Rastavljanje polinoma na faktore

Distributivnost množenja prema zbrajanju

a ⋅ (b + c) = a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c , a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c = a ⋅ (b + c )
(a + b) ⋅ c = a ⋅ c + b ⋅ c , a ⋅ c + b ⋅ c = ( a + b) ⋅ c
Distributivnost množenja prema oduzimanju
a ⋅ (b − c ) = a ⋅ b − a ⋅ c , a ⋅ b − a ⋅ c = a ⋅ (b − c )
(a − b) ⋅ c = a ⋅ c − b ⋅ c , a ⋅ c − b ⋅ c = (a − b) ⋅ c

Navodimo neke slučajeve kako se polinom može rastaviti na faktore, tj. napisati u obliku umnoška.

I.
Svi članovi polinoma imaju zajednički faktor koji izlučimo.
n ⋅ a + n ⋅ b − n ⋅ c = n ⋅ (a + b − c)

• 5 ⋅ a + 5 ⋅ b − 5 ⋅ c = 5 ⋅ (a + b − c)
• 12 ⋅ x + 30 ⋅ y = 6 ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ x + 5 ⋅ y )
• 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 4 ⋅ a = 2 ⋅ a ⋅ (b + 2)
2 2
• a ⋅ b + a ⋅ b = a ⋅ b ⋅ (a + b)
3 2 2
• x − x = x ⋅ ( x − 1)
3 2 2
• 5 ⋅ a ⋅ b − 10 ⋅ a ⋅ b = 5 ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ ( a − 2 )
• 2 ⋅ ( x + 3) + x ⋅ ( x + 3) = ( x + 3 ) ⋅ ( 2 + x )
3 2 2
• ( a + 2) − b ⋅ ( a + 2) = ( a + 2) ⋅ ( a + 2 − b ) .

II.
Polinom se može prikazati kao kvadrat zbroja (kvadrat binoma).
Kvadrat zbroja
2 2 2 2 2 2
( a + b) =a + 2⋅ a ⋅b + b , a + 2⋅a⋅b + b = ( a + b)

2 2
• a + 6 ⋅ a + 9 = ( a + 3)
2 2 2
• 4⋅a + 4⋅a ⋅b + b = (2 ⋅ a + b)
2 2 2
• 9⋅a + 30 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 25 ⋅ b = (3 ⋅ a + 5 ⋅ b)
2
2 1  1
• a +a+ = a + 
4  2
2
1 2 1 
• ⋅ a + 2⋅ a + 4 =  ⋅ a + 2 .
4 2 
 III.
Polinom se može prikazati kao kvadrat razlike (kvadrat binoma).
Kvadrat razlike
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a − b) =a − 2⋅ a ⋅b + b , a −2⋅a ⋅b + b = (a − b)

2 2
• a − 4 ⋅ a + 4 = ( a − 2)
2 2 2
• 9⋅a − 6⋅ a ⋅b + b = (3 ⋅ a − b)
2 2 2
• 16 ⋅ a − 24 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 9 ⋅ b = (4 ⋅ a − 3 ⋅ b)
2
2  1 1
• a −a + = a − 
4  2
2
1 2 1 
• ⋅ a − 2 ⋅ a + 9 =  ⋅ a − 3 .
9 3 
IV.
Polinom ima zajednički faktor koji najprije izlučimo i onda uporabimo formulu za kvadrat
zbroja (kvadrat binoma).
Kvadrat zbroja
2 2 2 2 2 2
( a + b) =a + 2⋅ a ⋅b + b , a + 2⋅a⋅b + b = ( a + b)

n⋅a
2
+ 2⋅ n⋅ a ⋅b + n ⋅b
2
= n⋅ a( 2
+ 2⋅a⋅b + b
2
) = n ⋅ ( a + b )2
• 5⋅a
2
+ 10 ⋅ a + 5 = 5 ⋅ a ( 2
)
+ 2 ⋅ a + 1 = 5 ⋅ ( a + 1)
2

•
3 2 2
(
x + 4 ⋅ x + 4 ⋅ x = x ⋅ x + 4 ⋅ x + 4 = x ⋅ ( x + 2)
2
)
•
3 2 2 2 2
(
8 ⋅ a + 8 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b = 2 ⋅ a ⋅ 4 ⋅ a + 4 ⋅ a ⋅ b + b = 2 ⋅ a ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ a + b)
2
)
2
4 3 1 2 2  2 1 2  1
• 2⋅ x + 2⋅ x + ⋅ x = 2⋅ x ⋅ x + x +  = 2⋅ x ⋅ x +  .
2  4  2

V.
Polinom ima zajednički faktor koji najprije izlučimo i onda uporabimo formulu za kvadrat
razlike (kvadrat binoma).

Kvadrat razlike
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a − b) =a − 2⋅ a ⋅b + b , a −2⋅a ⋅b + b = (a − b)

n⋅a
2
− 2⋅ n ⋅ a ⋅b + n ⋅b
2
= n⋅ a( 2
− 2⋅ a ⋅b + b
2
) = n ⋅ ( a − b )2
• 3⋅ a
2
− 6 ⋅ a + 3 = 3⋅ a ( 2
)
− 2 ⋅ a + 1 = 3 ⋅ ( a − 1)
2
 •
3 2 2
)(
x − 6 ⋅ x + 9 ⋅ x = x ⋅ x − 6 ⋅ x + 9 = x ⋅ ( x − 3)
2

27 ⋅ a − 18 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b = 3 ⋅ a ⋅ ( 9 ⋅ a − 6 ⋅ a ⋅ b + b ) = 3 ⋅ a ⋅ ( 3 ⋅ a − b )
3 2 2 2 2 2
•

2
4 3 2 2 2  2 1 2  1
• 18 ⋅ x −4⋅ x + ⋅x = 2⋅ x ⋅9⋅ x − 2⋅ x +  = 2⋅ x ⋅3⋅ x −  .
9  9  3

VI.
Polinom se može prikazati u obliku razlike kvadrata.
Razlika kvadrata
2 2
a −b = ( a − b) ⋅ ( a + b) , ( a − b) ⋅ ( a + b) = a 2 − b 2
2 2
• a − 4⋅b = ( a − 2 ⋅ b) ⋅ ( a + 2 ⋅ b)
2 2
• 9⋅a − 25 ⋅ b = (3 ⋅ a − 5 ⋅ b) ⋅ (3 ⋅ a + 5 ⋅ b )
1 2 2 1  1 
• ⋅ x − 9 ⋅ y =  ⋅ x − 3⋅ y  ⋅ ⋅ x + 3⋅ y 
4 2  2 
2
• (a + b) − 4 = ( a + b − 2) ⋅ ( a + b + 2)
2 2
• (a + b) − ( c + d ) = (( a + b) − (c + d )) ⋅ (( a + b) + ( c + d )) = ( a + b − c − d ) ⋅ ( a + b + c + d )

VII.
Polinom ima zajednički faktor koji najprije izlučimo i onda uporabimo formulu za razliku
kvadrata.
Razlika kvadrata
2 2
a −b = ( a − b) ⋅ ( a + b) , ( a − b) ⋅ ( a + b) = a 2 − b 2

n⋅a
2
− n ⋅b
2
(
= n⋅ a
2
−b
2
) = n ⋅ (a − b) ⋅ ( a + b)
• 2⋅a
2
− 18 ⋅ b
2
) = 2 ⋅ ( a − 3 ⋅ b) ⋅ (a + 3 ⋅ b)
= 2⋅ a ( 2
−9⋅b
2

4 ⋅ a − a ⋅ b = a ⋅ ( 4 ⋅ a − b ) = a ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ a − b) ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ a + b)
3 2 2 2
•

2 3 1 2  1  1 
• ⋅ x −8⋅ x = 2 ⋅ x ⋅ ⋅ x − 4 = 2⋅ x ⋅ ⋅ x − 2⋅ ⋅ x + 2
9 9  3  3 
•
3 2
( )
2 ⋅ a ⋅ b − 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b = 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ a − 1 = 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ ( a − 1) ⋅ ( a + 1)

VIII.
Polinom se može prikazati kao kub zbroja (kub binoma).
Kub zbroja
3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
( a + b) = a + 3⋅ a ⋅b + 3⋅ a ⋅b + b , a + 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b + b = (a + b)
 3 2 3
• x + 3 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ x + 1 = ( x + 1)
3 2 3
• 8 ⋅ x + 60 ⋅ x + 150 ⋅ x + 125 = ( 2 ⋅ x + 5 )
3 2 3
• 8 ⋅ m + 12 ⋅ m + 6 ⋅ m + 1 = ( 2 ⋅ m + 1)
3 2 2 2 3 3
• 8 ⋅ a ⋅ b3 + 36 ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ c + 54 ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ c + 27 ⋅ c = ( 2 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ c )

IX.
Polinom se može prikazati kao kub razlike (kub binoma).
Kub razlike
3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
(a − b) = a − 3⋅ a ⋅b + 3⋅ a ⋅b − b , a − 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b − b = (a − b)

3 2 3
• b − 3 ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ b − 1 = ( b − 1)
3 2 3
• 8 ⋅ a − 60 ⋅ a + 150 ⋅ a − 125 = ( 2 ⋅ a − 5 )
3 2 2 3 3
• 27 ⋅ x − 27 ⋅ x ⋅ y + 9 ⋅ x ⋅ y − y = ( 3 ⋅ x − y )
3 2 2 3 3
• a − 6 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 12 ⋅ a ⋅ b − 8 ⋅ b = ( a − 2 ⋅ b )

X.
Polinom ima zajednički faktor koji najprije izlučimo i onda uporabimo formulu za kub zbroja.
Kub zbroja
3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
( a + b) = a + 3⋅ a ⋅b + 3⋅ a ⋅b + b , a + 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b + b = (a + b)

3 2 2 3
(
3 2 2 3
)
n ⋅ a + 3 ⋅ n ⋅ a ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ n ⋅ a ⋅ b + n ⋅ b = n ⋅ a + 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b + b = n ⋅ (a + b)
3

•
3 2
(
3 2
)
2 ⋅ x + 6 ⋅ x + 6 ⋅ x + 2 = 2 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ x + 1 = 2 ⋅ ( x + 1)
3

•
3 2 3
( 2
)
24 ⋅ x + 180 ⋅ x + 450 ⋅ x + 375 = 3 ⋅ 8 ⋅ x + 60 ⋅ x + 150 ⋅ x + 125 = 3 ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ x + 5 )
3

•
3 2 3
( 2
)
32 ⋅ m + 48 ⋅ m + 24 ⋅ m + 4 = 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ m + 12 ⋅ m + 6 ⋅ m + 1 = 4 ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ m + 1)
3

XI.
Polinom ima zajednički faktor koji najprije izlučimo i onda uporabimo formulu za kub razlike.
Kub razlike
3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
(a − b) = a − 3⋅ a ⋅b + 3⋅ a ⋅b − b , a − 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b − b = (a − b)

3 2 2 3
(3 2 2 3
)
n ⋅ a − 3 ⋅ n ⋅ a ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ n ⋅ a ⋅ b − n ⋅ b = n ⋅ a − 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b − b = n ⋅ (a − b)
3

•
3 2 3
( 2
)
5 ⋅ a − 15 ⋅ a + 15 ⋅ a − 5 = 5 ⋅ a − 3 ⋅ a + 3 ⋅ a − 1 = 5 ⋅ ( a − 1)
3
 •
3 2 3
(2
16 ⋅ a − 120 ⋅ a + 300 ⋅ a − 250 = 2 ⋅ 8 ⋅ a − 60 ⋅ a + 150 ⋅ a − 125 = 2 ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ a − 5 )
3
)
•
3 2 2 3 3 2
( 2 3
54 ⋅ x − 54 ⋅ x ⋅ y + 18 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 2 ⋅ y = 2 ⋅ 27 ⋅ x − 27 ⋅ x ⋅ y + 9 ⋅ x ⋅ y − y = 2 ⋅ ( 3 ⋅ x − y )
3
)
•
3 2 2 3 3 2
( 2 3
6 ⋅ a − 36 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 72 ⋅ a ⋅ b − 48 ⋅ b = 6 ⋅ a − 6 ⋅ a ⋅ b + 12 ⋅ a ⋅ b − 8 ⋅ b = 6 ⋅ ( a − 2 ⋅ b )
3
)
XII.
Polinom se može prikazati kao zbroj kubova.
Zbroj kubova
3 3 2
(
a + b = (a + b) ⋅ a − a ⋅ b + b
2
) , ( a + b) ⋅ (a 2 − a ⋅ b + b 2 ) = a 3 + b 3
•
3 2
(
a + 8 = ( a + 2) ⋅ a − 2 ⋅ a + 4 )
•
3 2
(
8 ⋅ a + 27 = ( 2 ⋅ a + 3) ⋅ 4 ⋅ a − 6 ⋅ a + 9 )
•
3
( 2
)
x + 1 = ( x + 1) ⋅ x − x + 1

2 3 2 3
a + b = ( a ) + (b ) = ( a + b ) ⋅ ( a − a ⋅ b + b )
6 6 2 2 4 2 2 4
•

XIII.
Polinom se može prikazati kao razlika kubova.
Razlika kubova
3 3 2
(
a − b = ( a − b) ⋅ a + a ⋅ b + b
2
) , (a − b) ⋅ (a 2 + a ⋅ b + b 2 ) = a 3 − b 3
•
3
( 2
z − 1 = ( z − 1) ⋅ z + z + 1 )
•
3 2
(
8 ⋅ x − 27 = ( 2 ⋅ x − 3) ⋅ 4 ⋅ x + 6 ⋅ x + 9 )
1 3 1  1 2 1 
• ⋅ a − 1 =  ⋅ a − 1 ⋅  ⋅ a + ⋅ a + 1
8 2  4 2 
3
•
6
z −1 = z ( )2
(
2 4 2
)( 4
) 2
− 1 = z − 1 ⋅ z + z + 1 = ( z − 1) ⋅ ( z + 1) ⋅ z + z + 1 ( )
XIV.
Polinom ima zajednički faktor koji najprije izlučimo i onda uporabimo formulu za zbroj
kubova.
Zbroj kubova
3 3 2
(
a + b = (a + b) ⋅ a − a ⋅ b + b
2
) , ( a + b) ⋅ (a 2 − a ⋅ b + b 2 ) = a 3 + b 3
 3 3 3 3
( 2
n ⋅ a + n ⋅ b = n ⋅ a + b = n ⋅ ( a + b) ⋅ a − a ⋅ b + b
2
) ( )
•
3 3
( )
2
3 ⋅ a + 24 = 3 ⋅ a + 8 = 3 ⋅ ( a + 2 ) ⋅ a − 2 ⋅ a + 4 ( )
•
3 3
( ) 2
40 ⋅ a + 135 = 5 ⋅ 8 ⋅ a + 27 = 5 ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ a + 3) ⋅ 4 ⋅ a − 6 ⋅ a + 9 ( )
1 3 1 1 1
•
3 3 3
3
3
( 2
⋅ x + = ⋅ x + 1 = ⋅ ( x + 1) ⋅ x − x + 1) ( )
 2 3 2 3
•
6 6 6 6
2⋅ a + 2⋅b = 2⋅ a + b = 2⋅ a
 ( + b ) ( ) ( )  (
2 2 4 2 2
 = 2 ⋅ a + b ⋅ a − a ⋅ b + b
4
)( )
XV.
Polinom ima zajednički faktor koji najprije izlučimo i onda uporabimo formulu za razliku
kubova.
Razlika kubova
3 3 2
a − b = ( a − b) ⋅ a + a ⋅ b + b
2
( ) , (a − b) ⋅ (a 2 + a ⋅ b + b 2 ) = a 3 − b 3
3
( )
3 3 3
( 2
n ⋅ a − n ⋅ b = n ⋅ a − b = n ⋅ (a − b) ⋅ a + a ⋅ b + b
2
)
7 ⋅ n − 7 = 7 ⋅ ( n − 1) = 7 ⋅ ( n − 1) ⋅ ( n + n + 1)
3 3 2
•

16 ⋅ x − 54 = 2 ⋅ ( 8 ⋅ x − 27 ) = 2 ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ x − 3) ⋅ ( 4 ⋅ x + 6 ⋅ x + 9 )
3 3 2
•

3 3 1 3  1  1 2 1 
• ⋅ a − 3 = 3 ⋅  ⋅ a − 1  = 3 ⋅  ⋅ a − 1 ⋅  ⋅ a + ⋅ a + 1
8 8  2  4 2 


•
4⋅ z
6
−4 = 4⋅ z ( 6
) ( ) −1 = 4 ⋅ ( z 2 −1) ⋅ ( z 4 + z 2 + 1) =
−1 = 4 ⋅  z


2 3

= 4 ⋅ ( z − 1) ⋅ ( z + 1) ⋅ ( z + z + 1)
4 2

XVI.
Polinomu, prije rastavljanja na faktore, neki postojeći član prikažemo kao zbroj ili razliku
dvaju članova i onda ih pokušamo grupirati.

•
a
2
+ 5⋅a + 6 = a
2
+ 3⋅ a + 2⋅ a + 6 = a ( 2
)
+ 3 ⋅ a + ( 2 ⋅ a + 6) =

= a ⋅ ( a + 3) + 2 ⋅ ( a + 3) = ( a + 3) ⋅ ( a + 2 )

x
4
+x
2
+1 = x
4
+ 2⋅ x
2
−x
2
+1 = x ( 4 + 2 ⋅ x 2 + 1) − x 2 =
4
+ 2⋅ x
2
+1− x
2
= x
• 2
= ( x + 1) − x = ( x + 1 − x ) ⋅ ( x + 1 + x ) = ( x − x + 1) ⋅ ( x + x + 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
 •
a
2
−a −6 = a
2
− 3⋅ a + 2 ⋅ a − 6 = a ( 2
)
− 3 ⋅ a + ( 2 ⋅ a − 6) =

= a ⋅ ( a − 3) + 2 ⋅ ( a − 3 ) = ( a − 3) ⋅ ( a + 2 )

•
2⋅ y
2
+ 5⋅ y + 2 = 2⋅ y
2
+ 4⋅ y + y + 2 = 2⋅ y ( 2
)
+ 4 ⋅ y + ( y + 2) =

= 2 ⋅ y ⋅ ( y + 2 ) + ( y + 2 ) = ( y + 2 ) ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ y + 1)

XVII.
Polinomu, prije rastavljanja na faktore, dodamo i oduzmemo neki novi član i onda članove
pokušamo grupirati ili uporabiti neku od formula.

a
4
+4=a
4
+ 4 + 4⋅a
2
−4⋅a
2
=a
4
+ 4⋅a
2
+ 4 −4⋅a
2
= a ( 4
+ 4⋅a
2
)
+ 4 −4⋅a
2
=
• 2
(
= a
2
+2 ) 2 2
( 2 2
)( 2
−(2 ⋅ a) = a + 2 − 2 ⋅ a ⋅ a + 2 + 2 ⋅ a = a − 2 ⋅ a + 2 ⋅ a + 2 ⋅ a + 2 ) ( )( )
x
4
+1 = x
4
+1+ 2 ⋅ x
2
−2⋅ x
2
=x
4
+ 2⋅ x
2
+1− 2 ⋅ x
2
= x( 4
+ 2⋅ x
2
)
+1 − 2⋅ x
2
=

2
• ( 2 + 1) − ( x ⋅ 2 )2 = ( x 2 + 1 − x ⋅ 2 ) ⋅ ( x 2 + 1 + x ⋅ 2 ) =
= x

= ( x − x ⋅ 2 + 1) ⋅ ( x + x ⋅ 2 + 1)
2 2

XVIII.
Polinom ima članove od kojih samo neki imaju zajednički faktor. Tada ih pokušamo grupirati.
a ⋅ x − a ⋅ y + b ⋅ x − b ⋅ y = ( a ⋅ x − a ⋅ y ) + (b ⋅ x − b ⋅ y ) =
•
= a ⋅ ( x − y ) + b ⋅ ( x − y ) = ( x − y ) ⋅ (a + b)

•
2 2
(
a ⋅ b − a ⋅ b + a − 1 = a ⋅ b − a ⋅ b + ( a − 1) = )
= a ⋅ b ⋅ ( a − 1) + ( a − 1) = ( a − 1) ⋅ ( a ⋅ b + 1)
a ⋅ c − a ⋅ d + b ⋅ d − b ⋅ c = ( a ⋅ c − a ⋅ d ) + (b ⋅ d − b ⋅ c) =
•
= a ⋅ (c − d ) − b ⋅ (c − d ) = (c − d ) ⋅ (a − b)

•
a
2
+ 5⋅a −b
2
−5⋅b = a
2
−b
2
+ 5⋅ a −5⋅b = a ( 2
−b
2
) + (5 ⋅ a − 5 ⋅ b ) =
= ( a − b ) ⋅ ( a + b ) + 5 ⋅ ( a − b ) = ( a − b ) ⋅ ( a + b + 5)