2.baseband Pulse Transmission I

Vietnam National University – University of Engineering and
Technology
Unit 2: Baseband Pulse Transmission I

‘
m[k] pulse- u[k] y[k]

receive
sharp channel equalizer
filter
filter kT+ϵ
Hanoi, 2017
Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding
Trường Đại học Công nghệ, ĐHQGHN Truyền thông số và mã hóa
Content
1. Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) and Nyquist’s Criterion
2. Ideal Root and Raised Cosine Spectrum
3. Matched Filter
4. Error Rate Due to Noise

Trường Đại học Công nghệ, ĐHQGHN 2 Truyền thông số và mã hóa
Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
 Spectrum of a digital waveform is infinite (Due to the waveform or
symbol signal is limited in the time domain),
 While bandwidth of channel is usually finite (limited)
 After passing the channel, the signal remains finite spectrum that
means it is un-limited in the time domain
 The overlap between waveform sequences occurs when passing

through the band limited channel. This phenomenon is called
Inter-Symbol Interference, or ISI

Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông 4

Digital Communications and Coding
Nyquist’s Idea

Develop the idea

Nyquist’s Criterion for Baseband Transmission
 For overcoming ISI, we need to re-shape the receive impulse to be 𝑝(𝑡)
before sampling. 𝑝(𝑡) much satisfy:
1, 𝑖=𝑘
𝑝 𝑖𝑇𝑏 − 𝑘𝑇𝑏 =
0, 𝑖≠𝑘
 Spectrum of sampled signal of 𝑝(𝑡)
∞
is
𝑃𝛿 𝑓 = 1/𝑇𝑏 𝑃 𝑓 − 𝑛𝑅𝑏
𝑛=−∞
 On the other hand, this spectrum can directly calculate:
Let 𝑚 = 𝑖 − 𝑘, and p(0)=1
∞
∞
𝑃𝛿 𝑓 = 𝑝 𝑚𝑇𝑏 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑚𝑇𝑏 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑗2𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞ 𝑚=−∞
∞
Or: 𝑃𝛿 𝑓 = −∞
𝑝 0 𝛿
𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑗2𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑝 0 = 1
 Finally we get Nyquist’s∞criterion
𝑃 𝑓 − 𝑛𝑅𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏
𝑛=−∞
Nyquist’s Criterion for distortionless baseband
transmission in the absence of noise
“The frequency function 𝑃 𝑓 eliminates inter-symbol

interference for samples taken at intervals 𝑇𝑏 provided that it
satisfies Equation (*).”
Here, 𝑃 𝑓 refers to the overall system, incorporating the

transmit filter, the channel, and the receive filter
Shortly say: The pulse 𝑝(𝑡) satisfies Nyquist’s criterion if the

superposition of the shift versions of it’s spectrum 𝑃 𝑓 equal
constant (*).

Nyquist’s criterion illustration

Overall System
 𝑃 𝑓 refers to overall system
𝜇𝑃 𝑓 = 𝐺 𝑓 𝐻 𝑓 𝐶 𝑓 (**)
Pulse {ak} Transmit s(t) x0(t) x(t) Receiver y(t) y(ti)

Channel, Decision
amplitude filter Ʃ filter
h(t) Sample at device
modulator g(t) c(t)
time ti = iTb
Input White
binary Clock Gaussian Threshold λ
data pulses nolse w(t)
Say 1 if y(ti) > λ
{bk}
Transmitter Channel Receiver Say 0 if y(ti) < λ
Baseband binary data transmission system

Ideal Nyquist Root
 First Root
1
, −𝑊 < 𝑓 < 𝑊 1 𝑓
𝑃 𝑓 = 2𝑊 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
2𝑊 2𝑊
0, 𝑓 >𝑊
𝑅𝑏 1 sin 2𝜋𝑊𝑡
W= = 𝑝 𝑡 = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 2𝑊𝑡
2 2𝑇𝑏 2𝜋𝑊𝑡
 This root has two disadvantage

 It requires 𝑃 𝑓 be flat from −𝑊 to W
 𝑝 𝑡 decrease as 1 𝑡 that mean in a slow rate of decay. This root
is not used in real because clock sampling is not ideal

Waveform of Ideal Root
p(t)
1 𝑅𝑏
W= = 2WP(f) 1
2𝑇𝑏 2
1.0
0.5
-1 0 1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 X-Axis
Sampling instants
Tb
Signaling intervals
(a) Ideal magnitude response (b) Ideal basic pulse shape

ISI Zero
A series of sinc pulses corresponding to the sequence 1011010

Raised Cosine Spectrum
 𝑎 =0÷1
1
, 0 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 𝑓1
2𝑊
𝑃 𝑓 = 1 𝜋 𝑓 −𝑊
1 − sin , 𝑓1 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 2𝑊 − 𝑓1
4𝑊 2𝑊 − 2𝑓1
0, 𝑓 ≥ 2𝑊 − 𝑓1
𝑓1
𝛼 =1− 𝐵𝑇 = 2𝑊 − 𝑓1 = 𝑊 1 + 𝛼
𝑊
cos 2𝜋𝛼𝑊𝑡
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 2𝑊𝑡
1 − 16𝛼 2 𝑊 2 𝑡 2
 The raised cosine root is used in real because it decreases as

1 𝑡2

Raised Cosine Spectrum

Example: Bandwidth Requirement
 The T1- channel in North American consists of 24 PCM
channels
 Calculate bandwidth of T1-channel if using raised cosine
spectrum with cutoff a = 1 3
 Solution:
 Primary PCM=64kbit/s
 24 × 64𝑘 = 1536 𝑘𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑠 = 𝑅𝑏
 Nyquist’s Bandwidth: W = 𝑅𝑏 2 = 768𝑘𝐻𝑧
 Bandwidth of T1 is B = W 1 + 𝑎 = 1024𝑘𝐻𝑧

Revision
 What does the ISI mean ?
 What are the reasons to make the ISI ?
 What damage is caused by the ISI in communications ?
 How to overcome the ISI ?
 Nyquist’s criterion
 Ideal root
 Raise cosine root

Matched Filter
 A matched filter is used for maximizing the Signal to Noise Ratio
--> It is the minimizing of noise’s impact to signal
Linear time-invariant
x(t) y(t) y(T)
Signal ∑ filter of impulse
g(t) response h(t)
Simple at
time t=T

SNR of Matched filter
 Before matched filter x 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡 + w 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
 After matched filter y 𝑡 = 𝑔0 𝑡 + n 𝑡
𝑔0 𝑇 2
 Signal to Noise Ratio η =
𝐸 𝑛2 𝑡
 Using reverse Fourier transform
∞ 2
2
𝑔0 𝑇 = 𝐻 𝑓 𝐺 𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑇 𝑑𝑓
−∞
∞ ∞
𝑁0
𝐸 𝑛2 𝑡 = 𝑆𝑁 𝑓 𝑑𝑓 = 𝐻 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓
−∞ 2 −∞
∞ 2
−∞
𝐻 𝑓 𝐺 𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑇 𝑑𝑓
𝜂=
𝑁0 ∞ 2 𝑑𝑓
𝐻 𝑓
2 −∞

Condition for Match Filter
 Based on Schwarz’s inequality
∞ 2 ∞ ∞
𝜙1 𝑥 𝜙1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝜙1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝜙2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−∞ −∞ −∞
∞ 2 ∞ ∞
2 2
𝐻 𝑓 𝐺 𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑇 𝑑𝑓 ≤ 𝐻 𝑓 𝑑𝑓 𝐺 𝑓 𝑑𝑓
−∞ −∞ −∞
∞ ∞
2 2
2 2
𝜂≤ 𝐺 𝑓 𝑑𝑓 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐺 𝑓 𝑑𝑓
𝑁0 −∞ 𝑁0 −∞
𝐻𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑓 = 𝑘𝐺 ∗ 𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑇

Impulse response of matched filter
 Due to g 𝑡 is a real signal
∞
ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑘 𝐺 ∗ 𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓 𝑇 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑓 𝐺 ∗ 𝑓 = 𝐺 −𝑓
−∞
 Impulse response of MF is
∞
ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑘 𝐺 −𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓 𝑇 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑓
−∞
∞
=𝑘 𝐺 𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 𝑇 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑓
−∞
= 𝑘𝑔 𝑇 − 𝑡

Properties of Matched Filter
 After matched filter
𝐺0 𝑓 = 𝐻𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑓 𝐺 𝑓 = 𝑘𝐺 ∗ 𝑓 𝐺 𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑇
2
=𝑘𝐺 𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑇
∞ ∞
𝑔0 𝑇 = 𝐺0 𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑇 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑘 𝐺 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
 By energy theorem 𝐸= 𝑔2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐺 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓
−∞ −∞
𝑔0 𝑇 = 𝑘𝐸
∞ 2𝑁 ∞
𝑘 0
𝐸 𝑛2 𝑡 = 𝑔2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐺 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑘 2 𝑁0 𝐸 2
−∞ 2 −∞
𝑘𝐸 2 2𝐸
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 =
𝑘 𝑁0 𝐸 2 𝑁0

Example: Matched filter for rectangular pulse
g(t)
Energy = A2T
t
0 T
Matched filter
output g0(t)
2
kA T
0 T t
Output of
Intergrate-end-dump
circuit
AT
0 T t
(a) Rectangular pulse. (b) Matched filter output. (c) Intergrator output.

Correlator Implementation of the Matched-Filter Receiver
∞
 The output filter 𝑦𝑗 𝑡 = −∞
𝑥 𝜏 ℎ𝑗 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
 If set ℎ𝑗 𝑡 = 𝜙𝑗 𝑡 − 𝜏 (Matched filter)
 Sampling this output at time 𝑡 = 𝑇:
∞
𝑦𝑗 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝜏 𝜙𝑗 𝑇 − 𝑡 + 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞
 The result is same the correlation output

∞
𝑦𝑗 𝑇 = 𝑥 𝜏 𝜙𝑗 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞
t=T t=T
y(t) = s(t) + n(t) h(t) = s(T-t) v(t) v(T) y(t) = s(t) + n(t) v’(t) v’(T)
X Tích phân
0≤t≤T

Error Rate Due to Noise
 Assume: +𝐴 + 𝑤 𝑡 , 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 1 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑦 𝑡 =
−𝐴 + 𝑤 𝑡 , 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 0 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
 The pdf of noise is:
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
1 𝑦2 1 𝑁0
𝑓𝑌 𝑦 = exp − 2𝜎2 𝜎𝑌2 = 2 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑢
2𝜋𝜎𝑌 𝑌 𝑇𝑏 2
0 0
𝑁0
=
2𝑇𝑏
𝑦+𝐴 2 1 𝑦−𝐴 2
𝑓𝑌 𝑦|0 =
1
exp − 𝑓𝑌 𝑦|1 = exp −
𝜋𝑁0 𝑇𝑏 𝑁0 𝑇𝑏 𝜋𝑁0 𝑇𝑏 𝑁0 𝑇𝑏

∞
𝑝10 = 𝑃 𝑦 > 𝜆|𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙 0 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑓𝑌 𝑦|0 𝑑𝑦
𝜆
1 ∞ 𝑦+𝐴 2
= exp − 𝑑𝑦
erfc  z   2Q( 2 z )
𝜋𝑁0 𝑇𝑏 𝜆 𝑁0 𝑇𝑏
𝑦+𝐴
𝑧=
𝑁0 𝑇𝑏
∞
1 1 𝐴+𝜆
𝑝10 = exp −𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = erfc
𝜋 𝐴+𝜆 𝑁0 𝑇𝑏 2 𝑁0 𝑇𝑏
2 ∞
exp −𝑢 2
 Definition erfc 𝑢 = exp −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 <2
𝜋 𝑢 𝜋𝑢
 Analogy
∞
1 1 𝐴−𝜆
𝑝01 = exp −𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = erfc
𝜋 𝐴−𝜆 𝑁0 𝑇𝑏 2 𝑁0 𝑇𝑏

 When 𝑝𝑒 = 𝑝10 = 𝑝01 , 𝜆 = 0

1 𝐴
 Def.: Energy/bit 𝑃𝑒 =
2
erfc
𝑁0 𝑇𝑏
𝐸𝑏 = 𝐴2 𝑇𝑏
1 𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 = erfc
2 𝑁0
exp −𝐸𝑏 𝑁0
𝑃𝑒 <
2 𝜋 𝐸𝑏 𝑁0
 Approximation
exp −𝑧 𝐴2 𝑇 𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 ≅ ,𝑧 ≫ 1 𝑧= =
2 𝜋𝑧 𝑁0 𝑁0

Review
 What is the matched filter?
 How to build matched filter?
 How to estimate the bit error probability when go pass noise channel?


2.baseband Pulse Transmission I

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

2.baseband Pulse Transmission I

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2.baseband Pulse Transmission I

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Vietnam National University – University of Engineering and

Unit 2: Baseband Pulse Transmission I

m[k] pulse- u[k] y[k]

1. Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) and Nyquist’s Criterion

2. Ideal Root and Raised Cosine Spectrum

4. Error Rate Due to Noise

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

 While bandwidth of channel is usually finite (limited)

 The overlap between waveform sequences occurs when passing

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông 4

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

“The frequency function 𝑃 𝑓 eliminates inter-symbol

Here, 𝑃 𝑓 refers to the overall system, incorporating the

Shortly say: The pulse 𝑝(𝑡) satisfies Nyquist’s criterion if the

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Pulse {ak} Transmit s(t) x0(t) x(t) Receiver y(t) y(ti)

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

 This root has two disadvantage

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

(a) Ideal magnitude response (b) Ideal basic pulse shape

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

A series of sinc pulses corresponding to the sequence 1011010

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

 The raised cosine root is used in real because it decreases as

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

 What does the ISI mean ?

 What are the reasons to make the ISI ?

 What damage is caused by the ISI in communications ?

 How to overcome the ISI ?

 Raise cosine root

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

𝐻𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑓 = 𝑘𝐺 ∗ 𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑇

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

 The result is same the correlation output

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

 When 𝑝𝑒 = 𝑝10 = 𝑝01 , 𝜆 = 0

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

 What is the matched filter?

 How to build matched filter?

Khoa Điện tử - Viễn thông Digital Communications and Coding

You might also like