Addis Ababa University , Faculty of Technology (south), Department of Architecture , December 2008

Successive Auxiliary Views.

n A primary auxiliary view is an auxiliary view obtained by

projection from one of the six basic views.

n A primary auxiliary plane of projection is one that is

perpendicular to one of three principal planes and
inclined to the other two.
 Successive Auxiliary Views.

n A second auxiliary view is one projected from a primary

view.

n Any two adjacent views must lie on mutually

perpendicular projection planes.

n A second auxiliary view is used to obtain information

available only in a view projected on a plane that is
oblique to the principal planes.
 Successive Auxiliary Views.

n Use Of Auxiliary And Additional Views.

Use In space Position of Line of Sight on multi view

drawing
1. True length Perpendicular to Perpendicular to any view of the line or
of a line (TL) the line directed toward a point view of the line

2. Point view of Parallel to the Parallel to the true length view of the line
a line line
3. Edge view of Parallel to the Parallel to a true-length view of the line in
a plane (EV) plane the plane or directed toward a true-size
view of the plane.

4. Normal or Perpendicular to Perpendicular to an edge view of the plane

true-size view the plane
of a plane (TS)
 Point View Of a Line

n A line will appear as a point in any view for which the

line of sight is parallel to the line in space.

n In order to produce a point view of a line, the line of

sight must be parallel to a true length view of the line.
 Point View Of a Line

n The point view of a line is used as an intermediate step

in finding the clearance problem and true distance
between point, lines and planes in space.
Point View Of a Line
 Edge View Of a Plane

n A plane will appear as an edge view for which the line of

sight is parallel to the plane.

n If the line of sight is to be parallel to the plane, it must

be parallel to a line in the plane.
 Edge View Of a Plane

n NB. A plane will appear as an edge view in any view for

which the line of sight is parallel to a true length line in
the adjacent view.

n A normal or true-size and shape view of a plane is

obtained in any view for which the line of sight is
perpendicular to the plane.
Normal View Of A Plane
Normal View Of A Plane
Normal View Of A Plane
 Normal View Of A Plane

n Normal views of plane surface is used:-

n To produce true size and shape so that they may be properly

dimensioned and clearly described.

n In space problem solution involving plane geometry like:-

1. Finding the shortest distance from a point to line and plane
2. Measuring the angle between two intersecting lines
3. Constructing the bisector of an angle
4. Inscribing a circle in a triangle.
 PARALLELISM

Addis Ababa University , Faculty of Technology (south), Department of Architecture , December 2008
 Parallelism

n Parallelism of lines is a property that is preserved in

orthographic projections.

n If any lines are parallel in space, the lines will be

projected as parallel in any view except in those views
where the line coincide or appear as point.
PARALLELISM

Parallel Lines
 Parallel Lines

n Oblique lines that appear parallel in two or more

principal views are parallel in space.
 Parallel Lines

n Two horizontal, Two frontal, or two profile lines that

appear to be parallel in two principal views may or may
not be actually parallel in space.

n Further study might be needed in order to conclude the

true spatial relation ship of two lines.
 Parallel Lines
n Non intersecting, non parallel lines are called skew lines.
 Parallel Lines

n The true distance between two parallel lines may be

obtained either by:-

n Constructing a view showing the lines as point or

n Obtaining a normal view of the plane of the two lines.

 Parallel Lines

n Any two lines in a plane must either intersect or be

parallel.
 Parallel Planes

n If two intersecting lines in one plane are parallel

respectively to two intersecting lines in a second plane,
the planes are parallel in space.

n If two planes are parallel, any lines in one plane is

parallel to the other plane, since it cannot intersect the
other plane.
 Parallel Planes

n If two planes are parallel, any view showing one of the

planes in edge view must also show the other plane as a
parallel edge view.
Parallel Planes
Parallel Planes
 Lines Parallel To Planes

n If two lines are parallel, any plane containing one of the

line is parallel to the other line.

n A plane may be drawn parallel to a given line merely by

having the plane contain a line parallel to the given line.
Lines Parallel To Planes
Lines Parallel To Planes
 Parallel Pictorial Lines

n For lines to be parallel in the given isometric pictorial,

the lines must not only have the appearance of being
parallel but must also exist in the same or parallel planes
of the pictorial.
Parallel Pictorial Lines
Parallel Pictorial Lines
Parallel Pictorial Planes
Parallel Pictorial Planes
 PERPENDICULARITY

Addis Ababa University , Faculty of Technology (south), Department of Architecture , December 2008
 Perpendicularity

n If a line is perpendicular to a plane, it is perpendicular to

every line in the plane through the foot of the
perpendicular.

n Perpendicular lines are not necessarily intersecting lines.

 Perpendicularity

n The lines do not necessarily lie in the same plane.

Perpendicularity

nIf two lines appear perpendicular in a vie w, they

are actually perpendicular in space only if at least
one of the lines is true length in that same view.

nException occurs when one line is shown as a

point.
Perpendicularity
 Perpendicularity

Perpendicular non intersecting lines- one shown true length

 Line Perpendicular to A Plane

n Two view method:-

n A line perpendicular to a plane is perpendicular to all

lines in the plane.

n Therefore, a line perpendicular to a plane appears

perpendicular to a line in the plane in any view in
which the line in the plane is true length.
Line Perpendicular to A Plane
Line Perpendicular to A Plane
Line Perpendicular to A Plane
 Line Perpendicular to A Plane

n Auxiliary view method:-

n If an auxiliary view showing the given plane as and edge view,
the required line may be drawn perpendicular to the edge view.
 Line Perpendicular to A Plane

n Auxiliary view method:-is more convenient if the measurement of

true distance is required.
Line Perpendicular to A Plane
Line Perpendicular to A Plane
 Plane Perpendicular To A Line

n Two view method:-

n A plane is perpendicular to a line if the line contains

two intersecting lines each of which is perpendicular

to the given line.

n Thus a plane may drawn containing a given point and

perpendicular to a given line.
Plane Perpendicular To A Line
Plane Perpendicular To A Line
 Plane Perpendicular To A Line

n Auxiliary view method:-

n A plane may be established through a given point x

perpendicular to a given line AB, by an auxiliary view
showing line AB in true length, and in this true length
view, the required plane appears as an edge view and
at a right angle to a’ b .

n All line in the required planes are perpendicular to

the line AB.
Plane Perpendicular To A Line
Plane Perpendicular To A Line
Common Perpendicular

n Point-view method:-

n Connecting two skew lines in one and only one

line which is perpendicular to both lines is called
the common perpendicular.
Common Perpendicular

n Point-view method:-

n Since the shortest distance from a point to a line

is measured along the perpendicular from the
point to the line, the shortest distance between
two skew line is measured along the line that is
perpendicular to each of the skew lines.
Common Perpendicular

n Point-view method:-
Common Perpendicular

n Point-view method:-
Common Perpendicular

n Point-view method:-
 Common Perpendicular

n Point-view method:-
Common Perpendicular

n Plane method:-

n If a plane is passed through one of the two skew

lines and parallel to the other, the distance
between the plane and the second line is the
shortest distance between the lines.
Common Perpendicular

n Plane method:-
n This method is particularly useful if only the shortest distance between the
lines, and not the views of the perpendicular, is needed.
Common Perpendicular

n
Common Perpendicular

n
Common Perpendicular

n
Common Perpendicular

n
Common Perpendicular

n
Common Perpendicular