Turbulent Flows

Stephen B. Pope
Cambridge University Press (2000)

Solution to Exercise 5.20

Prepared by: Renfeng Cao Date: 2/22/03

We can rewrite Eq.(2.35) in the alternative form

DUj ∂Uj ∂ (Ui Uj ) 1 ∂p

= + = ν∇2 Uj − . (1)
Dt ∂t ∂xi ρ ∂xj

Similarly, by using Eq. (4.7) and Eq.(4.9) we can rewrite Eq.(4.12) as

DUj ∂hUj i ∂hUi Uj i 1 ∂hpi

h i= + = ν∇2 hUj i − . (2)
Dt ∂t ∂xi ρ ∂xj

Subtracting Eq.(2) from Eq.(1) yields Eq. (5.137)

∂uj ∂ 1 ∂p0
+ (Ui Uj − hUi Uj i) = ν∇2 uj − , (3)
∂t ∂xi ρ ∂xj

where uj = Uj − hUj i and p0 = p − hpi. Expanding ∂x∂ i (Ui Uj − hUi Uj i) by

using the continuity equation for incompressible flow we obtain
∂ ∂
(Ui Uj − hUi Uj i) = (ui hUj i + uj hUi i + ui uj − hui uj i)
∂xi ∂xi
∂hUj i ∂uj ∂uj ∂hui uj i
= ui + hUi i + ui − (4)
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
Substituting Eq.(4) into Eq.(3) and reorganizing the new equation we obtain
Eq. (5.138)

Duj ∂hUj i ∂ 1 ∂p0

= −ui + hui uj i + ν∇2 uj − . (5)
Dt ∂xi ∂xi ρ ∂xj

where
Duj ∂uj ∂uj
= + (hUi i + ui ) . (6)
Dt ∂t ∂xi

1
Substituting Eq.(6) into Eq.(5) and multiplying by uj we obtain
∂uj ∂uj
uj + (hUi i + ui )uj
∂t ∂xi
∂hUj i ∂ 1 ∂p0
= −ui uj + uj hui uj i + νuj ∇2 uj − uj . (7)
∂xi ∂xi ρ ∂xj
∂ui
Simplifying this equation by using the continuity equation ∂xi
= 0 we obtain
∂( 21 uj uj ) ∂( 1 uj uj ) ∂( 12 ui uj uj )
+ hUi i 2 +
∂t ∂xi ∂xi
∂hUj i ∂ 1 ∂(p0 uj )
= −ui uj + uj hui uj i + νuj ∇2 uj − . (8)
∂xi ∂xi ρ ∂xj
Taking the mean of the above equation and using hui i = 0 we obtain
∂k ∂k ∂h 1 ui uj uj i ∂hUj i 1 ∂hp0 uj i
+ hUi i + 2 = −hui uj i + νhuj ∇2 uj i − , (9)
∂t ∂xi ∂xi ∂xi ρ ∂xj
where k = 12 hui ui i.
From Exercise 5.26, Eq. (5.163), we have
∂
νhuj ∇2 uj i = 2ν huj sij i − ε. (10)
∂xi
Substituting Eq.(10) into Eq.(9) and rearranging the terms yields
hui p0 i
!
∂k ∂k ∂ 1
+ hUi i + h ui uj u j i + − 2νhuj sij i
∂t ∂xi ∂xi 2 ρ
∂hUj i
= −hui uj i − ε. (11)
∂xi
This can be written in the alternative form
D̄k
+ ∇ · T0 = P − ε, (12)
D̄t
where
1
Ti0 ≡ hui uj uj i + hui p0 i/ρ − 2νhuj sij i. (13)
2

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