Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ATP- ADP CYCLE

has everything to do with the storage and use of energy

ATP- currency used throughout the cell. in living things.

Energy carrier for cells Dehydration Synthesis - elimination of water molecule.

Hydrolysis - any chemical reaction in which a molecule of
Mechanical work (to move cilia and vesicles), water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
transport substances across the membrane,
and perform various chemical reactions.

ATP Components:
1. Adenine
2. Ribosomes
3. Three phosphate

-One phosphate is removed in a process called

hydrolysis and forming Adenosine Diphosphate.

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Components:
1. Adenine
2. Ribose
3. Two phosphate

Two types of reactions

1. Endergonic reactions
-(Anabonic reactions) are non
spontaneous and usually occur in organism
they need to synthesize complex molecules
such as fats, amino acids and sugars.

2.Exergonic reactions
-(Catabolic reactions) are spontaneous or
favourable chemical reactions where in the
product are at a lower energy level than the
reactant.

Energy
is defined as the ability to do work. There are two
types energy Potential and Kinetic energy .

1. Potential Energy is a stored energy that is

currently not in use, but it is available and can
be released at a later point.

2. Kinetic Energy is also called free energy. This is

energy that is being used now and it is doing
work.

Chemical bond - contain energy because they are

"broken their energy. stored within them is
released.

Synthesis - is a type of work that is done within

cells , and is in the process in creating molecule or
organelles
Photosynthesis
is the process used by the plants to make their food. In
simpler terms, conversion of light energy into chemical
energy by plants is called photosynthesis. This chemical
energy is used by the plants for growth and nourishment.
Photo means light and synthesis means putting together.
Plants get light from the sun, water from the ground and
carbon dioxide from air. All these factors including air,
water, carbondioxide and sunlight together help plants
churn out their own food.
Plants have tubes called Xylem located in the stem through
which the water from the ground is sucked into the leaves.
This system works similar to the humans sucking in liquids
through a straw.
Xylem - Transports soluble mineral nutrients and water
molecules from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant.
Phloem - Transports food and other nutrients including
sugar and amino acids from leaves to storage organs and
growing parts of the plant.
In all green plants, stomata are found in the epidermis of
leaves, stems, and other parts.
Stomata - are the specialized pores or openings present in
the epidermis of plant cells, which play a crucial role in
gaseous exchange during the process of photosynthesis.
In all green plants, stomata are found in the epidermis of
leaves, stems, and other parts
Leaf has important cells called Mesophyll cells.
1. Mesophylls are the internal ground tissue present in leaves.
2. There are two types of mesophyll cells in the leaves namely
palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll.
3. Mesophyll cells are provided with a large number of
chloroplast.
4. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast.
5. Hence mesophyll cells of leaves are the principal centre of
photosynthesis.
In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which
contain the chlorophyll. These cells contain a green color
component called Chloroplast.
Once the carbon dioxide and water reach the chloroplasts,
in the presence of sunlight, the process of photosynthesis
starts to take place. The following reaction takes places in
the leaves of the plant during photosynthesis:
Ever wondered why this process is called photosynthesis? The
word photosynthesis is a combination of two words: Photo and
Synthesis. Photo means “light” in Greek and Synthesis means
“putting together” or combining. Hence, photosynthesis literally
means combining water and carbon dioxide in the presence of
light.
The essential factors for photosynthesis to take place include:
1. • Sunlight
2. • Water
3. • Carbon dioxide
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which food, in the form
of sugar (glucose), is transformed into energy within cells.
This energy is stored in ATP molecules, which then power all
sorts of cellular processes.
B. Pyruvate Oxidation
It takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of each
cell of the body. Glycolysis occurs inside the cytoplasm,
while Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) happens inside the
matrix of the mitochondria.
A. Glycolysis
is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce
energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH
and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a
cell.
or oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, is the
conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by the enzyme
complex pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Meanwhile Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative

Phosphorylation) occurs in the inner mitochondrial
membrane.

The Acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) is a reactive molecule that

enters a series of chemical changes Cellular Respiration called
Krebs Cycle.

C. Krebs Cycle
also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic
acid cycle, is one of the most important reaction sequences
in biochemistry. Not only is this series of reactions
responsible for most of the energy needs in complex
organisms, the molecules that are produced in these
reactions can be used as building blocks for a large number
of important processes, including the synthesis of fatty
acids, steroids, cholesterol, amino acids for building
proteins, and the purines and pyrimidines used in the
Types of Cellular Respiration synthesis of DNA.

1. Aerobic Respiration
Occurs in the presence of oxygen
2. Anaerobic Respiration
Occurs in the absence of oxygen

Aerobic Respiration
It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in
the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food.
This type of respiration is common in most of the plants
and animals, birds, humans, and other mammals. In this
process, water and carbon dioxide are produced as end
products.

→
Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen 6(O2) Carbon-dioxide
6(CO2) + Water 6 (H2O) + Energy (ATP)

1. Substrate Decomposition
Involves the step-by-step breakdown of glucose into
simpler forms
Substrate decomposition consists of three (3) steps
namely:
a. Glycolysis - occurs in the cytoplasm
b. Pyruvate Oxidation - occurs in the mitochondria
C. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid
Cycle) - occurs in the mitochondria
II. Electron Transport Lactic acid fermentation is a type of fermentation that
produces lactic acid.
Electron transport is the final stage of aerobic
respiration. The electron transport chain is a series of
electron transporters embedded in the inner
mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons
from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen. In the
process, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial
matrix to the intermembrane space, and oxygen is
reduced to form water.

Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic respiration is the type of respiration

through which cells can break down sugars to
generate energy in the absence of oxygen. This is in
contrast to the highly efficient process of aerobic
respiration, which relies on oxygen to produce
energy. The end product of anaerobic respiration in
plants/microbes are ethanol/carbon dioxide and
lactic acid in animals.
Begins with glycolysis; takes place in the cytoplasm.

Fermentation
an anaerobic process in which energy can be
released from glucose even if oxygen is not available.
allows glycolysis to keep going when there’s no
oxygen to produce ATP.
where microorganisms produce a beneficial and
desirable change in food.
there are two main types of fermentation, namely:
1) Alcoholic Fermentation
2) Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic fermentation is the anaerobic transformation

of fructose and glucose (sugars) into ethanol and carbon
dioxide.