Trend of meat and milk production in pakistan and oher leading Countries

Meat A flesh of animals eat as food.It can be part of a balanced diet contributing valuable nutrients
that are beneficial to health.Meat and meat products contain important levels of protein, vitamins,
minerals and micronutrients which are essential for growth and development

Meat producion system in Pakistan

• No specific system of red meat production is practiced in Pakistan.

• Mostly the beef animals cows and buffaloes are kept for milk purpose.

• Beef animals comes as by-products of dairy animals and from end of carrier

animals.

• Commercial beef farming (on very small scale)

• Low input low output system.

• Traditional meat marketing remains a constraint in the development of meat

industry.

• The current meat marketing system provides almost no motivation to produce

quality meat.

• The district authorities fix retail price of mutton and beef. No allowance in price is given for
quality.

• The pricing policy is consumer oriented and does not aid livestock producer.

• Lack of technical guidance

• Operational problems

• Involvement of middle man

• Absence of processing & packing

• Marketing channels not organized

• There is no concept of concentrate feeding.

• There are heavy transportation losses.

• Unhygienic processing.

• There is no value addition of meat products.

• Wastage of valuable byproducts.

• No concept of quality meat production.

• Animals are slaughtered in slaughterhouse without the supervision of veterinarian

• No modern meat technology system

• No organized marketing system

Dairy Production Systems In Pakistan

There are FOUR main types of systems for the production

of milk from cows and buffaloes in Pakistan:

1. Smallholder Rural Subsistence Production System

2. Smallholder Rural Market-oriented Production System
3. Rural Commercial Production System
4. Peri-urban Production System

(1) Smallholder Rural Subsistence Production System

Produce milk to meet family requirements at minimal cost.The average subsistence unit
consists of about 03 buffaloes.Average milk yields per animal are 3 litres/day. Grazing provides
more than half of the feed requirement. Some green fodder and straw is provided and a small
quantity of concentrate is given to milking cows. The main inputs in this system are often non-
cash resources, such as family-owned land and labour.Some 70 percent of smallholder milk
producers fall into this category. As local tradition prohibits the selling of milk, most of these
farmers do not market milk, even when surplus is available.

(2) Smallholder Rural Market-oriented Production System

These farmers have satisfactory access to a milk market. They produce milk in excess of family
requirements. They usually keep better-quality animals. The typical production unit in this
system is family- owned, and consists of five buffaloes and cattle:

 three adult females,

 one or two female followers, and
 one male calf
There is usually no adult bull in the herd.Milking animals are generally stall-fed with seasonal
green fodder, straw and concentrate while dry cows and herd followers are grazed. Calves are
retained during lactation, and then the males are disposed of while females are kept as
replacements. This system is the main source of milk in Pakistan. Milk is sold through various
channels, including direct sales to retail shops in the nearest city, and sales to intermediaries or
the procurement agents of dairy processing corporations.

(3) Rural Commercial Production System

With more than 50 animals, 90% buffaloes and 10% cattle, on mixed crop-livestock farms or
specialized farms for breeding and milk production.Average milk yields per animal are 10
litres/day.Fodder crops are grown and straw may be home- grown or purchased. Concentrates
are fed and dry females and heifers are possibly grazed.There is usually a bull for natural mating
and the government artificial insemination service is also used.These farms are well organized
and kept good records, but their contribution to the total milk supply is small.

(4) Peri-urban Production System

Peri-urban production occurs in commercial-scale units located on the peripheries of major
urban centres. The largest being at the Landhi Cattle Colony, Karachi, where more than 250,000
milking animals are kept. These maintain herd sizes ranging from ten to 200 head, and
averaging 50 animals

 90 percent buffaloes
 10 percent cows
 (Mostly adult lactating females)

Turnover is very high.Animals close to calving or in calf are purchased, the calf is allowed to
suckle for a few days and is then sold, generally for slaughter. Dry females are either sold for
slaughter or returned to the rural areas for breeding. Most cows are not mated, as pregnancy
reduces milk-yield. Peri-urban Production System Green fodder is purchased, but feed consists
mainly of concentrate and straw. Since this is a high-cost system, only high-potential animals
are kept. These units employ family and hired labour, the latter being paid at local urban rates.
Milk is delivered to the market twice a day.

Milk is sold either through direct sale to retail shops in the city or under annual contracts to
intermediaries. Some peri-urban production is carried out by small farms, especially in smaller
urban centres. Major overheads in this system include hired labour costs, animal shelter,
veterinary care, feed, water and electricity bills, and milk transport.
 Production system and their characteristics

FUTURE TRENDS AND NEED OF BEEF PRODUCTION IN PAKISTAN

• In the light of global scenario of beef production vis-à-vis its current

situation in Pakistan, the animal scientists have to accept a challenge of
making the beef production a commercially viable

enterprise.

1. Beef production from forage

The major limiting factors in the productivity of beef cattle fed forages
alone are that they limit intake of energy, digestibility of energy, and
the efficiency of energy utilization for animal product. The dry matter
intake (DMI) and digestibility of forages by the animals can be affected
by many factors. This is summarized below:

i) High moisture contents of forages. The moisture contents of the

forages affects DMI. Limited data indicate that total DMI decreases as
the moisture contents of the diets exceed 50 percent. In Pakistan there
is cut and carry system of feeding forages to the livestock. Fresh
fodders have higher moistur contents than the wilted ones or hay.

ii) Effect of high ambient temperature.

High ambient temperature outside the comfort zone (15-25°C) of the

animals also affects the DMI. With high temperature and humidity,
intake may be depressed by upto 30 percent. The depression in intake
is more pronounced on high roughage diets than on low roughage
diets.

iii) Low protein diets.

The lower protein contents of the diet limits intake and digestibility.
The depression in intake is associated with the crude protein
concentrations below 8 percent. The DMI of the animals on low protein
diets can be increased if animals are provided with adequate quantities
of proteins and animals on basal grass diets are supplemented with
legumes.

iv) Hay and silage for beef production.

Provision of good quality forage to the beef animals is a key to

successful beef enterprise. Feeding poor quality forage will not bring
any good results in terms of meat production. In Pakistan, forage
availability is not constant throughout the year. May-June and October-
November are fodder scarcity periods in Pakistan. Even when the
fodder is in abundance, the feeding quality of the forages is not really
well taken care of because of cut and carry system.

4. Cross Breeding vs exploiting indigenous resources

Crossing of native type of cattle with improved breeds is an attractive

approach as a population average can be moved to a new plateau for
certain traits rather rapidly. Dairy cattle cross breeding is underway in
Pakistan and has increased average milk production per lactation in
cross bred cows compared with their local ancestors. Any research
effort should thus be based on the lessons from Charolais and
Droughtmaster crossbreeding. Haphazard attempts without objectivity
are not likely to lead us anywhere.

5. Improving beef marketing

In the order of priority the beef is likely to remain as the third choice
after poultry and mutton among the masses in Pakistan. Majority of the
people are not quality conscious. However, with Government
permission to export the beef, there is a lot of scope for the local beef
industry to develop.

Future potential
• Productivity Enhancement

• Value Addition

• Modern Abattoirs & Processing Units

• Building Supply Chains market linkages

• Genetics Artificial Insemination, breed improvement

• Halal Market
• The export of meat and meat products is resulting in high source of foreign

income.

• There is a great demand of meat in middle east countries, and other Muslim

countries being halal method of slaughtering.

• Pakistan has great potential of exporting meat.

• Moreover intestines are exported for sausage industry.

• Leather goods of Pakistan have gained a good share of international market.

Meat production (2021- 2022)

Meat production Tons

Beef 2461

Mutton 782

Poultry 1977

Total 5220

Meat consumption per capita in pakistan in 2020 by type

Source Kg

Beef 6.42

Mutton 2.02

Poultry 6.62

Total - meat 15.06

Milk production in pakistan ( 2021-2022) in tone

Cow 24238

Buffalo 39503

Sheep 42

Goat 1018

Camel 944

Total 65745

Meat production system in other leading countries

Farming is a complex, process that is dependent on land, animal, human and multicomponent,
interactive water resources as well as capital investment. Throughout the world it is practiced
in many different ways and environments and with differing degrees of intensity and biological
efficiency. Animal production systems vary from mainly capital intensive in the western world
to mainly capital extensive systems in the developing world.

a) Industrial system

Industrial livestock systems are those in which the animals are detached from the land base of
feed supply and waste disposal. They depend on external supplies of feed energy and other
inputs. Industrial systems provide >50 percent of global pork and poultry meat production and
10 percent of beef and mutton production. Excess nitroger and phosphorus nutrients due to
large quantities of feed imports, can lead to problems with manure disposal and pose a
potential pollution risk.

(b) Mix system

In mixed farming systems, crops and livestock production are integrated on the same farm.
Globally mixed farming systems produce the largest share of total meat (54 percent). Mixed
farming is the main system for smalholder farmers in many developing countries.

(c ) Grazing system

Grazing systems are defined as livestock systems in which more than 90 percent of dry matter
fed to animals comes from rangelands, pastures, annual forages and purchased feeds and less
than 10 percent of the total value of production comes from non-livestock farming activities. In
terms of total production, grazing systems supply only 9 percent of global meat production yet
provide the sole source of income for 20 million pastoral families.

Milk production System in Pakistan

Pakistan is fourth largest milk producing country in the world. Milk is produced by buffalo,
cattle, sheep, goat and camel but being major contributor in milk production, cattle and buffalo
are considered as major dairy animals and are always mainly focused and discussed. These
dairy animals are also used as draught and beef animals. When a dairy animal has spent her
productive life and becomes uneconomical for milk production then she is used as a beef
animal. Male calves of dairy animals and dairy bulls when no further required for breeding
purposes are also utilized for beef purposes. Buffalos found in Pakistan make up 47% of
Pakistan's major dairy animal's population providing more than about61% of the total milk
produced in the country. Buffalo breeds found in Pakistan are Nili Ravi, Kundi and AzaKheli. Nili
Ravi is considered best buffalo breed in world and known as Black Gold of Pakistan. Cattle
constitute about 53% of the national population of major dairy animals in Pakistan and
contribute the share of almost 34.9% to the total milk production in country. The cattle breeds
found in the country are Sahiwal, Cholistani, Red Sndhi, Achai, Bhagnari, Dajal, Dhanni, Gibrali,
Kankraj, Lohani, Rojhan, and Thari. Out of these, Sahiwal, Cholistani, and Red Sindhi are main
dairy breeds and well known internationally due to their distinct characteristics. Other than
well-defined cattle breeds, there are a large number of nondescript cattle breeds and crossbred
cattle.

Factor affecting productivity

The factors affecting dairy animal productivity are divided in following categories:- 1.
Breed/Genetics

2. Nutrition

3. Health

4. Reproduction

5. Management

6. Marketing

1. Breed/ Genetics
1. Low productivity

2. Limited number of dairy animals with higher

genetic make up

3. Limited availability of proven bulls with higher

genetic make up

4. Low AI coverage (10-15%)

5. In vitro fertilization technique not well established

.Nutrition

1) . Animals are underfed: deficient in energy by 25%

and protein by 38%

2) Non-availability of fodder round the year.

3) Two scarcity periods:

i. May-June

ii.October-November

4) . Hay and Silage making not popular

5) Land for fodder decreasing

6) . Limited availability of seed for high yielding

fodder varieties

7). Low quality fodder and methods for improving

their quality not popular

8) Concentrate feeds are expensive

9) . Feeding cost high

Health
1. Vaccination coverage against contagious disease not 100%

2. Vaccine Quality very low: Occurrence of disease despite vaccination

3. Limited veterinary coverage and expensive medicine and Veterinarian fee

4. Awareness about sub-clinical mastitis non-existent

( 4. ) Reproduction
1. High age at first calving due to underfeeding

and/or mineral deficiency and silent heat in

buffaloes

2. Age at first calving in

i. Buffaloes :48 months (should be 36)

ii.Cows: 44 months (should be 30)

3. High Calving Interval due to:

i. Less conception rate by AI than by natural mating

ii. Reproductive problems: anoestrous, repeat breeding

iii. Silent Heat in buffaloes

Result: Low productive life of dairy animals

5. Management
1. Housing

i. Improper Housing for extreme weathers (High summer temperature, Chilling winters)

ii.Lack of awareness about the importance of clean water round the clock in calf

iii. High calf mortality due to negligence management during early days

2. Poor infrastructure

i. Roads,

ii. Transport

iii. Containers used

iv. Virtually no chilling, etc.

3. Financial insecurity
4. Untrained manpower

5. Seasonality

6. Quality assurance

i. Poor sanitations of livestock sheds

ii. Non-cleaning of animals before milking

iii. Milking by hand

iv. Milk collection in small quantities from milk producers Use of non-recommended utensils
and containers for milk handling

vi. Long distance between production and consumption points

vii. Insufficient or non-availability of cooling/chilling facilities

viii. Use of non-recommended additives & preservatives for enhancing shelf life of milk

ix. Adulterants

x. Chemical contaminants