h a pte

(1) SURFACE CHEMISTRY

ExPERIMENT 1.1
AIM To prepare colloidal solution (sol) of starch.

APPARATUS
Two beakers or conical flasks each of 250 ml capacity, a funnel,
filter paper, pestle and mortar, glass-rod, tripod stand etc.

MATERIALS Glass Thin paste

rod of starch
Starch soluble 1 g, distilled water

THEORY Beaker
Starch forms a stable hydrophilic sol with water at about 100°PC.

PROCEDURE
Grind about one gram of starch soluble with a few ml of distilled Wire
water to make a thin paste. Pour this paste gradually into about gauze
100 ml of boiling water taken in a beaker with constant shaking
and stirring with a glass rod. Boil the contents for about 3-4
Tripod
minutes and then cool. Filter the contents through filter paper. stand
The filtrate is the required starch sol.
Burner

PRECAUTIONS
1. The apparatus used for preparing the sol should be
properly cleaned. Fig. 1.1. Preparation of starch sol
2. Distilled water should always be used while preparing sols
in water.
3. Constant stirring of the contents is necessary during preparation of the sol.

EXPERIMENT 1.2

AIM To prepare colloidal solution (sol) of gum.

APPARATUS
Same as in Experiment 1.1.

LAB MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY-CLASS XII

MATERIALS
2 to 3 gram gum, distilled water

THEORY
Gum forms stable hydrophilic sol with waler

PROCEDURE
of this fine
with the help of a pestle. Add small pinches
Take 2 to 3g gum in the mortar and powder it well the contents
about 125 ml warm water at regular intervals. Keep stirring
gum powder into a beaker containing contents for
After adding of all the gum powder, stir the
regularly. The process should take about 30 minutes. The filtrate, thus,
to remove the suspended impurity, if any.
nearly 5 minutes and then filter through a filter paper
obtained is the required gum sol.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Follow all the precautions as given in Experiment 1.1.

2. Warm water helps in accelerating the dispersion of gum particles.

ExPERIMENT 1.3

AIM To prepare colloid (sol) of egg-albumin.

APPARATUS
Same as in Experiment 1.1.

MATERIALS
2 eggs, distilled water

THEORY
Egg-albumin forms stable hydrophilic sol with water at room temperature.

PROCEDURE
The shells of the eggs broken and the colourless liquid
are
along with the yellow yolk is collected in a beaker.
Colourless liquid is then decanted into another beaker or a conical flask. This
colourless liquid is known as e88
albumin. The colourless liquid (egg-albumin) is then added
drop by drop with constant stirring into about
125 ml of distilled water taken in a beaker. The
process should take 20 to 25 minutes. Filter the contents through
filter paper. The filtrate thus obtlained is the
required egg-albumin sol.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Follow all the
precautions as given in Experiment 1.1.
2. Egg-albumin should be prepared in cold water because in hot water
place. precipitation (coagulation of sol) takes

2 LAB MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY-CLASss XII

 EXPERINEMT
EXPERIMENT 1.4-

AIM To prepare ferric hydroxide, Fe (OH)g Sol.

Steam
APPARATUS Vessel to be
Conical flask of 500 ml capacity, one boiling tube, tripod stand, funnel, cleaned

wire gauze, iron stand, cellophane or parchment paper, glass-rod, test-tubes, Glass tube

string etc.

MATERIALS
H Funnel

2% ferric chloride solutiom. Dissolve 2 gram of ferric ehloride in 100 ml Loose rubber
distilled water. packing

THEORY
Ferric hydroxide sol is hydrophobic in nature. Therefore, it does not form
sol readily like gum or starch. However, under suitable conditions ferric
a
H Steam
soB
chloride solution is hydrolysed with distilled water to obtain reddish
of ferric hydroxide. Distilled
water
Chemical reaction:
Fe(OH), + 3HCI Wire gauze
FeCl+3HOH
Ferric Water Reddish

chloride brown sol

is removed with the help of dialysis

Hydrochloric acid, thus produced,
process (discussed in experiment 1.7).
PROCEDURE Fig. 1.2. Steaming out process for cleaning
in the conical flask. Heat it on a wire the apparatus
Take about 200 ml of distilled water
Pour about 20 ml of 2% solution of ferric
gauze until it starts boiling. red or brown sol of ferric
the help of a dropper. Continue heating until deep
a
chloride (FeCl,) drop by drop with
at regular intervals.
hydroxide, Fe(OH), is obtained. Replace the water lost by evaporation during boiling,

IMPORTANT NOTE
chloride sol should be thoroughly cleaned since the sol is coagulated
The apparatus used in the preparation of ferric a process called 'steaming out
in of ionic impurities. For cleaning the apparatus,
(precipitated) easily presence
in 1.2 and clean the required apparatus before use.
process' is employed. Set the apparatus
as shown Fig.

PRECAUTIONS out process'.

the sol should be thoroughly cleaned by 'steaming
1. All apparatus used in preparation of
of ferric chloride is removed by dialysis process; otherwise
2. Hydrochloric acid formed as a result of hydrolysis
it may destabilise the sol.
into boiling water.
3. FeCl, solution should be added drop by drop
EXPERIMENT 1.5-

AIM To prepare aluminium hydroxide, AllOH)g Sol

APPARATUS
Same as in Experiment 1.4.
LAB MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY CLASS XII
 PERIMENT5
MATERIALS
2% aluminium chloride solution, distilled water, silver nitrate solution.
*****

THEORY
Aluminium hydroxide sol is hydrophobic in nature. It is obtained by hydrolysis of AlCl,

Chemical reaction:
AICl + 3HOH Al(OH), + 3HCI
Aluminium Water Colourless Hydrochloric
chloride sol acid

HCl is removed by dialysis.

PROCEDURE
Aluminium hydroxide, AI(OH), sol can be prepared in a similar manner as the Fe(OH), sol by taking AICl, in
place of FeCl,. Al(OH), sol obtained is colourless.

PRECAUTIONS
Same as given in Experiment 1.4.

EXPERIMENT 1.65

AIM pr
To prepare arsenious sulphide, AsSg Sol.

APPARATUS
500 ml beaker, 250 ml conical flask, glass rod, funnel, funnel stand, tripod stand, wire gauze, burner, Kipp's
apparatus to prepare H,S gas.

MATERIALS
Arsenious oxide (As,O,), distilled water, H,S gas (prepared in Kipp's apparatus)

THEORY
Arsenious oxide is a lyophobic sol. It can be prepared by the hydrolysis of As,O, with boiling distilled water
followed by passing H,S gas through the solution.
Chemical reactions:

As,O +
3H,O Boil 2As(OH),
2As(OH) + 3H,S
As23 6H,O
Light yellow sol
PROCEDURE
1. Take clean 250 ml conical flask. Add 1.5 of
a
g As,O, solid and then about 150 ml of distilled water to it.
2. Boil the contents of the flask for about 10 minutes.
3 Filter the above hot solution through filter paper and collect the filtrate in
another beaker.
4. Pass a slow current of
H,S gas prepared in Kipp's apparatus into As,O, solution.
5. The solution
develops a yellow colour due to the formation of As,S, sol. Continue till the
intensity of colour remains unchanged. passing H,S gas
6. Remove excess of H,S gas from the sol by boiling the sol till the
paper black. escaping gas does not turn lead acetate
7. Filter the solution through fluted filter paper and collect the
bright yellow filtrate in a dry conical flask and
cork it. The sol formed is a arsenious sulphide sol.

LAB MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY-CLASs XII

 EXPERIMEMTS
Glass rod

Beaker
Fiuted iter paper
fixed in a funne
Undissolved
As,O,
Wire gauze

Burner
As,O, solution

Fig.1.3. Dissolution of As,Og Fig. 1.4. Filtration of solution

Stop cock
is closed

H,S Gas

Aubber cork

Iron sulphide Pure H,S Gas

Dil H,SO
Water
As,O,
Solution

Fig. 1.5. Preparation of H,S gas and passing it into As,O, solution

PRECAUTIONS
1. Arsenious oxide is highly poisonous. So handle it with care.
2. Use cleaned apparatus because AsS, sol is affected by even small quantities of impurities.

EXPERIMENT 1.7
A I M T o purify the given starch sol containing sodium chloride as impurity by dialysis.

APPARATUS
Cellophane or parchment paper, test-tubes, iron stand, funnel, thread, beakers, 2 droppers, etc.
MATERIALS
Starch sol containing sodium chloride, distilled water, silver nitrate solution, iodine solution.

THEORY
The purification of sols by dialysis is based on the fact that the colloidal particles being larger in size are unable to
pass through a semipermeable membrane (cellophane or parchment paper) while ions, Na' or Cl being smaller
in sizecan do so. Thus, Na' and Cl ions pass through cellophane or parchment paper. Sodium chloride can be
completely removed from the starch sol without affecting its stability due to its hydrophilic nature.

LAB MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY-CLASS Xil

(s)
 PERINENTS
PROCEDURE
Fold the
parchment/cellophane paper into the shape of a bag and
tie it to the end of the stem of a funnel by means of thread or rubber
band. Pour the given starch sol containing sodium chloride into the Funnel
cellophane/parchment bag through the funnel until nearly 2/3rd of
the bag is full. Immerse the
bag in distilled water taken in the beaker
as shown in thediagram. Change the water at regular intervals.
Withdraw a small portion of water from the beaker with the
help of
a
dropper. Divide it into two parts. To one part, add a drop of iodine
solution. Non-appearance of blue colour indicates the
absence of starch
in it. To the other
portion add a few drops of silver nitrate solution.
Appearance of white precipitate indicates the presence of Cl in it and Parchment
hence the successive removal of NaCl membrane
from the sol.
Continue the process for a Starch sol
beaker stops giving
longer time and stop only when water in the containing sodum
any white precipitate with silver nitrate solution. chloride
After sodium chloride is removed Distilled water
and transfer the completely, take out the bag carefully
purified sol into another beaker.
PRECAUTIONS Fig. 1.6. Purification of starch sol by dialysis
1. Fill
only two-third of the
2. cellophane/parchment bag with the sol.
Change the water in the beaker at regular intervals. It would
3. be better if the water could be
Dialysis should be continued until the water in the beaker kept running
4. The shows absence of Cl ions.
process is accelerated a little by use of warm distilled water.

EXPERIMENT 1.8
AIM TTo study oils
(cotton seed
the role of
emulsifying
oil, castor oil,
agents in stabilizing the emulsions of different common
coconut oil, mahuwa oil).

APPARATUS
Boiling tubes-4, measuring cylinder,
stop-watch or watch.
MATERIALS
Cotton seed oil, castor oil,
coconut oil, mahuwa oil, 1%
soap solution or sodium oleate solution.
THEORY
The easewith which oils form
chemical emulsions with water differ
composition the oils form widely depending upon the physical properties and the
of each oil. Some of
with difficulty. emulsions readily while many other oils
form emulsions
PROCEDURE
(i) Take four clean
boiling tubes. Label them as 1,2,3 and 4.
seed oil, castor oil,
to each tube.
coconut oil, mahuwa oil in Using a
tube numbers 1,2,3 measuring cylinder, take 5 ml each of cotton
Take tube number 1 and 4
to stand. Note and shake it respectively. Add
by closing its open end with the5ml of distilled water
then the final vigorously
the initial time and
the tube numbers time when the two thumb and allow
2,3 and 4 and note the layers
(ii) Add 8 to 10 time taken for the separate out. In the
drops of 1% soap solution or sodium separation of the two layers in eachsame way, shake
case.
oleate solution in tube
6) LAB MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY-CLASS XII number 1.Shake the tube
vigorous1y
 EXPERIMENTS
and then allow it to stand. Note the time of separation of the layers. Carry on the experiment in the same
way with tube number 2, 3, and 4 and note the time taken by the emulsion in breaking up (separation of
the layers in the tubes) in each case. The oil which takes the longest time to separate from ils emulsion is the most
effective in forming emulsion

OBSERVATIONS
1. Without emulsifying agent
Test tube Name of the oil and the Amount of water
Time taken in separation of layers
number quantity taken in ml added in ml

Initial Final Time lapse

4
2. In presence of emulsifying agent

Test tube Name of the oil and the Amount of water Time taken in separation of layers
number quantity taken in ml added in ml

Initial Final Time lapse

1.

A.

RESULT
takes longest time to separate from its emulsion and
From the observations it is inferred that . .
***'*****'*****
. .

hence is most effective (amongst the oils taken) in forming emulsion.

The other oils in the decreasing order of effectivity are....
******** *****

PRECAUTIONS
in each
1. Shaking of the contents should be vigorous and equal case.

2. The time should be recorded carefully.

EXPERIMENT 1.93
solution, gelatin, gum arabic (or oil solution of
To compare the effectiveness of soap
AIM shampoo/lanolin/sodium oleate,
etc.) as emulsifying agents in forming emulsion.

APPARATUS
watch or watch.
Boiling tubes-3, measuring cylinders, stop
MATERIALS
solution of shampoo/lanolin/sodium oleate), coconut oil (or groundnut
1% soap solution, 1% gum arabic (or oil
oil, cotton seed oil, etc).

LAB MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY-CLASs XI(7

 THEORY
Emulsion obtained by shaking oil with water vigorously or vice aersa is not stable and separates into twa
on standing For stability of an emulsion, a substance known as emulsifying agent (or emulsifier) is added.e
reduces the interfacial tension between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. Different enul.
agents possess different emulsifyving capacities

PROCEDURE
Take three boiling tubes and label them as 1, 2 and 3. Using measuring cylinder, take 5 ml of distilled yWas
ater ina
each
tube.
Then add 1% soap solution, 1%
gelatin and
1% gum
to 1, 2 and 3
arabic tube numbers
Take tube number 1 and shake it vigorously and allow it to stand. Note the time taken for separation ofthet
respectivel
layers. Carry on the experiment in a similar manner with the tube numbers 2 and 3 and note down the tinme
he
emulsion takes in breaking up.
The emulsifying agent which keeps the emulsion stable for the longest time is the most effective

OBSERVATIONS
Test tube Name of the oil and the Amount of water
Time taken in separation of layers
number quantity taken in ml added in ml
Initial Final Time lapse

RESULT
From the observations, it is inferred that effectivity of the given emulsifying agents is in the following order

PRECAUTIONS
Sameas in Experiment 1.8

Viva-Voce
Q.1. What is the particde size range ofcolloids? particles because of their larger sizes cannot diffuse
out of parchment paper.
10to 10metre or 1 nm to 100 nm
Ans.
true solution and Q.3. What is a reversible or intrinsic colloid?
Q.2. What is the difference between a
colloidal solution? Ans. A substance whose colloidal solution can be prepared
(solution)
mixture by just mixing it with the solvent with or without
Ans. True solution: It is a homogeneous
The heating is called an intrinsic colloid.
of a solute like NaCl) in a solvent (like water).
solute panicles are not visible even with an ultra Q.4. What is an irreversible or extrinsic colloid ?
The solute particles because of their
microscope.
smaller sizes can diffuse out of parchment paper.
Ans. A substance whose colloidal solution cannot be
Colloidal solution: It is a heterogeneous mixture
prepared by just mixing it with the solvent is called
an extrinsic colloid. Special methods are employed
in which the solute particles (dispersed phase) are
for preparing them
dispersed in a solvent (dispersion medium). The
coloidal particles (dispersed phase) are visible with an
ultra microscope due to Tyndall effect. The colloidal

LAs MaUAL or CHeMISTRY-Cuss Xi