ANPH 111: Anatomy and Physiology

LECTURE 12: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND BODY METABOLISM

MRS. SHERLEEN JANE F. PULIDO – COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022-2023

FUNCTIONS 2. CHEEKS
→ Form the lateral walls
1. DIGESTION
→ breakdown of ingested food 3. HARD PALATE
→ Forms the anterior roof
2. ABSORPTION
→ passage of nutrients into blood 4. SOFT PALATE
→ Forms the posterior roof
3. METABOLISM
→ production of cellular energy 5. UVULA
→ catabolizing and anabolizing molecules → Fleshy projection of the soft palate

6. VESTIBULE
DIVISION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM → Space between lips externally, and teeth and gums internally
A. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT – mouth, pharynx,
7. TONGUE
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
→ Attached at hyoid and styloid processes, and by the lingual
frenulum
B. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS – teeth, tongue, gall
bladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
8. FRENULUM
→ Membrane that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth;
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT limits movement

→ A continuous, hollow coiled tube that digests food, breaks it down, 9. TONSILS
and absorbs the fragments through its lining into the blood. Palatine Tonsils – associated with preventing infections in
digestive and respiratory tract

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT ACTIVITIES Lingual Tonsils – prevent infection and contains B lymphocytes
and T lymphocytes
1. INGESTION
→ Taking food into digestive tract
→ Act of putting food into mouth PROCESSES OF THE MOUTH

2. MECHANICAL DIGESTION - chewing, mixing, and churning food 1. MASTICATION - chewing of food (MECHANICAL DIGESTION)
Biting - using of teeth to cut the food
Mastication - chewing or grinding food 2. Mixing masticated food with saliva (CHEMICAL DGESTION)
→ SALIVARY AMYLASE – enzyme that digests starch
3. PROPULSION - Deglutition and peristalsis → MUCIN – slippery protein (mucus); protects soft lining of
Deglutition – swallowing digestive system; lubricates food for easier swallowing
Peristalsis – waves of contraction and relaxation of the muscles in → BUFFERS – neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay
the organ walls → ANTI-BACTERIAL CHEEMICALS – kills bacteria that enter
mouth with food
4. CHEMICAL DIGESTION – catabolic breakdown of food
Initial Digestion - Stomach 3. Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
Final Digestion - Small Intestine 4. Allowing for sense of taste

5. ABSORPTION
→ Movement of nutrients from the G.I. Tract to the blood or PHARYNX
lymph (villi and microvilli)
→ Serves as a way for air and food
6. DEFACATION
→ Food is propelled to the esophagus by 2 muscle layers
→ Elimination of indigestible and unabsorbed solid wastes
1. Longitudinal Inner Layer
(Large Intestine)
2. Circular Outer Layer

ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM → Food movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers
(PERISTALSIS)
MOUTH

ANATOMY OF MOUTH (Oral Cavity) EPIGLOTTIS

1. LIPS (Labia) → Prevents food from going into trachea

→ Protects the anterior opening → Bends backward when swallowing to cover the trachea and avoid
choking

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 ESOPHAGUS 3. ILEUM
→ Extends from the jejunum to ileocecal valve of large intestine
→ Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm (12 feet long)
→ Conducts food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing) → Absorption of nutrients and water
→ Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after
the pharynx)
VILLI OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

STOMACH → Small projections of the plasma membrane

→ Found on absorptive cells
→ Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity (10 inch long)
→ When full, holds about 1 gallon of food
→ Food enters at the cardio-esophageal sphincter STRUCTURE INVOLVED IN ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
→ Food exits at the pyloric sphincter (valve) between the stomach and
small intestine 1. ABSORPTIVE CELLS
2. BLOOD CAPPILARIES

STOMACH FUNCTIONS
CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
→ Acts as storage tank for food
→ Site of food breakdown → Source of enzymes that are mixed with chyme
→ Produces 2 to 3 liter of gastric juice (HCl, enzymes, and mucus) → Acid from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from accessory
per day glands
→ Chemical breakdown of protein begins at stomach
PEPSIN – enzyme that breaks down proteins; secreted as • PANCREAS:
pepsinogen which is activated by HCl 1. PEPTIDASES – digests proteins and breaks peptide bonds
→ Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase)
→ Regulated by neural and hormonal factors 2. PACREATIC AMYLSE – digests starch
1. MOTILIN – a polypeptide that has a role in fat metabolism 3. LIPASE – needed to digest fat
2. GASTRIN – a hormone that stimulates the production of 4. NUCLEASES – digests nucleic acids
gastric acid in the stomach
3. SECRETIN – a peptide hormone secreted by the duodenum • LIVER
that serves to regulate its acidity → Produces bile
→ BILE – breaks up fats
→ It takes 4 hours for the stomach to empty after a well-balanced meal
and 6 hours for a fatty meal • GALL BLADDER
→ Storage of bile

DISEASES AND DISORDERS

PROPULSION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
1. HEARTBURN – occurs when cardio-esophageal sphincter fails to
close tightly and gastric juice backs up into esophagus PERISTALSIS is the major means of moving food

2. HIATAL HERNIA – superior part of the stomach protrudes above • SEGMENTAL MOVEMENTS
the diaphragm allowing juices to go into esophagus → Mix chyme with digestive juices
→ Aid in propelling food
3. VOMITING – reverse movement of the food, brought about by a
signal from the medulla
LARGE INTESTINE

SMALL INTESTINE (12 TO 24 HOURS)

(4 TO 8 HOURS) → Larger in diameter, but shorter that the small intestine

→ Frames the internal abdomen
→ The body’s major digestive organ
→ Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
→ Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal FUNCTIONS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
valve
→ Reabsorption of water
→ Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery
→ Eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces
→ Does not participate in digestion of food
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

1. DUODENUM STUCTURES OF THE LARGE INTESTINE

→ attached to the stomach
1. ILEOCECAL VALVE – between small intestine and large intestine
→ curves around the pancreas (10 inches)
2. CECUM – saclike, first part of the large intestine
→ Most digestion
3. APPENDIX
2. JEJUNUM
→ Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes
→ Attaches to the duodenum (8 feet long)
inflames (appendicitis)
→ Absorption of nutrients and water
→ Hangs from the cecum

MATIAS, JHON MANUEL MANALASTAS

4. COLON: CLASSIFICATION OF TEETH
→ ASCENDING COLON – travels up the right side
→ TRANSVERSE COLON – travels across abdomen 1. INCISORS – adult (8), child (8)
→ DESCENDING COLON – travels down the left side → they have sharp edges that help you bite into food
→ SIGMOIDAL COLON – aka PELVIC COLON
2. CANINES – “cuspids,” adult (4), child (4)
5. RECTUM – holding area before the release of fecal material
6. ANUS – external body opening 3. PREMOLARS – “bicuspids” adult (8)
→ it has a flat surface with ridges for crushing and grinding food
into smaller pieces
FOOD BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION IN LARGE INTESTINE
4. MOLARS – adult (12) including 4 wisdom teeth; child (4)
→ No digestive enzymes are produced → Biggest and strongest teeth
→ Resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients → It has large surface area for grinding up food and break up the
• Produce some vitamin K and vitamin B food into small pieces
• Release gases
→ Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed
→ Remaining materials are eliminated via feces REGIONS OF A TOOTH

1. CROWN – exposed part (hardest substance in the body)

PROPULSION IN LARGE INTESTINE → Outer enamel
→ Dentin
→ Sluggish peristalsis → Pulp cavity
→ Mass movements
• Slow, powerful movements 2. NECK – region in contact with the gum; connects crown to root
• Occur three to four times a day
→ Presence of feces in rectum causes a defecation reflex 3. ROOT
• Defecation occurs with relaxation of the voluntary (external) anal → periodontal membrane attached to the bone
sphincter → ROOT CANAL carrying blood vessels and nerves

DISEASES AND DISORDERS PANCREAS

1. DIARRHEA – results when water in not sufficiently absorbed by → Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down
large intestine (can be due to bacteria) all categories of food
→ Enzymes are secreted into duodenum
2. CONSTIPATION – results when too much water is absorbed by the → Alkaline fluid introduced with enzyme neutralizes acidic chyme
large intestine → Endocrine products of pancreas: INSULIN

ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS LIVER

→ Consist of salivary glands, teeth, pancreas, liver, gall bladder → Largest internal organ/gland in the body
→ Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm
→ Consist oof four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and
SALIVARY GLANDS abdominal wall by the falciform ligament
→ Connected to the gall bladder via the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT
→ Saliva-producing glands

1. PAROTID GLANDS – located anterior to ears BILE

MUMPS is inflammation of the parotid glands
→ Produced by cells in liver
2. SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS – located beneath the floor of the
mouth COMPOSITION:

1. Bile salts
3. SUBLINGUAL GLANDS – located under the tongue
2. Bile pigment (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of
hemoglobin)
TEETH 3. Cholesterol
4. Phospholipids
→ The role is to masticate or chew the food 5. Electrolytes
→ Aids in mechanical digestion

→ Humans two have to sets of teeth ROLES OF LIVER IN METABOLISM

• DECIDUOUS TEETH (Baby or Milk Teeth)
→ Several roles in digestion
➔ 20 teeth are fully formed by the age of two
→ Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
→ Degrades hormones
• PERMANENT TEETH
→ Produce cholesterol, blood proteins (clotting proteins)
➔ Will replace deciduous teeth beginning between the
→ Plays a central role in metabolism
ages of 6 to 12
➔ A full set is 32 teeth, but some people do not have
wisdom teeth
➔ Teeth are named according to their function
MATIAS, JHON MANUEL MANALASTAS
 METABOLISM 2. LIPIDS – triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids
3. PROTEINS – amino acids
→ Chemical reactions that are necessary to maintain life 4. VITAMINS – need a balanced diet to obtain essential vitamins
5. MINERAL – body requires 7 minerals (Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg)
CATABOLISM – substances are broken down, energy released and 6. WATER – helps in absorption of food
captured to make ATP
WHAT NUTRIENTS DO FOR THE BODY?
ANABOLISM – small molecules come together to form larger, complex
molecules → CARBOHYDRATES – broken down to form ATP

→ LIPIDS – build cell membranes, make myelin sheath, and insulates

MAINTAINING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL the body

• Blood circulates through the liver and glucose is removed. If the → PROTEINS – major structure for building cells
body has an abundance, glucose is made into glycogen. The
process is called GLYCOGENESIS.
DISEASES AND DISORDERS
• If the body is low on sugar, the liver will break down the glycogen
into sugar/glucose. The process is called GLYCOGENOLYSIS. 1. FROSTBITE – when the body is exposed to low temperatures;
capillaries constrict to keep blood deeper for the internal organs

CARBOHYDRATE METBOLISM
CELLULAR RESPIRATION – glucose is broken down, releasing
chemical energy to form ATP
GLUCOSE + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ATP
• If too much sugar is in the blood, it will be converted to FAT!
PROTEIN METABOLISM
• Amino acids (make up proteins) are used to make ATP only when
proteins are over abundant or carbohydrates, and fats are not
available.
• Amino acids are oxidized and ammonia (NH3) is given off
(secreted). The rest of the amino acids enter the citric acid cycle.
FAT METABOLISM
• Most of fat metabolism occurs in the liver
• Fat is broken into acetic acid. Then, it is oxidized and CO 2, H2O,
and ATP are formed.
• This occurs when there are low amounts of sugar in the blood.
GALL BALDDER
2. SHIVERING – occurs when internal body becomes too cold; this
produces heat
3. HYPOTHERMIA – extremely low body temperature; this results
from prolonged exposure to cold; vital signs decreased
4. If the body is hot, capillaries become flushed with warm blood,
releasing heat; SWEATING will occur. HEAT STROKE or HEAT
EXHAUSTION can occur.
5. CLEFT PALATE – palate does not form properly; deformities of
mouth, nose, and lips
6. CYSTIC FIBROSIS – excessive mucus impairs activity of
pancreas; fat and fat-soluble vitamin are not digested
7. PHENYLKETONURIA – inability to use amino acids in food; can
cause brain damage and mental retardation
8. GASTROENTERITIS – inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract;
can be cause by contaminated food
9. APPENDICITIS – inflammation of appendix
10. ULCER – lesion or erosion of mucus membrane, leads to exposure
to secretions of the stomach

→ sac found in hollow part of the liver

→ stores bile from the liver
→ bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence of fatty foods
→ GALLSTONES can cause blockages

DIESEASE AND DISORDER

1. GALLSTONES – occur when bile is stored for too long and fat
crystallizes

2. JAUNDICE – bile enters the blood stream and tissues become

yellow

NUTRITION

NUTRIENT – substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and

repair

CATEGORIES OF NUTRIENTS

1. CARBOHYDRATES – simple sugars, starches, fiber (fruit, grain,

veggies, some milk and meat)

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