Republic of the Philippines

Province of Cotabato
Municipality of Makilala
MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Makilala, Cotabato

Criminology Department
Bachelor of Science and Criminology

Course Number : I Instructor: Rosario R. Velasco

Course Title : Natural Science Mobile Number: 09219341043
Description : General Chemistry Email: rosevelasco604@gmail.com
Credit Units : 4 units
Module Number: 3
Duration : One Week (March 16-22, 2021)

WELCOME TO MODULE 3

Module 3 consists of four lessons namely:

1. Mass and Weight
2. Significant Figures
3. Rounding Off Numbers to Proper Digits of Significant Numbers
4. Scientific Notation of Numbers

LESSON 1
I. Learning Outcome
A. Differentiate mass and weight
B. Demonstrate the understanding of the definition of mass and weight

II. Topic: Mass and Weight

III. References:

Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3 rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2

IV. Course Content:

Chemistry is an experimental science. The results of experiments are usually determined by making
measurements. In basic experiments the quantities that are commonly measured are mass, length, volume, pressure
and temperature.

 Mass and weight are often used interchangeably. The two words are quite different words.
Mass- of a body is defined as the amount of matter in that body. The mass of the body is a fixed and
unvarying quantity that is independent of the object’s location.

Weight- of a body is the measure of the earth’s gravitational attraction for that body. Weight varies in
relation to its distance from the earth. The rate of motion is changing of the object is changing with respect
to the motion of the earth.

Example: 1. Mass of astronaut’s body is 70 kg before taking off to space travel. As the distance from the
earth increases into orbiting course the weight of the body decrease until a state of weightlessness is
attained. However the mass of the astronaut’s body has remained constant at 70.0 kg during the entire
event.

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V. Activity:

A. Express the mass and weight of the following quantities and locations:

Place Quantity Mass Weight

Makilala 40 kilograms of vegetable ____________ _____________
USA 150 kilograms of metal ____________ _____________
Australia 60.5 kilograms of fruit ____________ _____________
Philippines 2,160.0 kilograms of rock ____________ _____________
5th orbit to the moon 56.0 kilograms of rice ____________ _____________
3,000 miles away from the earth 40 kilograms of package ____________ _____________

VI. Evaluation:

A. Complete the missing data in the table

Place Quantity Mass Weight
1. Earth 100 kg of apparatus _____________________ _____________________
2. ________________ 25 kg of food 25 kg 10 kg
3. ________________ 75 kg of oxygen tank _____________________ 0 kg
4. 300 miles from the earth 120 kg of package 120 kg 100 kg

B. Your weight on the earth is 50 kg but when you travel to the space it becomes lighter. Explain.

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LESSON 2

I. Learning Outcome

Identify the significant digits in a given measurement.

II. Topic: Standards for Measurement (Significant Figures)

III. References:

Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3 rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2

IV. Course Content:

There is some degree of uncertainty in every experimental measurement due to limitation inherent in the
measuring instrument and the skill of the experimenter. The value recorded for measurement should give some
indication of reliability (precision) .To express some precision this value should contain all digits that are known plus one
digit that is estimated. The last estimated digit introduces some uncertainty. B because of this uncertainty every number
that expresses a measurement can have only a limited of digits

Figure 2.1 (a) scale on a balance indicating a weight of 15.4 grams (b) scale on a balance indicating a weight of 15.0
grams

II. Significant Figures or Significant Digits used to express a measured quantity. It is defined as any of the digits of a
number beginning with the digit farthest to the left that is not zero and ending with the east digit farthest to the right
that is either not zero or zero but is considered to be exact.

III. Rules for Determining When Zero is Significant in a Measurement follow.

1. All zeros between other digits are significant:

205 has three significant figures
1.05 has three significant figures.
61.09 has four significant figures.

2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. These zeros are used to locate a decimal point:
0.0025 has two significant figures (2,5).
0.0108 has three significant figures (1, 0, 8).

3. Zeros to the right of a number after a decimal point are significant:

0.500 has three significant figures (5, 0, 0).
25.160 has five significant figures.
3.00 has three significant figures.

4. Zeros to the right of nonzero digits but before the decimal point may or may not be significant:
1000 (The zeros may or may not be significant.)
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 590 (The zero may or may not be significant.)

One way of indicating whether these zeros are significant is to write the number using a decimal point and a
power of 10. Thus, if the value 1000 has been determined to four significant figures, it is written as 1.000 x 10 3.
If 590 has only two significant figures, it is written as 5.9 x 10 2 (in this case the zero is not significant).

V. Activity

Directions: Write your answer in the space provided before each item.

How many significant figures are in each of these numbers?

_____ (a) 4.5 inches _____ (e) 25.0 grams

_____ (b) 3.025 feet _____ (f) 12.20 litres
_____ (c) 125.0 metres _____ (g) 1,001 people
_____ (d) 0.001 mile _____ (h) 205 birds

VI. Evaluation

Directions: Write the significant figures in each of the following numbers:

1. 0.013 = ____ 6. 517,062 = ____

2. 20.00 = ____ 7. 8.40 x 104 = _______
3. 12.3 = _____ 8. 5.070 X 10 9 = ____
4. 0.0077 =_____ 9. 33.2 x 10 5 = _____
5. 2.009 = _____ 10. 0.0003 = _____

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LESSON 3

I. Learning Outcome

Apply the rules of rounding off numbers

II. Topic: Standards for Measurement- Rounding Off Numbers to Proper Digits of Significant Numbers

III. References:

Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3 rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2

IV. Course Content:

In calculations we often obtain answers that have more digits than we are justified in using. It is necessary,
therefore, to drop the nonsignificant digits in order to express the answer with the proper number of significant figures.
When digits are dropped from a number, the value of the last digit retained is determined by a process known as
rounding off numbers. There are three rules for rounding off numbers.

Rule 1. When the first digit after those you want to retain is 4 or less, that digit and all others beyond it are dropped.
The last digit retained is not changed.

Examples rounded off to four digits.

74.693 = 74.69

This digit is dropped

1.00629 = 1.006

These two digits are dropped.

Rule 2. When the first digit after those you want to retain is 6 or greater, increase the last digit retained by 1 and drop
all digits to the right of the last digit retained.

Examples rounded off to four digits:

1.026868 = 1.027
These three digits are dropped.
This digit is changed to 7.

25.6294 = 25.63
These two digits are dropped.
This digit is changed to 3.

12.899 = 12.90
This digit is dropped.
These two digits are changed to 90.

Rule 3. When the first digit after those you want to retain is 5 and all others beyond are zeros, increase the last digit
retained by 1 if it is an odd number; leave it unchanged if it is an even number. Drop all digits to the right of the last
digit retained. When any digit beyond the 5 is other than zero, increase the last digit retained by 1.

Examples rounded to four digits.

28.2850 = 28.28
These two digits are dropped.
This digit is unchanged.

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18.02500 = 18.02
These three digits are dropped.
This digit is unchanged.

146.55 = 146.6
This digit is dropped.
This digit is changed to 6.

V. Activity

Directions: Write your answer in the space provided before each item.

Round off these numbers to the number of digits indicated.

___________ (a) 42.246 (four digits) _____________ (d) 0.08965 (two digits)
___________ (b) 88.015 (three digits) _____________ (e) 225.3 (three digits)
___________ (c) 0.08965 (three digits) _____________ (f) 14.150 (three digits)

VI. Evaluation

Directions: Round off the following numbers to three significant figures. Write your answer in the space
provided before each number.

__________1. 82.174 __________6. 3.8826

__________2. 0.03854 __________7. 62.15
__________3. 8.945 __________8. 216.509
__________4. 25.453 __________9. 1.835 x 106
__________5. 13.663 __________10. 2.067 x 105

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LESSON 4

I. Learning Outcome

Write numbers in scientific notation

II. Topic: Standards for Measurement- Scientific Notation of Numbers

III. References:

Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3 rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2

IV. Course Content:

The age of the earth has been estimated as about 4,500,000,000 (4.5 billion) years. Because this is an estimated
value, let us say to the nearest 0.1 billion years, we are justified in using only two significant figures to express it. To
express this number with two significant figures we write it using a power of 10 as 4.5 x 10 9 years.
Very large and very small numbers are often used in chemistry. These numbers can be simplified and
conveniently written using a power of 10. Writing a number as a power of 10 is called scientific notation.
To write a number in scientific notation, move the decimal point in the original number so that it is located after
the first nonzero digit. This new number is multiplied by 10 raised to the proper power (exponent). If the decimal was
moved to the right, the power of 10 will be a negative number. Study the examples that follow.
Example 1. Write 5283 in scientific notation.

5283. Place the decimal between the 5 and the 2. Since the decimal was moved three places
321
to the left, the power of 10 will be 3, and the number 5.283 is multiplied by 10 3.
5.283 x 103 (Correct scientific notation)

Example 2. Write 4,500,000,000 in scientific notation (two significant figures).

4 500 000 000. Place the decimal between the 4 and the 5. Since the decimal was moved
nine places to the left, the power of 10 will be 9, and the number 4.5 is
multiplied by 10 9.

4.5 x 109 (Correct scientific notation)

Example 3. Write 0.000123 is scientific notation.

0.000123 Place the decimal between the 1 and the 2. Since the decimal was moved four
places to the right, the power of 10 will be -4, and the number 1.23 is multiplied by
10 -4.

1.23 x 10-4 (Correct scientific notation)

V. Activity

Directions: Write the following numbers in scientific notation. Write your answer in the space provided before
each number.

___________1. 1200 (four digits) ___________3. 0.0468

___________2. 6,600,000 (two digits) ___________4. 0.00003

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VI. Evaluation

Directions: Express each of the following numbers in exponential notation. Write your answer in the space
provided before each number.

_________1. 3, 400, 000, 000 ___________6. 20.40

_________2. 0.0273 ___________7. 0.000077
_________3. 0.88 ___________8. 55.63025
_________4. 3066.2 ___________9. 100,753
_________5. 0.00370 __________10. 0.0062