Code Changes Affecting Post-Installed

Concrete Anchor Design

Structural Design
discussions on design issues for structural engineers
By Christian Fogstad P.E., Brian Gerber P.E, S.E.
Figure 1: Code Interaction / overview (new code landscape).
Resembling the LRFD method currently gaining
popularity in structural steel design and the time IBC 2006 ®
proven ACI 318 strength design approach for concrete Section 1912.1 ICC-ES®

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structures, harmonization efforts introducing strength references
AC 193/308
design (SD) procedures for post-installed anchors is

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appearing in the codes. With the publishing and the
adoption of the International Building Code (IBC) ACI 318 ACI 355.2
2003 and 2006, Structural Engineers will begin to includes

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design post-installed anchorage into hardened concrete
using SD. The evolution from allowable stress design t
righ

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(ASD) to a more statistically based SD approach y ICC-ES
originates from increased understanding of post-Co
p ACI 318-D ESR
installed anchor behavior and performance. Numerous

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product qualifications and research programs conducted
IBC - International Building Code®
during the past quarter century, with different types of ACI 318-D - American Concrete Institute®; Design Provisions

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ACI 355.2 - American Concrete Institute®; Test Provisions
post-installed anchors, validates this approach.

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AC 193 ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria; acceptance criteria for mechanical anchors in concrete elements
AC 308 ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria; acceptance criteria for post-installed adhesive anchors in

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concrete elements

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ICC-ES ESR - Evaluation Service Report => Final published document containing design data
Background

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As the number of municipalities adopt-
F5% = Fm*(1-Kn) where: ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria
ing the 2003 and 2006 IBC increases in

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F5% = 5% fractile value @ 90% Historically, model building codes
the United States, a growing number of
confidence published in the United States have

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Structural Engineers will be designing

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Fm = Average the peak load in test series permitted manufactuers to demonstrate
anchorage to concrete according to the
K = Statistical Owen factor (varies code compliance of products not specifi-

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new SD provisions. Figure 1 provides an
from 13.09 for n=2, to 1.645 for cally prescribed by the various codes.
overview of how the various code docu-
n = 4, where n = sample size) Verification of code compliance is typi-

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ments interact.
With the publication of the IBC 2003, n = Coefficient of variation (COV) cally accomplished through product
of the anchor test series testing according to Acceptance Criteria
anchors installed in hardened concrete
(AC). An AC outlines specific product
shall be designed in accordance with
The Design Example below illustrates sampling, testing, and quality require-
appendix D of ACI 318 [IBC 2003
that predictable post-installed anchor ments to be fulfilled in order to obtain
Section 1913.1 and IBC 2006 Section
systems producing consistent test results an evaluation report. The ICBO-ES
1912.1]. ACI 318-D contains SD provi-
(ultimate loads and failure modes), published post-installed anchor eval-
sions for cast-in and post-installed
while yielding small COV, will out- uation reports complying with the
mechanical anchors in both uncracked
perform inferior systems and be favored Uniform Building Code (UBC). These
and cracked concrete; addressing seis-
by the design community. This is a reports, currently referred to as Legacy
mic applications in conjunction with
direct consequence of the new design Reports, offered Structural Engineers
cracked concrete for seismic design
philosophy which rewards predictable unbiased code compliant product infor-
categories (SDC) C-F. Earlier ASD pro-
behavior by increasing the efficiency mation when designing post-installed
visions only addressed uncracked concrete
of the system, and at the same time anchors using an ASD approach. After
applications (including seismic appli-
providing the Structural Engineer with the unification of the three model code
cations) and design data was generated
additional transparency regarding the groups (BOCAI, ICBO and SBCCI),
by taking the average of the peak test
governing failure mode. the International Code Council Evalu-
loads, independent of failure mode, and
dividing it by a global safety factor. This
reduced value was then published as the Design Example
allowable load capacity. The new SD To illustrate the benefit of the SD approach, consider the following anchor
method enables load capacities to be design capacity:
generated for both uncracked and cracked Category 2 post installed anchor, test sample size of, n = 10, coefficient of
concrete. SD load capacities are based on variation (COV) = 15%,
the 5% fractile value of test results asso- fNn = fF5% = fFm(1- kn) = fFm(1- 2.568*0.15) ≈ 0.61*fFm (ACI 355.2, (A2-1)
ciated with the various failure modes; steel fNu = 1.2*0.55+1.6*0.45 = 1.38 (ACI 318, (9-2)
failure, concrete breakout, anchor pullout, f = 0.55 (ACI 318-D D4.4)
anchor pull-through, bond failure and 1.38 = 0.55*0.61*SF => SF ≈ 4.1 (ACI 318-D D4.4)
concrete splitting. The 5% fractile val-
ues are calculated using the formula:

STRUCTURE magazine 45 December 2007

 UBC 1997 Once on the ICC-ES homepage select the
IBC 2003 & 2006
IBC 2000 “Evaluation Reports” button which will
ASD Base Material SD Base Material prompt the following search tool:
Mechanical Evaluation Reports
AC01 Mechanical
expansion
AC193 expansion & Cracked and
List Reports
Mechanical Un-cracked screw uncraced
AC106 concrete & CMU
screw concrete
* Search Reports

AC58 Adhesive AC308 Adhesive

CSI List ®

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*AC01, 106 and 58 covers Masonry base material You may search ALL reports by entering
Table 1: ASD Acceptance Criteria Table 2: SD Acceptance Criteria a number alone; or narrow your search by

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the performance of an anchor which is selecting a prefix and then entering a report
ation Service (ICC-ES) has published new
installed in a crack whose opening width is number.
ACs in order to address the SD requirements
cycled or anchors installed in holes cleaned Report Organization:
for post–installed anchors in accordance with

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using reduced cleaning efforts. According Report Number:
the IBC 2003 and IBC 2006. Table 1 and
to the AC193 forhtmechanical anchors and Manufacturer:
Table 2 illustrate the evolution of the accep-
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tance criteria for various base materials.
Acceptance criteria for both design methods
are similar in the sense that either allowable
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C o pyr anchors, results from the
AC308 for adhesive Select the “Search Reports” button and
reliability tests are used to establish anchor four search options emerge:
categories yielding various f factors to be

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1) Report organization
or strength design capacities are derived from used with the SD provisions in ACI 318-D. 2) Report Number
reference tests. These tests are conducted 3) Manufacturer
Ensuring Code Compliance of

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without concrete edge and anchor spacing 4) Product
influences in various concrete compressive Post-Installed Anchors The simplest way to find a report is to either
strengths (ƒ'c low and ƒ'c high). Anchors are Structural Engineers designing anchorage to

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enter an anchor manufacturer’s name or a

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then qualified through a series of reliability concrete according to the IBC 2003 and IBC specific ESR number (i.e. 1917).
tests, which are compared to the reference 2006 code(s), and Building Officials verifying
z After successfully downloading an ESR,

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tests. Examples of reliability test are testing code compliance, may follow a few simple particular attention should be given to the
conducted using only half of the prescribed guidelines to properly accomplish these tasks: following sections:

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installation torque (Tinst), drilling holes with Current ICC-ES Evaluation Service Reports 1) Section 1.0 Evaluation Scope – lists

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either an oversized or undersized drill bit
compared to the specified drill bit, evaluating
(i.e. ESR-1917) may be downloaded from the applicable model codes for the
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ICC-ES’s website www.icc-es.org: product evaluated.

m ADVERTISEMENT – For Advertiser Information, visit www.STRUCTUREmag.org

STRUCTURE magazine 46 December 2007

Table 3: Code and AC Matrix
Code Reference
Anchor Classification UBC 1997 IBC 2000 IBC 2003 IBC 2006

Acceptance

Condition
Concrete
Seismic Seismic Seismic

Criteria
ICC-ES
Non- Seismic Non- Design Non- Design Non- Design
Seismic Zones Seismic Category Seismic Category Seismic Category
1-2A 2B-4 A-B2) A-F A-B2) A-F A-B2) ®
A-F

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UCC UCC CC UCC CC UCC CC
AC58 UCC   1)
û  1) û  û û û û û

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Adhesive UCC      û   û   û
AC308

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UCC &
           
CC
t
righû

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Mechanical AC01 UCC û û û p y û û û û û û û û
Co
Screw AC106 UCC   1)
û   1)
û  û û û û û

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Mechanical
UCC      û   û   û
AC193 UCC &
Incl. Screw

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           
CC
UCC = Uncracked Concrete  = Permitted

i n û = Not Permitted

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CC = Cracked Concrete  = Permitted due to AC extension until January 1, 2008

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1) Based on the assumption that the optional uncracked concrete seismic tests according AC58/106 have been
conducted (see findings concerning “seismic recognition in concrete” in the currently published ESR/ER reports
on the ICC-ES website).

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2) Not applicable. ACI 318-D Section D.3.3.2 and IBC Section 1908.16 requires seismic test for SDC C-F as part
A The efficiency factor k or k is cr uncr

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of the total cracked concrete test program of Table 4.2. Table 4.2 notes state that seismic qualification is optional. necessary for the calculation of concrete
capacities of single anchors affected by

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2) Section 2.0 Uses – lists the intended Interpretation of AC193 proximities to an edge or multiple edges or
use of the product (i.e. cracked and and A308 ESRs groups of anchors where spacing and/or edge
uncracked concrete or uncracked distances will reduce the concrete capacity.
concrete only). What does NA in a load table for
3) Section 5.0 condition of use – lists
particular conditions pertaining to the
published design values mean?
Q Why is Y published when both k or
c,N
k are provided in the design tables?
uncr
cr

product for code compliance. A This term indicates that the anchor
of the Y published in ACI 318-
4) Section 6.0 Evidence Submitted –
lists which AC was used for product
reached the concrete cone capacity for
this particular embedment depth and concrete A InD lieuSection c,N
D.5.2.6, Manufacturers of
strength during testing. In Figure 2 below it post-installed anchors can provide Yc,N values
qualification (i.e. AC193) and may be
can be determined that the three shallowest based on ACI 355.2/AC193/AC308 testing.
used to correctly interpret compliance
embedment depths (heƒ = 2, 3 and 4 inches) of Since Yc,N = kuncr
, the Structural Engineer
using Table 3 below. kcr
the test results fall on the concrete cone curve may evaluate the uncracked concrete capacity
Due to a transitional period for the validity
defined by Nu = k* f ´c *hef1.5 and pull-out/pull- by either multiplying kcr* f ´c *heƒ1.5 by Yc,N
of the different ACs, Table 3 establishes
through is not the decisive failure mode. For or simply use the kuncr provided and calculate
the relationships amongst various design
the three deeper embedments (heƒ = 5, 6 and 7 kuncr* f ´c *heƒ1.5 directly.
parameters (i.e. SDC, cracked or uncracked continued on next page
inches) pull-out/pull-through
concrete) the appropriate model code and
capacities are clearly less than
the accompanying AC for post-installed Load vs. Embedment Depth
that of the concrete cone
anchorage in hardened concrete. 30000
curve, hence these design val- concrete cone
The importance of correct interpretation anchor test results
ues must be provided in order 25000
of these relationships is essential because steel
for the Structural Engineer to
products qualified according to AC01, AC58 20000
evaluate these capacities.
and AC106 verified compliance for both
Nu (lb)

15000
concrete and masonry base materials in the
Q
If pull-out/pull-through
past. These approvals have now been re- 10000
was determined to be
published with updated code references and
decisive and a load value 5000
reduced scopes since they now pertain to only
is published in the load tables,
CMU base materials, except for the extension 0
why is an efficiency factor, kcr
referenced in Table 3. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
or kuncr for concrete necessary? Embedment Depth, hef (in.)

Figure 2: Example of Ultimate Load vs. Embedment Depth.

STRUCTURE magazine 47 December 2007

Q Some load tables provide a numerical
value for N and a NA for N .
p,uncr
When evaluating the characteristic capacity
for high strength concrete (ƒ´c high) the cracked
capacity seems to exceed the uncracked
capacity, this makes little sense?
p,cr
that fail during the tests shall be permitted to be
tested at lower maximum cyclic loads to establish
a reduced nominal capacity.” Therefore, some
reported seismic capacities are less than the
reported static capacities.
compressive strength, hole dimensions, hole
cleaning procedures, anchor spacing, edge
distances, concrete thickness, anchor em-
bedment, and tightening torque. Continuous
inspection is required for mechanical an-
chors; however, for adhesive anchors systems,

A Generally, load values provided in de- Q Why is the additional factor Y

referenced in ACI 318-D Section
cp,N ®
manufacturers may qualify their products

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for either continuous or periodic inspections
sign table have been normalized to ƒ´c D.5.2.7 required when the uncracked depending on system performance or the
= 2500 psi. Where a has been determined by concrete capacity has already been reduced by desired technical data load levels.▪

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comparing tests results obtained in both ƒ´c low A

A and Yed,N?
Nc
NcO

and ƒ´c high the Structural Engineer may scale

Christian Fogstad, P.E., CDT,
the pull-out/pull-through value (be it Np,uncr
A Certain post-installed mechanical

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anchors require a critical edge distance, Siv. Ing. is the Manager of Anchor
or Np,cr) to the desired concrete a strength by
f´ cac, that exceeds the 1.5*heƒ which forms Approvals and Project Engineering
multiplying the number by . The scal-
chigh
f´ ht
igcalculating with Hilti, Inc., Tulsa Oklahoma.

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c2500

ing factor, a, is provided in the ESR and may
vary depending on anchor performance.
the basis for y r the concrete
capacity. C op factor is only to be used for
This He is a registered Professional
calculating uncracked concrete capacity where Engineer in Wyoming, Colorado and

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Norway. Mr. Fogstad can be reached
Q For some anchor sizes the seismic
capacity is less than the static capacity,
supplementary reinforcement to control
splitting is not present. at christian.fogstad@hilti.com.

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however for other sizes they are equal. How is Brian Gerber, P.E., S.E., is
this interpreted? Enforcement Principal Structural Engineer at
Special inspection is required, in accordance

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ICC-ES. Mr. Gerber can be reached

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A When no reduction is required the anchor with Section 1701.5 of the 1997 UBC and at bgerber@icc-es.org.
can sustain the full static load capacity Sections 1704.4 and 1704.13 of the 2000,

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2003 and 2006 IBC. The special inspector

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for both static and seismic applications.
However, ACI 355.2 Section 9.5.3 (tension) shall be on the jobsite continuously during

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and Section 9.6.3 (shear) allows for reduced anchor installation to verify anchor type,

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seismic capacity and states that “…Anchors anchor dimensions, concrete type, concrete

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m References
1. ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria for Expansion Anchors in Masonry Elements, AC 01, Approved December
2006, Effective January 1, 2007.
2.ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria for Adhesive Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements, AC58, Approved June
2005, Effective July 1, 2005.
3. ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria for Predrilled Fasteners (Screw Anchors) in Masonry, AC106, Approved June
2006, Effective July 1, 2006.
4. ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria for Mechanical Anchors in Concrete Elements, AC193, Approved October 2006,
Effective January 1, 2007 (corrected April 2007).
5. ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria for Post-Installed Adhesive Anchors in Concrete, AC308, Approved February
2006, Effective March 1, 2007.
6. ACI 318-05 building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.
7. ACI 355.2-04 Evaluating the Performance of Post-installed Mechanical anchors in Concrete.
8. Hilti North America Product Technical Guide, 2006 edition.
9. ICC-ES ESR 1917.
10. 1997 Uniform Building CodeTM
11. 2000 International Building Code®
12. 2003 International Building Code®
13. 2006 International Building Code®
14. Fuchs, W.; Eligehausen, R; and Breen J., “Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) Approach for Fastening to
Concrete” ACI Structural Journal, V 92, No 1, Jan-Feb., 1995, pp. 73-93.

STRUCTURE magazine 48 December 2007

 Mechanical Anchors Inspection Checklist for Concrete & Masonry
Special Inspection shall be in compliance with Section 1701 of the UBC and Section 1704 of the IBC as described
below. (See Structural Drawings for Inspection requirements)
CODES Seismic Zone/
Project Name:________________________________________________ UBC 1997 Seismic Design Category
IBC 2000
Project Location:______________________________________________ IBC 2003 ®

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Weather:__________________ Air Temperature:____________( F/ C) º º IBC 2006

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Product Name/Manufacturer:_________________________________________________________
Lot No.:________________________________________________________

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ICC-ES Report No.:_______________________________________________
Product

Head Configuration: Hex Nut/Threaded Hex

ht Bolt Head Torque Cap Countersunk
yrig 5/8”

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Diameter/Dimension: 1/4” 3/8” op1/2” 3/4” 1”
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M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24

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Overall Anchor Length:________(in/mm)
Steel Grade/Coating:________________

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Base Material Type: NW Concrete LW Concrete

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Base Material

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Other____________
Base Material Strength:

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2000psi 3000psi 4000psi Other____________
Base Material Thickness:_________(in/mm)

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Drilling & Hole Cleaning

Drill Bit Diameter:___________(in/mm)

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Hole Depth:______________(in/mm)
Drill Bit Type: Carbide-Tip Drill Bit Diamond Core Bit Other____________
(ANSI B212.15-1994) (if appropriate and allowed)

Hole Cleaning: Compressed Air Hand Pump Wire Brush Nylon Brush Other____________
Hole Condition: Dry Water Saturated

Anchor Application: (please check all that apply)

Tension Shear Overhead Other____________
Anchor Spacing: (in/mm)
Application

Edge Distance: (in/mm)

Embedment(hef*): (in/mm)
Installation Torque: (in/mm)

*hef = Effective embedment depth, measured from the concrete surface to the deepest point at which the anchor tension load is transferred to the concrete,
measured prior to appling torque to the anchor.

Completed by: (Signature) Date:____/_____/____

(Print) Company:__________________________________
(Title)
Version 09_2007

Figure 3, Sample of inspection form

STRUCTURE magazine December 2007