TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION FOR THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL

ENGINEERING
ECV 4316: ENGINEERING SURVEY - 1

END-OF-SEMESTER EXAMINATION
SERIES: JULY, 2022
TIME: 2 HOURS
DATE:

Instructions to Candidates
You should have the following for this examination
-Answer Booklet, examination pass and student ID
-Drawing instruments.
This paper consists of five questions.
Attempt any THREE questions.
Do not write on the question paper.

QUESTION ONE (Compulsory) (30 Marks).

a). The following table contains extracts from a level field notebook, with some
entries illegible due to rain exposure. Fill in the blanks and carryout arithmetic
checks for your answers (8
Marks).

b). The details given below refer to the measurements of a 30 m bay of a baseline.
Determine the correct length of the bay reduced to the mean sea level. With the tape
hanging in catenary at a tension of 100 N and at a temperature of 20 ° C . and the
difference in height between the ends was 0.62 m and the site was 2000 m. The tape
had previously been standardized in catenary at a tension of 70 N and a temperature
of 15 ° C . The other details are as follows:
- The radius of Earth’s curvature = 6370 Km
- Cross-sectional area of the tape = 3.42 mm2
- Young Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 2.0*1011 N/mm2
- Coefficient of Linear Expansion (α) = 1.12 *10-6/0C
- Mass of the tape = 0.032Kg/m (14 Marks).
c). Discuss random and gross errors in levelling (8 Marks).
 ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

QUESTION TWO

a). The Figure 1, shows a network of spot levels shown was observed during the

process of contouring a site for the construction of a building. Given that the

square grids were at intervals of 20 meters, draw contour lines at 1.0-metre

vertical intervals (14

Marks).

Fig1. A network of spot heights

b). How do you overcome an obstruction due a pond in the line of survey (6 Marks).
QUESTION THREE

a). With an aid of a sketch, show that the curvature and refraction correction is
given by the following:
2
C∧R=0.0673 L
Where L is∈ Kilometers …….… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… .. ( 1 4 Marks )
b). i). Discuss the application of vertical sections
ii). Mention any three characteristics of contours (6 Marks).
QUESTION FOUR

a). Define the following terms

i). Back Sight
ii). Fore Sight
iii). Reduced level
iv). Change Points (8 Marks).
b). With an of a sketch and formula, discuss the process of reciprocal levelling
(12 Marks).
QUESTION FIVE

a). Two points X and Y are 700 m apart. A level is set up at X and Y in turn and the
following readings were taken:
Level at X, the height of collimation was 1.650 m. Reading of staff on Y = 1.635 m
Level at Y, the height of collimation was 1.632 m. Reading of staff on Y = 1.625 m
Calculate the reduced level of Y if the reduced level of X is 5.040 m. What will be
the collimation error of the instrument (4 Marks).

b). What is direct contouring method? (2 Marks).

c). Make short notes on the following methods of linear measurements
i). Pacing
ii). Passometer
iii). Pedometer
 iv). Odometer
v). Chaining (10 Meters).
d). Differentiate between perpendicular and oblique offsets (4 Marks).
State any five significant corrections that are applied to a steel band when obtaining
linear measurements, using relevant equations. A 40 m bay of a baseline was
measured using a 30 m steel band that had been standardized in a catenary at a
tension of 44.5 N and a temperature of 20 0 C. The following data was recorded:
- Measured length = 30 m
- Applied tension = 80 N
- The radius of Earth’s curvature = 6370 Km
- The differences in height between the two points = 0.6 m
- The altitude of the base = 1800 m above sea level
- Cross-sectional area of the tape = 6.5 mm2
- Young Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 2.1*1011 N/mm2
- Coefficient of Linear Expansion (α) = 11 *10-6/0C
- Mass of the tape = 0.032 Kg/m
Determine the correct length of the bay reduced to mean sea level (20 Marks).
b). Your supervisor has assigned you the task of performing linear surveying. A
pond is encountered as an obstacle on the survey line. Explain any two possible
solutions to the problem. (10 Marks).

ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

QUESTION TWO

a). Explain the method of reciprocal levelling, including all the equations involved.
(14 Marks).
b). Explain the following terms as used in levelling
i). Backsight
ii). Foresight
iii). Reduced level
iv). Intermediate sight (6 Marks).

Question THREE

a). Using a sketch discuss curvature and refraction corrections (14 Marks).
b). You have been tasked to carry out contouring. What factors do you consider
when deciding on the vertical interval to be used? (6
Marks).

Question FOUR

a). What is direct contouring? (2 Marks).

b). What is Indirect contouring? Figure 1, shows a network of spot levels shown

was observed during the process of contouring a site for the construction of a

building. Given that the square grids were at intervals of 20 metres, draw
contour lines at 1.0-metre vertical intervals

(14 Marks).

Fig 1: Network of spot heights

c). In levelling across a river, reciprocal levelling observations gave the

following results for the staff held vertically at points X and Y from level

stations A and B on each bank respectively.

Staff reading of X from A = 2.753 m

Staff reading of X from B = 3.080 m
Staff reading of Y from A = 3.550 m
Staff reading of Y from B = 3.895 m

If the Reduced level of X is 100 m AOD, determine the level of Y (4 Marks).

Question FIVE

a). With an aid of sketching names parts of a tilting level (10 Marks).

b). The following table contains extracts from a level field notebook, with some
entries illegible due to rain exposure. Fill in the blanks and carryout arithmetic
checks for your answers (10 Marks).