;
"H #%V q 5Q ' o f% 3)' :
&"V"0
"A #= g 2g  g1"' gP
  <gF1 [g:  '# &"YE % & @#d 5
Y 
gP" 5P g8 rg #L g "g "3%V q"y ": " p ]M P
 "\

&"g
U  "LMM)' %i #  78 f)"YE ^ ) BEi  2E 2 K"
g=:7 &"g%Y g" P" g> }gVP ,k 21"g3 BE g8 % 2V q"
:)
b 0H

P" gF #gd &"g8


}gV) ,w
 "1" p' q"3 &"Y"F18 G7< :# '
165

g !@ !m1 "Y # 5i B'# 


> p i# % %m!H h" #  f1
:g #gd o  "1E
&P#4  ,1990 w" 2V q
 & @"4 Y } 2> )
b

P[g' q#gd og| 9


g7 '@ "L: &"%Y 
F #d &"8
 "  j
MV  &"%Y  r"3  5  ,:
j &Ei# %) 3i  R)"M

gLm)' q&"g=7
'
gy p }g!$  '"g  :
#D : ,}! !% 

2gV ,K"g p g:# &"g%Y


g h"g r "LL : 2  "M! M "

b o @"M 8 p
y %)  }V # 5[ ^Y

p !% &"%Y
y "1'

X 5[ 2:
P" }7 )  1 2U :
 V ,/k # 4 j' qh@E
#H`V ,# t" j :
 ! :# & P" P
L' # ' ' p :#
fg1' ]:

\ ' ]:
\ 2U m)  R~ 
p y  7  R)"M

g%)  '% i } 5'" 2" f 


!% M)   '# j R~
q

BEi  "UH x= 2 G" : "L _"i p R)"M % ,0d= f  P@ " p'

  #   #Y 2 # 4 j :
w
L  5+V q!  P# h[U r


+v<g) OY"g:' g g p u#gy f%MF hP


3) 2 ' T"# x   #
gM p g:
w
gL ' ,w
gL P
g3) jg V"0 @# 0 ##$ U
m

qSH ng>8 ' 2E ' % : M & P" #: "=  5k 2"

g ga p g '# P'@ g{ #gH`' 


!X E MFH :
" [i  P['

p g"3  <g  5g' q ! HP"F ' " P p :


&"'
g P[g [g g% l &8"g p g! "Lga  g3= g%Y P
>  1 2U k

gV ,gM jg g ,!%g ' "=Y =Y  T


 "3 & P" F% r [18

k #g' jg "gd% P"gX' g!%' g:' g j w


  R~ Ez

3%  ^ a 2 ' 
 p :
!% ##7 P
z P
L #H`  :' q:

gU :
g!% " '  78 HP"F }F) V [ q
  '# &"Ez'
fg YE p 
g "LgF   gM! 2g r ng8 g " jg T"X% B
%y  

q '# &"`!

166

g:

g: ^ ! 0d= f  P@ BEi  ]r"@ #"Y\ R)"M w#Y #

MgF) p g{ g" p 


gL  !" YE R 4  BQ") :
'

g1' p gM &""g Eg> #Y 


' :
  " ": " p &" !

qf ! ' @  YE MF) p DP


3 K" B'@ ;% l p
d% MF +i

k p' rg p g:


w
gL 2sP"g P
gm:  R)"M  ,r
   V

r
% o ' q " &8
 fa) "' 
k  p w
L [U P
3) H'

@#g }ga
'": & B
4V  r" M r
 o) BEi 
a
" R)"M

T"g3' "gA g= ' g!@"H &"d%34  " ' n "



"#

b "
%
b
b

q}Y
% rY MF hP"MV da
%0

167

@ a@ca@bb@a
D 8B4 : 
c
ggd= gH gg P@"g4 r"ggM 
g:
ggU ]g! ' gg ""gXY' g
\

r" M  #' ,2002 w" p U"  "7 r @ %H  78 &" P# '

p r"g M }g',wE @ g P
H# "  ' 23 #= "= #= P
H# " 

c
d= ' &" P# H !% '#: B 2U  P@  ^ !X ) r
  P
:
g jg P'"g  P ^ '":) ',!>   "7 ,&":= %M %"M &"# '

q!: '  +i',#


}! '  ,!
'  ," HP"F ' 
b

P'' fg {<  g B 8 f:M r" M [U P'#z j &


: 21v P' oP

g" ""XY ^FY"1 &"0"= ' 0"=  


! "D# 2 &" P# j 9E

 #  " &" P# h[U   EXV , 2  B#7 P"0 B ) 8' T":


gy gs K ;g| "gL=% &"gz
)' G" 1  f ^7i " j' "L% T
X T" 

q :  }( V"H 7P# f ^ %) K' [:

B' g4 T"gV ,g!% " HP"F B


 B
4V vEv B' r"= B'":)

 P@ 2U' ]S 78 }Y
'  
4:  " HP"F p  \ 
: 
g x d %   | "a
b ^#Y , o : #= +L P
H#%

@P
g
y"g  } _ !X) 8  %)  ;H ^da'' ," HP"F p
g 7  ga' g!% g ,f"F )  ! ' 4> "L: ## &"Y
m1
b ,"

"LY
 j RdV   B
4 &"Y
 oU  #  "
U' ,7% =: " 1'@

q"1"1
"UP"= " "LY
  5 j  ,"
b

168

"gA x' ," (


b "LY
 y " 2U !% =: " " HP"F  m1
b

b
E#g )
Rg%3  "g
gU' ,g" ' g 78 ' @"g4 Y8 "y p  "  "L HP"F
gH  p' ,g": "g p #"  =1 j B
4y p  x B " )
b

q '" w# ' 23  " 1 % 0_ z"i & T 7H P  }:z

&"gd1 ' !%  " 


HP"F  #b x r" 1E 0 w"m: 0"= ^= "

r"g 18 w"gm1' g!" " r"g 18 w"gm1 g }g!~ 5[ 21"  2" 18 w"m: 

g) }g r g o


gY jg g!% 4 T"3 r  
1"Y # ) } ,5@
q ry T"X @#  =)) r | V


: " h#1"  R~ x" T 7 [U  0"= 5)


g{'  '"g g!Y #gX ) 2g  !# V"0 "'  ""X w" 2' :T 3

g ) Rg%3  =%  c + L7


T
 # j T": ' B"7% " HP"F
q"~ 0H P
4 2 !# ":

p oU"g g P 5


 j " (
b 
 B P" +V
 w U8 :.+
T

T @ %g
@ #g
 "U@ #g g%! ' g!% "L4"4 9")P8 '  & P#Y !:)
b
b

!L  #=H =  &"# L7


 " 
:
p' ,B"7 @ # p 2 "UP'@
qk u#d

g: jg  P@ :" HP"F p  P'@\ 


:   P@ 21"0 4 !X)

5P"g= #g= g "g P


H#g% ]Y mV"d! 2" ! " &E F 

"g "' g" B"g7  " HP"F &"


 N"1   P# h[U ^FH

P'@
b Rg %) gk "1 H P
L }:! K [U M ,T":% " HP"F ; a
w"g B ) 8 M ,/k }! p ": &
4 f :=) 2" 5
 j ""~
b 

169

q!%  " V
" HP"F !0) 2  +0M Hy h[U

p g0!  2g }V #g  ,gX) #V "" P"F) 2M  }V '@ 5


 j

}g! gm1 +) ',2" ' 2 78 5


 j  @
7'' "H &"=v  '"
g g1"M' }a' P
3) j #" #Y',RdV "D' "A: ""H  j !%

g gv' , 78 "L YE  9") j M 1 5[ ! ' o% 


  
q"# 2
5
 j ""~
b 

#gV g" HP"gF '@' "g'@ B


g 2g  w" &"Y
5
 j "

HP"gF ' g g g


%y g #g ' 21
1"g 9 "g g)  P# &#H

 ": ' }! p #" V"0 '  78 o p &"Y


h[U ^%0_' ,"

g EgXV ,z"i 4  #:' " 4 }! i @ 2" 2


p P
4
27
g
= Rg1"$ P"g p g  #g BEi  !% m:) 2 $ %

q
0 "L: 21"  2 M 7 '@8 ' RdV

^Y' f" B " !% " HP"F =  "V  Y


&"3 h[U T
a p

 gm1
2" P'@ @
7
 B
 M! 2  

b }g! 5
g jg !% B" V
gM! 8 gV"v' g 7 g
 2U " P# @" 
 ^ =  [U &"Y


q% ' w
  "U+)

P g }:gz p k !% " HP"F P"d1 " 


: u "0 4 

 g P# ^g4%i' ,]BgH 23g4 @


g! P
H#% \ & @#' & ` 2"
b ' 2
 5
 j T
 "  p  0_ p @" N"1 @
7'
&"g1P"!% "V'

p ,gy ' P


}Y
' %d " ' 5P
F ' R F 2% p '  '#
b
g" p g! B"g' ,
gX gz"i' 2"g: ! B" p E%Y
d  

P"gM  ' 2g" 0! B' #) @'#  %d ;FM 5i "1 ,7P"
fg7
/gd= f7
\ "!%Y
0! [U ; a' %
 nV  }Y
% =
b

qB' , "4 2 ' 5y 4 j ' ,]B' , "4 j=

170

p @'# L {" V " &"" FY": p &"1"  w"L  o j'

g g%d ;gFH 5gi "1 ',&"


8 z"i' ' 1"  &""F:

q" P" & %" P'[$" &"1"   P" "=)P

P g "g ' }:gz }gY


 p g!% g" HP"gF P"gd1 =) " 4

:  " 
" 2"

6g gV"0 &" 7 ' F: !1 p  #% V"0 &"v'P


q1
" ! V"v @"' }
[A f7
' "L: V 9 k ' P '@ }

qE ' y '
q@"4 Y8 & + " ""=)P 2" 18 w"m: !1 q2

b "gL 
)' P '@ !: ""=)P 2" 2
' 2=3 T 18 q3
,g=3% "gV'
g  V"ga ,"D P"L' "D i' !% 21"  T @  =' , =1'
p ,"gD +v<) !ga M :
 
' :U   " &8
d ": V
"g 2 ' " "L HP"F ov '  }a' j 3 & + T
a
q/i &" P@ 
g @# ^Y3) B
4V  P BEi  ]!
 p  \ j 21"0 r"= HP

]L:' m1 P" :S! !


 p  HP"F' 
\ "L: !L ""X
2 " #LF p  9"a' j    P# ^V#U' ,wE #! @  P
H#%

2g g0#y i #g ' &"" ' #LF [U j "D" #)' ,


%! fH 5[
5
g @
7
x  
%! =% &" # L7
 p # B'# "LL :)

o gD #g#7 gm1 i #g 2:=)  B'# h[U h"" 8 [U 2)<  8' , "
 p

%" 
% RP# @"' j
d RP# &"" BEi  = @P
om 
0"= ^FY"1 "X
b ,!
 p  P'@ om ) !X) 2 "
}( " ' ,"

171

B#g  "gL% t"g &E"g  RY ^Y'  ^% @"4 Y &"d%34 ^ 7 ) ;H

g fg w
) 5[ ^Y
!Y ^% &E" h[U  m1'
2
 i# ' " 1
b

 "P'
"H ,"L7P"i '   i @ T
 5@"4 Y }" & 3F1 P" p
b

g8 P
7< +' P
7< @"4 Y8 &""F: }( oX ! w
L "z @" 

q "@`) 2

"gL: ,g# B'#g p 


g33 "gU":=  !L m1 i # 4 [U  H

P'#g ogm ) jg fg%H [gU t"gM 1 ' ,2


ga
' 2) [g f# = "y 
1 i#

"g 1 #) p Y w# j w


 5[ ' HP"F i#  V"a,!% 5@"4 Y8
q ' 7  5@"4 Y8

g p g P'@ g   gz" i #g ' &"g"  @# 4 N  H

q1'nM  'M P
0   !
 p 2M ' 2!M +

g p gk g {"g 2gU' {  +=H P#Y j XY  P# &P"v

2g "g4 & `g g   9
g7 BEgi g ',##$ f
L! !

g! &8"g g w"gd Y & ` h[U M ) u, HP"F p B


d M )
^g%i@ gH ,]#:A ' &8"4)8 ' 1'nM 8 &"="y \ 44  P"L & ##7

q]"L:V' & "3 '  jF\ 0 B"7 j P


4 ^1"H &8" 

dg\ P
H#g &#g ]gk &"g  T
ga p g!
g'  \ '

g! p   '" x om:) 2 ! &" ) "LV ^!Y  P@ ]V" 234

:!Y 

gV }F) p'  '" B" p  #a Y " o ) 8 &" ) : fV#

w" ;) M 2 ) P
4Y "
F 8' ,S ) _ 5 '@ '"  &"1a' V"M 

@P
g g! B" p '"
d% "L P" '@ B
&"Y
' &"
z "L=3)

Rg)) "g ,w" 2


% r" P
4 ' V"v'  7 
 ' @"4 Y r"= "LV
k !%  '" x  "H p }Y
' 
1" ' x=3 ' }  
V j
q ! ' !m: &"Y
2U' ]S=3) _\ "L% x% ! p

172

g_ & ' 21


1"gY P
g4Y "
gF' g #a Y " o ) &" ) :!"# fV#

g  '"g #=\ 5k P


# p oL 21"1 #= @
7'  o j V ,S )


1"g w"g ''"  " ( k  u  # !Y t"M 1 ' ]_ '@ :

dV,#"g 2  ! ' 1


1" Y ^ " M ,_ '@' oL: Y) 8

BEgi g' ,"gL!m:)' 5i &" )' 1


Y 
y h[U  5k P
#
T
g g:$ g %   '" 
!X P
#
4: #) h[U  " %!

g fg "g1H  "g ng ) 8 1


 ' &"   +0H
b #:V , ' E7P
}g! !% %"gF g!: p gy HP"gF jg P@"gY + "L% ~ " &"=7 ' f%'

q/k

g%MA @"g\ B
g B `g g g"7 2g!%  BE7 P
H# ^ '"

& #   :  "  P@ ^#  ' ]?k !% O!D ' M_ : 
q2 78 '#:4 

N"g1  1 @"4 Y %MF  5# < "'


b ":U   "y  P@  ,X 

,Bg #g 
gM) ' gy g! " "A" > p !M y ' " ' ' R) P
NY j B
4d% 7P"i P@"4  2 % "L V@ R": B" tP @
7' w# M '
P#g ' P"gM 8 { &"HP#  "y  P@ & @ ^1"H' ,2 78 '#:4 

g 3d u' ,T": T8`U +M) r


% p +) c # j w #Y ' P@"= j
b
 , "g4 g "gb@V "V#gU
g fg1 gz"i @
gF: #gA xd D#" j
q}! '

"gL  =) jg g g gM_  g &"g@ p P"0 "   P# ^da'

' 7P# " 5@"4 Y #A"V, P# & @ w U P


M K " '  78

gy g! gMV B":)   w U P


 ,7 LY'   =) j T"X  '

173

q" 3d  2 78 ' p"0 B


= ' #<

@"g4 Y8 g%MA @"g\ 


g:  g P@ BEgi g  Y`   XY &+v H
#g= B"g P
H#g "D#g ]5y g!
g p   "  P@ : Y`   '
g
"g 1  Y`   2":)   P# "L  ^4%i 2 G" : ' ,#! #!y
@"g ^1"H V , '  "3= ' 44  o1 "' @"4 Y8 %MA @" z"i
&"  ! )' ,
&"=%3  } RH
) ##7 @"4 Y H"U "Y  #D %MA

g p g Y` g  gX) 2gLV ,P"gL ' F p 1' u ,##$ @"4 Y8


q P"L "V z"i' ,!
 E= g }gY
' ,"g 9"g3 gz"i' ,&""3 H p  Y`   ! )
0H & '0 oH )' B" tP ;0M  w U8 u , Y`    f   H B
d )
g! R"gz "gLV oMd g M=g> 
i    ,=4) ['   ;0M) 
,@
gH g " p "gL6' "g 1 ^Y' "L%F  }V":  f% @
 " "V' "LH'
,T": g8 ' gF p oMd g ' P
g7 ' @
g p V"F r"' RE Lm'
q2
" ' P  8 P" V ' :< z"i B
 9"a " "'
oMd  5i M=> "X oU B r"dz #   P# &H H f) ^Y
p'
2g ,g!
g &" C' &"=%3 ' 'm '# H " 1 5
Y r"dz "LV
,2 "g @"g4 Y8 p @"g4 Y8 5
g "gLH 5i M=> P" p i#) 5i 2U
qH &"M=>  '@ p i#) M=> 
i   %(   " RE  ['
5[ B ` M ' !
 p &": =1 # ) "4 & ` ,a
)
 ,dg4V ,g "L%gF) 2 B }Y
 p M ' HP"F =1 p  f1 3
&"gH ' wEg ' B"g4)8 &8"g p "g: g  % g! gV ^") 


M R " p' !
 p 7 } V": p i#) "  P0 8 ' "
Lm O }Y
"V  '" ' Pd 
# 2": r"3 "H ' ,7 , "4
gV"0 gm: ' oU" P" p 
= m)' "U#a d Lm  [ " P
4
tgM ) [g' g: g! " L=F B z"i' 3!1 :L R
Y p "L X) 2
q"UP'@ O!D' ! MV

174

9
g:% "gV' !
 p  #a d  c#d 1 ":H  f1   P# +F)'
Bg r"dgz X  "L1 ":    _  Y`  
 p Lm f1V
b 0H " P"=  j 7' + ":   " 9"3 "
q"=)
b Y' ")

p !L  "M> 2U' ! "7




 p !L ""X 5#    P'@ # '
B#   #' 5i nV f: ' ' nV ! " "d 8 u , Y`    P@
q" 9"3 p  

g ! '  " &8


d u  "y "  p f1  0"= &P"> H
P  8 u 
 M_  " p ^"0 " "H V ,  % ##7 w
{ #
)
oL :  j @@n H ' O!D  " p ^Y` " V ^"0 7 ' 2
" '
"g @'\ B
g "g7 ' 2
g "g  #gV' P  8 w# u ,]@ 1"U\
hT"F ^Y' 5 p' my 5 p oL: T": 8 L  f1 oLH P@  o7": ]S

\ :" 2= F 0 M ' +' :<
y 9"a " " ',! R"z
;^g"v "  B
d   ^Y` " o%  u y  P#Y
b ]qqqq 5+ )"V
q##$ @"4 Y8 &"=%3  } o%y [U =  M '
"gL: &"g P# g @#g jg 5
 u "0 r"= T"7 21# }! p  
,] #= V" # 2:\ P
H# "D# ]%U &m: "  YE\   P@
#g# ""=g
"g:U gV g ' %U &m: p  HP"F oP f1  ^FH'
b
b P'@
9"g3 
gM)' <F1 v # "L{   ,%" ' HP"F @'# p " "
b ^=
9"g3 p "gL %"V' g P'#g g &" ! 2'  a' , K" p u "0
gP ' g%U &m:g :g4>' B"g [gU p "L "gF: ty P
4Y' ,jU
q&m: %) i @  !#% %MF

175

& @"g \ 
g:  g P@ ]2:"g ;
 !"V\ P
H# &# ,4  " p
g
! @
7'  ^4%i ]}! &EMF' ""XY   "LY
' k ":
"La) 2 @
 p 0! ) 2U' , '# " =)) "L HP"F'  "#1 w" &"Y

w"Y w# j t"" R4:)' ,!% " HP"F j 
 "L 1 R=  '#

&"  P
4 =))' ," "y p HP"F   M_ &"#i +V
  '#
1
g [g:) w#g' ,!% w" ! " =)) 2 # " ' 'm "  p  "y
g P@"g4 P"3i ',g" &"g` p &E"g T"g: &"1"gX , g z"
fg% ~ 5[g g ,g!% #  ": 
 o7": t
A [H' ,7
g! 5'#g7 w#g  P
gF ' g !# oU" r" } ,B:  "D@
 R "3

g w n w#' ,!% 2" ;0 " r  w U w#', 5# 2"


,g" "gy p g7 , "g4 P '@ og) B
 #% oU" [H',"1
g "y ; ga," "gy B"g' 2" B" p 2": P'#  w U8 w#'
gm: [gH' ,g! p  ;
) p &"H =P w# R= !% @"4 Y8
b
 V"ga ,, "g4 ' X &""(  # 
Y   H ,!% 1#
b 0H' Ei@
qw" ! j P#Y Y "L% ~ MF !
  "7
 r"d1
b
 %U &" !$ '  \ 
:  ]5@"A #"\ P
H# "U#  P@ ^%z
) H
p t
!% P'# w
)    ]Y " P" Y p 1 #  P@ :M! ' O!L
g p "L!# }! ',! &"`  # 
b w @" }! " 2
3 !
;g41 g7 M ,V ' R4: "LV ^ "'  ^{" v'P
 U" 9
3 u
P'@
b Rg % ',g%U &"g !$ p M! %  &8'" w" 0  ; }!
"g &8"y R% p c"1 j P
H[ :!A ^_ ,":Y' "a "LF!D p "da '
b
g w" "aP ":U  f1 0"=% =) [ ,<F [U p ]2F 7\ &8
 #z #H`
,!g &"g` i @ z"i' 2
3 ! h"  78 L"a'  c"1
,!g &"g` g #g 
o g  ' 2!gP +g MF f
! "H '
b
"gA: gi @ " "UP '@ T @   M! ) u B: BEi  o   X'
qS
3 ! "L  "X'
g @# T"7 P
d [U ^ ]!: '  \ 
:  T"V +i ' }  P
d "

}gY
P
gz :T":g p g%d !: p  P'@\ 
:   P@ "L: ,
: '":

jg g ^g% '#  p  HP"F   P# ^FH q]=  &8  '

176

p g% g!: &8" p 201 HP"F =1 9")P ' ,@"4 Y8 HP"F p R:
g0H gP @ B"g "L7' !  2  ' ,x": 2Y" p "L: y x":

g0H g +gz' g7' +g g ' ,g!: &8" ;% l p HP"F &"

b
HP"gF =g1 &@ og% 5
g }g)P %H f1  EXV
,!: &8" p HP"F

b
"g31 P"gi g!  5[g jgU 9"g3
gU' 2d + 9"3   EXV
,T":
2gggV T"g: g +g=H @ #g gF) p g%"V ^=v #Y
 "31 P"i' 
My

q#= ' O

g!  2gU' T": B> p !


 p "A" M! 8 U"  P# &

&"ggg  P"g p o g ' ,'":  


    8 T7
U  P ' 2 "
"g ) 8 2gU'  gi @  " f !Y f ' @"4 Y8 f !Y B" M! 8' %"
q f% 7
b

2!@"gH ! ' 5
: P" \ 
:   P@ r"= [U "A'":) 2 &" P# 
g P# ^4%i' ,]1' 5P#Y "\ P
H# "D# ]"7
!1
&":= %H qq k p
b
w"1 @
7' p ^%0_',k p !@"H 
: Hy  x"y = f ! " 
2g g 78 Hd% 
 +) 8 !@"H Hy"V ,k 
: Hy i @

g: gHy  ~ [U' ,L: "  +0H p T" c# 8' ,}! p ^3F1
<gF: f"gF) g o j, &" ! p &L 2 "DE0  ;% k
#g ) "g  ,!m: H M ) 8 "!@"H
 ""X w U8  H ,L: M '
b
q ""X 2 " w UE  :H &L ]a
\

177

g gggg P@ ]# V V"\ P


H# # ] o% )  2 78 #" \ 
w#g T P' ;g) 2g g
ogU h  '  o% ) P'' { "ggAEi gggg
}gY
'"g g7 }3  H  }3 ) o% "=V , 78 ' @"4 Y8 !: '
jg "gd% g!% og% g{  EXV ,"d% E & P"L ' V r" H '

p oL "g ' ogL  gy g" ' ,"gL": g: dg4% "gL "P' "D dz
q P#
^gFY
1' ^#gY 2 ' '#:  ^7i 2 &"z
r" M !X) w" p'

: &"z
h[U  ' %"H 
 p &"%7 ^ 5# j

q 78 ' @"4 Y8 ":  %"  M_ 2 G  


3)

q##$ "L 7

#' 
 p &""3 ;% l p  HP"F a

xg g g &"


ga
 B'"g: ) gE ) n }a
#
 T"P
q"L#)

}F) 2 '  }a


 z" #% ' " P"MV ,d4) j y
q}! p 2E r"3 p

gL7
 p "gA gXV #1"g x' 1
1" ' " "LY
d  
)
q"L  B
z
% Y

X

j #" ","Lv
)' r" H p &" P# h[U }! '#: h[U j !"% R

B
g4y R g4 g!L &"g P# ' c"gd  +0MV ,"L% 9E8 ' "L  B
z

q& _` ' & '#1 p "L FY":  T"L 18 #  "L%

&8"g p T"g: jg g


& +v< @#  P
z
f!#) p r" M { !M)
b

h[gU &"g P# ^ '":)' ,!: ' 21# }! ' ! ' " HP"F 2U' % l
2g 78 }gY
' ,g1
1" ' g  "L: @#  R1
7 BEi  " P'"d

g RgdV y p T"g: jg gH) K &"g P# h[U  "X


b 2"~  ,"0 '
gM ' ,g'#= ' g x"g: g  p T": }Y ' 1 # &" P#  &#zP

g "' ,&"%$ T":v &+v 2 &Ei # ' &"= % f '":) w# r" M j [i`

,gV g }' " o#) p oL "H " ,


: ' % l m1 &"L7'' 5QP 

b
^g7i 2g &"z
  EXV
,r" M "A'":) 2 ""X B
 &">": 50'
q &"z
h[U [:) " 
: &"L$ @# K' ,
! " ^!) '#: "

178

@ Z@ba@pbba
q##$  ` p ` 
X :M v?- 4x

gX' ,
g H 6 g "7 ,@"4 Y8 %H ," w
% P# : 

g%d }g! g!:) `!' ##$  `! T": %
q"F
o7n :FS
O4

q(n : L&# ~
qU"  "7 %1 % o #  :4 g7D# SU
q##$  `! 
X' dz : D 8B4
q##$  `! ` 
X : 22 #%2.
qM  "$"  78 &" P# H p ud #" :D&4 aS

,21"g  2g: '"g g "H
 g
g o@ G"1 # :81<P4 M|
q"1
 B" p u"'

179

(>'# @%
Q 4 ?&#

5[g P'#g "g' ? P" " : "L: % #  "7 -U  @# [U B'"
?T"g:% "g1"
aP" '  % l 1 x%i p sP" &"" M ' & T  f= %)
b
g ? "gL 7 ) ' "UP"U@  5@ 5[ "' ? 21"1 P" p H3= &# 2 
qqqqq %  "U+' ?  ' !' P" R M
: ) P'"d "X
b @# B'":  H
qS 78 9
: P
m:  P" " H
q2U"F P" ' T":
q;>P ' T":
q) [ + ' T":
"L%!gF) 8 #gY 2g ' @#g 9
ga
! gz" &"HP"F " -U  U R)'
5000 3000 @'#g p g1 gY jg &""L w#) 
71' qP
H[ P'"d
#g
 p @
g B"gP o   j ,R M N' !%H 3000 2000 ,&" P#% !%H
: " "
 5< ' ,2010 
H 15 h"4Y
#:L ,#>  9  ,#: o : #= 9P"> 14 :M?( %B
nwrc@nwrcegypt.org

:8.># ?(

180

gXU": jg g!"Y fg)MV' ,g


% f gXU":  2 " 2 78 5# : x%3:

 gX &"g%  78 ' @"4 Y8


y  9"V# ' ,##$  % &""
b

g gXY h"g hP'#g 5#g :!% QP @


7'  P"> P# ,0 "v "1 ' ," '@

"gd%
g!1 P"g i8'  #g= }:g4 "7
!1
f "P' 5# : QP M V ,"1
b
#g#$ g % #g:7 ": H } "= >8  ,F!L ' T" X , "4 k :

q%# &") n"

@ 1y@bg
<g%) 2g gYE ;gM &") n ' &""  gg ## 4 ,a
)
g 78 &"g=% gL7
 p g
 g gA &"%! p &": T": "L 
q@"4 Y8 
" p #d &"8
' k p "L L7
  Y
 2 @"4 Y8 '
 
gM)' , ' "gH g
Y  &"P" p T": ^1 ;H ^da' #V ['
b V 
Y  &E"'
q
p P0 8  EX

@ n@xb
 ,21" M 
%! i @ "{ ,5P
H[ #$ H ,5
01 #$ 

' 
U  9"V# TR !d  5[
U 5
01 #$ M ' ,T"  @"4 Y8
q$ 
A 7  ) [ f 
U #  hP#Y B V [H f1' qa nV &"
U

#$ fV 
M U P }a'  ,N"'
"  "
 9 k ' Y": [U'
b

qV"v' " &" k " 5


01

@ @1

181

You might also like