THE WORKS

OF

HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.

VOLUME X.

HISTORY OF MEXICO.
VOL. II. 1521-1600.

SAN FRANCISCO:
THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
1886.
Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year
1883, by
HUBERT H. BANCROFT,
In the Office of the Librarian of
Congress, at Washington.

All Rights Reserved.

 COJSTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.

CHAPTER I.

REBUILDING OF MEXICO.
1521-1523.
PAGE
Quarrelling over the Booty Poor Results Torture of Quauhtemo-
tzin Treasure -hunting A Pasquinades Finan
Disappointment
cial Measures A Looking for a Capital Mexico
Sabine Capture
Selected Municipality Formed Planning the City Architectural
Features Cortes Palaces Building Material Fort and Aque
duct Attracting Serfs and Settlers Merry Toilers Arms of
Tenochtitlan . . 1

CHAPTER II.

PREPARATION FOR FURTHER CONQUEST.

1521-1522.
Centralization and its Effect A Fallen Athens Reward of a Traitor
Career of a Precocious Prince Disappointment Pol
Ixtlilxochitl s

icy toward Native Princes Tezcuco and Acolhuacan Tlascala and

her Reward New Conquest Projects Search for Ammunition
Climbing a Volcano Burning Crater Casting
Descending into the
Cannon Tochtepec Expedition A Boaster s Discomfiture Gold-
hunting in Xaltepec Espiritu Santo Founded Zapotecapan and
Miztecapan The Mystic Prophet Orozco Invades Oajaca Ante-
quera Established Cociyopu s Dilemma Alvarado Overruns Tutu-
tepee Segura Founded Anew 19

CHAPTER III.

RAIDS ALONG THE SOUTH SEA.

1521-1524.

King Zwanga s Warning First Entry into Michoacan Montano s Visit

to the Court ofTangaxoan A Narrow Escape Tarascan Envoys
Olid Invades Michoacan Outrages at Tangimaroa and Tzintzun-
tzan Colonization Attempted Visions of the South Sea Ship-
(v)
 CONTENTS
PAGB
Mis-
ImiMin" Zacatula-The Route to the Spice Islands-Alvarez*
at
of
h:ll
, h Colin* Oli.l Avenges Him-Chimalhuacan Region-Isle
/ons Cortes Hastens to Appropriate
;
a Rich Field-

of Jalisco Tradition of a Shipwrecked Cross .............

CHAPTER IV.
TAPIA S DISCOMFITURE.
1521-1522.

Velazquez Longing
still A Governor Sent from Spain In
for Mexico
The
Tapia Counter-intrigues Conference
of Cempoala
trigues of
(l.mnant Ousted Bono de Quejo s Mission Revolt of the Aztecs
A Terrible Lesson Conspiracies against Cortes Narvaez at his
Feet ......................................................... 65

CHAPTER V.
AFFAIRS OF CORTES IN SPADT8
1522.

Cortes Finds Favor with the Audiencia His Third Letter Treasures for
the Emperor An Ominous Loss Chased by Corsairs What King
Fraiicia Said The Curse of Montezuma Cardinal Adrian Inter
feres Cortes Case before the Sovereign His Achievementa Re
viewed Refutation of Charges Velazquez Crushed and Fonseca
Humbled Cortes Appointed Governor and Captain -general ....... 79

CHAPTER VI.
CORTES AND GARAY IN PANUCO.
1522-1523.

Rivalry for Panuco Cortes Hastens to Occupy It Battle at Ayotochti-

tl.iu
Operations at Chila Native Tactics Founding of San Este-
v;in dt;l Puerto A
Shipwreck Incident Disappointing Results _
Campaign in Tututepec Mountains Rejoicings on the Receipt of
mniission Alluring Projects for Southern
Conquests
t
ling News Garay Prepares to Descend on Panuco His Lack
of Ability and Firmness March from Las Palmas
Negotiations
with Vallejo ......................................
94

CHAPTER VII.
J HR PANUCO AFFAIR AND ITS SEQUEL.

1523-1524.
in upon the Scene Naval Strategy Double
Dealings
tiled the Affair
Garay s Sudden Death General
I anuro of the
Massacres-Desperate Efforts Settlers-
to the Rescue-His Ruse at the Pass-Terrible Retalia--
of the
Patriots-Garayan Conspiracy-An Estimable
 CONTENTS. vii

PAGE
Judge His Shipwreck and Island Life Alvarado and Olid Depart
for Southern Conquests Marin s Campaign in Chiapas, and Rangel a
Entry into Zapotecapan >
111

CHAPTER VIII.
ORDINANCES AND STATESMANSHIP OF CORTES.
1523-1524.

Cortes as Governor His Ordinances Armament of Settlers Promoting

Agriculture Pallas and Demeter Antillean Jealousy Social Re
forms Sumptuary Laws Taking Wives Cortes Shoulders his
Cross Suspicious Death of Catalina Local Government Efforts to
Exclude Lawyers Removal of Vera Cruz Markets and Trade Reg
ulations Royal Officials Arrive Traits and Intrigues Colonial
Policy Enslavement of Native Americans Suppression of Reparti-
mientos Opposed Encomienda Regulations Work and Pay of

Serfs Entrapping Slaves Representations of the Council Extort

ing Tribute , 130

CHAPTER IX.
APOSTOLIC LABORS,
1522-1526,

Religious Feeling among the Conquerors The First Ministers Juan

Diaz and Friar Olmedo Papal Interest Displayed Francisco de
Los Angeles Proposed Mission Brother Gante and his Companions
Father Valencia Franciscan Rules and Privileges The Twelve
Apostles Indian Astonishment Cortes at the Feet of the Friars
Politic Self-abasement First Synod Monastic Discipline Con
vents and Hospitals Methods of Conversion Choirs and Orches
tras Tricks of Trade Friars and Disciples Stubbornness of Prose
lytes Baptism en Masse and Bestowal of Names Legality of the
Rite The Marriage Question Native Catechists and Missionaries
Iconoclasts and Martyrs Progress of Conversion and its Causes
Christian-like Rites among the Natives Attractive Features of the
Roman Church Festivals Character of the Friars 156

CHAPTER X.
INTRIGUES AGAINST CORTES.
1524.

Intrigues of Disappointed Insinuations against Cortes His

Officials
Fourth Letter The Silver Cannon Convoy System Deferred Con
tract with the Sovereign Cortes under a Cloud Prepares for the
March Honduras Acting Governors Appointed Machinations of
to
Salazar The Hypocrite and the Tool Attempt to Oust the Treas
urer Subtle Duplicity Zuazo Made Prisoner Casas and Gonzalez
Appear on the Scene 193
 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XL
SALAZAR s USURPATION AND OVERTHROW.
1525-1526.
PAGE
Overthrow Paz His Terrible Fate Persecution of the Friends of
of
( ,,,-tes Alvarado Considers the Matter Search for Corte"s His
Funeral Honors Spoliation of his Property Lashing a Wife
Tyrannical Proceedings of Salazar It Leads to Revolt General
Alarm Expeditions against Rebels Chirinos Fiasco The Friars
Hurl Anathemas The Governors Humbled The Mysterious Mes-
r Rising of the Men of Cortes Election of Estrada and Al-
bornoz Assault on the Government House Salazar Encaged .

Conspiracy to Release Him 215

CHAPTER XII.
THE PONCE DE LEON EPISODE.
1526.

Altamirano Sent to Bring Cortes His Arrival at Medellin Demonstra

tive Reception Reform Measures A Juez de Residencia Sent to
New Ponce de Leon and his Instructious How Cortes Re
Spain
ceived theBlow The Banquet A Scheming Friar Ponce de Leon
Assumes the Government The Residencia of Cortes Death of Ponce
de Leon Aguilar Succeeds him His Unfitness and Death 238

CHAPTER XIII.
ESTRADA S RULE CORTES DRIVEN TO SEEK JUSTICE IN SPAIN.
1527.

Campaign in Zapotecapan Spice Island Projects Loaisa s Expedition

Guevara Finds the Way to Zacatula Saavedra s to the Voyage
M<.luccas-Cort&
Slighted He is Exiled from the Capital Recon
ciliation with Estrada Guzman Appointed Governor of Panuco
Finding No Cold He Turns
Oppressor Encroachments on Mexico
mto Las Palmas Region Slave-trade Horrors Cortes
to Plead
before the
Sovereign-Fears that He will Revolt Preparing for the
Voyage to Spain ^
CHAPTER XIV.
THE FIRST AUDIENCIA AND ITS MISRULE.
1528-1529.
Oidores
Appointed-Stringent Measures Proposed against Cortes-Gus-
sjdent-Power and Jurisdiction of the Audiencia-ItS
u-t,ons_La W8 of Alfonso the
lu ers-lh,
Wise-Reception of the New
AY. -

Excited-Intrigue against Cortes-Robbery

-n-Abuse of Friars and
Clergy_Resi dencia of Cortes-
\uathema-Shameless Conduct of Oidores-Guzman s
Scheme, of
Conquest-Smuggling Despatches 273
 CONTENTS. ix

CHAPTER XV.
ERECTION OF BISHOPRICS CORTES IN SPAIN.
1527-1529.
PAGE
Vicissitudes of the First See Bishop Julian Garces The Iconoclast
Zumarraga Lamentable Vandalism Character of the Clergy Ar
rival of Dominicans Rivalry of the Orders Introduction of Nuns
Meeting of Corte"s and Pizarro Death of an Ideal Soldier Excite
ment over Cortes Arrival in SpainPlaying the Gallant His
Reception by the Emperor Marks of Favor He is Made a Marquis
with Large Grants Politic Soothings of Discontent Why He Lost
the Governorship His Contract for South Sea Discoveries His
Bride and Jewels Papal Concessions Return to New Spain Ova
tion to the Hero Hostility of the Oidores 296

CHAPTER XVI.
THE SECOND AUDIENCIA AND ITS REFORMS.
1530-1532.
The New President and Oidores
Their Instructions Measures for Set
tlers and Natives Sumptuary Laws Impressive Entry of the
Oidores The Government House Swearing Allegiance to the Sov
ereign Residencia and Fate of Matienzo and Delgadillo Corregi-
miento System Introduced A Check to Slavery Advancement of
Natives Social Reforms Founding of Puebla of the Angels Secret
Order to Restrict Encomiendas General Clamor against It The
Conquerors and their Reward 320

CHAPTER XVII.
CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA.
1526-1534.
Coruna s Mission Advance of the Cross Entry of Guzman into Michoa-
can His Atrocities Terrible Fate of
King Tangaxoan Campaign
in Cuinas, Cuitzco, and along Chapala Lake Battle of Tonala
Raids from Nochistlan El Gran Teul Operations in Jalisco In
Quest of the Amazons The Greater Spain Crossing the Espiritu
Santo On to Etzatlan Devastating Floods Branding Slaves The
Amazon Myth Change of Plans Founding of Towns Guzman
Defies the Audiencia Castilla s Discomfiture Nemesis Bibliog
raphy 341

CHAPTER XVIII.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A VICEREGAL GOVERNMENT.
1535-1537.

Appointment of Mendoza His Instructions and Prerogatives Arrival

and Reception of the First Viceroy Inaugural Ceremonies Retire-
 CONTENTS.
PAGE
Oidores-Difficulties of the Administration-City
Im n t
,
of the
Measures-Apparent Weakness of the
,
MlllI
,,v,uu ,.ts-Defen 8 ivfl
;

and Condition of Negroes-Their Conspracy

Snlanls Proclivities
the Capital
ami its Suppression-Muster
of Spaniards in

CHAPTER XIX.
A DECADE OF CHURCH MATTERS.
1530-1540.

Troubles of Bishop Zumarraga-He Goes to Spain-His Consecration

Mexico First Churches in the Capital Uncertain
lli-turn to

1
riority and Sites Necessity of More Bishop-
The First Cathedral
Franciscan
-Dioceses of Oajaca and Michoacan Established
Custodia of Santo Evangelio Raised to a Province
Labors
r ess

of the Padres Dominican Provincia Established Unseemly Strife-

Successful Augustinians Labors and
Propagandism Arrival of
Provincia Established Miraculous Shrine at Chalma
Hardships
Dagon Overthrown The Virgin of Guadalupe
A Glorious Vision
A Modest Shrine and a Costly Church A Wonderful Painting
Multitudes of Converts Secret Idolatry 386

CHAPTER XX.
FUTILE ATTEMPTS TOWARD DISCOVERY.
1530-1540.

Authority of Cortes Curtailed Indian Conspiracy Suppressed Disturb-

Oajaca An Empty Title Cortes and the Colonists of Ante-

s in

quera Further Disputes with the Audiencia Cortes Persistent

Baffled Efforts at Discovery High Hopes and a Lowly Dwelling
Misfortune Follows Misfortune Guzman s Animosity Corte"s De-
tiant He Sails Northward -Failure of the Enterprise Rivalry of
Mendoza Cortes Disgusted He Returns to Spain 410

CHAPTER XXI.
CONQUEST OF YUCATAN.
1527-1549.

Alioriginjil Yucatan Francisco de Montejo Appointed Governor Battle

ltd Th- Spaniards March on Chichen Itza Alonso de Avila and
his Kami in Huest of Gold His Message to the Lord of Chetumal
Tin- chieftain s
Reply Avila a Command Besieged Their Escape
ami Departure Honduras Montejo Defeated The Canine Bell-
for
r
Flight of the Spaniards The Adelantado s Narrow Escape
I <

Ion/ah-/ The Governor Departs for Tabasco The

iM-ivrn into the Sea Montejo Transfers his Rights to
^ain Besieged Torture of
Diego and Juan
Canaino Santillau Takes s Residencia
Montejo Missionary Labors. 428
 CONTENTS. xi

CHAPTER XXII.
NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAN.
1536-1542.
PAGE
Torre Appointed Juez de Residencia An Unpleasant MeetingThe
Vulture Encaged Guzman s Release and Departure to Spain
Clipped Wings Guzman s Death and Character Tone s Official
Investigations His Wise Administration Indian Revolt A Catas
trophe Torre s Last Hours His Character Coronado Succeeds
Him as Governor His Incompetency Delusive Hopes A Profitless
Expedition Niza Revives Enthusiasm Visions of Conquest and
Wealth Troubles Foreshadowed Coronado s Expedition North
ward His Disappointment and Return Contemporary Progress in
Michoacan A Useful Visitador Reforms and Prosperity Quiroga
Made Bishop of Michoacan His Beneficent Rule 457

CHAPTER XXIII.
DEATH OF CORTES.
1540-1547.

Departure ofCortes for Spain His Arrival and Reception Hollow

Show Vain Hopes He Joins the Expedition to Algiers And
Suffers Shipwreck Loss of the Famous Emeralds He is Slighted
at a Council of War Return to Madrid A Fruitless Petition
More Indignities Last Touching Appeal Determination to Return
to Mexico Last Illness and Death of the Conqueror Disposition of
the Remains His Last Will The Estate The Descendants of Cor
tesResume of his Character 474

CHAPTER XXIV.
THE MIXTON WAR.
1541-1542.

Rule ofOnate in Nueva Galicia His Difficult Position Rebellion

Rife Departure of Coronado Causes of Dissatisfaction Beginning
of Hostilities Defeat of Ibarra Alvarado Arrives at Navidad
And is Appealed to for Aid He Receives a Summons from Mendoza,
and Departs for Tiripitio Agreement between Them Alvarado
Returns to Onate s Relief Precipitous Attack on Nochistlan De
feat of the Spaniards And Death of Alvarado Arrival of Mendoza
with Reinforcements His Successful Campaign End of the Mixton
War Expeditions of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo and Ruy Lopez deVilla-
lobos The Survivors of Soto s Florida Expedition Arrive at Panuco. 490

CHAPTER XXV.
THE NEW LAWS.
1543-1546.
Causes for Enactment of New Laws Success of Las Casas Provisions of
the New Code They Cause Excitement among the Colonists
 CONTENTS.
PAGE
Efforts to Introduce Them in New Spain Visitador Francisco Tello de
Sandoval He Publishes the New Laws in Mexico Indignation of
tlif Kncomenderos They Send Procuradors to Spain Who Obtain
the Revocation of a Portion of the New Laws The Emperor s Views
on the Subject Ravages of Pestilence Eruptions of Volcanoes
Reduction of Tribute Small Coins Interestedness of the Clergy
Land Grants Ambiguous Attitude of Mendoza Convention of Bish
ops -Arrival of Las Casas Mendoza Prohibits Discussion
on Indian
Affairs Decision of Ecclesiastics Declaring Slavery Unlawful
Return of the Visitador to Spain 516

CHAPTER XXVI.
END OP MENDOZA S KULE.
1547-1550.

Improvements Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce Encour

agement of Marriages Aid to Peru Conspiracy and Revolt Chi-
chimecs and Otomfs Conquest of Queretaro Removal of Guada
lajara Coronado Returns His Resignation Audiencia at Compos-
tela Removal to Guadalajara Discovery of Mines Settlement of
Zacatecas The Archdiocese of Mexico Death of Bishop Zumarraga
His Last Will Character of the Prelate and the Man A False
Visitador s Audacity Last Acts of the Viceroy He is Appointed
to Peru and is Superseded by Luis de Velasco Mendoza s Departure
for Peru And his Death 535,

CHAPTER XXVII.
INDIAN POLICY.
1550-1560.
Luis de Velasco, Second
Viceroy Royal Instructions and Subsequent
Regulations Enforcement of the New Laws Consternation Caused
by their Execution Slaves Set Free Diego Ramirez Commission-
Caciques Abuses Checked The Crown Assumes Full Jurisdiction
Enoomienda Kntail- Opposition of the Audiencia Bad
Effects of
the New Laws on
Mining and Revenue Population and its Charac
ter-Reform Measures Powers of the Viceroy Restricted The
Audiencia Made his
Council-Philip II. Proclaimed King-He Begs
f rMou ^
. 563

CHAPTER XXVIII.
VICEROY VELASCO S RULE.
1551-1564.
Arrival of Martin
Cortes, Second Marques del Valle-Visitador Valder-

M. an.l h,s Relations

r,, rt ,V
with Cortes-New
Policy Regarding Enco-
Tables-Threatened Revolt and VelaJs Wise
-Royal Orders Affecting the Audiencia- The
Visitador s
 CONTENTS. xiii

FAGK
Exactions of the IndiansHis Efforts to Check Abuses, and Proposed
Reforms His Disagreements with the Viceroy Condition and Char
acter of Velasco His Death, Burial, and General Regret Public
Education Floods in the Mexican Valley Disastrous Expedition to
Florida Settlements in Zacatecas and Guanajuato Conquest of the
North-western Region Kingdom of Nueva Viscaya Expedition to
the Philippines and its Results 579

CHAPTER XXIX.
THE A VILA-CORTES CONSPIRACY.
1564-1568.
The Audiencia s Weak Rule Feeling toward the Marques del Valle
111

Encomienda Policy Alonso de Avila s Masquerade Plot against the

Crown Valderrama Returns to Spain Conspiracy Reported Great
Christening of the Marques Twins Arrest of the Marque s and
Others Trial and Execution of the Brothers Avila Marques de
Falces, Third Viceroy Marques del Valle Sent to Spain Falcea
Deposed by Mufioz and Carrillo Their Cruel Course Martin Corte*s
Tortured His Courage Complaints Reach the Crown Summary
Removal of Munoz and Carrillo Their Fate Falces Vindicated
Second Rule of the Audiencia Sufferings of the Marques Final
Acquittal Loss of Domain and Property His Death Return of
Luis Cortes Later Life of Martin Cortes 602

CHAPTER XXX.
RULE OF VICEROY ENRIQUEZ.
1568-1580.

Temporary Government of the Audiencia John Hawkins Invades Vera

Cruz His Defeat and Expulsion Fate of the English Prisoners
Viceroy Martin Enriquez de Almansa Drake s Operations Foreign
Raids Yucatan, its Government and Indian Affairs First Acts of
Enriquez Organization of Military Forces Campaigns against the
Chichimecs Presidios and Movable Block-houses Matlalzahuatl
Epidemic and its Havoc Famine Inundation Recall of Enriquez
His Government Policy His Death 637

CHAPTER XXXI.
CHURCH GOVERNMENT.
1550-1600.

Archbishop Alonso de Monttifar Jealousy between the Secular and Reg

ular Clergy Royal Support of the Friars Differences between the
Friars and the Civil Power Father Gerdnimo de Mendieta Defends
the Religious His Works Position of the Friars and their Influence
with the Natives Persons Excluded from the Priesthood Reli
gious Riot in Mexico The Sacramental Dispute First and Second
Ecclesiastic Councils of Mexico Archbishop Montiifar s Death
The Inquisition Its Establishment, Privileges, Objects, and Acts
 , iv CONTENTS.
PAGE
Father Landa s Treatment of Idolaters Archbishop Moya y Con-
treras Third Ecclesiastic Council and its Acts Archbishop Mon-
ttifar s Departure Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla Succeeds Him
Other Dioceses in the Country and their History 663

CHAPTER XXXII.
RELIGIOUS ORDERS.
1550-1600.
The Society of Jesus in New Spain Distinguished Patrons of the Order
and their Services Importation of Holy Relics Spread of the
Jesuits through the Country Brothers of Charity and St Hyppo-

lytus Purposes of the Association The Carmelites Their Labors

and Advancement Benedictines and their Priory in Mexico The
Franciscans and their Several Provinces Their Work and Influ
ence Troubles with the Viceroys Noted Franciscans in the Several
Provinces Order of Barefooted Franciscans Their Custodial and
Provincial Organization The Dominicans and their Successes
Their Distinguished Men The Order of St Augustine Strict
Rules The Mercenaries, or Order of Mercy Their Settlement in
Mexico Religious Brotherhoods and the Objects of their Devo
tionNunneries in Mexico, Oajaca, and Michoacan, and their Uses.. 70O

CHAPTER XXXIII.
FIFTH, SIXTH, AND SEVENTH VICEROYS.
1580-1589.
Suarez de Mendoza, Count de la Coruna A too Benignant Rule Golden
Times for the Corrupt Officials Suarez well out of It
Archbishop
Moya y Contreras Made Visitador Then Viceroy A Stern Ruler-
He Makes Money for his Master Hard Times for the Wicked Offi
cialsThey Beg Deliverance from Moya And Receive It Ztfniga,
Marques de Villamanrique A Just and Moderate Rule Pirates on
the West Coast Cavendish
Captures a Galleon A Rare Prize-
California Coast Defences-Commerce on the
Atlantic Epidemic
Earthquakes, and Social Disruption
Villamanrique Deposed and
Humiliated.
^ 739

CHAPTER XXXIV.
CLOSE OF THE CENTURY.
1589-1600.
J-nnored Insurrection-Fears of
Velasco, the New Viceroy-Reception-
-ity Irnprovements-The Chichimecs-The Mines of
l-s otosl Guanajuato
d
v Zacatecas-Founding of Towns-Philip Wants
Money-Velasco s Astute Measure-Conde de
roy-FutUe Monterey, Vice-
Efforts to Move the
Indian-Race Intermixtures-
uevo of the
Leon-Occupation Northern Country-Governor Cara-
V...W of the
Century-Bibliographical-Writers Subse-
i
Conquest-Torquemada among Others 757