120 CBSE Champion Physics Class 12

LA II (5 marks) (a) (b)

(c) (d)  (2020)
30. Distinguish between diamagnetic and
32. What are permanent magnets? Give one
ferromagnetic materials in terms of
example. (Delhi 2013)
(i) susceptibility and (ii) their behaviour
in a non-uniform magnetic field. SA (2 marks)
 (2/5, AI 2011C) 33. Write two properties of a material suitable for
making (a) a permanent magnet, and (b) an
5.7 Permanent Magnets and electromagnet.(AI 2017)
Electromagnets 34. (a)
permanent magnet?
VSA (1 mark)
(b)
31. The material which is not suitable for making make it suitable for making electromagnets.
a permanent magnet is (AI 2014C)

Detailed Solutions
1. (i) 3. Properties of magnets
closed loops because a magnet is always a dipole (i) When a magnet is dipped
and as a result, the net magnetic flux of a magnet into iron filings, it is found that the concentration
is always zero. of iron filings is maximum at the ends. It means
(ii) attracting power of the magnet is maximum at
an external magnetic field, a feeble magnetism is two points near the ends and minimum at the
induced in opposite direction. So, magnetic lines centre. The places in a magnet where its attracting
of force are repelled. power is maximum are known as poles while the
place of minimum attracting power is known as
the neutral region.
(ii)
suspended, its length becomes parallel to N-S
direction. The pole at the end pointing north is
known as north pole while the other pointing
2. If a small bar magnet placed in uniform south is known as south pole.

magnetic field B in equilibrium, is rotated (iii) i.e., an
through a small angle q, then it experiences a isolated magnetic pole does not exist.
restoring torque, which tends to align it in the (iv)
direction of magnetic field, given by tR = –MB sin q attract each other.
d 2θ d 2θ MB 4. Here, m = 6 J T –1, q1 = 60°, B = 0.44 T
| τR | = I = MB sinq or = sin θ
2 2 I
dt dt (a)
For small angle q, sin q ≈ q, so this represents W = –mB(cos q2 – cos q1)
SHM. So small bar magnet executes SHM in (i) q1 = 60°, q2 = 90°
uniform magnetic field of time period \ W = –6 × 0.44(cos 90° – cos 60°)
2π 2π  MB   1
T= = Q ω2 = I = –6 × 0.44  0 −  = 1.32 J
ω MB  I   T = 2π  2 
MB
I (ii) q1 = 60°, q2 = 180°
where I is moment of inertia of bar magnet. \ W = –6 × 0.44(cos 180° – cos 60°)
Magnetism and Matter 121

 1 The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic

= –6 × 0.44  −1 −  = 3.96 J field, BH = Bcosq
 2 
3
= 0.6 × 10 −4 × = 3 3 × 10 −5 T
(b) t = mB sin q = mB sin 180° = 0 2
5. Refer to answer 2. \ Magnetic force = BIl = 3 3 × 10−5 × 5 × 2
6. Gauss’s law for magnetism : Gauss’s law for = 3 3 × 10 −4 N
magnetism states that the net magnetic flux
through any closed surface is zero. 16. (i) As, horizontal component of earth’s
  magnetic field, BH = Bcos d
φ = ∑ B ⋅ ∆S = 0 Putting d = 90°, BH = 0
all area (ii) For a compass needle aligned vertically at a
elements
certain place, angle of dip, d = 90°.
Physical significance : This law establishes that
isolated magnetic poles do not exist. 17. When current I is passed through the wire
7. Given: BH = B, d = 60°; BH = BT cos d having n turns per unit length and of mean radius r,
then magnetic field lines set up inside the ring in
BT
B= ⇒ BT = 2B the form of concentric circles. Let one such loop
2 be of radius r, then line integral of magnetic field
At equator d = 0
over that closed loop is
\ BHeq = BT cos d ⇒ BHeq = 2B 
 
8. Vertical component of earth’s magnetic field ∫ ⋅ dl = ∫ Hdl cos 0° = H ∫ dl = H ⋅ 2πr ...(i)
H
is zero at magnetic equator. But by Ampere’s circuital law,

 
9. At equator the value of vertical component of ∫ ⋅ dl = total current threading the toroid
H
earth’s magnetic field is zero.    = total number of turns in toroid × I
10. (i) 0, (ii) 90°   = n(2pr)I...(ii)
By equations (i) and (ii), H.2pr = n. 2prI
11. At North and South poles.
or B = m0mrnI 
12. Given, BV = BH = 1 This gives magnetic field at any point inside the ring,
B directed at any point along the tangent to concentric
tan d = V ⇒ tan d = 1
BH circular magnetic line of force at that point inside the
d = 45° toroid.
→
B Q
Q
13. The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic
field is 3 × ×

H = BE cosd 2
× ×

1 P
× ×

P × ×

Given, H = 0.4 G and q = 60° ×

× ×
×
×

0. 4 1 r

∴ BE = = 0.8 G Q cos 60° = 
cos 60°  2 I

Cross sectional view

14. (i) Elements of earth’s magnetic field :
(a) Angle of declination (q) 18. Magnetic field lines are repelled by
(b) Angle of dip (d) diamagnetic substances.
(c) Horizontal component of earth’s 19. A diamagnetic specimen would tend to move
magnetic field (BH) towards the region of weaker magnetic field while
(ii) At equator. a paramagnetic specimen would tend to move
15. Given Earth’s magnetic field, towards the region of stronger magnetic field.
B = 0.6 × 10–4 T, 20. Behaviour of magnetic field lines when a
π diamagnetic substance is placed in an external
θ = = 30°, I = 5 A and l = 2 m.
6 field.
122 CBSE Champion Physics Class 12

(ii)
paramagnetic substance is placed in an external
field.

21. The relative permeability is an intrinsic Atoms/molecules of a diamagnetic substance

property of a magnetic material. A related quantity contain even number of electrons and these
is the magnetic susceptibility, denoted by cm. electrons form the pair of opposite spin; while
mr = 1 + cm [Q mr = 0.5] the atoms/molecules of a paramagnetic substance
Here, mr < 1 (cm negative), so the material is have excess of electrons spinning in the same
termed as diamagnetic. direction.
22. 24. (a) When a diamagnetic material cooled
to very low temperatures, it is unaffected because
Paramagnetic Diamagnetic
substance substance it is independent of temperature.
1. A paramagnetic 1. A diamagnetic (b)
substance is feebly substance is feebly agitation to disrupt the alignment of magnetic
attracted by a magnet. repelled by a magnet. dipoles decreases in case of paramagnetic
materials. Hence, they display greater
2. For a paramagnetic 2. For a diamagnetic magnetisation.
substance, the intensity substance, the intensity
of magnetisation has a of magnetisation has a 25. Refer to answer 22.
small positive value. small negative value. 26. (i) ≤ c < 0, material is diamagnetic.

23. (i) Refer to answer 20. (ii) c < e, material is paramagnetic.

27.
S.No. Paramagnetic Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic
1. Substances are feebly attracted Substances are feebly repelled Substances are strongly
by the magnet. Na, K, Mg, Mn, by the magnet. Bi, Cu, Ag, Hg, attracted by the magnet. Fe,
Al, Cr, Sn and liquid oxygen are Pb, water, hydrogen, He, Ne, Co, Ni and their alloys are
paramagnetic. etc., are diamagnetic. ferromagnetic.
2. cm is small, positive and varies Susceptibility cm is small, cm is very large, positive and
inversely with temperature, negative and temperature temperature dependent.
i.e., cm ∝ (1/T). independent.
3. mr is slightly greater than unity, Relative permeability mr is mr is much greater than unity,
i.e., m > m0. slightly lesser than unity, i.e., i.e., m >> m0.
m < m0
28. As χ = 0.9853, so material is paramagnetic. 29. (i) Refer to answer 28.
The behaviour of magnetic field lines in the (ii)
presence of a paramagnetic substance is shown :
presence of a diamagnetic substance is shown :
This distinguishing feature
is because of the difference
in their relative permeabilities.
The relative permeability of
the diamagnetic substance is
negative; so, the magnetic
Magnetism and Matter
lines of force do not prefer passing through the
substance. The relative permeability of a
paramagnetic substance is greater than 1; so, the
magnetic lines of force prefer passing through the
substance.
30. (i) Susceptibility for diamagnetic material : It
is independent of magnetic field and temperature
(except for bismuth at low temperature).
Susceptibility for ferromagnetic material : The
susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials decreases
steadily with increase in temperature. At the Curie
temperature, the ferromagnetic materials become
paramagnetic.
(ii) Behaviour in non-uniform magnetic field
– Diamagnets are feebly repelled, whereas
ferromagnets are strongly attracted by non-uniform
field, i.e., diamagnets move in the direction of
decreasing field, whereas ferromagnets feel force in
the direction of increasing field intensity.
31. (c) : Lead is not a suitable material for making
permanent magnets.
123
32. Permanent magnets are those magnets made
of ferromagnetic materials with high retentivity
and high coercivity. For example, steel.
33. (a) For permanent magnet
1. Material should have high retentivity and
high coercivity.
2. Material should have high permeability .
(b) For electromagnet
1. Material should have low retentivity.
2. Material should have high permeability.
34. (a) An electromagnet is different from a
permanent magnet because electromagnets are
made of soft iron which is characterised by high
retentivity and low coercivity, however, permanent
magnets are made of steel which is characterised
by high retentivity and high coercivity.
(b) Two properties : Soft iron has high retentivity
and low coercivity. Electromagnets have these
characteristics, so soft iron is preferred for making
electromagnets.