SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SEMINAR REPORT

on

LI - FI TECHNOLOGY
by
MOHAMMED
IBRAHIM 207Z5A0411

B. Tech. IV- I Sem – B Section

2022-2023
 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE’s VISION AND MISSION

VISION :
 To be a premier institution ensuring globally competent
and ethically strong professionals.
MISSION :
 To provide higher education by refining the traditional methods of
teaching to make globally competent professionals.

 To impart quality education by providing the state of the art

infrastructure and innovative research facilities.

 To practice and promote high standards of professional ethics,

transparency and accountability.

DEPARTMENT’s VISION AND MISSION

VISION:

 To produce creative Electronics and Communication engineering

graduates with cutting edge technology and Research to meet
Industry and societal needs.
MISSION:

 To provide innovative learning environment to enable the students

to face the challenges.

 To provide value based education by promoting activities addressing

societal needs.

 To enable graduates to develop the skills to solve complex problems

in multidisciplinary activities.
 A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

ON
5G TECHNOLOGY
submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mrs. N. LAVANYA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

by

MOHAMMED
IBRAHIM 207Z5A0411

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Nalla Narasimha Reddy Education Society’s Group of Institutions
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH & Accredited by NBA and NAAC)

Chowdariguda, Medchal-Malkajgiri (Dist.), Hyderabad –500088, Telangana

2022-2023
 Nalla Narasimha Reddy Education Society’s
Group of Institutions
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH & Accredited by NBA and NAAC) Autonomous Institution
Chowdariguda, Medchal-Malkajgiri (Dist.), Hyderabad –500088, Telangana

School of Engineering

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the technical seminar entitled “ 5G TECHNOLOGY” submitted by

MOHAMMED IBRAHIM (207Z5A0411) is in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Hyderabad during the academic year 2022-23.

This technical seminar report is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under the
supervised guidance and has not been submitted to any other university or institution for the award of
any degree.

Seminar Coordinator Head of the department

Mrs.N.LAVANYA Dr . S. RAVI CHAND

Assistant Professor Professor

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank, Mrs. N . LAVANYA, Assistant professor, internal guide for technical
seminar her wonderful support and unforgettable help towards the seminar. Without her
encouragement and constant guidance, I could not have finished this seminar and dissertation.

I would like to thank Dr .S. RAVI CHAND, Professor & Head of the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering for inspiring me to take up a technical seminar on this
subject and successfully guiding me towards its completion.

I would like to thank Dr. G. JANARDHANA RAJU, Dean, School of Engineering for
providing us/me by means of attaining our cherished goals.

I would like to thank Director Dr. C.V. KRISHNA REDDY whose sayings and teachings
have been pivotal for me in all aspects of my academics. He has stood beside me in all the difficult
times, and his love has helped me to overcome all the failures and success.

I express my gratitude to the institution NALLA NARASIMHA REDDY EDUCATION

SOCIETY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all the faculty members & lab instructors for the
timely inputs and help for the successful completion of the technical seminar.

MOHAMMED IBRAHIM - 207Z5A0411

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i

LIST OF FIGURES AND TALBLES ii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1-3

CHAPTER 2: LI-FI ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE OF LI-FI SYSTEM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-6

CHAPTER 3: LI-FI WORKING

3.1 BASIC CONCEPT ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

3.2 HOW IT WORKS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

3.3 WHY VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

3.4 WORKING TECHNOLOGY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

3.5 VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

CHAPTER 4: LI-FI vs WI-FI

4.1 COMPARISION BETWEEN LI-FI , WI-FI & OTHER RADIO

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 - 13

4.2 SHORTCOMMING OF RADIO WAVES TRANSMISSION vs LI-FI TRANSMISSION --------------- 13 - 14

4.3 ADVANTAGES OF LI-FI --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 – 15

4.4 LIMITATIONS OF LI-FI --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

4.5 FOUR ISSUES WITH RADIO WAVES ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 - 16

CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 – 19

CHAPTER 6: FUTURE SCOPE & CONCLUSION

FIUTURE SCOPE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
6.1 LI-FI ROAD MAP --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
CONCLUSION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES
REFERENCES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

ABSTRACT
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a name used in some
research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunications
standards beyond the upcoming 4G standards. Currently, 5G is not a term officially used for any
particular specification or in any official document yet made public by telecommunication
companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum or ITU-R. New standard
releases beyond 4G are in progress by standardization bodies, but at this time are not considered
as new mobile generations since implementation and rollout of systems compliant with 4G is still
under way; the goals of a 5G-based telecommunications network would ideally answer the
challenges that a 4G model would present once it has entered widespread use.
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With
5G pushed over a VOIPenabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data
transmission never experienced before. 5G technology will offer the services in Product
Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc.
Today we will hardly witness a cell phone without an mp3 player with huge storage memory and
a camera. We can even use the new 5G cell technologies to hook our phone to our laptop for
broadband Internet access. The modern day cell phone resembles a hand held computer more
than it does a phone, as most of them contain cameras, video players, MP3 recording, and much
more.

i
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.1 LI-FI BULB -------------------------------------------------------- 2

FIGURE 1.2 LI-FI ENVIRONMENT -------------------------------------------------------- 3

FIGURE 2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LI-FI SUB ASSEMBILE ------------------------------ 4

FIGURE 2.1.1 BULB SUB ASSEMBLY -------------------------------------------------------- 5

FIGURE 2.1.2 CONSTRUCTION OF LI-FI SYSTEM ------------------------------------------ 6

FIGURE 3.1.1 LI-FI TRANSMISSION --------------------------------------------- 7

FIGURE 3.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SUB SYSTEM ------------------------------------- 8

FIGURE 3.3.1 VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION ------------------------------------- 9

FIGURE 3.5.1 DATA TRANSMISSION USING LED ----------------------------------- 11

FIGURE 6.1.1 LI-FI ROAD MAP ---------------------------------------------------------------- 20

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 COMPARISION OF SPEED OF VARIOUS WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES --------------- 12

TABLE 2 COMPARISION OF WI-FI & LI-FI --------------------------------------------------- 12

TABLE 3 COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRENT & FUTURE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY ----- 13

ii
 5G TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

The world has seen a lot of changes in the realm of communication. Today we no more use
landlines. Everyone possesses a mobile phone that functions nine to seven. Our handsets not only
keep us connected with the world at large but also serve the purpose of entertainment gadget. From
1G to 2.5G and from 3G to 5G this world of telecommunications has seen a number of
improvements along with improved performance with every passing day.

5G technology is on its way to change the way by which most of the users access their
handsets. Users will go through a level of call volume and data transmission with 5G pushed over a
VOIP enables gadget. With increasing awareness of customers with respect to upcoming
technologies, affordable packages and good looks; it is very important that mobile producers must
give an altogether decent package for keeping up the customer loyalty. The most important and
leading motive of leading mobile phone manufacturers is the creation of best and latest technology
to compete with innovative market giants. We have seen great cell phones one after another, with
unbelievable traits. Apple has remained successful in shivering the electronic world by putting forth
its latest iPhone 4G that take the market by storm.
5G technology will change the manner in which cellular plans are offered worldwide. A new
revolution is about to begin. The global cell phone is around the corner. The global mobile phone
will hit the localities who can call and access from China to Germany’s local phone with this new
technology. The way in which people are communicating will altogether upgrade. The utilization of
this gadget will surely move a step ahead with improved and accessible connectivity around the
world. Your office will shrink into your handset with this cell phone that is going to resemble PDA
(personal digital assistant) of twenty first century.

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CHAPTER 2

EVOLUTION FROM 1G-4G

NETWORKS

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 5G TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION FROM 1G-4G NETWORKS

The telecommunication service in World had a great leap within a last few year. 6 billion
people own mobile phones so we are going to analyze the various generations of cellular systems as
studied in the evolution of mobile communications from 1st generation to 5th generation. We can
analyze that this could be due to increase in the telecoms customers day by day. In the present time,
there are four generations in the mobile industry. These are respectively 1G- the first generation, 2G-
the second generation, 3G- the third generation, and then the 4G- the forth generation,5G-the fifth
second generation.

2.1 1G TECHNOLOGY

The first generation of mobile phones was analog systems that emerged in the early
1980s. More popularly known as cell phones. 1G- technology replaced 0G technology, which
featured mobile radio telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS),
Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and
Push to Talk (PTT). Its successor, 2G, which made use of digital signals, 1G wireless networks used
analog radio signals. 1G was old analog system and supported the 1st generation of analog cell
phones speed up to 2.4kbps. Through 1G, a voice call gets modulated to a higher frequency of about
150MHz and up as it is transmitted between radio towers. This is done using a technique called
Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA). But its fail in some field such as in terms of overall
connection quality, 1G compares unfavorably to its successors. It has low capacity, unreliable
handoff, poor voice links, and no security at all since voice calls were played back in radio towers,
making these calls susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties.

Fig 2.1.1: 1G Mobile Phone

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 5G TECHNOLOGY

2.2 2G TECHNOLOGY:

The second generation, 2G system, fielded in the late 1980s and finished in the late
1990s, was planned mainly for voice transmission with digital signal and the speeds up to 64kbps.
Second Generation (2G) wireless cellular mobile services was a step ahead of First Generation( 1G)
services by providing the facility of short message service(SMS) unlike 1G that had its prime focus
on verbal communication. The bandwidth of 2G is 30-200 KHz. During the second generation, the
mobile telecommunications industry experienced exponential growth in terms of both subscribers
and value-added services.

Fig 2.2.1: 2G Mobile Phone

2.3 3G TECHNOLOGY:

In this 3G Wide Brand Wireless Network is used with which the clarity increases and gives
the perfection as like that of a real conversation. The data are sent through the technology called
Packet Switching Voice calls are interpreted through Circuit Switching. It is a highly sophisticated
form of communication that has come up in the last decade. In addition to verbal communication it
includes data services, access to television/video, categorizing it into triple play service. 3G operates
at a range of 2100MHz and has a bandwidth of 15-20MHz. High speed internet service, video
chatting are the assets of 3G.
With the help of 3G, we can access many new services too. One such service is the GLOBAL
ROAMING. Another thing to be noted in case of 3G is that Wide Band Voice Channel that is by this
the world has been contracted to a little village because a person can contact with other person
located in any part of the world and can even send messages too. There is also a concern that in
many countries 3G will never be deployed due to its cost and poor performance. Although it is
possible that some of the weaknesses at physical layer will still exist in 4G systems, an integration
of services at the upper layer is expected.

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Fig 2.3.1: 3G Generation

2.4 4G TECHNOLOGY:

When It is still to estimate as to how many number of people have moved on from 2G to 3G ,
technology has come up with the latest of its type namely 4G.A successor of 2G and 3G, 4G
promises a downloading speed of 100Mbps. Then with the case of Fourth Generation that is 4G in
addition to that of the services of 3G some additional features such as Multi-Media Newspapers, also
to watch T.V programs with the clarity as to that of an ordinary T.V. In addition, we can send Data
much faster than that of the previous generations.
Some of the applications are:

 Mobile TV- a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where it can be
watched.
 Video on demand- a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.
 Video conferencing- subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.
 Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially isolated
subscriber.
 Location-based services- a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the phone.
 Mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.
 Mobile WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

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Fig 2.4.1: 4G Mobile Phone

2.5 Comparison from 1G to 4G technologies:

Table 2.1.1: Comparison from 1G to 4G technologies

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CHAPTER 3
OVERVIEW OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

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 5G TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G mobile technology has
changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever
before such a high value technology. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of the cell
phone (mobile) technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes
5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.

A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband
internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory,
dialing speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For children rocking fun Bluetooth
technology and Piconets has become in market.

3.1 The Fifth Generation (5G)-Real Wireless World System:

The 5th wireless mobile multimedia internet networks can be completed wireless
communication without limitation, which bring us perfect real world wireles– World Wide Wireless
Web (WWWW). 5G is based on 4G technologies, which is to be revolution to 5G. The 5th wireless
mobile internet networks are real wireless world which shall be supported by LAS-CDMA, OFDM,
MCCDMA, UWB, Network- LMDS and IPv6.

Currently 5G is not a term officially used for any particular specification or in any official
document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP,
WiMAX Forum or ITU-R. New 3GPP standard releases beyond 4G and LTE Advanced are in
progress, but not considered as new mobile generations. 5G technology has changed the means to use
cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high value
technology. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of the cell phone (mobile) technology.

The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G technology most
powerful and in huge demand in near future. The gigantic array of innovative technology being built
into new cell phones is stunning.5G technology has extraordinary data capabilities and has ability to
tie together unrestricted call volumes and infinite data broadcast within latest mobile operating
system. 5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies and offer priceless
handset to their customers.

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 5G TECHNOLOGY

May be coming days 5G technology takes over the world market. The Router and switch
technology used in 5G network providing high connectivity.

The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes within the building and can be
deployed with union of wired or wireless network connections. A new revolution of 5G technology
is about to begin because 5G technology going to give tough completion to normal computer and
laptops whose marketplace value will be effected. The new coming 5G technology is available in the
market in affordable rates, high peak future and much reliability than its preceding technologies.

3.2 What 5G Technology offers?

5G technology is going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market. Through 5G

technology now you can use worldwide cellular phones and this technology also strike the china
mobile market and a user being proficient to get access to Germany phone as a local phone. With the
coming out of cell phone alike to PDA now your whole office in your finger tips or in your phone.
5G technology has extraordinary data capabilities and has ability to tie together unrestricted call
volumes and infinite data broadcast within latest mobile operating system. It can handle best
technologies and offer priceless handset to their customers. 5G Technologies have an extraordinary
capability to support Software and Consultancy. The Router and switch technology used in 5G
network providing high connectivity. The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes within
the building and can be deployed with union of wired or wireless network connections.

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CHAPTER 4

KEY CONCEPTS AND FEATURES

OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

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 5G TECHNOLOGY

KEY CONCEPTS AND FEATURES

OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

4.1 Key concepts of 5G technology:

 Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.
 Wearable devices with AI capabilities.
 Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), where a visiting care-of mobile IP address is assigned according
to location and connected network.
 One unified global standard.
 Pervasive networks providing ubiquitous computing: The user can simultaneously be connected to
several wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them (See Media independent
handover or vertical handover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by future 4G releases).
These access technologies can be a 2.5G, 3G, 4G or 5G mobile networks, Wi- Fi, WPAN or any
other future access technology. In 5G, the concept may be further developed into multiple
concurrent data transfer paths.
 Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allowing different radio technologies to
share the same spectrum efficiently by adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the
transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies currently sharing the spectrum. This
dynamic radio resource management is achieved in a distributed fashion, and relies on software
defined radio.
 High altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) systems.
NNRESGI ECE DEPARTMENT 7
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4.2 Features of 5G Technology:

 5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi- directional large bandwidth
shaping
 The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and effective.
 5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.
 The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.
 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supporting almost 65,000
connections.
 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
 The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.
 Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast solution.
 The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.
 The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.
 The 5G technology also support virtual private network.
 The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of business prospect
 The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the peak.
 The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available connectivity just about the world.

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CHAPTER 5

BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGIES

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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGIES

5.1 Ubiquitous Computing :

5G would be about "ubiquitous computing", that is, having the ability to access the applications
want from any platform, anywhere, any time. To create such an environment, one needs to integrate
various applications, emerging from various engineering practices. Human life will be surrounded
by intelligent sensors, which will bring radical change to human life’s daily approaches of doing
things, as:
 Your intelligent car will send SMS to your cell phone, from your car.
 Your home security camera is attached to secured internet. So that you can view your sitting room
on your laptop/mobile phone screen, by accessing secure website.
 You are receiving regular MMS from your hospital about your medication need and next doctor
appointment.

Key challenges:

 Integration of various standards: Each engineering practice has their own standard (F.eks Telecom
has 3GPP, 3GPP2, ITU, IETF, etc). To integrate these various standards, requires systematic and
time consuming approach.
 Common Platform: There is no common architecture for interconnecting various engineering
practices. One common governing body is required, which creates a common platform for all
engineering practices to regularize the interconnectivity issues as well as knowledge sharing.

5.2 Aggregator :

Existing telecom networks are fashioned in hierarchical way, where subscriber traffic is
aggregated at aggregation point (BSC/RNC) and then routed to gateways. (As shown in figure).Flat
IP architecture will lessen burden on aggregation point and traffic will directly move from Base
station to Media gateways. Vision of Super Core is based on IP platform. All network operators
(GSM, CDMA, Wimax, and Wireline) can be connected to one Super core with massive capacity.
This is realization of single network infrastructure. The concept of super core will eliminate all
interconnecting charges and complexities, which is right now network operator is facing. It will also
reduce number of network entities in end to end connection, thus reducing latency considerably.

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Key challenges
 High redundancy requirement: Under Super core concept, all network operators will be moving to
single core infrastructure, high redundancy and security among core network entities is required. A
failure of single node will impact huge number of subscribers across various network operators.
 Transparency among network operators, regarding Subscriber data, churn management, etc.
Government regulatory framework for Super core.

5.3 Flatter IP concept:

At regular interval, semiconductor manufacturers advance to a new generation with smaller
feature sizes. This allows them to incorporate more functions into a given area of silicon and, hence,
more features or new capabilities into electronic devices like cell phones, Increased processing
capacity will be allow Mobile devices (cell phones, PDAs, etc) to do more tasks (instructions per
minute) then before. This will lead to even the Flatter IP network. As Flat IP has shifted some of the
BSC/RNC’s radio resource functions to Base station, Flatter IP will shift some of the RR functions,
to Mobile devices from Base station. Finally your cell phone will not be just access device but, it will
also perform some of the Radio Resource Management functions.
With the shift to flat IP architectures, mobile operators can
 Reduce the number of network elements in the data path to lower operations costs and capital
expenditure.
 Partially decouple the cost of delivering service from the volume of data transmitted to align
infrastructure capabilities with emerging application requirements.
 Minimize system latency and enable applications with a lower tolerance for delay; upcoming latency
enhancements on the radio link can also be fully realized.
 Evolve radio access and packet core networks independently of each other to a greater extent than in
the past, creating greater flexibility in network planning and deployment.
 Develop a flexible core network that can serve as the basis for service innovation across both mobile
and generic IP access networks.
 Create a platform that will enable mobile broadband operators to be competitive, from a
price/performance perspective, with wired networks.

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Fig 5.3.1: 5G Architecture- The Nanocore

5.4 5G Architecture – The Nanocore:

The 5G Nancore is a convergence of below mention technologies. These technologies have

their own impact on exiting wireless network which makes them in to 5G.
 Nanotechnology.
 Cloud Computing.
 All IP Platform.

Fig 5.4.1: The Nanocore

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5.4.1 NANO TECHNOLOGY:

Nanotechnology is the application of nanoscience to control process on nanometer scale. i.e.

between0.1 and 100nm.The field is also known as molecular nanotechnology(MNT). MNT deals with
control of the structure of matter based on atom-by-atom and molecule by molecule engineering. The
term nanotechnology was introduced by Nori Taniguchi in 1974 at the Tokyo international
conference on production engineering. Nanotechnology is the next industrial revolution, and the
telecommunications industry will be radically transformed by it in a few years. Nanotechnology has
shown its impact on both mobile as well as the core network. Apart from this it has its own impact on
sensor as well as security. This is considered as a most significant in telecommunication.

5.4.2Nano Equipment (NE):

Mobile phone has become more than a communication device in modern world it has turned
into an identity of an individual. In 5G Nanocore these mobile are referred as NanoEquipment as
they are geared up with nanotechnology. One of the central visions of the wireless industry aims at
ambient intelligence: computation and communication always available and ready to serve the user
in an intelligent way. This requires that the devices are mobile. Mobile devices together with the
intelligence that will be embedded in human environments – home, office, public places – will create
a new platform that enables ubiquitous sensing, computing, and communication Specs of
NanoEquipments given as follow:
 Self Cleaning – the phone cleans by itself
 Self powered – the phone derives its energy/power from the sun, water, or air.
 Sense the environment – the phone will tell you the weather, the amount of air pollution present, etc.
 Flexible – bend but not break
 Transparent – “see through” phones

5.4.3 Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote server to maintain data
and applications. In 5G network this central remote server will be our content provide. Cloud
computing allows consumers and business to use applications without installation and access their
personal files at any computer with internet access. The same concept is going to be used in
Nanocore where the user tries to access his private account form a global content provider through
Nanocore in form of cloud. The development of cloud computing provides operators with
tremendous opportunities.
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Since cloud computing relies on the networks, it shows the significance of networks and
promotes network development. It also requires secure and reliable service providers, capabilities that
operators have deep expertise in. Operators can enter the cloud computing market and create new
value-added services and experiences by integrating industry content and applications in the digital
supermarket model. This could make our user to obtain much more real-time application to utilize his
5G network efficiently. Secure and reliable service can be provided with the help of quantum
cryptography. Cloud computing customer avoids capital expenditure for the Nanocore thereby also
reducing the cost of purchasing physical infrastructure by renting the usage from a third party
Provider(Content Provider). The Nanocore devours the resources and pay for what it uses. Segments
of Cloud Computing: Cloud computing has three main segments which are as follows:
 Applications – It is based on, on demand software services. On demand software services come in
different varieties. They vary in their pricing scheme and how the software is delivered to the end
users. In the past, the end-user would purchase a server that can be accessed by the end user over
the internet.
 Platform - The platform segment of cloud computing refers to products that are used to deploy
internet. Net Suite, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have also developed platforms that allow users
to access applications from centralized servers. Google, Net Suite, Rack space cloud, amazon.com
and sales force are some of the active
 Infrastructure – The third segment in cloud computing, known as the infrastructure, is the
backbone of the entire concept. Infrastructure vendorsG environments such as Google gears allow
users to build applications. Cloud storage, such as Amazon’s S3, is also considered to be part of the
infrastructure segment.
5G Nanocore will efficiently utilizes all the above 3 segments to satisfy his customer demands.
The concept of cloud computing will reduce the CAPEX of 5G network deployment.Inturn this will
create a less billing to the end user for all kinds of services that he utilizes through Nanocore.

Fig 5.4.3.1: Cloud computing

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5.4.4 ll IP Network:

Last but not the least. As already discussed for converging different technologies to form a
single 5G Nanocore. We require a common platform to interact. Flat IP architecture act as an
essential part of 5G network. The All-IP Network (AIPN) is an evolution of the 3GPP system to
meet the increasing demands of the mobile telecommunications market. To meets customer demand
for real-time data applications delivered over mobile broadband networks, wireless operators are
turning to flat IP network architectures. Primarily focused upon enhancements of packet switched
technology, AIPN provides a continued evolution and optimization of the system concept in order to
provide a competitive edge in terms of both performance and cost. The key benefits of flat IP
architectures are:
 lower costs
 universal seamless access
 improved user experience
 reduced system latency
 decoupled radio access and core network evolution
The drive to all IP-based services is placing stringent performance demands on IP- based equipment
and devices, which in turn is growing demand for multicore technology. There is strong growing
demand for advanced telecommunications services on wired and wireless Next Generation Network
(NGN) infrastructures, and fast growing demand for the same in the enterprise too. Within a few
years, more than 10 billion fixed and mobile devices will be connected via the Internet to add to the
more than one billion already connected. All these services are going to be deployed over full IP-
based architecture.

Fig 5.4.4.1: All IP Network

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CHAPTER 6

DESIGN OF 5G MOBILE
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

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DESIGN OF 5G MOBILE
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Figure shows the system model that proposes design of network architecture for 5G mobile
systems, which is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile networks interoperability. The system
consists of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new architecture) and a number of
independent, autonomous radio access technologies. Within each of the terminals, each of the radio
access technologies is seen as the IP link to the outside Internet world. However, there should be
different radio interface for each Radio Access Technology (RAT) in the mobile terminal. For an
example, if want to have access to four different RATs, need to have four different access - specific
interfaces in the mobile terminal, and to have all of them active at the same time, with aim to have
this architecture to be functional.

FIG 6.1.1: Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Networks

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CHAPTER 7
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G

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HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G

7.1 5G Hardware:

 UWB Networks:

Higher bandwidth at low energy levels. This short-range radio technology is ideal for wireless
personal area networks (WPANs). UWB complements existing longer range radio technologies –
such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and cellular wide area communications – that bring in data and
communications from the outside world.
 Bandwidth:
4000 megabits per second, which is 400 times faster than today’s wireless networks.

 Switched Beam Antennas:

Switched Beam Antennas support radio positioning via Angle of Arrival (AOA) information
collected from nearby devices.
 Adaptive Array Antennas:
The use of adaptive antenna arrays is one area that shows promise for improving capacity of
wireless systems and providing improved safety through position location capabilities.
 Multiplexing:
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) employs analog-to- digital conversion (ADC) in
combination with spread spectrum technology. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements.
The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined pattern (code),
so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed with the same
code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency.

7.2 5G Software:

 5G will be single unified standard of different wireless networks, including wireless technologies
(e.g. IEEE 802.11), LAN/WAN/ PAN and WWWW, unified IP and seamless combination of broad
band.
 Software Defined Radio, Packet layer, implementation of packets, encryption, flexibility etc.
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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

8.1 Future enhancement:

5G network technology will open a new era in mobile communication technology. The 5G
mobile phones will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal
should be able to combine different flows from different technologies. 5G technology offer high
resolution for crazy cell phone user. We can watch TV channels at HD clarity in our mobile phones
without any interruption. The 5G mobile phones will be a tablet PC. Many mobile embedded
technologies will evolve.

8.2 Conclusion:

While the future is becoming more difficult to predict with each passing year, we should
expect an accelerating pace of technological change. 5G is not a term officially used for any
particular specification or in any official document yet made public by telecommunication
companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum, or ITU-R. We conclude that
nanotechnology, Cloud computing, All IP are the next great technology wave. We hope that this
Paper helps to promote stronger links between people working in different fields creating future
concepts of mobile communication, Internet services, Cloud computing, All IP network, and
Nanotechnologies. We conclude that it is a great time to invest in startups. Nowadays mobile users
have much awareness of the cell phone (mobile) technology. The 5G technologies include all type
of advanced features which makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in near
future.

A new revolution of 5G technology is about to begin because 5G technology going to give

tough completion to normal computer and laptops whose marketplace value will be effected. There
are lots of improvements from 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G to 5G in the world of telecommunications. The
new coming 5G technology is available in the market in affordable rates, high peak future and much
reliability than its preceding technologies.

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CHAPTER 9

REFERENCES

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REFERENCES:

1. Suvarna Patil, Vipin Patil, Pallavi Bhat, “A Review on 5G Technology”, International Journal of
Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 1, Issue 1,January 2012.
2. Akhilesh Kumar Pachauri and Ompal Singh, “ 5G Technology – Redefining wireless
Communication in upcoming years”, Vol 1, Issue 1, Aug 2012.
3. Aman Aryaputra, Bhuvaneshwari.N, “5G- The Future of Mobile Network”, Proceedings of the
World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2011 Vol II WCECS 2011, October 19- 21,
2011, San Francisco, USA
4. Sapana Singh, Pratap Singh, “Key Concepts and Network Architecture for 5G Mobile Technology”,
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), Volume 1, Issue
5, pp 165-170, August 2012.
5. Toni Janevski , “5G Mobile Phone Concept" , Consumer Communications and Networking
Conference, 2009 6th IEEE.

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