Béo edo CNCB Thit vd Thi sin CBHD: Th. Ngwvén Thi Hién MUC LUC MUC LUC LOIMG6 DAU. I. GIGI THIEU SO LUQC VE SAN PHAM PATE vsnsessscnse 11. Dinh nghia... 1.2. Phan loai. 4 IL NGUYEN LIEU SAN XUAT PATE 2.1. Nguyén ligu chinh 5 2.1.1. Thit heo. 5 2.1.2. Gan, a8 2.2, Nguyén ligt Pht. 10 2.2.1. Nhém tao vi 10 2.2.2. Nhém tao cf tric. 13 2.2.3. Chat tao mii... v7 2.2.4. Nhém tao mau 19 2.2.5. Chat bio quan: 20 TI QUY TRINH CONG NGHE SAN XUAT PATE GAN. IV. THUYET MINH QUI TRINH CONG NGHI 4.1. Ra déng. 2 4.2, Cat. we 22 4.3. Xay thé 25 44, Mudi gan... 26 NCB Pate gan heo ding hip 1Béo edo CNCB Thit vd Thi sin CBHD: Th. Ngwvén Thi Hién 45. Xt ly nguyén ligu phu. 26 4.6. Xay nhuyén.. 2 47. Phéi tron. 7 4.8. Vao hép - ghép nép... one 29 49. Bai kh: 31 4.10. Ghép m 2 4.11. Tigt trang, 35 4.12, Bao én Bao quan 29 v. DANH GIA CHAT LUONG SAN PHAM.. 5.1, Chi tiéu cam quan, 40 5.2. Chi tiéu hod hoc. 1. 40 5.3. Chi tiéu hod ly ve 40 5.4, Chi tiéu vi sinh.......... ve 40 VI. CHi TIEU CHAT LUQNG SAN PHAM serene 41 Vil. CAC HIEN TUQNG HU HONG VA CACH KHAC PHUC.. 7.1. Nhizng khuy@t digm ciia san phdm pate do sai s6t v8 ky thuat 4 7.2. Nhiing su 6 thudng gap 6 sin pham d hop. 45 VII THANH TUU CONG NGHE PHU LUC.. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO. NCB Pate gan heo ding hip 2Béo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién LOI MO DAU g@ Céng nghé ché biéh thit - thity sin lt mgt mén hoc chuyén nganh ciia sink view nginh Hhyec phi trong Dai hoc Bach khoa TPHCM. Khi dugc tigp ofin véi mén hoc nily, chiing em méi thdt su niém drege se da dang phong phi cua cde phuong php che’ bith thaec phim tie ding vat. Day la dieu rit b6 ich voi sinh vién trong qué trink lam vige sau nay vd that sw gitip hing em ob thém nhiéu kigh thie, kinh nghiém qui bau. Dui sy hueéng dan cia cb, nhém chiing em di thuyét trink dé tai: Cong nghé ché bith pate. Thing qua viéc lim bio céo, cic think vién trong nhém citng cing of kin thiee chuyén ngiinh chudn bj cho nglié nghigp twong lai va gia ting Ki niing lim vige nhdm, Ki niing mitra Tuy nhién do chuea 06 nhiéu dip tid xiic thyc 16; nhém citng khong trénh Ki6i sai sét trog bai bio cio nay. Hi vong cb va cic ban déng gép ¥ ith dé’bai bio cio chinh xc hon. Xin chan think cim on ob di tin tinh hueéng dan ching em trong sudt qué trink hoc Nh6m sinh vien thc hign NCB Pate gan heo ding hip 3Bao céo CNCB Tht va Thy sin CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién I. GIOI THIEU SO LUQC VE SAN PHAM PATE 1.1. Dinh nghis Pate la sn phéim lam ti thit, gan hay phy pham cua thit & dang paste nhio. 1,2, Phan loai: Pate khdi: 1a loai sin phim quen thudc tir lau va duge tiéu thy manh, nhat trén thj trudng TPHCM . Sén phim nay duge béo quan trong thoi gian ngan sau san xuat, Pate khdi hién san xuat ¢ tw nhan dang 2-3 kg/khéi hay 200-500 g/khdi, bao quan lanh khéng qué 10 ngay, thudng bin cho cde nha hang, tim n, céc cira hing banh mi va bén Ié cho ngudi tiéu thy. Ngoai ra, Pate kh@i oé thé san xudt é quy mé gia dinh. Pate hép: la pate dugc déng hép, nhu céc loai pate thit hop dé cé thé bao quan lau, ¢6 thé van chuyén dé dang gitra cde ving va 06 thé gép phan lam can déi cung cau vé thit va cdc sin pha tir thit cho eéc ving kinh (@ khdc nhaw. Thai gian bao quan phu thude céng nghé sin xuat, théng thudng la trén 6 thang, cé loai cé thé bao quan trong 24 - 28 thang ... Ngoai ra, ngudi ta con déng géi Pate trong céc bao nhya. << CNCB Pate gan heo ding hip 4doco CNCB Thit va hy sin CBHD: THS. Neuen Th Hin Il. NGUYEN LIEU SAN XUAT PATE 2.1, Nguyén ligu chinh 2.1.1. Thitheo La ngun cung cap protein quan trong cho con ngudi. Protein thit déng vat la protein hoan thign chia day di va cin déi céc loai acid amin khéng, thay thé. Thinh phan hén hop thit gém nudc, protein, lipid, mudi khong, vitamin. Céc chat trich ly trong thit tao ra miti va vi dc trung cho thit khi ch ign. Thit tuoi c6 pH tir 6-6.5. Thanh phn dinh dudng cia thit cia mot loai gia stic thay déi tuy thude vi tri migng thit trén than, gidng va dé tudi khi gigt mé, thanh phiin thie dn gia stic khi nudi va trang thai sinh ly trudc khi giét m6. Thit gia stic 06 sing c6 ham lugng protein cao hon thit heo nhung it chét béo hon. Ham Iuong, protein va chat béo trong déng vat non nhiéu hon dong vat gia, gay. O tht gia lugng mé cao ma nudc, khodng cing nhu protein déu gidm, cdc s6 thit thudmg dai. Thit cha thi bénh 6 thé gay mét s6 bénh truyén nhiém, bénh giun sn nén khéng duge str dung. Thit trong ché bién pate can: ~ Thit phai c6 mau sic tu nhién (ttr hdng dén dé séng), khong c6 mii di - Thit phai dam bao vé sinh thuc pha. = Phai chon tir nhiing con khoé manh, khong mac bénh ~ Sau khi loc khéng ln céc tap chat la, bui bain, tranh dé thit nhién ning hé vi sinh vat trong dat C6 thé str dung thit da dong lanh hay thit tuoi sau khi giét mé 34h. Nén ding thit tuoi sau giét mé Id thit trade giai doan co cing dé dam bio protein trong thit chua bi bién tinh va kha nang git nude cin cao, 43 mém. cua thit & trang thai tt va rong hao hut khi ché bign khang dang ké Tuy theo cng nghé ché bién va yéu ciu san phém déi khi ngwdi ta s dung thit lanh (thit da bao quan lanh) git nhiét d6 lanh cho thit trong suét thdi gian ché bién, dé protein thit khéng bi bién tinh do nhiét sinh ra trong, qué trinh ché bién. NCB Pate gan heo ding hip 5Béo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: Th. Ngwvén Thi Hién Thit trong san xuat pate c6é mau ty nhién (hong dé dén dé sang), khong 6 miti hdi. VE nguyén tic chi cin dam bao 50% thit nac (nhung 6 thé str dung thit bung hay thit ba roi). Trong pate gan cé thé str dung thit hay khong, can nhung phai cé thit mo dé tao vi béo , dé ting dinh dusng va cau trie nhao sin phdm . Mé thurong la ma bung, ma phai tring tuoi, c6 mii dae trung, Bang 1: Chi tigu dinh gid cht lurong thjt heo lanh déng theo TCVN 7047:2002 Tén chi tiéu Mite chat lrgng Thit bd lanh déng Thit heo lanh dong Thit ga lanh dong Chi tigu cam quan “Trang théi lank dong ¥ Ben ngodi v Mau sac: -Trang thdi tan gid Khéi tht ddng cig, lanh dinh tay. Be mat khé, khi go cd ting vang, 6 thé 06 mot it tuyét mong tron b8 mat, day khéi thit khéng 6 lop dich méng va cde diém dong nude dong bing. Mau gach dam thoing xen lin tring duc cia mé lin két va tring cha mé. Vuéng van, déng cing, lank dinh tay. B& mat khé, Khi 6 6 tidng vang, c6 thé c6 mot it tuyét ming trén bE mat, day Khéi thit khéng cé lp dich méng va che diém dong nurée ding bang. Mau hong tuoi dc trung cia thit, chen lin mau trang duc cua stra la mo, Block thit vuéng vin, dong img, lanh inh tay. Dui day khdi thit khéng c6 Isp dich méng va diém dong nuée déng bang. Cé mau vang hoge hoi hong dae trung cia thit NCB Pate gan heo ding hipBéo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: Th. Ngwvén Thi Hién ¥ Bén goa + Thit: C6 tinh dan hei, be mit khong bi nhin, khong 06 thit bi bam dap, khéng 6 mach din méu va sun, khong dinh tap chit la *Ma Mém, dai, dink hinh v Mau sic = Thit °Mo Dé gach dén dd sim ¥ Mii vi Mau vang sing Mii tu nhién cia thit bd tuoi, khéng c6 mii la Trang théi thit sau khi bude v Mau v Mai Hing nau dén dd nau vvi Mii dic trung, Dai, 6 tinh din Hi, khi a ngén tay khéng 6 dau fan su, mat di tir tir du &n. Khong © cde Sng mau am, mé lin ket thd, md bi beo nhéo, gan va sun bi dap, khéng dinh tap chat la. ‘Mém, dinh hinh Mau hong dim dén dé tuoi Mau tring due cua sia. Mii dic trung cia thit lanh déng, khéng 6 mitt chua, 6i, khét. Vi nhat dac trung, Mau Rng nhat Mii dac_trung, C6 tinh dan hei, be mat khong bi nhin, bj dap, khéng c6 vét bam, khéng dinh tap chat la Mém, dinh hinh, Mau vang nat d8n hoi hong Mau vang mé ga. Mii dac trang cia thit gi, khéng 06 mii di, chua, khét Mau vang nhat Mai djc tung, CNCB Pate gan heo ding hip 7Béo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién ¥ Nuéc luge Khong o miila. khong cd mui la. | khéng e6 mii la Ngot dic trmg Ngot dc trung cua san pham. cia san phaim, Ngot dic trung Trong, véng ma Trong, véng md | ciia sin phaim, {0 to. Trong vang mé to. 2.Héa ly D6 pH 5562 55.60 5.5.60 NHs 97% theo phan trim khéi hrong Kho < 025% Ham kong chit khong tan trong nude. 2.2.1.2, During, Sir dung dudg saccharose, [a mt disaccharid cia glucose va fructose. Ngoai vige tao vi ngot cho san phdm, lam diu vi mudi, lam miém thit, dudng con la chat phu gia lam gidm hoat tinh cia nude, lam bén cu trite. During két hop v6i mudi lam ting 4p suit tham thau va lién két véi phan tr nude bing lign két ion hodc lién két hydrogen bign nude ty do thank nudc lién két, vi vay sin phim s@ duoc tang d6 bén viing déi véi cdc loai vi sinh vat khi bao quan, nding dé 10-15% c6 thé ding dé bao quan, én hon 20% cé thé tiéu diét vi sinh vat. Tuy nhién, dudmg lai la co chat cho vi khudn lactic lén men lactic dung dudng véi ngudi khong han ché Ligu Irong cho phép NCB Pate gan heo ding hip nBéo edo CNCB Thit vd Thi sin CBHD: Th. Ngwvén Thi Hién Dung ding trong sin phim thyc phém phai dat cdc diéu kign sau: hinh dang tinh thé déng déu, toi, kh, khéng vén cyc, hda tan hoan toin trong, nus, vi ngot, khong cé vi la, khi pha thanh dung dich phai trong, khéng lan. tap chat. > Yeu ciu chit luong dudng: Trong sin xuat binh bong lan, ngudi ta thudmg str dung dudmg, tinh luygn véi chat lugng theo tigu chudn TCVN 1695-87. + Céc chi tigu cd quan: - Hinh dang: dang tinh thé tuong déi déu, toi kh, khéng vén. cuc. - Mui, vi: tinh thé cing nhu dung dich dudng trong nude ct ¢é vingot, khéng cé mii vi la. ~ Mau sic: tat c4 cdc tinh thé du sang, tao dung dich trong sust vii mude cit + Chi tigu héa ly: Bang 6: Chi tiéu héa ly ciia dutmg saccharose aa Dudng | Do axit Dé tinh a D6 dm a Tilé tro khir (pH) khiét 014% 7 99,75% 0,15% 2.2.1.3. BOt ngot Lam ting vi tao vingot gidng thit. Bot ngot la mudi ciia acid amin ma co thé cé thé téng hop duge va 06 thé tn tai tur do trong nhigu loai thiie an chtta protein thong thug. Vi vay, bOt ngot cé it gid tri dinh dudng tham gia tng hop acid amin, téc dung dn chu trinh phan giai glucid va chat béo, téc dung tich cue dén hé thin kink, trung uong, né két hop véi NEb tao glutamine. Liéu long gidi han cho phép Ia 2g/kg thé trong cho moi lta tuéi. Bot ngot str dung cé tinh thé ding nhat, tring, khé, khéng lan tap chat, khong 6 vi la. NCB Pate gan heo ding hip 2Béo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién Bang 7: Dain gi chit lrgng b6t ngot theo TCVN 1459-74 Cac chi tigu Mite chit long 1) Cém quan ~ Trang thai Bot min, dé tan trong nuéc, khong von cuc. -Mau she Tring. = Mii vi Thom, khéng lin mii la, vi ngot dac trung ciia bot ngot 2) Héa hoc - Ham krgng nude = D6 pH cia dung] 04% dich 68-7 -Ham lugng Natri glutamat 380% - Ham long NaCl - Ham lugng sat - Ham kurgng SO? <0,002% 2.2.2. Nhém tao citu trite La cdc phy gia gitip tao cho sin phaim pate c6 cu trite mm, diu, chat ché trong khdi nhung lai roi va cé thé dé dang trét thanh Ip mong lén banh mi khi an. 2.2.2.4. Bot mi C6 téc dung gid nude cho sin phim, lign két céc thinh phn cia sin pham thanh khéi nhung dim bao d6 xdp, rdi, dé trét thanh lop mong. NCB Pate gan heo ding hip BBéo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién B6t str dung phai kh6, trang, sach, khéng méc, khéng vén cuc va khéng, 6 vila Bang &: Chi tiéu chat lwong ciia bt mi (TCVN4359:1996) Chi tigu Tén tiéu chudn Yéu cau Trang hodc tring nga dic trung Mii cha bét ty nhign, Cam quan khéng cé mii vi la. Khéng c6 vi chua ‘Tap chat vé co Khéng [in cét, dat, sit D6 min: vatly * Con trén ray 420 jum | Khéng lon hon 20% + Qua ray 118 uum Khong nhé hon 80% 6 im Khong lén hon 13,5% Ham hrong gluten khé | 8 - 10% Ham lugng tro_| Khéng In hon 0,75% Khéng Ion hon 3,5 (s6 ml Héa hoc Dé chua NaOH 1N dé trung hoa cic acid o6 trong 100g bot) Tap chat Fe Khong lén hon 30 mg/kg Du hugng héa chat trr_| Nim trong gidi han cho sau phép Nam d6c Khong 6 Visinh Vinam Khong c6 CNCB Pate gan heo ding hip “Béo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién 2.2.2.2. Tring Protein trong tring cé kha ning tao gel, tao cu tric cho san phd. Lang do c6 vai trd la chat nha héa do cé chifa lecithin tao cau tric dng nhat cho hén hop nguyén ligu va san phdm khéng bi téch béo sau qué trinh hap. 2.2.2.3, Bi Bi duge sir dung nhur mét phu gia tao cd tric va chat dén cho sin phdm nhim tiét kiém nguyén ligu chinh nhu gan va thit. Bang 9: Thanh phitn héa hgc cha trieng gat Nuée Protid Lipid Glucid 85,5-86,55% | 12.5% 03% 0,5 -0,9% 2.2.2.4, Tring Protein trong trimg cé kha nang tao gel, tao cu tric cho sin phaim. Lang dé 6 vai trd Ia chat nhii héa do c6 chita lecithin tao cfu tric ding nhat cho hén hop nguyén ligu va san pha khéng bi téch béo sau qua trinh hap. 2.2.2.5, Bi Bi duge sir dung nhur mét phu gia tao cu tric va chat dén cho sin pham nhim tiét kiém nguyén ligu chinh nhu gan va thi. 2.2.2.6. MB - MG la nguén cung cp chat béo chit yéu. Thanh phian cha yéu cua ma la triglycerit. Céc acid béo trong glycerit gsm nhing acid béo no va khéng no nhu palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic. -M@ cé nhiing chife ning sinh hoc quan trong nhu: + La thanh phan cau tric co ban cia tao + Cung cp nhiéu nang lugng cho co thé (ctr 1g chat béo cho 9.5 kcal) + Dung méi cia nhiéu chat o6 hoat tinh sinh hoc nhu: cac vitamin tan trong mo A,D.E,K + Cung ciip céc axit béo chua no cin thiét cho cée chite phan binh thudng cia co thé + Chite nang bao vé (co hoc va nhiét hoc) CNC Pate gan heo déng hip 6Béo edo CNCB Thit vd Thi sin CBHD: Th. Ngwvén Thi Hién - Trong quy trinh san xuat cla mét sé loai sin phaim thyc phim, dién hinh [a sin phdm xe xich tigt tring thi chat béo déng vai trd [a pha phan tén, tham gia vao vigc hinh thinh edu tric cua hé nha trong. Mo due sir dung ¢6 thé la mé lung, mé diti. Do mé 1a chat ky nude nén Iugng mo dua vao phai phi hop, néu qué nhiéu sé lam cho lién két ciia hé nha trong kém ben ving, xay ra hign tong téch pha. - Ngoai ra vige sir dung mé cé téc dung lam ting 9 béo, dé béng bay cho thanh pham, ting 6 két dinh cho hé nhii tong thit sau khi xay nhuyén, tng gid tri cam quan cho san pha. Ngoai ra mé con la nguyén ligu phy lam chat dém giip gidm gid thinh sin phim dan dén hiéu qua kinh t@ ting. Bang 10: Chi tiéu dénh gid chat legng m6 theo quy dinh QD 867/1998/QD_BYT ‘Ten chi tigu Mite chat lrgng 1.Cam quan: * Mau sic Binh thudng, trong khéng van duc. + Mii vi Khéng 6i, khéng c6 mii chua hay mai vila. 2.Ly hoa: + Ham luong nude 0.203% +B} chua (sé ml NaOH IN ding trung | <6 46 hoa 100g dau) © Phan ting Kress (xée dinh d9 6i khét) am tinh + Chi sé peroxit (PV) s 3.Vi sinh + Tong sé vi sinh vat higu khi <10° khuain lac /gam * Coliform <10 khuan lac /gam + Ecoli <3 khuain lac /gam + Staphylococus aureus <0 khuain lac /gam + Samotetla am tinh, NCB Pate gan heo ding hip 16Béo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién 2.2.2.7. Mudi polyphotphat Mue dich la nhim cai thién kha nang git née va tinh héa tan cua protein, lam ting mai vi sin phdm. Ngoai ra con lam chm sy 6i thiu, lam én dinh két edu nha cia bOt thit min. Trong sin phém pate, polyphotphat khéng dugc six dung qué 0.2 - 0.3% tinh trén P2Os. 2.2.2.8, Cie chat phu gia Tari (polyphosphate) ¢6 kha nang cai thién kha nang nha hod va kha nang git nude cua thit trong qué trinh ché bign. Ta str dung Tari-Na cé chite nang co ban: - Hoat hod protein trong thit - Tang curmg lign két voi nude - Lam én dinh nha tuong pate nhim cai thign d9 dic dé chic cia san phim ~ Tao d6 gidn va dai cho sin pha, - Digu chinh pH ~ Ligu lugng cho phép st dung ( tinh theo P205 1a9g/kg ) 2.2.3. Chat tao miti Dit pate duge san xudt bing bat ky phuong php nao nhung sin phém phai o6 mii vi dc trung. Tuy thude vao ham lugng cling nhu céc cht ma nha, san xuét str dung dé tao miti cho san pham ctia minh. 2.2.3.1. Hanh va tdi Tao ra miti thom, hap dan cho sin phim. Luong hanh ti sit dung tiy thudc vao nguyén ligu va san phdm twong tng. Khi sty dung, can phai chon. nhing cui khé, gid, khéng bi 6p, théi hay mac. Trude khi sh dung phai béc hét vé boc va cit hét cudng 8, Dac biét, tai trén thi trudng hign nay c6 hai loai: t6i Trung Quéc ct to nhung miti thom rat kém va bao quan khong duge lau, t6i Vigt Nam nhé hon nhung lai thom va 6 thé bao quan lau. Bé tao mii cho sin phim pate nén sir dung tdi Vigt Nam. NCB Pate gan heo ding hip vBéo edo CNCB Thit vd Thi sin CBHD: Th. Ngwvén Thi Hién 2232. Tigu La loai gia vi duge wa chudng trén khdp thé gigi. Hat tiéu 6 vi cay, mitt thom hap din nén durge sir dung dé lam gia vi cho nhiéu mén an. Vj thom va cay ca tiéu tiy thude vao lugng tinh dau (gan 2%) va chat piperin (0.7%) 6 trong tiéu. Chat piperin cho vi cay rat manh. Trong sin pham pate, ta sir dung tiéu tring tao vi cay va mui thom cho san phim. Bang 11: Dinh gid chat wong bét tiéu theo TCVN 5387-1994 1) Chi tigu cam quan cho bét tiéu den va tring ‘+ Trang thai: toi, min, khé, khong lan tap chat, co hat nho hon 0,2 mm, khéng, bi ndm mée, sau mot + Mau sc: mau ving nga (tigu tring) hay xdm (tiéu den) + Mii vir cay ning tu nhién, c6 mii thom dc trung, khdng 6 miti mée, vi la 2) Chi tiéu héa hoc B6t tiéu den | Bot tiéu tring + Ham lugng aim (% khdi lin lam lugng Am (% khdi lung) as as + Tinh dau bay hoi (ml/100g khdi Iuong] 507 khé) " . >4 4 ‘+ Ham lugng piperin (% khéi rong khd) <6 35 Tro téng 86 (% khdi Itong khé) 2.2.3.3. Huong pate La loai huong téng hop, thudng la phu gia ngoai nhap. Huong cé nhiéu loai pate thit, pate gan hay cdc loai pate de foie, pate campagne...Str dung, huong pate dé tao mii thom dc trung cho san phim. Ngoai céc phy gia ké trén cin c6 thé str dung céc loai phy gia khéc nhwr bot dinh huong, bét thao qua, bot hat ngd, bét Id thom, huong gan (liver flavour)..., tay theo kinh nghigm ciia ngudi ché bign va theo thi hiéu khéch hang cdc sin phaim sé c6 miti vi khécnhau. NCB Pate gan heo ding hip 18Béo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién 2.2.4, Nhém tao miu Mau tu nhién cia sin pham pate 1A mau cia nguyén lidu chin, Nhung theo thi hiéu, san phdm pate can phai c6 mau nau sing. Vi vay can phai cho thém vao hén hop nguyén ligu mét sé chat mau. 2.2.4.1. Nitrit (NaNO: hoicKNO:) La chat c@ dinh mau dé cho thit, dng thai cing 6 téc dung sét khudn va duge xem nhw chat bao quan thuc phém, thudng dugc két hop véi nitrat. Mau dé cia thit do myoglobin tao thinh. Mau dé cia myoglobin a2 do nhém hem c6 chita ion Fe, Qua téc dung oxy héa, myoglobin due chuyén thanh metmyoglobin cé chita ion Fe mau nau. Khi ché bigh nhiét va cé mat oxy khéng khi, myoglobin chuyén thanh Ferrihemochrome, chita Fe* va cing c6 mau nau. Néu cé mat nitrit, myoglobin sé két hop véi NaNO» tao thank, nitrosomyoglobin rat bén nhiét vi cé mau dé do van chita ion Fe* Nitrit natri ding 6 dang bét tring hodc cé mau vang that nhat, tan trong nuéc lank, nitrit kali 6 dang cém tring hodc vang that nhat, rit dé chay nude. N@u trong thite An cé qué nhigu nitrit sé gay ngd déc cho ngudi six dung. Vige ngé déc sé gay ra nhiéu bénh cho con ngudi, tham chi o6 thé din dén tir vong, vi vay nén han ché sir dung. Ngoai ra khi dun nu cfc sin phdim thit, nitrit sé két hop véi céc acid amin va tao ra nitrosamin cé kha nang gay bénh ung thu. Liéu lugng cho phép sir dung déi voi ngudi la 0+0,4 mg/kg thé trong/ngay, con déi véi thuc phém phai bao dim ham lugng nitrit khong, vuot qui 0,125mg/kg thit. 2.2.4.2. Nitrat natri (NaNO) Vi khuan microcoe: 6 trong méi trudng thit chuyén NOy sang thanh NOr va gay nén ofc tée dung nhw trén. Lisu hrong sir dung cho phép cho ngudi la O:Smg/kg thé trong/ngay. Ham luong nitrate cho phép trong thuc pham gidng nhw nitrit. Nitrat 6 dang két tinh khng mau, trong suét hodc 6 dang bét mau tring, sach, tan trong nude NCB Pate gan heo ding hip 19Béo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién Ngoai hai chat trén, ngudi ta con cé thé str dung cdc chat tao mau dé nhu: mau cia bét hat digu tan trong dau m6 (1%), Cochellie (E120), rouge Cochenille A (E124), hay Ponceau 4R.. 2.2.5. Chat bio quan: La cée phy gia nhim tiéu diét hay lam gidm su hoat déng ciia céc loai VSV gay hu héng thuc phim. Thuc chat céc gia vi nhu mudi, durimg,...cding la nhimg chat bao quan tat 2.2.5. |. Acid ascorbic (Vitamin C): 1a chat chéing oxi hod, lam déi mau cde sin phim thit mét cdch mau le do téc dung chuyén nitrat thanh nitrit. Mue dich cho vitamin C la dé lam tang ham Iugng dinh duéng , va dé chiém lay oxi trong khéng khi can tré sur phat trig VSV higu khié Acid ascorbic diing trong thc phéim & dang két tinh tring , mii ding rat nhe, tan it trong nude ( 0.25%), tan t&t trong dau ma ( 0.6-0.8% ) . Ligu lurgng cho phép trong thurc phim khéng qué 500mg/kg 2.2.5.2. Acid benzoic: c6 dang tinh thé hinh kim mau tring , c6 mii he, it tan trong nude nhung tan t6t trong rugu va ether, tan trong dau mo Mui natri benzoate cé tinh tan cao hon trong nude , dang tinh thé mau tring, gin nhu khéng mii. Cac chat nay lam chat it khudin trong béo quan thuc pham , o6 higu luc véi ndim men , nm méc ,téc dung ting trong mdi trudmg acid . Tuy khéng gay déc cho ngudi nhung lai tao vi la lam giam chi tigu cm quan nén han sit dung, khang durge qué 0.1-0.12%. NCB Pate gan heo ding hip 2Béio edo CNCB Thit va Thy san CBHD: ThS. Newvén Th Hién II. QUY TRINH CONG NGHf£ SAN XUAT PATE GAN a> CED Hon hop NaClmusi diém,duding, botngot Ra déng Ra dong cat cae Xay thé Xay thé Uap mudi | Lo Xxitly Xay ahuyén Vao hop Bai khi Guép nép Tigt tang Bao onBéo edo CNCB Thit va Thy sdon CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién IV. THUYET MINH QUI TRINH CONG NGHE 4.1. Ra déng Néu sir dung gan va thit da qua lanh déng thi phai ra déng trude khi dua ché bién. Mue dich; ra déng nhim dua nhiét 46 cia khdi thit hogc gan dén nhiét 4 thich hgp cho qua trinh ché bign tiép theo. déi: nhiét d6 tang, cdc tinh thé dé trong khéi nguyén liu tan chay ciia lam rach té bao gay thoat dich, do 46 nguy co bi nhiém vi sinh vat cing tang cao. Khéi nguyén ligu trong qué trinh ra déng sé chuyén ti cfu tric cing, chic vé cfu trac mém vén 6 trudc khi duge lanh déng. Tién_hinh: ra déng thit va ra déng gan dugc tién hanh theo hai cdch khacnhau. 4.1.1. Ra dong thit Su dung khéng khi cé nhiét dé 16 +20°C, dé 2m 55+60% dé lam ra dong thit-ThO# gian 13 déng phy thudc vaio dé I6n ciia khéi thit, te d6 chuyén dong, cua khong khé trong phdng 1a déng. Néu Ia khéi thit 1/2 con thdi gian ra déng, tir 24236 gid. Sir dung phuong phép nay ra dong lau nhung tén that dich bao ft, chat lugng thit tt hon. Yéu cu két thie qué trinh ra déng nhiét d6 cua tim kh6i thit phai dat -1°, b’ mat thit khd, khéng am wot, trénh nhiém vi sinh vat. 4.1.2. Ra dong gan Gan duge ra ding bing nude. Yéu cau nude phai ngép gan. Ty Ie gitta nude thudng 1a 1:1,5. Thoi gian ra dong thudmg khodng 40:50 phut. Sir dung phuong phép nay thdi gian ngan, gan bi tn that mot it nhung chat hrong tt hon vi gan it bj bién di do bi nhigm vi sinh vat. Két thiic qué trinh, nhiét 46 6 tam cia gan phai dat 5'C va gan hoi mém. 4.2, Cat ‘Muc dict; Ct nh6 khGi thit, chudin bi cho céc qué trinh tiép theo. nh: Str dung may cdt starcutter. Dic tinh ky thudt: NCB Pate gan heo ding hip 2Béo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién Phin quan trong nhat ciia may chat thit (starcutter) 1a truc chinh, trén dé gin 5 con dao nim xen ké véi cée vong xoin tron, céc vong xoin nay giip thit sau khi duge cit thoat ra va roi xuéng bd phn chia dé hon, dong thai la dé lam giam ma sat gitt tam thit to véi dao cat. Ngoai ra con o6:cée b6 phu nhu: v Ban day: dich chuyé day migng thit vao tigp xiic véi dao cat vao ra la nho 1 piténg khi nén ding dé ¥ M6 to truyén déng : nay sé kéo gitip cho dao cat hoat déng. v 6 d&,, cam bién bang khi nén,xich, dé, x8ng xich. Céng dung: Dang d@ xay nhuyén tat ca cdc thanh phn nguyén ligu cba sin phim thit tao thanh khéi nhii tuong. Cau tao: * Mét chao lam bang inox (V:=2001) duge diéu khién quay bang. mot mote dign, chéo duge dat trén bé c6 nhiéu chan dé viing chdc dé dim bao cho chao quay quanh mét truc thing dimg, chao quay véi 2 téc d6 9 vong /phiit va 18 vang /phuit. + M6t truc quay béi mét_moto dién, trén truc gin 6 Iudi dao hinh, cung bang inox, cdc Indi dao nay thao rép dé dang bang ren tao trén truc va duge 06 dinh nho buléng lin & dau truc + Khi trac quay thi 6 con dao s® quay theo, chi can digu chinh van tdc quay cia true, ta sé chinh duge van tc quay cia dao. * Dao quay véid tic a9 : Toc d6 dao cat 1:150 ving /phitt. Tic d6 dao cit2: 300vang /phiit Te dd dao cit3: 1500vang /phiit Tée dé dao cdt4: 3000vong /phit T8c d6 dao cit 3,4 : dang dé xay nhuyén thit. ie dd dao cat 1,2: diing dé tron, quét thit. CNC Pate gan heo déng hip 23Béo cdo CNCB Thit va Thiy sion CBHD: ThS. Nguyén Thi Hién + BG phan nhap Goém mét cin truc dé lip thing chuta thit (lam bang inox), cin truc nay c6 thé nang lén ha xudng dé dua nguyén ligu vio chéo. + BG phan théo ligu: Goém mét cin truc trén dau gin banh nhya tron xoay ngugc chiéu kim dong HB, cin trye nay c6 thé nang Ién ha xudng theo dug hinh cung nhi bom thuy Ine Nguyén tc hoat déng cia may: Tay theo yéu cau cia tiing logi san phim khdc nhau ma may sé c6 ché dG lam vige khéc nhau, + Khoi déng may cho may chay khéng tai trong thdi gian ngin dé kiém tra su dn dinh cia dao. + Khoi dong dao cit va chdo theo nguyen tic sau: Tée 6 dao 1 Técdodao2 —Téc ddao3_ Ted dao 4 Tée d6 chiol Te dd chao 2 Khi nguyén ligu méi cho vao thi te d3 quay ciia dao phai la 1 hode 2 nh d@xay thé va tron déu nguyén ligu trade. Sau dé muGn xay nhuyén thit @ tao paste thi ting t6c d6 dao lén 3 hay 4. Khi thay d6i t8e 49 quay cla dao tir 1 qua 2, hay tir 3 qua 4 thi néu chdo dang quay, né sé tw dong dig lai, khi dao da hoat déng 6 ché dé 6n dinh thi chao sé tu déng quay theo tdc d6 da duoc chon trude dé. Sau khi xay xong cin théo ligu thi khdi dong bd phan théo ligu, cho ban nhya 6m sat v6 cung cia long chao nim cat ngang dung tién cla nguyén ligu va n6 duge quay véi té 46 phir hop véi van téc bin theo chigu nguge kim dng hd dé kéo nguyén ligu da xay nguyén ra ngoai thing chia. Céc thong sé kg thuat: + V chao: ~2001 + Moto quay dao: 1500, 3000vong /phut. + Moto quay cho: 1500, 3000vang/phuit + Moto thay Iyc: 1500vong/phit NCB Pate gan heo dng hip