UNIVERSITY OF SAHIWAL

DEPARTMENT: BBIS
SUBJECT: COMPUTER APPLICATION IN BUSINESS
TOPIC: PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS
SUBMITTED BY: AMNA MAHAM ALI
ROLL NO: 04
SUBMITTED TO: SAMEEN FATIMA
DATE: 13-12-2022
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
Computers are automatic, electronic machines that:

 accept data & instructions from a user (INPUT)

 store the data & instructions (STORAGE)
 manipulate the data according to the instructions (PROCESSING)
 store &/or output the results to the user (OUTPUT)

 A computer system is composed of hardware and software

 Hardware components are the physical, tangible pieces that we can see
and touch.
 Software is a set of programs designed to perform a specific task.
 This course is concerned with software.
Program:
a sequence of instructions to accomplish a result.
a computer processes information under the direction of a program.

DATA:
information to be processed by a program.

Example:
Data:
For each employee, the employee number, hours worked & hourly pay rate

Program:
Instructions on how to process the data to produce pay cheques, payroll
register, etc.

Computer software:
The collection of programs used by a computer which includes:
 Editors
 Translators
 System Managers
Computer Organization
Five main components
Input devices
Allows communication to the computer
Output devices
Allows communication to the user
Processor (CPU)
The portion of a computer that retrieves and executes instructions
Main memory
Memory locations containing the running program
Secondary memory
Permanent record of data often on a disk
MAIN COMPONENT OF COMPUTER
THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

The CPU continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle:

Retrieve an instruction from main memory

Central Processing Unit follows program instructions

Typical capabilities of CPU include:

 Add
 Subtract
 Multiple
 Divide
 Move data from location to location
COMPUTER MEMORY
Main Memory
Long list of memory locations
Each contains zeros and ones
Can change during program execution
Binary Digit or Bit
A digit that can only be zero or one
Byte
Each memory location has eight bits
Address
Number that identifies a memory location
LARGER DATA ITEMS
Some data is too large for a single byte
 Most integers and real numbers are too large
 Address refers to the first byte
 Next few consecutive bytes can store the additional bits for larger data
SECONDARY MEMORY
 Main memory
stores instructions and
data while a program is running.

 Secondary memory
Stores instructions and data between sessions
A file stores data or instructions in
secondary memory

SECONDARY MEMORY MEDIA

A computer might have any of these
types of secondary memory
Hard disk
 Fast
 Fixed in the computer and not normally removed
Floppy disk
 Slow
 Easily shared with other computers
Compact disk
 Slower than hard disks
 Easily shared with other computers
 Can be read only or re-writable
MEMORY ACCESS
Random Access
Usually called RAM
Computer can directly access any memory location

Sequential Access
Data is generally found by searching through
other items first
More common in secondary memory

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Firmware
Device drivers, BIOS
Operating Systems
Windows, Mac, Linux etc.
Applications
Word, Excel, games, music players etc.
Programing Languages
C, C++, Java, C# etc.
COMPUTER INPUT
Computer input consists of
 A program
 Some data
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Machine Language
The language a computer can understand directly
Assembly Language
Also called low level language
Computers cannot understand this language directly.
Software needed to convert assembly language into machine language
This software is called Assembler.
High-level Languages
Examples: C, C++, Java , Pascal, Visual Basic, FORTRAN, COBOL, Lisp, Ada
Computer cannot understand this language directly.
Software needed to convert this language into machine language
This software is called Compiler.
Resemble human languages
Are designed to be easy to read and write
HISTORY NOTE
First programmable computer
Designed by Charles Babbage
Began work in 1822
Not completed in Babbage’s life time

First programmer
Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace
Colleague of Babbage