OPTIMISED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

About this course

This course covers pumping equipment and their applications associated with water intake,
transmission and water distribution systems.
• Guide through different water intake systems
• Different pumping station layouts
• Importance of pressure management in water networks
• Present all key equipment required for an optimised water supply system
• Critical design consideration
Raw water Intake

Groundwater

2.5%
Rivers & lakes

Renewable intake
Seawater

97.5%
Groundwater

2/3

<1%

98%

6
Groundwater Intake System
Main components of borewell

• Borehole
• Well casing
• Well Screen
• Gravel pack
• Borehole seals
Groundwater Intake System
Terminologies of borewell
• Well yield
• Static water level
• Dynamic water
• Drawdown
• Pump setting level
• Borewell depth Pump
setting
level
Total head calculation

• Dynamic water level

• Lift above ground
5m 6m
• Pressure required at discharge
• Total frictional losses
10 m

100 m
Example:
• Dynamic water level - 100 m
• Lift above ground - 10 m
• Pressure required at discharge - 5 m
• Total frictional losses -6m

• Total head = 100+10+5+6 = 121 m

Groundwater Intake System

Temperature Unstable power supply Dry run Overload

Groundwater Intake System
Well field

on off on on

Water Water drawdown

drawdown increases due to the
influence of other
pumps.

14
Variations in duty point
Uncertainties due to P
H
• ISO 9906 / HI tolerances
• variation in levels
• uncertain losses
• variation in losses:
media
roughness
NPSH

Consequences
Vibration
• More / less flow
• power limit
• vibration increases
• NPSHr increases
Q
Groundwater Intake System
Variable speed drives

• Adapts automatically to changes in the system

• Help to save energy by running the pumps at
optimum efficiency
• Ideal starter method –Ensures smooth start up
and stop
• Reduces the stress from water hammer
Seawater Intake System

Offshore Beach wells

 High capacities  Civil costs
 Well protected from environment X Exposed to environment
X Complex screening
X Civil costs

Pontoon
 Civil costs
X Not well protected
Making of beach wells
Making of beach wells
Pumping Station Layout
River water Intake System

South Saskatchewan River raw water intake for WTP Raw water intake for WTP Clackamas River water intake for WTP
City of Saskatoon Dempsey E. Benton Water Treatment Plant Oregon City

 Unconfined intake  Dry pump station  Well confined physical intake condition
 For challenging intake conditions  Low civil costs X Civil costs
X Vulnerable to flooding X High suction lift
X Civil costs X Regular screen cleaning
Vortices
Pumping station design optimisation
Minimizing Risk, Cost and Time of Design

• Submerged vortices • Entrained air or gas bubbles into the pump

• Free-Surface vortices • Risk of sedimentation
• Excessive pre-swirl of flow entering the pump • Risk of cavitation
• Non-uniform velocity distribution at the impeller eye • Risk of erosion
• Excessive variation in velocity and swirl with time • Pump failure
Hydraulic Institute – Pump station design guide
Types of Pumps used for Intake

Borewell Split case Axial flow pumps Vertical Turbine

submersible
Renewable Pumping
Water Transmission
Main Pumping Station
Transmission pipeline
Transmission Pipeline Protection
Transmission Pipeline Protection

Pressure Transients

Down surge

Water Hammer
Surge Tank
Surge Vessel
Air release/Vacuum / Pressure relief valve

for overpressure
and
underpressure protection
Transmission Pipeline Protection

HYTRAN – WATER HAMMER ANALYSIS TOOL

…HYTRAN is a program developed for simulating
water hammer issues in the pipeline systems.

What data is needed?

• Pipeline profile
• Pump data, flow, head
• Discharge details
• Existing air valves
• General Information
• Control Philosophy
Water Distribution
Water Distribution Networks Elements
the classical elevated tank

----------- water elevation level

------------pressure level created

-------------pressure level needed

Water Distribution Networks Elements
- Local Pumping Station
Water Distribution Networks Elements
- Booster Station
Pumps connected directly to the pipeline ¨boosting¨ the distribution network pressure
….But always double check as sometimes pumps are connected
to storage ground tanks and still called booster pump station.
Water Distribution Networks
Types of Distribution Network

Literature distinguishes between 3 - 4 general types of distribution networks:

1) Branch, Tree or Dead End System
2) Ring System
3) Grid Iron System
4) Radial System (Variant of Grid System)
Types of Distribution Pipe Network
Types of Distribution Pipe Network
Types of Distribution Pipe Network
Types of Distribution Pipe Network
Water Distribution Networks
Software for Design and optimization of water distribution networks

MIKE URBAN EPANET

Distribution Pipe Network
Demand Metering Areas DMA
Area within the Distribution Network

All flow in and out of the area is metered and recorded

(typically 2 or 3 flow meters) so that the water demand
in the metered area is known.

All users within the metered area are billed so that

the consumed water is known

Non-Revenue Water NRW

So where has the NRW been used?

• Free supply (not billed or unmetered)
• Fire hydrants
• Stolen / illegal connections / non metered
• Pipe leaks or tank overflow
• Metering inaccuracy
Distribution Pipe Network Pressure
Pipe burst damage example

Bursts are capable of washing out tremendous

amounts of soil, creating large underground voids
Network Pressure Management

Higher Network Pressure

Means
Higher Leakage

Pressure Management is about:

 MINIMUM, but sufficient pressure head.
 Ensuring water supply all time.
 Reduce leakage and energy cost
Demand Driven Distribution (DDD)

GSM network
SMS system

p
Types of Pumps commonly used for Distribution

Boosters Split case Vertical Turbine

End suction
Conclusion
Q&A