Basic Math CHP 3 For SS

Chapter 3
Matrices & Determinants

3.1. Definition of a Matrix
Definition:
• A matrix is a set or group of numbers arranged in a square or
rectangular array enclosed by two brackets
• A matrix is denoted by a bold capital letter and the elements
within the matrix are denoted by lower case letters
e.g. matrix [A] with elements aij
 a11 a12 ... aij ain 
Amxn= a a22 ... aij a2 n 
 21
     
 
am1 am 2 aij amn 

Matrix defn contd
• Examples
 4 2 a b
1  1  3 0 c 
   d

3.2. TYPES OF MATRICES
NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Rectangular No. of rows is not equal to  6 2  1
matrix no. of columns  2 5 
 0
Square matrix No. of rows is equal to no. of 2 1 3
 
columns 2
 0 1 

1 2 4 

Diagonal Non-zero element in principal 2 0 0

matrix diagonal and zero 
in all other 0 4 0
 
positions 
0 0 7

Scalar matrix Diagonal matrix in which all 4 0 0
the elements on principal 0 4 0
 
diagonal and same  4
0 0 

4
Types Of Matrices cont’d
Row matrix A matrix with only 1
row 3 2 1 4
Column matrix A matrix with only I 2
column  
3
Identity matrix Diagonal matrix
having each 1 0
0 1 
diagonal element
  
equal to one (I)
Zero matrix A matrix with all zero 0 0
entries  
0 0
5
Types Of Matrices cont’d
Upper Triangular Square matrix
2 5 3
matrix having all the entries 0
zero below the  4 6

principal diagonal 
0 0 7

Lower Triangular Square matrix 2 0 0

matrix having all the entries 5 4 0
zero above the  
principal diagonal 
6 3 7


6
3.3. Matrix Algebra
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
• Two matrices are said to be equal only when all corresponding
elements are equal
• Therefore their size or dimensions are equal as well
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
• The sum or difference of two matrices, A and B of the same size
yields a matrix C of the same size
cij  aij  bij

• Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or subtracted

Matrix algebra cnt’d
• Example
7 3  1  1 5 6  8 8 5
2  5 6    4  2 3   2  7 9
     
6 4 2 1 2 0 5 2 2 
3 2 7  1 0 8  2 2  1
     

• Commutative Law:
A+B=B+A
• Associative Law:
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = A + B + C
•A+0=0+A=A
• A + (-A) = 0 (where –A is the matrix composed of –aij as
elements)

SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
• Matrices can be multiplied by a scalar (constant or single
element)
• Let k be a scalar quantity; then
kA = Ak
• Example: If k=4 and
3  1 3  1 12  4 
 3  1 2 1  2 1  8 4 
2 1 
A  4   4   
2  3 , then kA= 2  3 2  3  8  12
       
 4 1  4 1  4 1  16 4 

Properties:
Let k,g be scalars and A,B be matrices; then
• k (A + B) = kA + kB
• (k + g)A = kA + gA
• k(AB) = (kA)B = A(k)B
• k(gA) = (kg)A

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
• The product of two matrices is another matrix
• Two matrices A and B must be conformable for multiplication
to be possible
i.e. the number of columns of A must equal the number of
rows of B
Example 1
A x B = C
(1x3) (3x1) (1x1)

•B x A = Not possible!
(2x1) (4x2)
• A x B = Not possible!
(6x2) (6x3)
Example 2
• A x B = C
• (2x3) (3x2) (2x2)

b11 b12 
 a11 a12 a13     c11 c12 
a  b22   
c22 
 b21
 21 a22 a23 
b31 b32  c21
• Successive multiplication of row i of A with column j of B – row by column

multiplication
(a11  b11 )  (a12  b21 )  (a13  b31 )  c11

(a11  b12 )  (a12  b22 )  ( a13  b32 )  c12
(a21  b11 )  (a22  b21 )  (a23  b31 )  c21
(a21  b12 )  (a22  b22 )  (a23  b32 )  c22
Matrix aljebra cnt’d
Example
4 8 
1 2 3    (1 4)  (2  6)  (3  5) (1 8)  (2  2)  (3  3) 
4 2 7 6 2  (4  4)  (2  6)  (7  5) (4  8)  (2  2)  (7  3)
   5 3  
 
31 21
 
63 57
• Remember also that IA = A
1 0 31 21 31 21

0 1 63 57  63 57
     
• Assuming that matrices A, B and C are conformable for the
operations indicated, the following are true:
1.AI = IA = A
2.A(BC) = (AB)C = ABC - (associative law)
3.A(B+C) = AB + AC - (first distributive law)
4.(A+B)C = AC + BC - (second distributive law)
• Caution!
1.AB not generally equal to BA, BA may not be conformable
2.If AB = 0, neither A nor B necessarily = 0
3.If AB = AC, B not necessarily = C

• AB not generally equal to BA.
Example
1 2
T  
5 0 
3 4
S  
 0 2 
1 2 3 4  3 8
TS    0 
5 0  2 15 20


3 4 1 2 23 6
ST    5 
 0 2  0 10 0


• If AB = 0, neither A nor B necessarily = 0
1 1  2 3  0 0
0 0  2  3  0 0
    

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
• If
2 4 7 
A 2 A  
3

5 3 1 
• Then transpose of A, denoted AT is:
2 5
AT  2 A 3T 
 4 3  aij  a T
ji
7 1
for all i and j

Transpose contd
To transpose:
• Interchange rows and columns
• The dimensions of AT are the reverse of the dimensions of A
2 4 7 
A 2 A  2X3
3

5 3 1 
2 5
T2 
A 3 A  4 3
T 
3X2
7 1
Transpose cntd
Properties of transposed matrices:
1.(A+B)T = AT + BT
2.(AB)T = BT AT
3.(kA)T = kAT
4.(AT)T = A

Transpose cntd
1. (A+B)T = AT + BT
8  2
7 3  1  1 5 6  8 8 5 8  7
2  5 6    4  2 3   2  7 9  
     
5 9 
7 2  1  4 8  2
 3  5  5  2  8  7
     
 1 6  6 3  5 9 

Transpose cntd
2. (AB)T = BT AT
1 
1 1 0   2
0 2 3 1   8   2 8
   2  
 
1 0
1 1 21 2  2 8
0 3

SYMMETRIC MATRICES
• A Square matrix A is said to be symmetric if it is equal to its
transpose:
i.e. If A = AT
Example: the matrix A given below is symmetric as A = AT
a b 
A 
b d 
a b 
A 
T

 b d 

SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES
• A Square matrix A is said to be skew symmetric if it is equal to negative of its
transpose: i.e. If A = -AT
•Example: the matrix A given below is symmetric as A = -A T
0  1
A  
1 0 
 0 1
 
T
0
A
 1 
0  1
 AT
    A
1 0 
Activity: provide your example of a 3x3 skew symmetric matrix

3.4. Elementary Row Operations
In matrix terminology, these three operations correspond to
elementary row operations.
An elementary row operation on an augmented matrix of a given

system of linear equations produces a new augmented matrix
corresponding to a new (but equivalent) system of linear
equations.
Two matrices are row-equivalent when one can be obtained

from the other by a sequence of elementary row operations.

Basic Points in Elementary Row Operations

Cont’d
c. Add –2 times the first row of the original matrix to the
third row.
Original Matrix New Row-Equivalent Matrix
Note that the elementary row operation is written beside

the row that is changed.

3.5. Row Echelon form and Reduced Row Echelon
Form

Example
• Determine whether each matrix is in row-echelon form. If it is,
determine whether the matrix is in reduced row-echelon form.
a. b.
c. d.

Example cont’d
e. f.
Solution:
• The matrices in (a), (c), (d), and (f) are in row-echelon form.
• The matrices in (d) and (f) are in reduced row-echelon form
because every column that has a leading 1 has zeros in every
position above and below its leading 1.

Example cont’d
• The matrix in (b) is not in row-echelon form because the row

of all zeros does not occur at the bottom of the matrix.
• The matrix in (e) is not in row-echelon form because the first

nonzero entry in Row 2 is not a leading 1.

3.6. Rank of a Matrix Using Elementary Row
Operation

3.7. Determinants
If A = aij  is a square matrix of order 1,
then |A| = | a11 | = a11
 a11 a12 
If A = a  is a square matrix of order 2, then
 21 a22 
a11 a12
|A| = = a11a22 – a21a12
a21 a22

Example
4 -3
E v a lu a te th e d e te rm in a n t :
2 5
4 -3
Solution : = 4 × 5 - 2 × -3  = 20 + 6 = 26
2 5

Solution
a11 a12 a13 
 a23 
If A = a21 a22 is a square matrix of order 3, then
a31 a32 a33 
a11 a12 a13

a a23 a a23 a a22
| A |= a21 a22 a23 = a11 22 - a12 21 + a13 21
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a31 a32 a33
[Expanding along first row]
= a11  a22 a33 - a32 a23  - a12 a21a33 - a31a23  + a13 a21a32 - a31a22 
  a11a22 a33  a12 a31a23  a13 a21a32   a11a23 a32  a12 a21a33  a13 a31a22 

Example
2 3 -5
Evaluate the determ inant : 7 1 -2
-3 4 1
Solution :
2 3 -5
1 -2 7 -2 7 1
7 1 -2 =2 -3 + -5
4 1 -3 1 -3 4
-3 4 1
[Expanding along first row]
= 2 1 + 8 - 3 7 - 6  - 5 28 + 3
= 18 - 3 - 155
= -140

Minors
-1 4
If A =  , then
2 3
M11 = Minor of a11 = 3, M12 = Minor of a12 = 2
M21 = Minor of a21 = 4, M22 = Minor of a22 = -1

Minors
 4 7 8
If A = -9 0 0  , then
 2 3 4
M11 = Minor of a11 = determinant of the order 2 × 2 square

sub-matrix is obtained by leaving first
row and first column of A
0 0
= =0
3 4
4 7
Similarly, M23 = Minor of a23 = =12 -14 = -2
2 3
4 8
M32 = Minor of a32 = = 0+72 = 72 etc.
-9 0

Cofactors
Cij = Cofactor of aij in A = -1
i+ j
Mij ,
where Mij is minor of aij in A

Cofactors (Con.)
 4 7 8
A = -9 0 0 
 2 3 4 
0 0
C11 = Cofactor of a11 = (–1)1 + 1 M11 = (–1)1 +1 =0
3 4
4 7
C23 = Cofactor of a23 = (–1)2 + 3 M23 =  2
2 3
4 8
C32 = Cofactor of a32 = (–1)3 + 2M32 = - = - 72 etc.
-9 0

Value of Determinant in Terms of
Minors and Cofactors
a11 a12 a13 

If A = a21 a22 a23  , then
a31 a32 a33 
3 3
A    1 i j
aijMij   aijCij
j1 j1
= ai1Ci1 + ai2Ci2 + ai3Ci3 , for i = 1 or i = 2 or i = 3

Properties of Determinants
1. The value of a determinant remains unchanged, if its
rows and columns are interchanged.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
a2 b2 c2 = b1 b2 b3 i.e. A  A '
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
2. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged,

then the value of the determinant is changed by minus sign.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2 = - a1 b1 c1  Applying R2  R1 
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

Properties (Con.)
3. If all the elements of a row (or column) is multiplied by a
non-zero number k, then the value of the new determinant
is k times the value of the original determinant.
ka1 kb1 kc1 a1 b1 c1

a2 b2 c 2 = k a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
which also implies
a1 b1 c1 ma1 mb1 mc1

1
a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2
m
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

Properties (Con.)
4. If each element of any row (or column) consists of
two or more terms, then the determinant can be
expressed as the sum of two or more determinants.
a1 + x b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 x b1 c1
a2 + y b 2 c 2 = a2 b2 c2 + y b2 c2
a3 + z b 3 c3 a3 b3 c3 z b3 c3
5. The value of a determinant is unchanged, if any row

(or column) is multiplied by a number and then added
to any other row (or column).
a1 b1 c1 a1 + m b1 - nc1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c 2 = a2 + m b 2 - nc 2 b2 c2  Applying C1  C1 + m C 2 - nC 3 
a3 b3 c3 a3 + m b 3 - nc 3 b3 c3

Properties (Con.)
6. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are
identical, then its value is zero.
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = 0
a1 b1 c1
7. If each element of a row (or column) of a determinant is zero,

then its value is zero.
0 0 0
a2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3

Properties (Con.)
a 0 0
 
8 Let A = 0 b 0 be a diagonal matrix, then
0 0 c 
a 0 0
A =0 b 0  abc
0 0 c

Evaluation of Determinants
If a determinant becomes zero on putting
x =  , t h e n  x -   is the factor of the determinant.
x 5 2
For example, if Δ = x2 9 4 , then at x = 2
x3 16 8
  0 , because C1 and C3 are identical at x = 2

Hence, (x – 2) is a factor of determinant  .

Sign System for Expansion of
Determinant
Sign System for order 2 and order 3 are
given by
+ – +
+ –
, – + –
– +
+ – +

Example-1
Find the value of the following determinants
42 1 6 6 -3 2
(i) 28 7 4 (ii) 2 -1 2
14 3 2 -10 5 2
Solution :
42 1 6 6×7 1 6
i  28 7 4 = 4×7 7 4
14 3 2 2×7 3 2
6 1 6
=7 4 7 4  Taking out 7 common from C1 
2 3 2
= 7×0  C1 and C3 are identical

=0
Example –1 (ii)
6 -3 2
(ii) 2 -1 2
-10 5 2
3   2 3 2
 1  2 1 2
5   2 5 2
3 3 2
 ( 2) 1 1 2 Taking out  2 common from C1 
5 5 2
 ( 2)  0  C1 and C2 are identical
0

Example - 2
1 a b+c
Evaluate the determinant 1 b c+a
1 c a+b
Solution :
1 a b+c 1 a a+b+c
1 b c+a = 1 b a+b+c  Applying c3  c2 +c3 
1 c a+b 1 c a+b+c
1 a 1
=  a+b+c  1 b 1  Taking  a+b+c  common from C3 
1 c 1
= a + b + c × 0  C1 and C3 are identical

=0

Example - 3
a b c
Evaluate the determinant: a2 b2 c 2
bc ca ab
Solution:
a b c
We have a2 b2 c2
bc ca ab
(a-b) b- c c
= (a-b)(a+b) (b- c)(b+c) c2 Applying C1  C1 -C2 and C2  C2 - C3 
-c(a-b) -a(b- c) ab
1 1 c
 Taking  a-b  and b - c  common 
=(a-b)(b - c) a+b b+c c2  
 from C and C respectively 
-c -a ab 1 2

Solution Cont.
0 1 c
=(a-b)(b - c) -(c - a) b+c c2  Applying c1  c1 - c2 
-(c - a) -a ab
0 1 c
=-(a-b)(b - c)(c - a) 1 b+c c2
1 -a ab
0 1 c
= -(a-b)(b - c)(c - a) 0 a+b+c c2 - ab Applying R 2  R 2 -R 3 
1 -a ab
Now expanding along C1 , we get

(a-b) (b-c) (c-a) [- (c2 – ab – ac – bc – c2)]
= (a-b) (b-c) (c-a) (ab + bc + ac)

Example-4
Without expanding the determinant,
3x + y 2x x
3
prove that 4x +3y 3x 3x = x
5x + 6y 4x 6x
Solution :
3x+y 2x x 3x 2x x y 2x x
L.H.S = 4x+3y 3x 3x = 4x 3x 3x + 3y 3x 3x
5x+6y 4x 6x 5x 4x 6x 6y 4x 6x
3 2 1 1 2 1
= x3 4 3 3 + x2 y 3 3 3
5 4 6 6 4 6
3 2 1
= x3 4 3 3 + x2 y×0  C1 and C2 are identical in II determinant 
5 4 6
Solution Cont.
3 2 1
= x3 4 3 3
5 4 6
1 2 1
= x3 1 3 3  Applying C1  C1 - C2 
1 4 6
1 2 1
= x3 0 1 2 Applying R2 R2 -R1 and R 3 R 3 -R 2 
0 1 3
= x3 ×(3-2) Expanding along C1 

=x3 = R.H.S.
Example -5
1 ω3 ω5
Prove that : ω3 1 ω 4 = 0 , where wis cube root of unity.
ω5 ω5 1
Solution :
1 ω3 ω5 1 ω3 ω3 .ω2
L.H.S = ω3 1 ω4 = ω3 1 ω3 .ω
ω5 ω5 1 ω3 .ω2 ω3.ω2 1
1 1 ω2
= 1 1 ω  ω3 =1
ω2 ω2 1
= 0 = R.H.S.  C1 and C2 are identical

Example-6
x+a b c
Prove that : a x +b c = x 2 (x + a+b + c)
a b x+C
Solution :
x+a b c x+a+b+c b c
L.H.S= a x+b c = x+a+b+c x+b c
a b x+C x+a+b+c b x+c
 Applying C1  C1 +C2 +C3 
1 b c
=  x+a+b+c  1 x+b c
1 b x+c
 Taking  x+a+b+c  common from C1 

Solution cont.
1 b c
=(x+a+b+c) 0 x 0
0 0 x
 Applying R2  R2 -R1 and R 3  R 3 -R1 
Expanding along C1 , we get

(x + a + b + c) [1(x2)] = x2 (x + a + b + c)
= R.H.S

Example -7
Using properties of determinants, prove that
b + c c + a a+ b
c + a a+ b b + c =2(a+ b + c)(ab + bc + ca - a2 - b 2 - c 2 ).
a+ b b + c c + a
Solution :
b+c c+a a+b
L.H.S= c+a a+b b+c
a+b b+c c+a
2(a+b+c) 2(a+b+c) 2(a+b+c)

= c+a a+b b+c Applying R1  R1 +R2 +R3 
a+b b+c c+a
1 1 1
=2(a+b+c) c+a a+b b+c
a+b b+c c+a Matrices & Determinants
Solution Cont.
0 0 1
=2(a+b+c) (c -b) (a- c) b+c Applying C1  C1 - C2 and C2  C2 - C3 
(a- c) (b - a) c+a
Now expanding along R1 , we get
2(a+b+c) (c -b)(b - a)-(a- c)2 
= 2(a+b+c) bc -b2 - ac+ab -(a2 +c2 - 2ac)
=2(a+b+c) ab+bc+ac- a2 -b2 - c2 

=R.H.S

Example - 8
Using properties of determinants prove that
x+4 2x 2x
2x x + 4 2x = (5x + 4)(4 - x)2
2x 2x x + 4
Solution :
x+4 2x 2x 5x+4 2x 2x
L.H.S = 2x x+4 2x = 5x+4 x+4 2x Applying C1  C1 +C2 +C3 
2x 2x x+4 5x+4 2x x+4
1 2x 2x
=(5x + 4) 1 x + 4 2x
1 2x x + 4

Solution Cont.
1 2x 2x
=(5x+4) 0 -(x - 4) 0 Applying R2  R2 -R1 and R 3  R 3 -R 2 
0 x - 4 -(x - 4)
Now expanding along C1 , we get
(5x+4) 1(x - 4)2 - 0
=(5x+4)(4- x)2
=R.H.S

Example -9
Using properties of determinants, prove that
x+9 x x
x x + 9 x = 243 (x +3)
x x x+9
Solution :
x+9 x x
L.H.S= x x+9 x
x x x+9
3x+9 x x
= 3x+9 x+9 x Applying C1  C1 +C2 +C3 
3x+9 x x+9

Solution Cont.
1 x x
=(3x+9) 1 x+9 x
1 x x+9
1 x x
=3  x+3 0 9 0 Applying R 2 R 2 -R1 and R 3  R 3 -R 2 
0 -9 9
= 3(x +3) 81 Expanding along C1 

=243(x +3)
= R.H.S.

Example -10
(b + c)2 a2 bc
Show that (c + a)2 b2 ca = (a2 + b 2 + c 2 )(a - b)(b - c)(c - a)(a + b + c)
(a + b)2 c2 ab
Solution :
(b+ c)2 a2 bc b2 + c2 a2 bc
L.H.S.= (c + a)2 b2 ca = c2 + a2 b2 ca Applying C1  C1 - 2C3 
(a+b)2 c2 ab a2 +b2 c2 ab
a2 +b2 + c2 a2 bc
 a2 +b2 + c2 b2 ca  Applying C1  C1 +C2 
a2 +b2 + c2 c2 ab
1 a2 bc
=(a2 +b2 +c2 ) 1 b2 ca
1 c2 ab Matrices & Determinants
Solution Cont.
1 a2 bc
=(a2 +b2 +c2) 0 (b- a)(b+a) c(a-b)  Applying R 2 R 2 -R1 and R 3  R 3 -R 2 
0 (c -b)(c+b) a(b- c)
1 a2 bc
=(a2 +b2 +c2 )(a-b)(b- c) 0 -(b+a) c
0 -(b+c) a
=(a2 +b2 +c2 )(a-b)(b - c)(-ab - a2 +bc+c2 ) Expanding along C1 
=(a2 +b2 +c2 )(a-b)(b - c) b  c - a + c - ac+a
=(a2 +b2 +c2 )(a-b)(b - c)(c - a)(a+b+c)=R.H.S.

3.8.Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix
• A cofactor matrix C of a matrix A is the square matrix of the same order as A
in which each element aij is replaced by its cofactor cij .
• Example: If
 1 2
A 
then the cofactor of
 A is 
3 4
 4 3
C 
 2 1

• The adjoint matrix of A, denoted by adj A, is the transpose of its cofactor
matrix.
i.e. adjA  C T
• It can be shown that: Therefore A(adj A) = (adjA) A = |A| I

Example: If  1 2
A 
  3 4
A  (1)(4)  (2)(3)  10
 4  2
adjA  C  
T

 3 1 
 1 2 4  2 10 0 
A(adjA)         10I
 3 4 3 1   0 10
4  2  1 2 10 0 
(adjA) A         10I
3 1   3 4  0 10
Therefore
A(adj A) = (adjA) A = |A| I

Example
Find the inverse of
3  1 1 
A  2 1 0 
1 2  1
Solution: The determinant of A is
|A| = (3)(-1-0)-(-1)(-2-0)+(1)(4-1) = -2
The elements of the cofactor matrix are
c11  (1), c12  (2), c13  (3),
c21  (1), c22  (4), c23  (7),
c31  (1), c32  (2), c33  (5),

• The cofactor matrix is therefore
 1 2 3  1 1  1
C   1  4So, 7 adjA  C T   2  4 2 
 1 2 5   3  7 5 
and
 1 1  1  0.5  0.5 0.5 
1 adjA 1     1.0 2.0  1.0 
A   2  4 2
A 2    
 3  7 5   1.5 3.5  2.5

3.9. Methods for Solving Systems Linear Equations
Basic Concepts

A) Backward Gauss Elimination Method
Gaussian elimination with back-substitution works well for solving systems of
linear equations by hand or with a computer.
For this algorithm, the order in which the elementary row operations are
performed is important.
We should operate from left to right by columns, using elementary row

operations to obtain zeros in all entries directly below the leading 1’s.

Example
• Solve the system of equations.
y + z – 2w = –3
x + 2y – z =2
2x + 4y + z – 3w = –2
x – 4y – 7z – w = –19
• Solution:
write the augmented matrix
Interchange R1 and R2

B) Cramer's Rule
Let the system of linear equations be
a1x +b1y + c1z = d1 ... i
a2 x +b2 y + c2 z = d2 ... ii
a3x +b3 y + c3z = d3 ... iii
D1 D2 D3
Then x = , y= , z= provided D  0,
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1
where D = a2 b2 c2 , D1 = d2 b2 c2 , D2 = a2 d2 c2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3
a1 b1 d1
and D3 = a2 b2 d2
a3 b3 d3 Matrices & Determinants
Cramer’s Rule (Con.)
Note:
(1) If D  0, then the system is consistent and has a unique

solution.
(2) If D=0 and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the system has infinite

solutions or no solution.
(3) If D = 0 and one of D1, D2, D3  0, then the system

is inconsistent and has no solution.
(4) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0, then the system is called the system of

homogeneous linear equations.
(i) If D  0, then the system has only trivial solution x = y = z = 0.
(ii) If D = 0, then the system has infinite solutions.

Example 1
Using Cramer's rule , solve the following
system of equations
5x - y+ 4z = 5
2x + 3y+ 5z = 2
5x - 2y + 6z = -1
Solution :
5 -1 4 = 5(18+10) + 1(12-25)+4(-4 -15)

D= 2 3 5 = 140 –13 –76 =140 - 89
5 -2 6 = 51  0
5 -1 4 = 5(18+10)+1(12+5)+4(-4 +3)
D1 = 2 3 5 = 140 +17 –4
-1 -2 6 = 153

Solution Cont.
5 5 4 = 5(12 +5)+5(12 - 25)+ 4(-2 - 10)
D2 = 2 2 5 = 85 + 65 – 48 = 150 - 48
5 -1 6 = 102
5 -1 5
= 5(-3 +4)+1(-2 - 10)+5(-4-15)
D3 = 2 3 2 = 5 – 12 – 95 = 5 - 107
5 -2 -1 = - 102
D0
D1 153 D 102
 By Cramer's Rule x = = = 3, y = 2 = =2
D 51 D 51
D3 -102
and z = = = -2
D 51

Example 2
Solve the following system of homogeneous linear equations:
x + y – z = 0, x – 2y + z = 0, 3x + 6y + -5z = 0
Solution:
1 1 - 1
 
We have D = 1 -2 1  = 1 10 - 6  - 1 -5 - 3  - 1 6 + 6 
3 6 - 5 
= 4 + 8 - 12 = 0
 The system has infinitely many solutions.
Putting z = k, in first two equations, we get
x + y = k, x – 2y = -k

Solution (Con.)
k 1
D1 -k -2 -2k + k k
 By Cramer's rule x = = = =
D 1 1 -2 - 1 3
1 -2
1 k
D2 1 -k -k - k 2k
y= = = =
D 1 1 -2 - 1 3
1 -2
These values of x, y and z = k satisfy (iii) equation.
k 2k
x= , y= , z = k , where k  R
3 3

C) Inverse Method

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Chapter 3

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Diagonal Non-zero element in principal 2 0 0

Matrices & Determinants

Lower Triangular Square matrix 2 0 0

Matrices & Determinants

cij  aij  bij

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

• k(AB) = (kA)B = A(k)B

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

• Successive multiplication of row i of A with column j of B – row by column

(a11  b11 )  (a12  b21 )  (a13  b31 )  c11

1 0 31 21 31 21

Matrices & Determinants

• If AB = 0, neither A nor B necessarily = 0

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Activity: provide your example of a 3x3 skew symmetric matrix

Matrices & Determinants

An elementary row operation on an augmented matrix of a given

Two matrices are row-equivalent when one can be obtained

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Note that the elementary row operation is written beside

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

• The matrix in (b) is not in row-echelon form because the row

• The matrix in (e) is not in row-echelon form because the first

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

then |A| = | a11 | = a11

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

a11 a12 a13

Matrices & Determinants

[Expanding along first row]

Matrices & Determinants

M11 = Minor of a11 = 3, M12 = Minor of a12 = 2

M21 = Minor of a21 = 4, M22 = Minor of a22 = -1

Matrices & Determinants

M11 = Minor of a11 = determinant of the order 2 × 2 square

Matrices & Determinants

where Mij is minor of aij in A

Matrices & Determinants

Matrices & Determinants

a11 a12 a13 

= ai1Ci1 + ai2Ci2 + ai3Ci3 , for i = 1 or i = 2 or i = 3

Matrices & Determinants