Formula Iitjee Integral-Calculus

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INTEGRAL CALCULUS

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1 ∫ f (x)dx = F (x) + C if F ' (x) = f (x) .
2 (∫ f (x)dx)' = f (x)
3 ∫ kf (x)dx = k∫ f (x)dx
4 ∫ [f (x) + g(x)]dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ g(x)dx
5 ∫ [f (x) − g(x)]dx = ∫ f (x)dx − ∫ g(x)dx
1
6 ∫ f (ax)dx = F (ax) + C
a
1
7 ∫ f (ax + b)dx = F (ax + b) + C
a
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1
8 ∫ f (x)df ' (x)dx = f
2
(x) + C
2
f ' (x)
9 ∫ dx| = ln|f (x) ∣ + C
f (x)
Method of Substitution

10
∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (u(t))u' (t)dt if x = u(t) .
Integration by Parts

11
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu, whereu(x), v(x) are differentiable functions.
12 ∫ adx = ax + C
2
x
13 ∫ xdx = + C
2
3
x
14 2
∫ x dx = + C
3
p+1
x
15 p
∫ x dx = + C, p ≠ − 1
p + 1
n+1
(ax + b)
16
n
∫ (ax + b) dx = + C, n ≠ − 1 .
a(n + 1)
dx
17 ∫ = ln|x| + C
x
dx 1
18 ∫ = ln|ax + b| + C
ax + b a
19 ax + b a
2
∫ dx = x + (bc − ad)c ln|cx + d| + C
cx + d c
dx 1 ∣ x + b ∣
20 ∫ (x + b) = ln∣ ∣ + C, a ≠ b .
x + a a − b ∣ x + a ∣
xdx 1
21 ∫ =
2
(a + bx − ln|a + bx|) + C
a + bx b
2
x dx 1 1 2
22
2
∫ = [ (a + bx) + a ln|a + bx|] + C
3
a + bx b 2
dx 1 ∣ a + bx ∣
23 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
x(a + bx) a ∣ x ∣
dx 1 b ∣ a + bx ∣
24 ∫
2
= − +
2
ln∣ ∣ + C
x (a + bx) ax a ∣ x ∣
xdx 1 a
25 ∫ =
2
(ln|a + bx| + ) + C
a + bx b a + bx
2 2
x dx 1 a
26 ∫ = (a + bx − 2a ln|a + bx| − ) + C
2 3
a + bx b a + bx
dx 1 1 ∣ a + bx ∣
27 ∫
2
= +
2
ln∣
∣
∣ + C
∣
a(a + bx) a x
x(a + bx)
dx 1 ∣ x − 1 ∣
28 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
x
2
− 1 2 ∣ x + 1 ∣
dx 1 ∣ 1 + x ∣
29 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
1 − x
2
2 ∣ 1 − x ∣
dx 1 ∣ a + x ∣
30 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
a
2
− x
2
2a ∣ a − x ∣
dx 1 ∣ x − a ∣
31 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
x
2
− a
2
2a ∣ x + a ∣
dx
32 ∫ = tan
−1
x + C
2
1 + x
−1
dx 1 tan x
33 ∫ = + C
2 2
a + x a a
xdx 1
34 ∫ = ln(x
2
+ a ) + C
2
2 2
x + a 2
dx 1 b
35 ∫ = tan
−1
(x√ ) + C, ab > 0
2 a
a + bx √ab
xdx 1 ∣ 2 a ∣
36 ∫ = ln x + + C
2
2b ∣ b ∣
a + bx
2
dx 1 ∣ x ∣
37 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
2 2
x(a + bx ) 2a ∣ a + bx ∣
dx
∫
38 1 a + bx
ln∣ ∣ + C
2 2 2
a − b x =
2ab ∣ a − bx ∣
dx 1 ∣ 2ax + b − √b2 − 4ac ∣

39 ∫ = ln∣
2
∣ + C, b − 4ax > 0
2
ax + bx + c √b
2
− 4ac ∣ 2ax + b + √b2 − 4ac ∣
−1
dx 2 tan (2ax + b)
40 ∫ = + C, b
2
− 4ac < 0
2
ax + bx + c √4ac − b 2
√4ac − b2
41 dx 2
∫ = √ax + b + C
√ax + b a
2 3
42 ∫ √ax + bdx = (ax + b)

2
+ C
3a
xdx 2(ax − 2b)

43 ∫ =
2
√ax + b + C
√ax + b 3a
2(3ax − 2b) 3
44 ∫ x√ax + bdx = (ax + b)

2
+ C
2
15a
dx 1 ∣ √ax + b − √b − ac ∣
45 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C, b − ac > 0 .
(x + c)√ax + b √b − ac ∣ √ax + b + √b − ac ∣
dx 1 ax + b
46 ∫ = tan
−1
√ + C, b − ac < 0 .
(x + c)√ax + b √ac − b ac − b
2 2 2
2(8a − 12abx + 15b x )
47 2
∫ x √a + bxdx = √(a + bx)
3
+ C
3
105b
2 2 2
2 2(8a − 4abx + 3b x )
x dx
48 ∫ = √a + bx + C
3
√a + bx 15b
∣ √a + bx − ∣
dx 1 √a
49 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C, a > 0
x√a + bx √a ∣ √a + bx + √a ∣
dx 2 ∣ a + bx ∣
50 ∫ = tan
−1
∣ ∣ + C, a < 0 .
∣ −a ∣
x√a + bx √− a
a − x x + b
51 ∫√ dx = √(a − x)(b + x) + (a + b)sin
−1
√ + C
b + x a + b
a + x b − x
52 ∫√ dx = − √(a + x)(b − x) − (a + b)sin
−1
√ + C
b − x a + b
dx x − a
−1
53 ∫ = 2 sin √ + C
√x − a(b − a) b − a
2 −1
2cx − b b − 4ax sin (2cx − b)
54 ∫ √a + bx − cx dx =
2
√a + bx − cx
2
+ + C
4c 3
√b2 + 4ac
8√ c
dx 1
∣ 2 ∣
55 ∫ = ln 2ax + b + 2√ax + bx + c + C, a > 0
∣ ∣
√a
2
√ax + bx + c
−1
dx 1 sin (2ax + b)
56 ∫ = − √b
2
− 4ac + C, a < 0
√ax2 + bx + c √a 4a
2
x a
57 ∫ √x
2
+ a dx =
2
√x
2
+ a
2
+
∣ 2
ln x + √x + a
∣
2∣
∣
+ C
2 2
3
1
58 x√ x
2
+ a dx =
2
(x
2
+ a )
2 2
+ C
3
4
x a
59 2
∫ x √x
2 2
+ a dx = (2x
2
+ a )√x
2 2
+ a
2
−
∣
∣
2
ln x + √x + a
2∣
∣
+ C
8 8
2 2 2 2
√x + a √x + a
60 ∫ dx = −
∣
∣
2
+ ln x + √x + a
2∣
∣
+ C
2
x x
2 2 ∣ ∣
√x + a x
61 ∫( )dx = √x
2
+ a
2
+ a ln∣ ∣ + C
x ∣ a + √x2 + a2 ∣
xdx
2 2
62 ∫ = √x + a + C
2 2
√x + a
63
2 2
x dx x a
√x
2 2 ∣ 2 2∣
∫ = + a − ln x + √x + a + C
∣ ∣
√x
2
+ a
2 2 2
dx 1 ∣ x ∣
64 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
2 2 a ∣ a + √x 2 2 ∣
x√x + a + a
2
x a
65 ∫ √x
2
− a dx =
2
√x
2
− a
2
−
∣ 2
ln x + √x − a
∣
2∣
∣
+ C
2 2
3
1
66 ∫ x√ x
2
− a dx =
2
(x
2
− a )
2 2
+ C
3
2 2
√x − a a
67 ∫ dx = √x
2
− a
2
+ a sin
−1
( ) + C
x x
2 2 2 2
√x − a √x − a
68 ∫ dx = −
∣ 2
+ ln x + √x − a
2∣
+ C
2 ∣ ∣
x x
dx
∣ 2 2∣
69 ∫ = ln x + √x − a
∣ ∣
+ C
2 2
√x − a
xdx
2 2
70 ∫ = √x − a + C
2 2
√x − a
2 2
x dx x a
∣ 2∣
71
2 2 2
∫ = √x − a + ln x + √x − a + C
∣ ∣
√x
2
− a
2 2 2
dx 1 a
−1
72 ∫ = − sin ( ) + C
x√x
2
− a
2 a x
dx 1 x − a
73 ∫ = √ + C
(x + a)√x
2
− a
2 a x + a
dx 1 x + a
74 ∫ = − √ + C
(x − a)√x
2
− a
2 a x − a
2 2
dx √x − a
75 ∫ = (
2
) + C
2
x √x
2
− a
2 a x
dx x
76 ∫
3
= −
2 2 2
+ C
2 2 2 a √x − a
(x − a )
3 4
x 3a
77 ∫ (x
2
− a )
2 2
dx = − (2x
2
− 5a )√x
2 2
− a
2
+ +
∣
∣
2
ln x + √x − a
2∣
∣
+ C
8 8
2
x a x
78 ∫ √a
2
− x dx =
2
√a
2
− x
2
+ sin
−1
( ) + C
2 2 a
3
1
79
2 2 2 2
∫ x√ a
2
− x dx = − (a − x ) + C
3
4
x a x
80 2
∫ x √a
2
− x dx =
2
(2x
2
− a )√a
2 2
− x
2
+ sin
−1
( ) + C
8 8 a
2 2 ∣ ∣
√a − x x
81 ∫ dx = √a
2
− x
2
+ a ln∣ ∣ + C
x ∣ a + √a2 − x2 ∣
2 2 2 2 −1
√a − x √a − x sin x
82 ∫ dx = − − + C
2
x x a
dx
−1
83 ∫ = sin x + C
2
√1 − x
84
dx sin x
∫ = + C
√a
2
− x
2 a
xdx
2 2
85 ∫ = − √a − x + C
2 2
√a − x
2 2
x dx x a x
86
2 2 −1
∫ = − √a − x + sin ( ) + C
√a
2 2 2 2 a
− x
dx 1 a − x
87 ∫ = − √ + C
(x + a)√a
2
− x
2 2 a + x
dx 1
∫ = − + C
88 2 2
(x − a)√a − x a+x
√
a−x
−1 2
dx 1 sin (bx + a )
89 ∫ = + C, b > a .
(x + b)√a
2
− x
2
√b2 − a2 a(x + b)
dx 1 ∣ x + b ∣
90 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C, b < a .
2 2
(x + b)√a − x √a2 − b2 ∣ √a2 − b2 √a2 − x2 + a2 + bx ∣
2 2
dx √a − x
91 ∫ = − + C
2
2
x √a
2
− x
2 a x
3 4
x 3a x
92 ∫ (a
2
− x )
2 2
dx = (5a
2
− 2x )√a
2 2
− x
2
+ sin
−1
( ) + C
8 8 a
dx x
93 ∫
3
=
2 2 2
+ C
2 2 2 a √a − x
(a − x )
94 ∫ sin xdx = − cos x + C
95 ∫ cos xdx = sin x + C
x 1
96
2
∫ sin xdx = − sin 2x + C
2 4
x 1
97 ∫ cos
2
xdx = + sin 2x + C
2 4
1 1 3
98
3 3
∫ sin xdx = cos x − cos x + C = cos 3x − cos x + C
3 12 4
1 1 3
99 ∫ cos
3
xdx = sin x − sin
3
x + C = sin 3x + sin x + C
3 12 4
dx x π
∣ ∣
100 ∫ = ∫ sec xdx = ln tan(
∣
+ )
∣
+ C
cos x 2 4
dx ∣ tan x ∣
101 ∫ = ∫ cos ecxdx = ln∣ ∣ + C
sin x ∣ 2 ∣
dx
102 ∫ = ∫ cos c xdx =
2
− cot x + C
2
sin x
dx
103
2
∫ = ∫ sec xdx = tan x + C
2
cos x
dx cos x 1 ∣ tan x ∣
104
3
∫ = ∫ cos ec xdx = − = ln∣ ∣ + C
3 2
2 ∣ 2 ∣
sin x 2 sin x
dx sin x 1 x π
∣ ∣
105 ∫ = ∫ sec
3
xdx = + ln tan( + ) + C
3 2 ∣ ∣
cos x 2 cos x 2 2 4
106 1
∫ sin x cos xdx = − cos 2x + C
4
1
107
2 3
∫ sin x cos xdx = sin x + C
3
1
108
2 3
∫ sin x cos xdx = − cos x + C
3
x 1
109 ∫ sin
2
x cos
2
xdx = − sin 4x + C
8 32
110 ∫ tan xdx = − ln|cos x| + C
sin x 1
111 ∫
2
dx = + C = sec x + C
cos x cos x
2
sin x x π
∣ ∣
112 ∫ dx = ln tan( + ) − sin x + C
cos x ∣ ∣
2 4
2
113 ∫ tan xdx = tan x − x + C
114 ∫ cot xdx = ln|sin x| + C
cos x 1
115 ∫ dx = − + C = − cos ecx + C
2
sin x sin x
2
cos x ∣ tan x ∣
116 ∫ dx = ln∣ ∣ + cos x + C
sin x ∣ 2 ∣
2
117 ∫ cot xdx = − cot x − x + C
dx
118 ∫ = ln|tan x| + C
cos x sin x
dx 1 x π
∣ ∣
119 ∫ = − + ln tan( + ) + C
2 ∣ ∣
sin x cos x sin x 2 4
dx 1 ∣ tan x ∣
120 ∫ = + ln∣ ∣ + C
sin x cos
2
x cos x ∣ 2 ∣
dx
121 ∫
2
= tan x − cot x + C
2
sin x cos x
sin(m + n)x sin(m − n)x

122 ∫ sin mx sin nxdx = − + + C, m
2
≠ n ,
2
2(m + n) 2(m − n)
cos(m + n)x cos(m − n)x

123
2 2
∫ sin mx cos nxdx = − − + C, m ≠ n .
2(m + n) 2(m − n)
sin(m + n)x sin(m − n)x

124 ∫ cos mx cos nxdx = + + C, m
2
≠ n
2
.
2(m + n) 2(m − n)
125 ∫ sec x tan xdx = sec x + C
126 ∫ cos ecx cot xdx = − cos ecx + C
n+1
cos x
127 ∫ sin x cos
n
xdx = − + C
n + 1
128
n+1
sin x
n
∫ sin x cos xdx = − + C
n + 1
−1 −1 2
129 ∫ sin xdx = x sin x + √1 − x + C
−1 −1 2
130 ∫ cos xdx = x cos x − √1 − x + C
1
131
−1 −1 2
∫ tan xdx = x tan x − 1n(x + 1) + C
2
1
132 ∫ cot
−1
xdx = x cot
−1
x + 1n(x
2
+ 1) + C
2
133 ∫ sinh xdx = cosh x + C
134 ∫ cosh xdx = sinh x + C
135 ∫ tanh xdx = 1n cosh x + C
136 ∫ coth xdx = 1n|sinh x| + C
2
137 ∫ sech xdx = tanh x + C
2
138 ∫ cos ech dxdx = − coth x + C
139 ∫ sech x tanh xdx = − sech x + C
140 ∫ cos echx coth xdx = − cshx + C
x x
141 ∫ e dx = e + C
x
a
142
x
∫ a dx = + C
1na
ax
e
143 ∫e
ax
dx = + C
a
ax
e
144 ∫ xe
ax
dx = (ax − 1) + C
2
a
145 ∫ 1nxdx = x1nx − x + C
dx
146 ∫ = 1n|1nx| + C
x1nx
1nx 1
147
n n+1
∫ x 1nxdx = x [ − ] + C
2
n + 1
(n + 1)
a sin bx − b cos bx
148
ax ax
∫e sin bxdx = e + C
2 2
a + b
a cos bx + b sin bx
149
ax ax
∫e cos bxdx = e + C
2 2
a + b
1 n
150
m mx n mx n−1 mx
∫x e dx = x e − ∫x e dx
m m
mx mx mx
e e m e
151 ∫
n
dx = −
n−1
+ ∫
n−1
dx, n ≠ 1,
x (n − 1)x n − 1 x
n
1 n−1
n − 1 n−2
152 ∫ sinh xdx = sinh x cosh x − ∫ sinh xdx
n n
dx cosh x n − 2 dx
153 ∫
n
= − ∫
n−2
, n! − 1 .
n−1
sinh x (n − 1)sinh x n − 1 sinh x
n
1 n−1
n − 1 n−2
154 ∫ cosh xdx = sinh x cosh x cosh x ∫ cosh xdx
n n
dx sinh x dx
155 ∫
n
= ∫
n−2
, n ≠ 2 .
n−2 cosh
cosh x n − 1(cos
n−1
x) +
n−1 x
n m
sinh x
∫ sinh x cosh xdx =
156 x cosh
m−1
x m−1 n m−2
n + 1 ∫ sinh x cosh xdx
n+m n+m
n−1 m+1
sinh x cosh x n − 1
157 ∫ sinh nx cosh
m
xdx = − ∫ sin
n−2
x cosh
m
xdx
n + m n + m
n
1 n−1 n−2
158 ∫ tanh xdx = − tanh x + ∫ tanh xdx, n ≠ 1 .
n − 1
n
1 n−1 n−2
159 ∫ coth xdx = − coth x + ∫ coth xdx, n ≠ 1 .
n − 1
n−2
sech x tanh x n − 2
160 ∫ sech
n
xdx = + ∫ sech
n−2
xdx, n ≠ 1 .
n − 1 n − 1
1 n − 1
161
n n−1 n−2
∫ sin xdx = − sin x cos x + ∫ sin xdx
n n
dx cos x n − 2 dx
162 ∫
n
= − + ∫ , n ≠ 1 .
n−1 n−2
sin x (n − 1)sin x n − 1 sin x
1 n − 1
163
n n−1 n−2
∫ cos xdx = sin x cos x + ∫ cos xdx
n n
dx sin x n − 2 dx
164 ∫
n
= + ∫
n−2
, n ≠ 1
n−1
cos x (n − 1)cos x n − 1 cos x
n+1 m−1
sin x cos x m − 1
165 ∫ sin
n
x cos
m
xdx = + ∫ sin
n
x cos
m−2
xdx
n + m n + m
n−1 m+1
sin x cos x n − 1
166 ∫ sin
n
x cos
m
xdx = − + ∫ sin
n−2
x cos
m
xdx
n + m n + m
1
167 .
n n−1 n−2
∫ tan xdx = tan x − ∫ tan xdx, n ≠ 1
n − 1
1
168 .
n n−1 n−2
∫ cot xdx = − cot x − ∫ cot xdx, n ≠ 1
n − 1
n−2
sec x tan x n − 2
169 ∫ sec
n
xdx = + ∫ sec
n−2
xdx, n ≠ 1 .
n − 1 n − 1
n−2
csn x cot x n − 2
170 ∫ cos ec xdx =
n
+ ∫ cos
n−2
xdx, n ≠ 1
n − 1 n − 1
n+1 m
x 1n x m
171 n m n m−1
∫x ln xdx = − ∫ x 1n xdx
n + 1 n + 1
m m m−1
1n x ln x m 1n x
172 ∫
n
dx = − + ∫
n
dx, n ≠ 1 .
n−1
x (n − 1)x n − 1 x
173
n
∫ 1n xdx = x1n x − n∫ 1n
n n−1
xdx .
174
.
n n n−1
∫x sinh xdx = x cosh x − n∫ x cosh xdx
.
n n n−1
175 ∫x cosh xdx = x sinh x − n∫ x sin hxdx
n n n−1
176 ∫x sin xdx = − x cos x + n∫ x cos xdx
.
n n n−1
177 ∫x cos xdx = x sin x − n∫ x sin xdx
n+1 n+1
x 1 x
178
n −1 −1
∫x sin xdx = sin x − ∫ dx
n + 1 n + 1 √1 − x
2
n+1 n+1
x 1 x
179 .
n −1 −1
∫x cos xdx = cos x + ∫( dx
n + 1 n + 1 √1 − x
2
n+1 n+1
x 1 x
180 ∫x
n
tan
−1
xdx = tan
−1
x − ∫ dx .
2
n + 1 n + 1 1 + x
n
x dx x b dx
181 ∫ = − ∫
n n
ax + b a a ax + b
dx − 2ax − b 2(2n − 3)a dx

182 ∫
2
n
=
n−1
−
2
∫
n−1
, n ≠ 1.
(ax + bx + c) (n − 1)(b
2
− 4ac)(ax bx + c)
2 (n − 1)(b − 4ac) (ax
2
+ bx + c)
dx x 2n − 3 dx
183 ∫
n
= + ∫ .
2 2 n−1 2 n−1
(x + a ) 2(n − 1)a (x
2 2
+ a )
2 2(n − 1)a (x
2
+ a )
2
, n ≠ 1
dx x 2n − 3 dx
184 ∫
n
= − − ∫ , n ≠ 1 .
2 2 n−1 2 n−1
(x − a ) 2(n − 1)a (x
2 2
− a )
2 2(n − 1)a (x
2
− a )
2
b n
185 ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∑ f (ξi ) △ xi , where △ xi = xi − xi − 1 , xi − 1 ≤ ξi ≤ xi .

x→ ∞
a
i=1
186 ∫ 1dx = b − a
a
b b
187 ∫ kf (x)dx = k∫ f (x)dx

a a
b b b
188 ∫ [f (x) + g(x)]x = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ g(x)dx

a a a
b b b
189 ∫ [f (x) − g(x)]x = ∫ f (x)dx − ∫ g(x)dx

a a a
190 ∫ f (x)dx = 0
a
b a
191 ∫ f (x)dx = − ∫ f (x)dx

a b
b c b
192 ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dxf or a < c < b .

a a c
193 ∫ f (x)dx ≥ 0 if f (x) ≥ 0on[a, b]

a
194 ∫ f (x)dx ≤ 0 if f (x) ≤ 0on[a, b]

a
195 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

b
∫ f (x)dx = F (x) ∣a
b
= F (b) − F (a) if F (x) = f (x) .
a
Method of substitution

196 b d
If x , then ∫ , where c .

−1 −1
= g(t) f (x)dx = ∫ f (g(t))g' (t)dt = g (a), d = g (b)
a c
Integration by Parts

197 b b
b
∫ udv(uv) ∣a − ∫ vdu
a a
Traezoidal Rule

198 b
b − a
n−1
∫ f (x)dx = [f (x0 ) + f (xn ) + 2 ∑ f (xi )]

a
2n
i=1
Simpson\'s Rule

199 b
b − a b − a
∫ f (x)dx = [f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 4f (x3 ) + + 2f (x4 ) + … + 4f (xn − 1 + f (xn )] , where xi = a + i, i, 0, 1, 2, . , n .
3n n
a
Area Under a Curve

200 b
S = ∫ f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a) , where F ' (x) = f (x) .

a
Area Between Two Curves

201 b
S = ∫ [f (x) − g(x)]dx = F (b) − G(b) − F (a) + G(a) , where F ' (x) = (x), G' (x) = g(x) .
a
202 The definite integral ∫ f (x)dx is called an improper integral if , a or b is infinite, f (x) has one or more points of discontinuity in the interval [a, b].

a
∞ n
203 If f (x) is a continuous functn on [a, ∞) then ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∫ f (x)dx .

n→ ∞
a a
b b
204 If f (x) is continuous function on ( − ∞, b) , then ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∫ f (x)dx .

n→ ∞
− ∞ n
∞ c ∞
205 ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx

− ∞ − ∞ c
Comparison Theorem:

∞
206 Let f (x) and g(x) be continuous functions on the closed interval [a, ∞). Suppose that 0 ≤ g(x) ≤ f (x) for all x in [a, ∞)., If ∫ f (x)dx is convergent,
a
∞ ∞ ∞
then ∫ g(x)dx) is also convergent, if ∫ g(x)dx is divergent then ∫ f (x)dx is also divergent.

a a a
Absolute Convergence

207 ∞ ∞
If ∫ |f (x)|dx is convergent then the integral ∫ f (x)dx is absolutely convergent.

a a
Discontinuous Integrand

208 b b−ξ
Let f (x) be a function which is continuous on the interval [a, b) but is continuous at x = b . Then ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∫ f (x)dx .

ξ→0+
a a
Let f (x) be a continuous function for all real numbers x in the interval [a, b] except for some point c in (a, b) . Then
b b
209
c−ξ
∫ f (x)dx − lim f (x)dx + lim ∫ f (x)dx

ξ→0+ δ→0+
a c+δ
210 Double Integral Functions of two variables

f (x, y), (u, v)

Double integrals: ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dxdy, ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dxdy

r r

m n
Riemann sum: ∑ ∑ (f (ui , vj ) △ xi △ yj ,

i=1 j=1

Small changes: △ xi , △ yj

Regions of integration :R,S

Polar coordinates rθ

Area:A, Surface area;

Volume of a solid:V

Mass of a lamina:m

Density;ρ(x, y)

First moments : Mx , My

Moments of inertial: Ix , Iy , I0

Charge of a plate: Q

Charge density: σ(x, y),

Coordinates of center of mass: x̄, ȳ

Average of a function :μ
211 ∫∫ [f (x, y) + g(x, y)]dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA + ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dA

R R R
212 ∫∫ [f (x, y) − g(x, y)]dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA − ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dA

R R R
213 ∫∫ kf (x, y)dA = k∫ ∫ (x, y)dA where k is a constant.

R R
214 If f (x, y) ≤ g(x, y) on R, then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA ≤ ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dA .

R R
215 If f (x, y) ≥ 0 on R and S ⊂ sec R , then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA ≤ ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA .
S R
If f (x, y) ≥ 0 on R and R and S are nonoverlapping regions, then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA + ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA Here R ∪ S is the union of the
216 R∪S R S
regions R and S .
Integrated Integrals and Fubini\'s Theorem

217 b q(x)
∫∫ f (x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dydx for a region on type I, R − {(x, y) ∣ a ≤ x ≤ b, p(x) ≤ y ≤ (x)}

R a p(x)
Doubles Integrals over Rectangular Regions

b d d b
If R is the rectangular regin [a, b] × [c, d] , then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dxdy = ∫ (∫ (x, y)dy)dx = ∫ (∫ f (x, y)dx)dy . In the special case whre the integrand
218 R a c c a
b d
f (x, y) can be written as g(x)h(y) we have ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dxdy = ∫ ∫ g(x)h(y)dxdy = (∫ g(x)dx)(∫ h(y)dy)

R R a c
Change of Variables

∂ (x, y)
219 ∫∫ f (x, y)dxdy ≡ ∫ ∫ f [x(u, v), y(u, v)] ∣ is the jacobian of the transformatons
∂ (x,y)
R S
∂ (u, v)|dudv, where|
∂x ∂x ∂y
∂ (u,v) | = | ( , ) , ( , ( ∂y) , ( ∂v) ) ∣ ≠0
∂u ∂v ∂u
(x, y) → (u, v) and S is the pullbasck of R which can be computed by x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v) into the definitins of R.
Polar Coordinates
220
`x=rcostheta, y=rsintheta\`
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinats

∣ ∂ (x, y) ∣
The diferential dxdy for Polar Coordinate is dxdy = ∣ ∣drdthη = rdrdthη. Let the region R is determined as follows:
221 ∣ ∂ (r, θ) ∣
β h(θ)
0 ≤ g(θ), = r ≤ h(θ), α ≤ θ ≤ β, whereβ − α ≤ 2π / Then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dxdy = ∫ ∫ f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdthη .

R α g(θ)
Area of Region

222 b f (x)
A = ∫ ∫ )dydx (for a type I region).
a g(x)
223 Volume of a Solid

V = ∫∫ f (x, y)dA
R
Area and Volume in Polar Coodinates

224 β g(θ)
If S is a region in the xyplane bounded by θ = α, θ = β, r = h(θ), r = g(θ), thenA = ∫ ∫ dA = ∫ ∫ rdrdθ, V = ∫∫ f (r, θ)rdrdθ .

S α h(θ) S
2 2
∂z ∂z
225 Surface Area S = ∫∫ √1 + ( ) + ( ) dxdy
R
∂x ∂z
Mass of a Lamina m = ∫ ∫ ρ(x, y)dA,

226 R

where the lamina occupies a regions R and its density at a point (x, y) is ρ(x, y)
Moments

The moment of the lamna abut the xaxis is given by formula Mx ∫ ∫ yρ(x, y)dA . The moment of the lamina about the y=axis is My ∫ ∫ xρ(x, y)dA . The
R R
227
moment of inertia about the xaxis is Ix ∫ ∫ . The moment of inertia about the yaxis is Ix ∫ ∫ . The polar moment of inertia is
2 2
y ρ(x, y)dA x ρ(x, y)dA
R R
2 2
I0 = ∫ ∫ (x + y )ρ(x, y)dA
R
Center of Mass

My 1 ∫∫ xρ(x, y)dA
R
x̄ = = ∫∫ xρ(x, y)dA = ,
228 m m
R ∫∫
R
ρ(x, y)dA

Mx 1 ∫∫ yρ(x, y)dA
R
ȳ = = ∫∫ yρ(x, y)dA = ,
m m ∫∫ ρ(x, y)dA
R
R
Charge of a Plate

229
Q = ∫∫ σ(x, y)dA, where electrical charge is distributed over a region R and its charge density at a point (x, y) is σ(x, y)
R
Average of Function

230 1
μ = ∫∫ f (x, y)dA , where S = ∫∫ dA .
S
R R
Definition of Triple Integral

The triple integral over as parallelopiped [a, b] × [c, d] × [r, s] is defined to be
m n p
231 ∫∫∫ f (x, y, z)dV = lim ∑ ∑ ∑ f (ui , vj , wk ) △ xi △ yj △ zk , where(ui , vj , wk ) is some point in the paralleloiped
max △ xi → 0
[a,b] × [c,x] × [r,s]
i=1 j=1 k=1
max △ yj → 0
max △ zk → 0
(xi − 1 , xi ) × (yj − 1 , yj _ ) × (zk − 1 , zk ) and △ xi = xi − xi − 1 , △ yj = yj − yj − 1 , △ zk = zk − zk − 1 .
232 ∫∫∫ [f (x, y, z) + g(x, y, z)]dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV + ∫ ∫ ∫ g(x, y, z)dV

G g G
233 ∫∫∫ [f (x, y, z) − g(x, y, z)]dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV − ∫ ∫ ∫ g(x, y, z)dV

G g G
234 ∫∫∫ kf (x, y, z)dV = k∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV where k is a constant.

G g
If f (x, y, z) ≥ 0 and G and T are nonoverlapping basic regions then ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV − ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV + ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV . Here G ∪ T is
235 G∪T G T
the union of the regions G and T.
Evaluation of Triple Integrals by Repeated Integrals

χ2 ( x , y ) ( x , y , z ) dz
If the solid G is the set of points (x, y, z) such that (x, y)εR, χ1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ χ2 (x, y) then ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = ∫ ∫ [∫ dxdy, where
236 G R χ1 ( x , y )
R is projection of G onto the xyplane. If the solid G is the set of points (x, y, z) such that a ≤ x ≤ b, φ1 (x) ≤ y ≤ φ2 (x), χ1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ χ2 (x, y) , then
b φ2 ( x ) χ2 ( x , y )
∫∫∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = ∫ [(∫ (∫ f (x, y, z)dz)dy]dx

G a φ1 ( x ) χ1 ( x , y )
237 Triple Integrals over Parallelepiped

b d x,y,z
If G is a paraelepiped [a, b] × [c, d] × [r, s] then ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = ∫ [∫ (∫ dz)dy]dx . In the special case where in the integrand f (x, y, z)

G a c r
b d s
can be written as g(x)h(y)k(z) we have ∫ ∫ ∫ dxdydz = (∫ g(x)dx)(∫ h(y)dy(∫ k(z)dz).

f (x,y,z) a c r
Change of Variables

∂x ∂x ∂x
, ,
∣ ∂ (x, y, z) ∣ ∣ ∂ (x, y, z) ∣ ∂u ∂v ∂w ∂z ∂z ∂z ⎞
238 ∫∫∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = ∫ ∫ ∫ f [(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w)]∣ ∣dxdydz , where ∣ ∣ = , ( u), , ≠ 0 is
∂y ∂y ∂y
G S
∣ ∂ (u, v, w) ∣ ∣ ∂ (u, v, w) ∣ ∂ ∂v ∂w ⎠
, ,
∂u ∂v ∂w
the jacobian of the transformation (x, y, z) → (u, v, w) and S is the pull back of G which canbe computed by x = x(u, v, w), y = y(u, v, w)z = z(u, v, w)
into the definition of G.
Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates

The Differential dxdydz for Sphericla Coordinates is
239 ∂ (x, y, z)
where
2 s
dxdydz = ∣ drdthηdφ = r sin θdrdtehtasdφ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = , = ∫∫∫ f (r sin θ cos φ, r sin θ sin φ, r cos θ)r sin θdrdthηdφ,
∂ (r, θ, φ) R S
the solid S is the pullback of G is spherical coordinates. the angle θ ranges from 0 to 2π, the angle varphi ranges from 0 → π .
Volume of a solid

240
V = ∫∫∫ dxdydz
G
Volume of Cylindrical Coordinates

241
V = ∫∫∫ rdrdthηdz
S(r,θ,z)
242 Volume of Spherical Coordinates V = ∫∫∫ r

2
sin θdrdthηdφ
S(r,θ,φ)
243 Mass of a solid m = ∫∫∫ μ(x, y, z)dV , where the soid occupies a region G and its density at a point (x, y, z)isμ(x, y, z)

G
Myz Mxy Mxy

Center of mass of a solid x̄ = ( , ȳ = , z̄ = , where Myz = ∫∫∫ xμ(x, y, z)dV , Mxz = ∫ ∫ ∫ yμ(x, y, z)dV , Mxy = ∫ ∫ ∫ zμ(x, y, z)dV
244 m m m G G G
are the first moments about the coordinte planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 respectively, m(x, y, z) is the density function.
Moments of Inertia about the xyplane (or z = 0 ), yzplane (x = 0 ) and xz=plane (y = 0 )

245
Ixy = ∫ ∫ ∫
2
z μ(x, y, z)dV , Iyz = ∫ ∫ ∫
2
x μ(x, y, z)dV , Ixz = ∫ ∫ ∫
2
y μ(x, y, z)dV .
G G G
Moment of Inertial about the xaxis, yaxis, and zzxis

2 2
Ix = Ixy + (Ixz = ∫ ∫ ∫ (z + y )μ(x, y, z)dV
246 G

2 2 2 2
Iy = Ixy + (Iyz = ∫ ∫ ∫ (z + x )μ(x, y, z)dV , Iz = Ixz + (Iyz = ∫ ∫ ∫ (y + x )μ(x, y, z)dV
G G
Polar Moment of Inertia

247 2 2 2
I0 = Ixy + Iyz + Ixz = ∫ ∫ ∫ (x + y + z )μ(x, y, z)dV
G
Line Integral of a Scalar Function

→ →
248 Let a curve C be given by the vector function r = r (s), 0 ≤ s < + S, and a scalar function F is defined over the curve C. Then
s
→
∫ F ( r (s))ds = ∫ F (x, y, z)ds = ∫ F ds, where ds is the arc length differential.
0 C C
249 ∫ F ds = ∫ F ds + ∫ F ds
C1 ∪ C2 C1 C2
β
→ →
250 If the month smooth Curve C is parametrized by r = r (t)α, ≤ t ≤ β , then ∫ F (x, y, z)ds = ∫ F (x(t), y(t), z(t))√(x' (t))
2
+ (y' (t))
2 2
+ (z' (t)) dt.
C α
251
2
If C si a smooth curve in the xyplane given by the equation y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b, then ∫ (x, y)ds = ∫ F (x, f (x))√1 + (f ' (x)) dx .
F a
252 Line Integral of Scalar Function in Polar coordinates

β 2
dr
, where the curve C is defined by the polar function r(θ).
2
∫ F (x, y)ds = ∫ F (r cos θ, r sin θ)√r _ ( ) dθ
C α
dθ
Line Integral of Vector Field

253 → → dverr →
Let a curve C be defined by the vector function r = r (s), 0 ≤ s ≤ S. Then = τ = (cos α, cos β, cos γ) is the unit vector of the tangent line to this
ds
crurve.
Properties of Line Integrals of Vector fields

→ →
→ →
254 ∫ (F . d r ) = − ∫ (F . d r ), where C denote the curve with the opposite orientation.
−C C
→ → → →
→ → → →
∫ (F . d r ) = ∫ (F . d r ) = ∫ (F . d r ) + ∫ (F . d r ), where C is the union of the curve C1 and C2 .
C C1 ∪ C2 C1 C2
If the curve C is parameterized by

β
→ dx dy dz
255 r (t) = {x(t), y(t), z(t)}, α ≤ t ≤ β, then∫ P dx + Qdy + Rdz = , = ∫ (P (x(t), y(t), z(t)) + Q(x(t), y(t), z(t)) + R(x(t), y(t), z(t)) )dt
dt dt dt
C α
b
df
256 If C lis in the xyplane and given by the equation y = f (x) , then ∫ P dx + Qdy = ∫ (P (x, f (x)) + Q(x, f (x)) )dx .
C a
dx
Green\'s Theorem

∂Q ∂P → → →
257 ∫∫ ( − )dxdy = ∮ P dx + Qdy , where F = P (x, y) i + Q(x, y) j is a continuous vector function with continuous first partial derivatives
R
∂x ∂y
∂P ∂Q
, in a some domain R, which is bounded by a close, piecewise smooth curve C.
∂y ∂x
1
258 Area of a Region R bounded by the curve C S = ∫∫ dxdy = ∮ xdy − ydx
R
2 C
Path Independence of Line Integrals

→ → → →
The line integral of a vector function F = P i + Q j + R k is said to be path independent, if and only if P,Q andR are continuous in a domain D, and if
259 → ∂u ∂u ∂u
there exists some scalar function u = u(x, y, z) (a scalar potential) in D such that F = ∇u , or = P , = Q , artilz) = R Then
∂x ∂y p
→
→ →
∫ F ( r ). d r ∫ P dx + Qdy + Rdz = u(B) − u(A) .
C C
Test for a conservative field

→ → → → →
A vector field of the form F = ∇u is called a conservative fiedl. The line integral of a vector function F = P i + Q j + R k is path independent if and
→ → →
∣ ∣
i j k
∣ ∣
260 →
∣ ∂ ∣
→
only if curlF =
∣ ∂x
∂ ∂
∣
= 0 . If the line integral is taken in xyplane so that ∫ P dx + Qdy = (B) − u(A) , then the test for determining if a vector
∂y ∂z
C
∣ ∣
∣ P Q R ∣
∂P ∂Q
field is conservative can be written in the form = .
∂y ∂x
Length of a Curve

2
β → β 2 2
∣ ∣ dy ⎞
d r dx dz
L = ∫ ds = ∫
∣
∣
∣
(t)∣dt = ∫ √( ) + ( ) + ⎟dt, where C is a piecewie smooth curve described by the position vector
dt dt dt dt
C α ∣ ∣ α ⎠
261 β → β 2 2
∣ d r ∣ ((dx)) dy
→
r (t), α ≤ t ≤ β . If the curve C is two dimensional , then L = ∫ ds = ∫ ∣
∣
(t)∣dt = ∫
∣
√ + ( ) dt . The curve C is the graph of a
dt dt dt
C α ∣ ∣ α
b 2
dy
function y = f (x) in the xy plane (a ≤ x ≤ b), then L = ∫ √1 + ( ) dx
dx
a
Length of a curve in polar coordinates


262 β
 dr

where the curve C is given by the equationi r in polar coordinates.
2
L = ∫ ( + r )dθ, = r(θ)α ≤ θ ≤ β
⎷ 2
α (dθ)
Mass of a wire

→
m = ∫ ρ(x, y, z)ds , where ρ(x, y, z) is the mass per unt length of the wire. If C is a curve parametrized by the vector function r (t) = {x(t), y(t), z(t) , then
C
2 2 2
263 ⎛ dx dy dz
the mass can be computed by the formula m = ∫α ρ
β
x(t), y(t), (t)√( ) + ( ) + ( ) dt . If C is a curve in xyplane then the mass of the wire
⎝ dt dt dt
β 2 2
⎛ dx dy
is given by m = ∫ ρ(x, y, z)ds, or m = ∫ ρ x(t), y(t)√( ) + ( ) dt (in parametric form)
⎝ dt dt
C α
Center of mass of a wire

264 Myz Mxz Mxy
x̄ = , ȳ = , z̄ = whereMyz = ∫ xρx, y, z)ds, Mxz = ∫ yρx, y, z)ds, Mxy = ∫ zρx, y, z)ds,
m m m C C C
Moments of Inertia

265 The moments of inertia about the xaxis, yaxis, and zaxis are given by the formulas
2 2 2 2 2 2
Ix = ∫ (y + z )ρ(x, y, z)ds, Iy = ∫ (x + z )ρ(x, y, z)ds, Iz = ∫ (x + y )ρ(x, y, z)ds
C C C
Area of a Region Bounded by a closed curve

266 1
S = ∮ xdy = − ∮ ydx = ∮ xdy − ydx .
c C
2 C
Volume of a Solid Formed by Rotating a Closed Curve about the xaxis

267 2
π
2
V = − π∮ y dx = − 2π∮ xydy = − ∮ 2xydy + y dx
c C
2 C
Work done by a force

→ → →
268 F on an object moving along a curve C is given by the line integral W = ∫
→
F . d r , where F is the vector force field acting on the object d r is the unit
→
tangent vector.
Ampere\'s Law

269 →
→
→
∮ B . d r = μo I . The line integral of a magnetic field B around a closed path C is equal to the total current I flowing through the area bunded by the path.
C
Faraday\'s Law

→
270 → dy
ε = ∮ CE . d r = − Th electromotive force (emf) epsilon induced around a closed loop C is equal to the rate to the change of magnetic flux ψ passing
dt
through the loop.
Surface Integral of a scalar function

→ → →
→
Let a surface S be given by the positin vector r (u, v) = x(u, v) i + y(u, v) j + z(u, v) k , where (u, v) ranges over some domain D(u, v) of the uvplane.
→ →
∣ ∂ r ∂ r ∣
The surface integral of a scalar function f (x, y, z) over the surface S is defined as ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dS = ∫ ∫ f (x(u, v), y(u, v))∣
∣
× ∣dudv,
∣
271 S D(u,v) ∣
∂u ∂v
∣
→ →
∂ r ∂ r
where the partia,l derivaties and are given by
∂u ∂v
→ → → →
∂ r ∂x → ∂y → ∂z → ∂ r ∂x → ∂y → ∂z → ∂ r ∂ r
= (u, v) i + (u, v) j + (u, v) k , = (u, v) i + (u, v) j + (u, v) k and × is the cross product.
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂z ∂u ∂v
If the surface S is given by the equation z = z(x, y) where z(x, y) is a differentiable function in the domain D(x, y) , then
2 2
272 ∂z ∂z
∫∫ f (x, y, z)dS = ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z(x, y))√1 + + ( ) )dxdy.
S D(x,y)
∂x ∂y
→
Surface integral of the vector field F over the surface S If S is oriented outward, then
→ →
273 → → →
→
→ ∂ r ∂ r
∫∫ F (x, y, z). d S = ∫∫ F (x, y, z). n dS = ∫ ∫ F (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)). [ × ]dudv .
S S D(u,v)
∂u ∂v
→ →
→ → → → ∂ r ∂ r →
→ →
If S is oriented inward, then ∫ ∫ F (x, y, z). d S = ∫∫ F (x, y, z). n dS = ∫ ∫ (u, v)F (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)). [ v) × ]dudv. d S = n dS
S S D
∂ ∂u
→ →
∂ r ∂ r
274 is called the vector element of the surface. Dot means the scalar product of the appropriate vecrtors. The partial derivatives and are given by
∂u ∂v
→ →
∂ r ∂u → ∂y → partalz → ∂ r ∂x → ∂y → ∂z →
= (u, v). i + (u, v). j + (u, v). k , = (u, v). i + v)(u, v). j + (u, v). k .
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂ ∂v
If the surface S is given by the equation z = z(x, y) where z(x, y) is a differentiable function in the domain
−−→
D(x, y), thenI f Sis or ientedupward, i. e. thek − thcompo ≠ ntof the∥a∥l −−→ rispositive, then int int_S vecF(x,y,z).dvecS=int int_S vecF(x,y,z).vecn
275 dS= int int_(D(x,y)) vecF(x,y,z).((partialz)/(partialy)vecj+veck) dxdy, If S is oriented downward, i.e. the kth component of the normal vector is negative, then
→ → → → ∂z → ∂z → →
→
∫∫ F (x, y, z). d S = ∫∫ F (x, y, z). n dS = ∫ ∫ (x, y)F (x, y, z). ( i + j − k )dxdxy .
S S d
∂x ∂y
→
→
∫∫ (F . n )dS = ∫ ∫ P dydz = Qdzdx + Rdxdy = ∫ ∫ (P cos α + Q cos β + R cos γ)dS, whereP (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) are the components
276 S S S
→
→
of the vector field F ., cos alph, cos β, cos γ are the angles between the outer unit normal vector n and the xaxis, yaxis, and zaxis, respectively.
277
→
If The surface S is given in parametric form by the vector r (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)), then the latter formula can be written as
∂x ∂y ∂z
∣ ∣
→ , ,
→ ∣ ∂u ∂u ∂u ∣
∫∫ (F . n )dS = ∫ ∫ P dydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = ∫ ∫
∣
(P , Q, R),
∣
dudv, where(u, v) ranges over some domain D(u, v) of the uv
∂x ∂y ∂z
S S D(u,v) , ,
∣ ∣
∂v ∂v ∂v
plane.
Divergence Theorem

→ → → →
∮∮ F . dS = ∫∫∫ ( ∇ . F )dV , whereF (x, y, z) = {P (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z)} is a vectro field whose components P,Q, and R have continuous
278 S G
→ ∂P ∂Q ∂R → →
partial derivatives, ∇ . f = + + is the divergence of F also denoted ÷ F . The symbol ∮ ∮ indicates that the surface integral is taken over
∂x ∂y ∂z
a closed surface.
Divergence Theorem in Coordinate Form

279 ∂P ∂Q ∂R
∮∮ P dydz + Qdxdz + Rdxdy = ∫ ∫ ∫ + G( + + )dxdydz .
S
∂x ∂y ∂z
Stoke\'s Theorem

→ → → →
→
∮ F . d r = ∫∫ ( ∇ × F ). d S , whereF (x, y, z) = {P (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z)} is a vector field whose components P,Q, and R have continuous
C S
→ → →
∣ ∣
i j k
280 → ∣ ∣
∂R ∂Q → ∂P ∂R → ∂Q ∂P → → →
∣ ∂ ∣
partial derivatives ∇ × f =
∣
∂ ∂
∣
= ( − ) i + ( − ) j = ( − ) k is teh curl of F , also denoted curl F . The
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
∣ ∣
∣ P Q R ∣
symbol, ∮ indicates that the line integral is taken over a closed curve.
Stroke\'s Theorem in Coordinate Form

281 ∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
∮ + CP dx + Qdy + Rdz = ∫ ∫ + S − )dydz + ( − )dzdx + ( − )dxdy
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
282 Surface Area A = ∫∫ dS
S
→ → →
→
If the surface S is parametrized by the vector r (u, v) = x(u, v) i + y(u, v) j + z(u, v) k , then the surface area is
283 →
A = ∫∫
→ →
is the domain where the surfasce r (u, v) is defined.
∣ ∂ r ∂ r ∣
D(u,v) × dudv , whereD ( u , v )
∣ ∂u ∂v ∣

2

∂z ∂z

If S given explicitly by the function z(x, y) then the surface area is A = ∫∫ 1 + ( + ( ) )dxdy, whereD(x, y) is the projection of the
284 ⎷ 2
∂y
D(x,y) ( ∂ x)
surface S onto the xyplane.
285 Mass of a surface m = ∫∫ μ(x, y, z)dS, whereμ(x, y, z) is the mass per unit area (density function).

S
Myz Mxz
Center of Mass of a shell x̄ = , ȳ = , z̄ = (Mxy )m, whereMyz = ∫ ∫ xμ(x, y, z)dS, Mxz = ∫ ∫ yμ(x, y, z)dS, Mxy = ∫ ∫ zμ(x, y, z)dS, are
286 m m S S S
the first moments about the coordinate planes x=0, y=0, z=0, respectively. μ(x, y, z) is the density function.
287 Moment of Iertia the xyplane (or z=0), yzplane (x = 0), and xzplane (y 2

= 0)Ixy = ∫ ∫ Sz μ(x, y, z)dS, Iyz ∫ ∫
2
x μ(x, y, z)dS, Ixz = ∫ ∫
2
y μ(x, y, z)dS .
S S
288 Moments of Inertia about the xaxis, yaxis, and zaxis Ix = ∫∫ (y
2 2
+ z )μ(x, y, z)dS, Iy = ∫ ∫ (x
2 2
+ z )μ(x, y, z)dS, Iz = ∫ ∫ (x
2 2
+ y )μ(x, y, z)dS,
S S S
1 ∣ ∣
289 Volume of a solid Bounded by a closed surface V = ∣∮ ∮ dxydz + ydxdz + zdxdy∣
3 ∣ ∣
S
→
→ r →
290 Gravitational Force F = G min t∫ μ(x, y, z) dS , where m is a mass at a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) outside the surface, r = (x − x2 , y − y0 , z − z0 ) , μ(x, y, z)
3
S r
is the density function, and G is a gravitational constant.
→ →
→ → →
291 Pressure Forece F = ∫∫ p( r )d S , where the pressure p( r ) acts on the surface S given by the position vector r .
S
→
→ → → →
292 Fluid Flux (across the surface S) Φ = ∮ ∮ v ( r ). d S , where v ( r ) is the fluid velocity.
293
→ →
→ → →
Mass Flux (across the surface S) Φ = ∫∫ ρ v ( r ). d S , whereF = ρ v is the vector field, rho is the fuid density,
S
294 Surface Charge Q = ∫∫ σ(x, y)dS, whereσ(x, y) is the surface charge density.

S
→ → Q
Gauss\' law the electric flux through any closed surface is proportional to the charge Q enclosed by the surface Φ = ∫∫ E . dS = where Φ is the
ε0
295 S
→ F
electric flux, E e is the magnitude of the electric field strength, ε0 = 8, 85 × 10
− 12
is permittivity of free space.
m
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Formula Iitjee Integral-Calculus

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1 ∫ f (x)dx = F (x) + C if F ' (x) = f (x) .

4 ∫ [f (x) + g(x)]dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ g(x)dx

5 ∫ [f (x) − g(x)]dx = ∫ f (x)dx − ∫ g(x)dx

dx 1 ∣ 2ax + b − √b2 − 4ac ∣

42 ∫ √ax + bdx = (ax + b)

xdx 2(ax − 2b)

44 ∫ x√ax + bdx = (ax + b)

94 ∫ sin xdx = − cos x + C

95 ∫ cos xdx = sin x + C

110 ∫ tan xdx = − ln|cos x| + C

114 ∫ cot xdx = ln|sin x| + C

sin(m + n)x sin(m − n)x

cos(m + n)x cos(m − n)x

sin(m + n)x sin(m − n)x

125 ∫ sec x tan xdx = sec x + C

126 ∫ cos ecx cot xdx = − cos ecx + C

133 ∫ sinh xdx = cosh x + C

134 ∫ cosh xdx = sinh x + C

135 ∫ tanh xdx = 1n cosh x + C

136 ∫ coth xdx = 1n|sinh x| + C

139 ∫ sech x tanh xdx = − sech x + C

140 ∫ cos echx coth xdx = − cshx + C

145 ∫ 1nxdx = x1nx − x + C

dx − 2ax − b 2(2n − 3)a dx

185 ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∑ f (ξi ) △ xi , where △ xi = xi − xi − 1 , xi − 1 ≤ ξi ≤ xi .

187 ∫ kf (x)dx = k∫ f (x)dx

188 ∫ [f (x) + g(x)]x = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ g(x)dx

189 ∫ [f (x) − g(x)]x = ∫ f (x)dx − ∫ g(x)dx

191 ∫ f (x)dx = − ∫ f (x)dx

192 ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dxf or a < c < b .

193 ∫ f (x)dx ≥ 0 if f (x) ≥ 0on[a, b]

194 ∫ f (x)dx ≤ 0 if f (x) ≤ 0on[a, b]

If x , then ∫ , where c .

∫ f (x)dx = [f (x0 ) + f (xn ) + 2 ∑ f (xi )]

S = ∫ f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a) , where F ' (x) = f (x) .

202 The definite integral ∫ f (x)dx is called an improper integral if , a or b is infinite, f (x) has one or more points of discontinuity in the interval [a, b].

203 If f (x) is a continuous functn on [a, ∞) then ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∫ f (x)dx .

204 If f (x) is continuous function on ( − ∞, b) , then ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∫ f (x)dx .

205 ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx

then ∫ g(x)dx) is also convergent, if ∫ g(x)dx is divergent then ∫ f (x)dx is also divergent.

If ∫ |f (x)|dx is convergent then the integral ∫ f (x)dx is absolutely convergent.

Let f (x) be a function which is continuous on the interval [a, b) but is continuous at x = b . Then ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∫ f (x)dx .

∫ f (x)dx − lim f (x)dx + lim ∫ f (x)dx

Double integrals: ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dxdy, ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dxdy

211 ∫∫ [f (x, y) + g(x, y)]dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA + ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dA

212 ∫∫ [f (x, y) − g(x, y)]dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA − ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dA

213 ∫∫ kf (x, y)dA = k∫ ∫ (x, y)dA where k is a constant.

214 If f (x, y) ≤ g(x, y) on R, then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA ≤ ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dA .

∫∫ f (x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dydx for a region on type I, R − {(x, y) ∣ a ≤ x ≤ b, p(x) ≤ y ≤ (x)}

f (x, y) can be written as g(x)h(y) we have ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dxdy = ∫ ∫ g(x)h(y)dxdy = (∫ g(x)dx)(∫ h(y)dy)

(x, y) → (u, v) and S is the pullbasck of R which can be computed by x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v) into the definitins of R.

0 ≤ g(θ), = r ≤ h(θ), α ≤ θ ≤ β, whereβ − α ≤ 2π / Then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dxdy = ∫ ∫ f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdthη .

If S is a region in the xy­plane bounded by θ = α, θ = β, r = h(θ), r = g(θ), thenA = ∫ ∫ dA = ∫ ∫ rdrdθ, V = ∫∫ f (r, θ)rdrdθ .

Mass of a Lamina m = ∫ ∫ ρ(x, y)dA,

(xi − 1 , xi ) × (yj − 1 , yj _ ) × (zk − 1 , zk ) and △ xi = xi − xi − 1 , △ yj = yj − yj − 1 , △ zk = zk − zk − 1 .

232 ∫∫∫ [f (x, y, z) + g(x, y, z)]dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV + ∫ ∫ ∫ g(x, y, z)dV

233 ∫∫∫ [f (x, y, z) − g(x, y, z)]dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV − ∫ ∫ ∫ g(x, y, z)dV

234 ∫∫∫ kf (x, y, z)dV = k∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV where k is a constant.

∫∫∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = ∫ [(∫ (∫ f (x, y, z)dz)dy]dx

If G is a paraelepiped [a, b] × [c, d] × [r, s] then ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = ∫ [∫ (∫ dz)dy]dx . In the special case where in the integrand f (x, y, z)

can be written as g(x)h(y)k(z) we have ∫ ∫ ∫ dxdydz = (∫ g(x)dx)(∫ h(y)dy(∫ k(z)dz).

If S is a region in the xyplane bounded by θ = α, θ = β, r = h(θ), r = g(θ), thenA = ∫ ∫ dA = ∫ ∫ rdrdθ, V = ∫∫ f (r, θ)rdrdθ .

Moments of Inertia about the xyplane (or z = 0 ), yzplane (x = 0 ) and xz=plane (y = 0 )

287 Moment of Iertia the xyplane (or z=0), yzplane (x = 0), and xzplane (y 2