HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE

A. History of Pharmacy

The word Pharmacy comes from the word Pharmacon which is a Greek word
meaning poison or medicine. Pharmacy is a health profession that includes activities in the
fields of discovery, development, production, processing, compounding, drug information
and drug distribution. Pharmaceutical science was not known to the world at the time of
Hiprocrates or better known as the Father of Medicine, namely in 460 BC to 370 BC. In that
civilization, a doctor had many duties, not only to diagnose a disease suffered by the patient,
but he also prepared a potion or concoction of drugs like a pharmacist.

Along with the development of the times and health science, the problems in drug
procurement are becoming more and more complicated, both because of the formula and
the way the drug is made. Therefore we need someone who can deepen expertise in the
manufacture and compounding of drugs. So in 1240 BC the German King Frederick realized
it and gave the order to officially separate between Medicine and Pharmacy. This command
is now known as the Two Silices Decree. This is where the history of pharmacy comes from,
so that experts conclude that the roots of medicine and pharmaceutical science are the
same.
The scope of pharmacy practice includes traditional pharmaceutical practices such
as compounding and supplying drug preparations, as well as modern pharmaceutical
services related to patient care, including clinical services, evaluation of the efficacy and
safety of drug use, and provision of drug information. The word pharmacy comes from the
word pharma (pharma). Farma is a term used in the 1400-1600s.

The following are major figures who contributed to the formation of pharmaceutical science:

1. Paracelsus (1541-1493 BC) was of the opinion that to make medicinal preparations it
is necessary to know the content of the active substance and he made medicine from
ingredients whose active substances were known

2. Hippocrates (459-370 BC) who is known as the "father of medicine" in his medical
practice has used more than 200 types of plants.
3. Claudius Galen (200-129 BC) connected the healing of disease with the theory of
action of medicine which is a field of pharmacology.

4. Ibn Sina (980-1037) has written several books on methods of collecting and storing
medicinal plants as well as how to make medicinal preparations such as pills,
suppositories, syrups and combining medical knowledge from various countries
namely Greece, India, Persia, and Arabia to produce medicine. better.

5. Johann Jakob Wepfer (1620-1695) succeeded in verifying the pharmacological and

toxicological effects of drugs on experimental animals, he said: "I pondered at length,
finally I resolved to clarify the matter by experiment". He was the first to conduct
pharmacological and toxicological research on experimental animals. Experiments on
animals are preclinical trials which until now were a requirement before drugs were
clinically tested on humans.
 6. The first Institute of Pharmacology was founded in 1847 by Rudolf Buchheim
(1820-1879) at the University of Dorpat (Estonia). Furthermore, Oswald Schiedeberg
(1838-1921) together with experts from other disciplines produced fundamental
concepts in drug action including drug receptors, the relationship of structure to
activity and selective toxicity. The concept was also reinforced by T. Frazer
(1852-1921) in Scotland, J. Langley (1852-1925) in England and P. Ehrlich
(1854-1915) in Germany.

B. Development of Pharmaceutical Science

Pharmacy originally developed from traditional healers and medicine that developed
in Greece, the Middle East, Asia Minor, China, and other Asian Regions. At first "the science
of medicine" was owned by certain people from generation to generation from his family.
The development of pharmaceutical science then spread almost all over the world. Starting
from the UK, the United States, and Western Europe. The first College of Pharmacy was
founded in Philadelphia, United States in 1821 (now the school is called the Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy and Science). After that, a new era of pharmacy began with the
emergence of high schools and university faculties.

The role of professional or scientific organizations is also determined by the

development of pharmaceutical science. Currently, there are many pharmacists'
organizations both nationally and internationally. In England, the first professional
organization was founded in 1841 under the name “The Pharmaceutical Society of Great
Britain”. Meanwhile, in the United States followed 11 years later with the name "American
Pharmaceutical Association". The international organization was finally founded in 1910
under the name "Federation International Pharmaceutical".

The history of the modern pharmaceutical industry began in 1897 when Felix
Hoffman discovered how to add two extra carbon atoms and five extra carbon atoms and
five extra hydrogen atoms into the willow bark starch. The result of this discovery is known
as Aspirin, which eventually led to the birth of the modern pharmaceutical industry company
in the world, namely Bayer. Furthermore, the development (R & D) after World War I. Then,
in World War II experts tried to find drugs in bulk, such as tuberculosis drugs, steroid
hormones, and contraceptives and antipsychotics.
 Since then, the pharmaceutical world (industry & education) has continued to grow,
supported by various discoveries in other fields, such as the use of biotechnology. Pharmacy
schools are now found almost all over the world. The mecca of scientific development, if we
may say, is indeed the United States and Germany (because that's where the first drug
industry was founded).