2.3.

1 Lightning over-voltages For example:

switching operation
The amplitude of a lightning over-voltage caused by switching on HV switchgear
atmospheric discharges is a function of the lightning switching off unloaded
current and the impulse impedance at the strike transformers
location. Waves propagate along the line starting at switching unloaded HV
the location of the voltage strike. For an observer overhead lines
switching over-voltage
steep front
heavily damped duration
1000 to 2000 flS
lightly damped duration
100 to 1000 flS

along the line, the wave is uni-polar and ii increases

to a peak value within a few micro-seconds (wave
front) and decays back to zero within about a hun­ a)
dred microseconds.

_Q_p.u._

I"
.7 b)
FOW
Dạng xung sét bị cắt khi lan truyền
đến các thiết bị như chống sét van
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hoặc khe hở phóng điện
--
.1 - I/
7
.0
FW
-- - -- ·- �
cw
-- c)
u

0 2 4 6 t µs

FW = full wave
CW = in tail chopped wave
FOW = in front chopped wave

Figure 2.2: Lightning impulse wave shapes

As they propagate, the traveling waves become

a)= configuration of network
deformed and dampened by line impedance and
b)= equivalent diagram
corona discharge. Protection equipment such as
c)= oscillogram of switching impulse voltage
surge arresters and spark gaps, either individually or
in combination, prevent extreme surges from enter­ Figure 2.3: Switching impulse over voltage when
ing the object to be protected, e.g. a transformer. The connecting an overhead line
insertion of arresters or spark gaps and the protec­
tion provided may in turn introduce a steep voltage 2.3.3 Temporary over­
breakdown, which can be seen as a chopped
lightning impulse at the transformer terminals.
voltages
Temporary operating and non-operating over­
2.3.2 Switching over-voltages voltages are caused by the following:

Switching operations in high-voltage networks cause • load rejection: over-voltage of 1, 1 to 1 ,4 p.u.,

transient phenomena, which may lead to over­ several seconds
voltages. Figure 2.3 shows an example of a switch­ • single-phase short-circuit: over-voltage of 1,2 to
ing impulse over-voltage when switching in an 1, 73 p.u. depending on neutral point
overhead line. configuration
• Ferro resonance (saw-tooth oscillations)
The shape and duration of switching impulse over­
• Ferranti-effect
voltages vary, depending on the switching operation
• other resonance oscillations
and the configuration of the network.

22 Chapter 21 Testing of power transformers and shunt reactors