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Generalités Sur Les Interferences
Generalités Sur Les Interferences
= "! ω +ϕ =
−ω
= "! ω +ϕ =
# = +
$ = +
= &= + + +
& & & &
$ = + + ϕ
π π ϕ
' = = ! "
ϕ
= ! + ϕ =) !
π π ϕ
* +
' ,-
% , = +
• . " .
/ 01 " .
• $ + " + 2 ,
3-
= +
• , 4
= " =
$ = 5 = +
• # ,
= "! ω +ϕ " = "! ω +ϕ
= +
= ⋅ &= + = +
& &
µ! µ!
% +6 +
•
%6 ⋅ &"
µ!
# = + + α ϕ
( 3- 6
, ,
= π
ω = ∆πω
)π
∆ω
∆ω
% = < >=8 ! < ω >
%
9 , +
+: " τ = ) ! −
# τ >> ; !− " ω
6 . 6
# , τ <
= > τ >> >>
# = ! = !
) 3-
• $
+ . ϕ = ϕ −ϕ ϕ "ϕ ,
" = + + ϕ
• ?
@ +
9 0 , 6 .
τ
A . 6 τ +
(
# +
A " "
0 -
7
@ $
ϕ
!
τ
$
ϕ = ϕ −ϕ
;τ
• %
#
= < "! ω +ϕ + "! ω +ϕ >
= "! < ω +ϕ > + "! < ω +ϕ >
+ "! "! < ω +ϕ +ϕ > + < ϕ −ϕ >
@ $
# τ >> τ >>
$ 6 = "! + "! = +
@ $
# τ >> τ >>
$ = "! + "! + "! "! ϕ −ϕ = + + ϕ
.
A τ " τ
. " τ << τ . .
" , τ <τ +
B 0 +
•
@ ' τ <τ " ,-
,- = +
$ = + + ϕ
)
@ ' τ <τ " ,- " = +
+
C +
+ B 5 ,- 5
- +- ,
# +
ϕ
# = " +
π
ϕ
# δ= λ!
π
$
$ D
• # 0 . ,
0 . , 0 E
A + ,
• , . .
@ 9 + 6 . .+ .+ #
= 0 >
@ . " + - - .+ ,
τ ,
% . .
A 5 < 5 - -
, ∝
τ
" - - . 7 "
' .
•
< 0 , 0 +
9 . <
+4 0 %, 0
@ C . ,-
# ν! = −
.
+ < ,
$ 2<" 6 4 .
A+ " . , + - G
" + 7 " +
− < +
@ $ +
/ 7 .
# 7 + 0 " ! < + =!
+ " - +
" - - = 0
τ
−
$ = − - + . 0
τ
− Hτ
" = !
/ 7 + .
$+ 7 6 . " ρ = − ω! ρ − γρ
$ ρ + γρ + ω! ρ = !
# +. . λ + γλ + ω! = !
−γ
$ λ≈ ± ω! γ << )ω!
−γ H
$ ρ = ρ! ω!
/ ∝ρ
−γ H
$ = ! ω!
−γ
$ = !
# γ=
τ
F
( $ 7 . " τ , -
$ + 7" .+ 6 "γ
) A =τ
• #
A 6 .
# 7 -
$ . . " 2 τ <τ
#
'
• $ 0
# 2 . 0 , 0 +
ν!
# , + ν! = −
' + + "
- - +4 - -
ν!
• %,
A+ 6 . . "
# . + > " 5
- + 0 , " - + 0
−
−
@ +. - 6 . " = <
% +,
@ .
# . , 0 +
ν ν
( − = ν (
I
• ,
@ / + ,
−ω
# =
# J " , : =! =
λ
# , = " 5 ∈ &
π −ω
= ! ! ⋅ =!
, ,
π
# × +π +π
λ
π
$ , " × +π +π = ! L πK
λ
$ = ∈
λ
@ ,
?
< MMN
# J : =!" . @ : = "
# ,
' < , + 0 0 "
= , > + + @
F
. .+ " 6 , !
- # +
@ , , . ν =
@ , ,
@ 9 - , O ,
, 4 < . < 0
@ # < +
8
• 6
∆
A + 7 " 7
+ 7
? ,
# ∆ = = τ " τ ; !−
$ ; ( !F
π
τ ∆ω ; π " ∆ω ; " 7 - # .
τ
.
ω τ
= = ; ! λ ; ! −F
∆ω λ λ
# , 6 0
# ∆ ∆ ; π" ∆ ∆ ; π" 7 - ,
,
A ' A '
* A +
$ - +
# = νν" 5 + < .
ν ν+ ν ν +
ν
ν
ν ∆ν
ν! ν
+∞ ν ! + ( ∆ν
• # = ν ν≈ ν
! ν ! −( ∆ν ν
• /
E ∆ν E
ν ν
∆ν = !( PB ! PB
! ) PB ν ν
! ! PB
ν!
% =
∆ν
M
• ' .
# ν = !δ ν −ν !
•
∆ν + " Q @<@
, . <
, " . ∆ν << ∆ν
• A
@ A+ 0 + , τ " ∆ω τ ; π
$ ∆ν ;
τ
@ # .
= - " ∆ν ; ! PB ν ! ; ! PB 8 )
∆ν << !8 PB
@ $ - B
# . .+ . "
ν ν =
+ ν −ν !
ν
ν
ν ∆ν
ν! ν
# - 6 .
=
( ν −ν ! = ⇔ν =ν ! ± ⇔ ∆ν =
$ = " = )τ
τ
ν
" ν =
+ )τ ν −ν !
• A $
@ < + $
-
ν =ν !
,
!
ν = ν ! + δν
δν !
, =
ν!
!
@ .
!
- - + , ! =" 0 − !
@ $ -
(ν −ν !
# ν = 0 −
σ
ν
ν
ν! ν
A - 2 6 . < ν!
#
ν! ν
( σ= Rσ S . ν =
ν!
) ∆ν = σ=
( ?
# τ = " = τ
∆ν
#- +
# < , ϕ = ϕ −ϕ
/ 6 + , +
$, +
? +V
•
# = ! ω
, # = !" ω +ϕ
, # = !" ω +ϕ
• 7
# = ! ω +ψ
, # = !" ω +ϕQ ϕ Q = ϕ +ψ
, # = !" ω + ϕ +ψ
" ϕ Q −ϕ Q = ϕ − ϕ
( $, +
* A
+ " . +< + , + ,
" Q @<@ .+ , ∆ < ∆
+ < + ,
!
0
• U
@ $ # = +
@ $ #$ Q = Q+ Q
• %
# #$ U + , +
$ QQ= + Q " 5 = & " Q = Q Q&
• ' +
-7 . @ <
E
•
@ # ϕ −ϕ " #
@ #$ ϕ Q −ϕ Q "
" , ϕ − ϕ = ϕ Q −ϕ Q π" .+
+ # #$
Q @<@ ϕ Q −ϕ = ϕ Q −ϕ
# B #$" Q ≈ " Q ≈
A ϕ Q −ϕ 0 # + , #$
⋅ ## Q " 6 ψ +
# #$
ϕ Q −ϕ " 4 ⋅ ## Q +ψ + 4
ψ . ϕ Q −ϕ . + 4 +
" . ⋅ ## Q = ⋅ ## Q
Q @<@ − ⋅ ## Q = !
•
% , ϕ Q −ϕ Q − ϕ − ϕ << π " Q @<@ − ⋅ ## Q << π
(
* $ , +
# , + 0" ≠
+V
−
# -7
# U < , 2 − ⋅ ## Q << π
α %
π
# − = α
λ
π λ %
# , α << π " << α≈
λ α
λ
# = "
α
λ
$ <<
%
( A
A 0 W , 0
. +
+
# + +
5 +
)
$ , +
# =
'
# 2 − ⋅ ## Q = ! "
# + . +< + +
A < + #
% -
,
$ + ≠ C X
$+ = ' A