Muscle

Muscle Tissue :

* :
origin from mesoderm .

of thin actin
*
-
. contract by sliding thick myosin and
.

* =
cytoplasm a
of muscles =
sacwplasm
smooth ER of
. muscles :
screw
plasmic reticulum

cell membrane of muscles : Sacro lemma .

* :

hypertrophy : Growth in wlumn of individual muscle fibers .

[ most seen in skeleton muscle)

* =
hyperplasia :
Growth in number of muscle fibers .

( most seen in smooth muscle )

skeleton muscle consist of muscle fibers cylindrical multinucleated cells )

.

:* :(
long .
.

( striated muscle) located

nuclei peripheral under the sandemma
* elongated
.

muscle satellite cell remain adjacent to differented skeletal muscle

* : .

creamed
progenitor cells )

myotubes muscle Fibers

development mesenchymal myoblast → → .

* = =

(multinucleated)

Organization of skeletal muscle / It

contain collagen I
.

connective tissue =
.

* =

* = continue within tendon to joint the bone at myotendmous

surrounds entire muscle
Junction
epimysium dense irregular
.

:*
.

* = ,

blood vessels

!
.

* extend inward and

support [ lymphatic
large nerves

.
.

fascicle a bundle of muscle

:* surrounds individual fibers )
.

perimysium
it
* nerve .
blood vessels .
lymphatic penetrate .

fibers
* reticular surrounds individual muscle
* :
endomysium =
,
fibers
+ fibroblast .
+ nerve .

* capillaries from a network within to support Oz .

 Organization within muscle fibers .

WZVM
/

mitochondria saoomic reticulum

TWPO MY05M
-1
:
are found between fibrils .

←
* =
coil of a
polypeptide
* = located in
groove between
12.5hm )

2 strands of F- actin .

Troponin =

* :
complex of 3 subunit

i. Tut : attach to tropomyosin

binds

cats
2- Thc :

.TnI regulate : between Actin and

myosin .

(
occupy A- band I

together tail
A band
2 heavy chain :
-1hm wd like
.
motor
porter . twist as .

{
* Myosin
=
occupy ,

at end
of light chalk fwm globular head of the
myosin
one .

2
puns
.

bind to Actin .

consume ATP [ with actomyosin ATPase )

contain
* Actin = each G- Aim a
bonding site for myosin
.

associate with tropomyosin and

troponin .
Arrangement in sacwmere =

I band thin filament not ed

by thick filament
*
overlap
= : .

* = 2- disk : -1hm filament anchorded here

by ✗ actinon .

thin filament attached to actinia

[ nubuhn help ✗

here elastic
thick filament attached by Tian (
scafoldmy )
.

filament thin filament

* =
A band : thick +
overhang .

thick fi /lament
* : H zone :
lighter portion in A ban .
consist only .

the H contain
M Line :
Biesictmy zone .

* :

myomesln to hold thick filament in

place .

+ creatine kinase i
enzyme catalize transfer of 1004

from phosphocreatine .
(A storage of Poy

to supply ADP → ATP 7

Sacro plastic Reticulum

* = manbmnous smooth ER in skeletal muscle . surrounds the myotibrils .

and his
* =
contain puns proteins cat
sequestration .

membrane
depolarization released from of
"
* : motor nerve
trigger Ca cisternae it
through
voltage gated cat annals .

Transverse tubule ( T -

tubule )

lemma
* tubular
folding of sano

penetrate the plasm and encircle each

*
deeply to s aw
myofibris near A- I band
bundary
Terminal cisternae
* extend of sacwmk reticulum adjacent to T tubule -

Triad ( T -

tubule + Terminal cisternae )

* = allows depolarization of swrcolemma me a T tubule

-
to trigger release of Cat into cytoplasm .

anitiate the contraction )

 Contraction
* :
D Action potential arrives the neuromuscular junction CNMJ) csynapesl
*
transmitted to terminal Cat
②
cisternae
along T
-
tubules , trigger release .

ti bind
③ Cat troponin ,
→
moving tropomyosin of the F- actin to release myosin

bmdmy site .

conformation of
④ myosin .
pulls -1hm filament into A band
-
.

released
cenergy is
by ATP bonded to myosin head ?

mitochondria dies
* :
After
dying → → no ATP →
rigor Mortis [ muscle became stiff )
 Innervation * =
mylinated branches epimylrinate give
penetrate ,
rise to unmy/
mated
that and
terminal pass through endomysium
form
=
twigs synapes

8€¥¥x¥¥¥É¥_¥É¥¥÷÷;
" with individual muscle fibers .

endomysnum .

with made cells

* = Schwann cells covers .
axon 's contact point .

fused with sacwlemma )

( external laminae

towns a motor end plate .

the turns mitter here

Acetylcholine is neuron .

* =

* = Junctional folds :
provide more surface area and more
receptors .

nonselective cation canals

* = Acetylcholine Receptors : .

open when

birded allow of cation

transmitter
my influx
on .

the muscle action potential

depolarizing sarcolemma , producing .

none
bundle * = free transmitters removed
by acetylcolin esterase .

An a xo n can
synapes one muscle trbeis
* or
many
=
.

muscle fibers .
motor unit = all muscle innervated by single axon + axon .

* = muscles don't do graded contraction _

leather all or not )

→ muscle not contract all on the same tone to vary the tone .

Muscle
sensory
data muscleskeleton of limbs eqabrilum )
Proprio receptors =
provide CNS of system e
position . ,

Muscle spindles :
*
detains for muscle streaking .

with concentric layer of flatten cells

* encapsulated by perimysium .
.

contain interstitial fluid and intmtusal fibers . C muscles cell filled with
nuclei,

spindle
,

*
sensory axons penetrate each muscle and
wrap mdvvial

mtmtusal fibers .

fibers
* detect
changing in
lenyh of muscle .

structure that enclose penetrating the collagen

Golgi tendon organ
-

_
* encapsuled axons
among
bundles at the myo tendinous junction .

detect tension within tendons

*
changing
: me .
.

inhibit motor when tension too

*: nerve .
is
strong .
 Muscle fiber types :

"° oxidative
* dassticatiou
: a maxihm speed of contraction [fast metabolic
pathway { glycolytic
the rate of impulse
* determine by conduction
along its motor nerve
supply .

input
and contain
* most skeleton recieve
'

motor from multiple nerve a minute

of fiber types .

adapted contraction
slow oxidative :# for slow ove r
long period .

*
having many
mitochondria .
many surrounding capillaries
much myoglobin .

* dark or red in color

fast glycolytic :* adaped for rapid .

short turn contraction .

* having few mitochondria ,

few capillaries ,

anaerobic metabolism of glucose denied fwm

* depends on

stored glycogen .

produce lactic acid

☒ white in color .

features intermediate between them

fast oxidative glycolytic
-
:
.
Cardiac Muscle
mesenchymal cells around heat tube align
primary
.

*
origin
= .

ohainlike
into
away
* : forms complex junctions between interdiditatiny process
fibers often branch and join with cell adjacent fibers
* : cell in one
in .

nuclei cell
* : have band as skeletal muscle ,
however ,
only 1
per
.

( centrally located )
surround each cell with
* endomysium : a rich
capillary network

bundles and of muscles

peuimysium :
sepmtes layers .

forms mass of connective tissue = cardiac skeleton .

g€
* : Interrelated disk : transverse line where myo cardiac cells joints .

desmosomes and fascia adherens at transverse section

composed of
{ junction at longitudinal section
gap
* trave A lot of mitochondria .

* Use tatty acid as fluid ( stunned as triglyceride in small droplets ,

* :-| -
tubules in ventricle muscle are well developed penetrate
,
sucwplasm hear
disk
an atrial muscle have few and small T - tubules ) the 2 .

dyads at the of terminal reticulum and

* -

fwmmmy junction cisternae of sarcoplasmic

compared to triads skeletal muscle,
T tubules
-
[ in

* : contention is regulated locally by specialised myotibrils .

and it's
fibers )
All or none ( like skeletal muscle ) intrinsic ebeginat nods of conducting

factor
* small golgi i n atrial muscle secretes AHF Atrial nutrient
.
'
-

Act on kidney to affect Nat excretion and water balance .

Smooth muscle .
visceral muscle,
*
specialized for slow ,
steady contraction
and
.

influenced autonomic hormones

by
* nerves .

tapernmy-F.ie
and
* elongated
by endomysium composed of
nuclei
* covered collagen I and E)
contain

linked
* All cells are
by humorous
gap junction .

* caveolae ( short plasma /emma

invagination) are often humorous at
'

the surface .
Control AE release from sumo
plastic cisternae .

have basic sacwplus -112 reticulum but lack T tubules

-

* .

* bundles of thin and thick filament crisscross the sakoplasm obliquely .

filament have
* myosin filament arrange
less regular , and thin

fewer cross
bridge .

"
light chain kinase )
* = calmodulin and ca sensitive NLCK ( myosin
-

to take
places of troponin and
tropomyosin in skeletal
muscle
have neuromuscular junction
.

* :
no obvious
voricosities cperiodk swelling) lies close with muscle fibers
only
.

vesicles inside release acetylcholine , norepinephrine .

as neurotransmitters ,

* : dense bodies :* functionally sini/liar to 2- disc ,

contain a -
actin .

* intermediate filament composed of desrmn are also attach

to dense bodies .

and desmosomes
* Sub membranous dense body include cadherins

smooth
linking adjacent muscle .

point within between

serves
transmitting and adjacent cell .

*
Being a supplement of fibroblast activity
synthesizing collagen elastin proteoglycans
* :
, , .
CECNI)
-
Regeneration of muscle tissue .

* skeletal muscle :* : cannot undergo mitosis

satellite cells
* : source of regeneration cell B mesenchymal .

cmside the external lamina of each muscular fibers?

[ inactive reserve
myOblast that persist after muscle differentiation )
↓
to form skeletal muscle fibers
proliferating and
fusing new

to
.

hypertrophy
increase
fibers and
tunny with preexisting
muscle mass )

muscle satellite cells and shows little regenerative capicity

* Cardiac =
* lack
fibroblast
damage of heart muscle are
replaced by politerating
connective tissue tommy only
scars
and growth of
.
.

of smaller mononuclear cell

* Smooth muscle = * composed simpler _ ,
.

* more
capable
regeneration of .

*
undergo mitosis after myured .

* contractile pericytes from the walls of small blood vessels

take parts in .